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This dissertation examines the socioeconomic history of Kütahya, an inland town in western Anatolia, with a specific emphasis on the transformation that took place in the Ottoman Empire during the eighteenth century. However, it is not a socioeconomic history of an urban center or of a region in the traditional sense. Rather, it uses Kütahya and the surrounding region as a ground upon which it seeks to answer a series of questions about this transformation. These questions concern the impact of the administrative function of a city on its socioeconomic development; the extent to which a new financial policy implemented at the end of the seventeenth century--the malikâne system--affected power relations in the region surrounding Kütahya; and the role played by the cash requirements of the state at the end of the eighteenth century in the monetization of the economy. The dissertation also examines various aspects of credit relations, changes in consumption patterns, and the relationship between privilege and the accumulation of wealth. The research does not subscribe to any particular perspective on the transformation that took place in the eighteenth century, nor does it focus on one particular framework of interpretation, such as center-periphery relations or the rise of the local notables. Rather, it is intended to provide as much concrete evidence as possible on these issues for a city and region for which there is literally no secondary literature. The findings of this research show that generalizations about the transformation that took place in the Ottoman Empire during the eighteenth century need to be qualified with further research--especially with in-depth studies on different regions of the empire. During this period, local notables emerged, the financial and military crisis took a serious toll on the region, the economy became more and more monetized, credit relations expanded, and some sectors of society accumulated wealth. But, relations of power vis-à

This dissertation examines the socioeconomic history of Kütahya, an inland town in western Anatolia, with a specific emphasis on the transformation that took place in the Ottoman Empire during the eighteenth century. However, it is not a socioeconomic history of an urban center or of a region in the traditional sense. Rather, it uses Kütahya and the surrounding region as a ground upon which it seeks to answer a series of questions about this transformation. These questions concern the impact of the administrative function of a city on its socioeconomic development; the extent to which a new financial policy implemented at the end of the seventeenth century--the malikâne system--affected power relations in the region surrounding Kütahya; and the role played by the cash requirements of the state at the end of the eighteenth century in the monetization of the economy. The dissertation also examines various aspects of credit relations, changes in consumption patterns, and the relationship between privilege and the accumulation of wealth. The research does not subscribe to any particular perspective on the transformation that took place in the eighteenth century, nor does it focus on one particular framework of interpretation, such as center-periphery relations or the rise of the local notables. Rather, it is intended to provide as much concrete evidence as possible on these issues for a city and region for which there is literally no secondary literature. The findings of this research show that generalizations about the transformation that took place in the Ottoman Empire during the eighteenth century need to be qualified with further research--especially with in-depth studies on different regions of the empire. During this period, local notables emerged, the financial and military crisis took a serious toll on the region, the economy became more and more monetized, credit relations expanded, and some sectors of society accumulated wealth. But, relations of power vis-à

This dissertation examines the socioeconomic history of Kütahya, an inland town in western Anatolia, with a specific emphasis on the transformation that took place in the Ottoman Empire during the eighteenth century. However, it is not a socioeconomic history of an urban center or of a region in the traditional sense. Rather, it uses Kütahya and the surrounding region as a ground upon which it seeks to answer a series of questions about this transformation. These questions concern the impact of the administrative function of a city on its socioeconomic development; the extent to which a new financial policy implemented at the end of the seventeenth century--the malikâne system--affected power relations in the region surrounding Kütahya; and the role played by the cash requirements of the state at the end of the eighteenth century in the monetization of the economy. The dissertation also examines various aspects of credit relations, changes in consumption patterns, and the relationship between privilege and the accumulation of wealth. The research does not subscribe to any particular perspective on the transformation that took place in the eighteenth century, nor does it focus on one particular framework of interpretation, such as center-periphery relations or the rise of the local notables. Rather, it is intended to provide as much concrete evidence as possible on these issues for a city and region for which there is literally no secondary literature. The findings of this research show that generalizations about the transformation that took place in the Ottoman Empire during the eighteenth century need to be qualified with further research--especially with in-depth studies on different regions of the empire. During this period, local notables emerged, the financial and military crisis took a serious toll on the region, the economy became more and more monetized, credit relations expanded, and some sectors of society accumulated wealth. But, relations of power vis-à

The physical and chemical properties of diatomite ores from the Kutahya-Alayunt region, Turkey, were determined after calcining at 1 000 degrees C. The SiO2 content of the raw diatomite, 88.24%, increased to 93.96% after calcining. X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, particle size distribution, colour, density, pH and scanning electron microscopy measurements were carried out on both the raw and calcined ores. The results showed that calcining leads to the opening up of pores and the formation of coarse aggregates in the diatomite. The calcined diatomites are suitable for use as filtration and filling materials and also in the ceramic industry., The physical and chemical properties of diatomite ores from the Kutahya-Alayunt region, Turkey, were determined after calcining at 1 000 degrees C. The SiO2 content of the raw diatomite, 88.24%, increased to 93.96% after calcining. X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, particle size distribution, colour, density, pH and scanning electron microscopy measurements were carried out on both the raw and calcined ores. The results showed that calcining leads to the opening up of pores and the formation of coarse aggregates in the diatomite. The calcined diatomites are suitable for use as filtration and filling materials and also in the ceramic industry.

To improve recovery of magnesite wastes smaller than 38 micrometres, ultrasound was used both before and during flotation. Tests were carried out on slimes from Kutahya in Turkey containing magnesite with minor quartz, calcite and ferrous clay minerals. When the results were compared with those for conventional flotation, it was observed that ultrasound resulted in smaller bubbles and greater froth stability. Recovery values were consequently improved. The best results in terms of magnesite concentrate grade and recovery were obtained by the use of ultrasonic pretreatment., To improve recovery of magnesite wastes smaller than 38 micrometres, ultrasound was used both before and during flotation. Tests were carried out on slimes from Kutahya in Turkey containing magnesite with minor quartz, calcite and ferrous clay minerals. When the results were compared with those for conventional flotation, it was observed that ultrasound resulted in smaller bubbles and greater froth stability. Recovery values were consequently improved. The best results in terms of magnesite concentrate grade and recovery were obtained by the use of ultrasonic pretreatment.

The hydrochloric acid leaching was investigated of recycled waste magnesite powder averaging d50 particle size 0.079 mm from the electro-filter output of the ore-processing plant of Kutahya Magnesite Enterprises Co., Turkey, to produce high-quality magnesium chloride. Using the optimum leaching parameters temperature 70 degrees C, leaching time 3 h, HCl concentration 10.17 M, HCl consumption 130 ml, liquid-to-solid ratio 3.6 ml/g, scale-up factor 1 and mixing speed 60 rpm, the leaching yield was 96.72%. The resulting magnesium chloride solution contained 99.60% MgCl2.6H2O and no Al2O3 or Fe2O3., The hydrochloric acid leaching was investigated of recycled waste magnesite powder averaging d50 particle size 0.079 mm from the electro-filter output of the ore-processing plant of Kutahya Magnesite Enterprises Co., Turkey, to produce high-quality magnesium chloride. Using the optimum leaching parameters temperature 70 degrees C, leaching time 3 h, HCl concentration 10.17 M, HCl consumption 130 ml, liquid-to-solid ratio 3.6 ml/g, scale-up factor 1 and mixing speed 60 rpm, the leaching yield was 96.72%. The resulting magnesium chloride solution contained 99.60% MgCl2.6H2O and no Al2O3 or Fe2O3.