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1. Hundreds of millions of people in the tropics need both wild harvests and other forms of economic development for their well-being

Author

Wells, Geoff J., Ryan, Casey M., Das, Anamika, Attiwilli, Suman, Poudyal, Mahesh, Lele, Sharachchandra, Schreckenberg, Kate, Robinson, Brian E., Keane, Aidan, Homewood, Katherine M., Jones, Julia P. G., Torres-Vitolas, Carlos A., Fisher, Janet A., Ahmad, Sate, Mulligan, Mark, Dawson, Terence P., Adams, Helen, Setty, R. Siddappa, Daw, Tim M., Wells, Geoff J., Ryan, Casey M., Das, Anamika, Attiwilli, Suman, Poudyal, Mahesh, Lele, Sharachchandra, Schreckenberg, Kate, Robinson, Brian E., Keane, Aidan, Homewood, Katherine M., Jones, Julia P. G., Torres-Vitolas, Carlos A., Fisher, Janet A., Ahmad, Sate, Mulligan, Mark, Dawson, Terence P., Adams, Helen, Setty, R. Siddappa, and Daw, Tim M.

Abstract

Local access to “wild,” common-pool terrestrial and aquatic resources is being diminished by global resource demand and large-scale conservation interventions. Many theories suggest the well-being of wild harvesters can be supported through transitions to other livelihoods, improved infrastructure, and market access. However, new theories argue that such benefits may not always occur because they are context dependent and vary across dimensions of well-being. We test these theories by comparing how wild harvesting and other livelihoods have been associated with food security and life satisfaction in different contexts across ∼10,800 households in the tropics. Wild harvests coincided with high well-being in remote, asset-poor, and less-transformed landscapes. Yet, overall, well-being increased with electrical infrastructure, proximity to cities, and household capitals. This provides large-scale confirmation of the context dependence of nature’s contributions to people, and suggests a need to maintain local wild resource access while investing in equitable access to infrastructure, markets, and skills.

Published
2024
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2. Nature’s contribution to poverty alleviation, human wellbeing and the SDGs

Author

Poudyal, Mahesh, Kraft, Franziska, Wells, Geoff, Das, Anamika, Attiwilli, Suman, Schreckenberg, Kate, Lele, Sharachchandra, Daw, Tim, Torres-Vitolas, Carlos, Setty, Siddappa, Adams, Helen, Ahmad, Sate, Ryan, Casey, Fisher, Janet, Robinson, Brian, Jones, Julia P. G., Homewood, Katherine, Bluwstein, Jevgeniy, Keane, Aidan, Macamo, Celia, Mugi, Lilian Mwihaki, Poudyal, Mahesh, Kraft, Franziska, Wells, Geoff, Das, Anamika, Attiwilli, Suman, Schreckenberg, Kate, Lele, Sharachchandra, Daw, Tim, Torres-Vitolas, Carlos, Setty, Siddappa, Adams, Helen, Ahmad, Sate, Ryan, Casey, Fisher, Janet, Robinson, Brian, Jones, Julia P. G., Homewood, Katherine, Bluwstein, Jevgeniy, Keane, Aidan, Macamo, Celia, and Mugi, Lilian Mwihaki

Abstract

Millions of households globally rely on uncultivated ecosystems for their livelihoods. However, much of the understanding about the broader contribution of uncultivated ecosystems to human wellbeing is still based on a series of small-scale studies due to limited availability of large-scale datasets. We pooled together 11 comparable datasets comprising 232 settlements and 10,971 households in ten low-and middle-income countries, representing forest, savanna and coastal ecosystems to analyse how uncultivated nature contributes to multi-dimensional wellbeing and how benefits from nature are distributed between households. The resulting dataset integrates secondary data on rural livelihoods, multidimensional human wellbeing, household demographics, resource tenure and social-ecological context, primarily drawing on nine existing household surveys and their associated contextual information together with selected variables, such as travel time to cities, population density, local area GDP and land use and land cover from existing global datasets. This integrated dataset has been archived with ReShare (UK Data Service) and will be useful for further analyses on nature-wellbeing relationships on its own or in combination with similar datasets.

Published
2024

3. Forest carbon offsets are failing: Analysis reveals emission reductions from forest conservation have been overestimated

Author

Jones, Julia P G, Lewis, Simon L, Jones, Julia P G, and Lewis, Simon L

Abstract

Conserving tropical forests is of utmost importance for the future of humanity and biodiversity. Changes in land use, mostly deforestation in the tropics, emit 5 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide annually—second only to fossil fuel use, which emits 35 billion tons (1). Reducing emissions to net zero is necessary to stabilize global temperatures (2). One controversial approach to tackle fossil-fuel emissions from private companies, individuals, and governments has been to “offset” them by investing in projects to either stop emissions that would have otherwise occurred, such as by reducing deforestation, or by investing in carbon uptake projects, such as forest restoration. On page 873 of this issue, West et al. (3) show that offsetting through paying projects to reduce emissions by conserving tropical forests is not reducing deforestation as claimed and is worsening climate change.

Published
2023

4. 'Nature positive' must incorporate, not undermine, the mitigation hierarchy

Author

Maron, Martine, Quétier, Fabien, Sarmiento, Mariana, Ten Kate, Kerry, Evans, Megan C, Bull, Joseph W, Jones, Julia P G, Zu Ermgassen, Sophus O S E, Milner-Gulland, E J, Brownlie, Susie, Treweek, Jo, von Hase, Amrei, Maron, Martine, Quétier, Fabien, Sarmiento, Mariana, Ten Kate, Kerry, Evans, Megan C, Bull, Joseph W, Jones, Julia P G, Zu Ermgassen, Sophus O S E, Milner-Gulland, E J, Brownlie, Susie, Treweek, Jo, and von Hase, Amrei

Abstract

For the concept of nature positive to succeed as the lodestar for international action on biodiversity conservation, it must build upon lessons learned from the application of the mitigation hierarchy — or risk becoming mere greenwash.

Published
2023

5. 'Nature positive' must incorporate, not undermine, the mitigation hierarchy

Author

Ecology and Biodiversity, Sub Ecology and Biodiversity, Maron, Martine, Quétier, Fabien, Sarmiento, Mariana, Ten Kate, Kerry, Evans, Megan C, Bull, Joseph W, Jones, Julia P G, Zu Ermgassen, Sophus O S E, Milner-Gulland, E J, Brownlie, Susie, Treweek, Jo, von Hase, Amrei, Ecology and Biodiversity, Sub Ecology and Biodiversity, Maron, Martine, Quétier, Fabien, Sarmiento, Mariana, Ten Kate, Kerry, Evans, Megan C, Bull, Joseph W, Jones, Julia P G, Zu Ermgassen, Sophus O S E, Milner-Gulland, E J, Brownlie, Susie, Treweek, Jo, and von Hase, Amrei

Published
2023

7. Elevated fires during COVID-19 lockdown and the vulnerability of protected areas

Author

Eklund, Johanna, Jones, Julia P. G., Räsänen, Matti, Geldmann, Jonas, Jokinen, Ari Pekka, Pellegrini, Adam, Rakotobe, Domoina, Rakotonarivo, O. Sarobidy, Toivonen, Tuuli, Balmford, Andrew, Eklund, Johanna, Jones, Julia P. G., Räsänen, Matti, Geldmann, Jonas, Jokinen, Ari Pekka, Pellegrini, Adam, Rakotobe, Domoina, Rakotonarivo, O. Sarobidy, Toivonen, Tuuli, and Balmford, Andrew

Abstract

There is little robust, quantitative information on the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the extinction crisis. Focusing on Madagascar, one of the world’s most threatened biodiversity hotspots, we explore whether the cessation of on-site protected-area management activities due to the pandemic were associated with increased burning inside protected areas. We identify monthly excess fire anomalies by comparing observed fires with those predicted on the basis of historical and contemporary fire and weather data for all of Madagascar’s protected areas for every month 2012–2020. Through to 2019, excess fire anomalies in protected areas were few, short in duration and, in some years, coincident with social disruption linked to national elections. By contrast, in 2020, COVID-19 meant on-site management of Madagascar’s protected areas was suspended from March to July. This period was associated with 76–248% more fires than predicted, after which burning returned to normal. At a time when international biodiversity conservation faces unprecedented challenges, our results highlight the importance of on-site management for maintaining protected-area integrity.

Published
2022

8. Elevated fires during COVID-19 lockdown and the vulnerability of protected areas

Author

Eklund, Johanna, Jones, Julia P. G., Räsänen, Matti, Geldmann, Jonas, Jokinen, Ari Pekka, Pellegrini, Adam, Rakotobe, Domoina, Rakotonarivo, O. Sarobidy, Toivonen, Tuuli, Balmford, Andrew, Eklund, Johanna, Jones, Julia P. G., Räsänen, Matti, Geldmann, Jonas, Jokinen, Ari Pekka, Pellegrini, Adam, Rakotobe, Domoina, Rakotonarivo, O. Sarobidy, Toivonen, Tuuli, and Balmford, Andrew

Abstract

There is little robust, quantitative information on the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the extinction crisis. Focusing on Madagascar, one of the world’s most threatened biodiversity hotspots, we explore whether the cessation of on-site protected-area management activities due to the pandemic were associated with increased burning inside protected areas. We identify monthly excess fire anomalies by comparing observed fires with those predicted on the basis of historical and contemporary fire and weather data for all of Madagascar’s protected areas for every month 2012–2020. Through to 2019, excess fire anomalies in protected areas were few, short in duration and, in some years, coincident with social disruption linked to national elections. By contrast, in 2020, COVID-19 meant on-site management of Madagascar’s protected areas was suspended from March to July. This period was associated with 76–248% more fires than predicted, after which burning returned to normal. At a time when international biodiversity conservation faces unprecedented challenges, our results highlight the importance of on-site management for maintaining protected-area integrity.

Published
2022

9. Protected areas have a mixed impact on waterbirds, but management helps

Author

Wauchope, Hannah S., Jones, Julia P. G., Geldmann, Jonas, Simmons, Benno I., Amano, Tatsuya, Blanco, Daniel E., Fuller, Richard A., Johnston, Alison, Langendoen, Tom, Mundkur, Taej, Nagy, Szabolcs, Sutherland, William J., Wauchope, Hannah S., Jones, Julia P. G., Geldmann, Jonas, Simmons, Benno I., Amano, Tatsuya, Blanco, Daniel E., Fuller, Richard A., Johnston, Alison, Langendoen, Tom, Mundkur, Taej, Nagy, Szabolcs, and Sutherland, William J.

Abstract

International policy is focused on increasing the proportion of the Earth’s surface that is protected for nature1,2. Although studies show that protected areas prevent habitat loss3–6, there is a lack of evidence for their effect on species’ populations: existing studies are at local scale or use simple designs that lack appropriate controls7–13. Here we explore how 1,506 protected areas have affected the trajectories of 27,055 waterbird populations across the globe using a robust before–after control–intervention study design, which compares protected and unprotected populations in the years before and after protection. We show that the simpler study designs typically used to assess protected area effectiveness (before–after or control–intervention) incorrectly estimate effects for 37–50% of populations—for instance misclassifying positively impacted populations as negatively impacted, and vice versa. Using our robust study design, we find that protected areas have a mixed impact on waterbirds, with a strong signal that areas managed for waterbirds or their habitat are more likely to benefit populations, and a weak signal that larger areas are more beneficial than smaller ones. Calls to conserve 30% of the Earth’s surface by 2030 are gathering pace14, but we show that protection alone does not guarantee good biodiversity outcomes. As countries gather to agree the new Global Biodiversity Framework, targets must focus on creating and supporting well-managed protected and conserved areas that measurably benefit populations.

Published
2022

10. Training future generations to deliver evidence-based conservation and ecosystem management

Author

Downey, Harriet, Amano, Tatsuya, Cadotte, Marc, Cook, Carly N., Cooke, Steven J., Haddaway, Neal R., Jones, Julia P. G., Littlewood, Nick, Walsh, Jessica C., Abrahams, Mark, Adum, Gilbert, Akasaka, Munemitsu, Alves, Jose A., Antwis, Rachael E., Arellano, Eduardo C., Axmacher, Jan, Barclay, Holly, Batty, Lesley, Benitez-Lopez, Ana, Bennett, Joseph R., Berg, Maureen J., Bertolino, Sandro, Biggs, Duan, Bolam, Friederike C., Bray, Tim, Brook, Barry W., Bull, Joseph W., Burivalova, Zuzana, Cabeza, Mar, Chauvenet, Alienor L. M., Christie, Alec P., Cole, Lorna, Cotton, Alison J., Cotton, Sam, Cousins, Sara A. O., Craven, Dylan, Cresswell, Will, Cusack, Jeremy J., Dalrymple, Sarah E., Davies, Zoe G., Diaz, Anita, Dodd, Jennifer A., Felton, Adam, Fleishman, Erica, Gardner, Charlie J., Garside, Ruth, Ghoddousi, Arash, Gilroy, James J., Gill, David A., Gill, Jennifer A., Glew, Louise, Grainger, Matthew J., Grass, Amelia A., Greshon, Stephanie, Gundry, Jamie, Hart, Tom, Hopkins, Charlotte R., Howe, Caroline, Johnson, Arlyne, Jones, Kelly W., Jordan, Neil R., Kadoya, Taku, Kerhoas, Daphne, Koricheva, Julia, Lee, Tien Ming, Lengyel, Szabolcs, Livingstone, Stuart W., Lyons, Ashley, McCabe, Grainne, Millett, Jonathan, Montes Strevens, Chloe, Moolna, Adam, Mossman, Hannah L., Mukherjee, Nibedita, Munoz-Saez, Andres, Negroes, Nuno, Norfolk, Olivia, Osawa, Takeshi, Papworth, Sarah, Park, Kirsty J., Pellet, Jerome, Phillott, Andrea D., Plotnik, Joshua M., Priatna, Dolly, Ramos, Alejandra G., Randall, Nicola, Richards, Rob M., Ritchie, Euan G., Roberts, David L., Rocha, Ricardo, Rodriguez, Jon Paul, Sanderson, Roy, Sasaki, Takehiro, Savilaakso, Sini, Sayer, Carl, Sekercioglu, Cagan, Senzaki, Masayuki, Smith, Grania, Smith, Robert J., Soga, Masashi, Soulsbury, Carl D., Steer, Mark D., Stewart, Gavin, Strange, E. F., Suggitt, Andrew J., Thompson, Ralph R. J., Thompson, Stewart, Thornhill, Ian, Trevelyan, R. J., Usieta, Hope O., Venter, Oscar, Webber, Amanda D., White, Rachel L., Whittingham, Mark J., Wilby, Andrew, Yarnell, Richard W., Zamora, Veronica, Sutherland, William J., Downey, Harriet, Amano, Tatsuya, Cadotte, Marc, Cook, Carly N., Cooke, Steven J., Haddaway, Neal R., Jones, Julia P. G., Littlewood, Nick, Walsh, Jessica C., Abrahams, Mark, Adum, Gilbert, Akasaka, Munemitsu, Alves, Jose A., Antwis, Rachael E., Arellano, Eduardo C., Axmacher, Jan, Barclay, Holly, Batty, Lesley, Benitez-Lopez, Ana, Bennett, Joseph R., Berg, Maureen J., Bertolino, Sandro, Biggs, Duan, Bolam, Friederike C., Bray, Tim, Brook, Barry W., Bull, Joseph W., Burivalova, Zuzana, Cabeza, Mar, Chauvenet, Alienor L. M., Christie, Alec P., Cole, Lorna, Cotton, Alison J., Cotton, Sam, Cousins, Sara A. O., Craven, Dylan, Cresswell, Will, Cusack, Jeremy J., Dalrymple, Sarah E., Davies, Zoe G., Diaz, Anita, Dodd, Jennifer A., Felton, Adam, Fleishman, Erica, Gardner, Charlie J., Garside, Ruth, Ghoddousi, Arash, Gilroy, James J., Gill, David A., Gill, Jennifer A., Glew, Louise, Grainger, Matthew J., Grass, Amelia A., Greshon, Stephanie, Gundry, Jamie, Hart, Tom, Hopkins, Charlotte R., Howe, Caroline, Johnson, Arlyne, Jones, Kelly W., Jordan, Neil R., Kadoya, Taku, Kerhoas, Daphne, Koricheva, Julia, Lee, Tien Ming, Lengyel, Szabolcs, Livingstone, Stuart W., Lyons, Ashley, McCabe, Grainne, Millett, Jonathan, Montes Strevens, Chloe, Moolna, Adam, Mossman, Hannah L., Mukherjee, Nibedita, Munoz-Saez, Andres, Negroes, Nuno, Norfolk, Olivia, Osawa, Takeshi, Papworth, Sarah, Park, Kirsty J., Pellet, Jerome, Phillott, Andrea D., Plotnik, Joshua M., Priatna, Dolly, Ramos, Alejandra G., Randall, Nicola, Richards, Rob M., Ritchie, Euan G., Roberts, David L., Rocha, Ricardo, Rodriguez, Jon Paul, Sanderson, Roy, Sasaki, Takehiro, Savilaakso, Sini, Sayer, Carl, Sekercioglu, Cagan, Senzaki, Masayuki, Smith, Grania, Smith, Robert J., Soga, Masashi, Soulsbury, Carl D., Steer, Mark D., Stewart, Gavin, Strange, E. F., Suggitt, Andrew J., Thompson, Ralph R. J., Thompson, Stewart, Thornhill, Ian, Trevelyan, R. J., Usieta, Hope O., Venter, Oscar, Webber, Amanda D., White, Rachel L., Whittingham, Mark J., Wilby, Andrew, Yarnell, Richard W., Zamora, Veronica, and Sutherland, William J.

Abstract

1. To be effective, the next generation of conservation practitioners and managers need to be critical thinkers with a deep understanding of how to make evidence-based decisions and of the value of evidence synthesis. 2. If, as educators, we do not make these priorities a core part of what we teach, we are failing to prepare our students to make an effective contribution to conservation practice. 3. To help overcome this problem we have created open access online teaching materials in multiple languages that are stored in Applied Ecology Resources. So far, 117 educators from 23 countries have acknowledged the importance of this and are already teaching or about to teach skills in appraising or using evidence in conservation decision-making. This includes 145 undergraduate, postgraduate or professional development courses. 4. We call for wider teaching of the tools and skills that facilitate evidence-based conservation and also suggest that providing online teaching materials in multiple languages could be beneficial for improving global understanding of other subject areas.

Published
2021
Full Text
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11. Training future generations to deliver evidence‐based conservation and ecosystem management

Author

Downey, Harriet, Amano, Tatsuya, Cadotte, Mark, Cook, Carly N., Cooke, Steven J., Haddaway, Neal R., Jones, Julia P. G., Littlewood, Nick, Walsh, Jessica C., Abrahams, Mark I., Adum, Gilbert, Akasaka, Munemitsu, Alves, Jose A., Antwis, Rachael E., Arellano, Eduardo C., Axmacher, Jan C., Barclay, Holly, Batty, Lesley, Benítez‐López, Ana, Bennett, Joseph R., Berg, Maureen J., Bertolino, Sandro, Biggs, Duan, Bolam, Friederike C., Bray, Tim, Brook, Barry W., Bull, Joseph W., Burivalova, Zuzana, Cabeza, Mar, Chauvenet, Alienor L. M., Christie, Alec P., Cole, Lorna, Cotton, Alison J., Cotton, Sam, Cousins, Sara A. O., Craven, Dylan, Cresswell, Will, Cusack, Jeremy J., Dalrymple, Sarah E., Davies, Zoe G., Diaz, Anita, Dodd, Jennifer A., Felton, Adam, Fleishman, Erica, Gardner, Charlie J., Garside, Ruth, Ghoddousi, Arash, Gilroy, James J., Gill, David A., Gill, Jennifer A., Glew, Louise, Grainger, Matthew J., Grass, Amelia A., Greshon, Stephanie, Gundry, Jamie, Hart, Tom, Hopkins, Charlotte R., Howe, Caroline, Johnson, Arlyne, Jones, Kelly W., Jordan, Neil R., Kadoya, Taku, Kerhoas, Daphne, Koricheva, Julia, Lee, Tien Ming, Lengyel, Szabolcs, Livingstone, Stuart W., Lyons, Ashley, McCabe, Gráinne, Millett, Jonathan, Strevens, Chloë Montes, Moolna, Adam, Mossman, Hannah L., Mukherjee, Nibedita, Muñoz‐Sáez, Andrés, Negrões, Nuno, Norfolk, Olivia, Osawa, Takeshi, Papworth, Sarah, Park, Kirsty J., Pellet, Jérôme, Phillott, Andrea D., Plotnik, Joshua M., Priatna, Dolly, Ramos, Alejandra G., Randall, Nicola, Richards, Rob M., Ritchie, Euan G., Roberts, David L., Rocha, Ricardo, Rodríguez, Jon Paul, Sanderson, Roy, Sasaki, Takehiro, Savilaakso, Sini, Sayer, Carl, Sekercioglu, Cagan, Senzaki, Masayuki, Smith, Grania, Smith, Robert J., Soga, Masashi, Soulsbury, Carl D., Steer, Mark D., Stewart, Gavin, Strange, E. F., Suggitt, Andrew J., Thompson, Ralph R. J., Thompson, Stewart, Thornhill, Ian, Trevelyan, R. J., Usieta, Hope O., Venter, Oscar, Webber, Amanda D., White, Rachel L., Whittingham, Mark J., Wilby, Andrew, Yarnell, Richard W., Zamora, Veronica, Sutherland, William J., Downey, Harriet, Amano, Tatsuya, Cadotte, Mark, Cook, Carly N., Cooke, Steven J., Haddaway, Neal R., Jones, Julia P. G., Littlewood, Nick, Walsh, Jessica C., Abrahams, Mark I., Adum, Gilbert, Akasaka, Munemitsu, Alves, Jose A., Antwis, Rachael E., Arellano, Eduardo C., Axmacher, Jan C., Barclay, Holly, Batty, Lesley, Benítez‐López, Ana, Bennett, Joseph R., Berg, Maureen J., Bertolino, Sandro, Biggs, Duan, Bolam, Friederike C., Bray, Tim, Brook, Barry W., Bull, Joseph W., Burivalova, Zuzana, Cabeza, Mar, Chauvenet, Alienor L. M., Christie, Alec P., Cole, Lorna, Cotton, Alison J., Cotton, Sam, Cousins, Sara A. O., Craven, Dylan, Cresswell, Will, Cusack, Jeremy J., Dalrymple, Sarah E., Davies, Zoe G., Diaz, Anita, Dodd, Jennifer A., Felton, Adam, Fleishman, Erica, Gardner, Charlie J., Garside, Ruth, Ghoddousi, Arash, Gilroy, James J., Gill, David A., Gill, Jennifer A., Glew, Louise, Grainger, Matthew J., Grass, Amelia A., Greshon, Stephanie, Gundry, Jamie, Hart, Tom, Hopkins, Charlotte R., Howe, Caroline, Johnson, Arlyne, Jones, Kelly W., Jordan, Neil R., Kadoya, Taku, Kerhoas, Daphne, Koricheva, Julia, Lee, Tien Ming, Lengyel, Szabolcs, Livingstone, Stuart W., Lyons, Ashley, McCabe, Gráinne, Millett, Jonathan, Strevens, Chloë Montes, Moolna, Adam, Mossman, Hannah L., Mukherjee, Nibedita, Muñoz‐Sáez, Andrés, Negrões, Nuno, Norfolk, Olivia, Osawa, Takeshi, Papworth, Sarah, Park, Kirsty J., Pellet, Jérôme, Phillott, Andrea D., Plotnik, Joshua M., Priatna, Dolly, Ramos, Alejandra G., Randall, Nicola, Richards, Rob M., Ritchie, Euan G., Roberts, David L., Rocha, Ricardo, Rodríguez, Jon Paul, Sanderson, Roy, Sasaki, Takehiro, Savilaakso, Sini, Sayer, Carl, Sekercioglu, Cagan, Senzaki, Masayuki, Smith, Grania, Smith, Robert J., Soga, Masashi, Soulsbury, Carl D., Steer, Mark D., Stewart, Gavin, Strange, E. F., Suggitt, Andrew J., Thompson, Ralph R. J., Thompson, Stewart, Thornhill, Ian, Trevelyan, R. J., Usieta, Hope O., Venter, Oscar, Webber, Amanda D., White, Rachel L., Whittingham, Mark J., Wilby, Andrew, Yarnell, Richard W., Zamora, Veronica, and Sutherland, William J.

Abstract

1. To be effective, the next generation of conservation practitioners and managers need to be critical thinkers with a deep understanding of how to make evidence‐based decisions and of the value of evidence synthesis.2. If, as educators, we do not make these priorities a core part of what we teach, we are failing to prepare our students to make an effective contribution to conservation practice.3. To help overcome this problem we have created open access online teaching materials in multiple languages that are stored in Applied Ecology Resources. So far, 117 educators from 23 countries have acknowledged the importance of this and are already teaching or about to teach skills in appraising or using evidence in conservation decision‐making. This includes 145 undergraduate, postgraduate or professional development courses.4. We call for wider teaching of the tools and skills that facilitate evidence‐based conservation and also suggest that providing online teaching materials in multiple languages could be beneficial for improving global understanding of other subject areas.

Published
2021

12. Forest regeneration can positively contribute to local hydrological ecosystem services: Implications for forest landscape restoration

Author

Flory, Luke, Flory, L ( Luke ), van Meerveld, H J; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7547-3270, Jones, Julia P G; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5199-3335, Ghimire, Chandra P; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3715-6311, Zwartendijk, Bob W; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0581-7330, Lahitiana, Jaona, Ravelona, Maafaka, Mulligan, Mark; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0132-0888, Flory, Luke, Flory, L ( Luke ), van Meerveld, H J; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7547-3270, Jones, Julia P G; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5199-3335, Ghimire, Chandra P; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3715-6311, Zwartendijk, Bob W; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0581-7330, Lahitiana, Jaona, Ravelona, Maafaka, and Mulligan, Mark; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0132-0888

Abstract

1. Governments are increasingly committing to significant forest restoration. While carbon sequestration is a major objective, the case for restoration often includes benefits to local communities. However, the impacts of forest restoration on local hydrological services (e.g. flood and erosion risk, stream flow during dry periods) are surprisingly poorly understood. Particularly limited information is available on the impacts of passive tropical forest restoration following shifting cultivation. 2. The outcome depends on the trade-off between the improved soil infiltration capacity (reducing overland flow and increasing soil and groundwater recharge) and greater evapotranspiration (diminishing local water availability). 3. Using measurements from highly instrumented plots under three vegetation types in the shifting cultivation cycle in Madagascar's eastern rainforests (forest, tree fallow and degraded abandoned agricultural land), and infiltration measurements for the same vegetation types across the landscape, we explore the impacts of forest regeneration on the ecohydrological processes that underpin locally important ecosystem services. 4. Overland flow was minimal for the tree fallow (similar to the forest) and much lower than for the degraded land, likely leading to a lower risk of erosion and flooding compared to the degraded land. Conversely, evapotranspiration losses were lower for the tree fallow than the forest, leading to a higher net recharge, likely resulting in more streamflow between rainfall events. 5. These results demonstrate that young regenerating tropical forest vegetation can positively contribute to locally important hydrological ecosystem services. Allowing tree fallows to recover further is unlikely to further reduce the risk of overland flow but may, at least temporarily, result in less streamflow. 6. Synthesis and applications. Encouraging natural regeneration is increasingly seen as a cost-effective way to deliver forest landscape resto

Published
2021

13. Research ethics: Assuring anonymity at the individual level may not be sufficient to protect research participants from harm

Author

St. John, Freya A.V., Brockington, Dan, Bunnefeld, Nils, Duffy, Rosaleen, Homewood, Katherine, Jones, Julia P G, Keane, Aidan M., Milner-Gulland, Eleanor J., Nuno, Ana, Razafimanahaka, Julie H., St. John, Freya A.V., Brockington, Dan, Bunnefeld, Nils, Duffy, Rosaleen, Homewood, Katherine, Jones, Julia P G, Keane, Aidan M., Milner-Gulland, Eleanor J., Nuno, Ana, and Razafimanahaka, Julie H.

Published
2016

14. Making robust policy decisions using global biodiversity indicators

Author

Nicholson, Emily, Collen, Ben, Barausse, Alberto, Blanchard, Julia L., Costelloe, Brendan T., Sullivan, Kathryn M. E., Underwood, Fiona M., Burn, Robert W., Fritz, Steffen, Jones, Julia P. G., McRae, Louise, Possingham, Hugh P., Milner-Gulland, E. J., Nicholson, Emily, Collen, Ben, Barausse, Alberto, Blanchard, Julia L., Costelloe, Brendan T., Sullivan, Kathryn M. E., Underwood, Fiona M., Burn, Robert W., Fritz, Steffen, Jones, Julia P. G., McRae, Louise, Possingham, Hugh P., and Milner-Gulland, E. J.

Abstract

In order to influence global policy effectively, conservation scientists need to be able to provide robust predictions of the impact of alternative policies on biodiversity and measure progress towards goals using reliable indicators. We present a framework for using biodiversity indicators predictively to inform policy choices at a global level. The approach is illustrated with two case studies in which we project forwards the impacts of feasible policies on trends in biodiversity and in relevant indicators. The policies are based on targets agreed at the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) meeting in Nagoya in October 2010. The first case study compares protected area policies for African mammals, assessed using the Red List Index; the second example uses the Living Planet Index to assess the impact of a complete halt, versus a reduction, in bottom trawling. In the protected areas example, we find that the indicator can aid in decision-making because it is able to differentiate between the impacts of the different policies. In the bottom trawling example, the indicator exhibits some counter-intuitive behaviour, due to over-representation of some taxonomic and functional groups in the indicator, and contrasting impacts of the policies on different groups caused by trophic interactions. Our results support the need for further research on how to use predictive models and indicators to credibly track trends and inform policy. To be useful and relevant, scientists must make testable predictions about the impact of global policy on biodiversity to ensure that targets such as those set at Nagoya catalyse effective and measurable change.

Published
2012

15. Should payments for biodiversity conservation be based on action or results?

Author

Gibbons, James M., Nicholson, Emily, Milner-Gulland, E. J., Jones, Julia P. G., Gibbons, James M., Nicholson, Emily, Milner-Gulland, E. J., and Jones, Julia P. G.

Abstract

There is growing interest in the potential of payments for ecosystem services (PES) to encourage land managers to protect and enhance the environment. However, questions remain about how PES agreements should be designed. There is a division between schemes that structure payments by action or by results, with most biodiversity PES schemes, including European agri-environment schemes, paying by action; for example incentivising land managers to carry out actions believed to increase biodiversity. Payment by results is a common incentive structure in the private sector (e.g. labourers doing piece work or no-win no-fee lawyers) but rarer in PES. Using a theoretical modelling approach, we investigate the conditions under which each way of structuring payments may be more cost-effective in a biodiversity PES. Payment by action is favoured where there is a clear action that can be specified at an appropriate level and to which biodiversity is sensitive. We found that payment by results is favoured in degraded landscapes as incentives are created for managers to use their private knowledge and join the scheme only if they can produce the biodiversity services targeted by the scheme. Payment by results is also favoured where biodiversity is less sensitive to conservation action and when it is difficult for a central agency to determine an appropriate level of conservation action. This is because payment by results allows individual managers to optimise their level of action. The relative cost of monitoring action (compliance with an agreement to manage in a certain way) versus results (the presence of biodiversity) has a substantial effect on which payment structure is more efficient only when the central agency can accurately set an appropriate level of action. We illustrate these principles with examples based on agri-environment schemes. Synthesis and applications. Payment by results deserves more attention from those designing biodiversity PES (be they agri-environment

Published
2011

16. The why, what, and how of global biodiversity indicators beyond the 2010 target

Author

Jones, Julia P. G., Collen, Ben, Atkinson, Giles, Baxter, Peter W. J., Bubb, Philip, Illian, Janine B., Katzner, Todd E., Keane, Aidan, Loh, Jonathan, McDonald-Madden, Eeve, Nicholson, Emily, Pereira, Henrique M., Possingham, Hugh P., Pullin, Andrew S., Rodrigues, Ana S. L., Ruiz-Gutierrez, Viviana, Sommerville, Matthew, Milner-Gulland, E. J., Jones, Julia P. G., Collen, Ben, Atkinson, Giles, Baxter, Peter W. J., Bubb, Philip, Illian, Janine B., Katzner, Todd E., Keane, Aidan, Loh, Jonathan, McDonald-Madden, Eeve, Nicholson, Emily, Pereira, Henrique M., Possingham, Hugh P., Pullin, Andrew S., Rodrigues, Ana S. L., Ruiz-Gutierrez, Viviana, Sommerville, Matthew, and Milner-Gulland, E. J.

Abstract

The 2010 biodiversity target agreed by signatories to the Convention on Biological Diversity directed the attention of conservation professionals toward the development of indicators with which to measure changes in biological diversity at the global scale. We considered why global biodiversity indicators are needed, what characteristics successful global indicators have, and how existing indicators perform. Because monitoring could absorb a large proportion of funds available for conservation, we believe indicators should be linked explicitly to monitoring objectives and decisions about which monitoring schemes deserve funding should be informed by predictions of the value of such schemes to decision making. We suggest that raising awareness among the public and policy makers, auditing management actions, and informing policy choices are the most important global monitoring objectives. Using four well-developed indicators of biological diversity (extent of forests, coverage of protected areas, Living Planet Index, Red List Index) as examples, we analyzed the characteristics needed for indicators to meet these objectives. We recommend that conservation professionals improve on existing indicators by eliminating spatial biases in data availability, fill gaps in information about ecosystems other than forests, and improve understanding of the way indicators respond to policy changes. Monitoring is not an end in itself, and we believe it is vital that the ultimate objectives of global monitoring of biological diversity inform development of new indicators.

Published
2011

17. Training future generations to deliver evidence‐based conservation and ecosystem management

Author

Downey, Harriet, Amano, Tatsuya, Cadotte, Marc, Cook, Carly N., Cooke, Steven J., Haddaway, Neal R., Jones, Julia P. G., Littlewood, Nick, Walsh, Jessica C., Abrahams, Mark I., Adum, Gilbert, Akasaka, Munemitsu, Alves, Jose A., Antwis, Rachael E., Arellano, Eduardo C., Axmacher, Jan, Barclay, Holly, Batty, Lesley, Benítez‐López, Ana, Bennett, Joseph R., Berg, Maureen J., Bertolino, Sandro, Biggs, Duan, Bolam, Friederike C., Bray, Tim, Brook, Barry W., Bull, Joseph W., Burivalova, Zuzana, Cabeza, Mar, Chauvenet, Alienor L. M., Christie, Alec P., Cole, Lorna, Cotton, Alison J., Cotton, Sam, Cousins, Sara A. O., Craven, Dylan, Cresswell, Will, Cusack, Jeremy J., Dalrymple, Sarah E., Davies, Zoe G., Diaz, Anita, Dodd, Jennifer A., Felton, Adam, Fleishman, Erica, Gardner, Charlie J., Garside, Ruth, Ghoddousi, Arash, Gilroy, James J., Gill, David A., Gill, Jennifer A., Glew, Louise, Grainger, Matthew J., Grass, Amelia A., Greshon, Stephanie, Gundry, Jamie, Hart, Tom, Hopkins, Charlotte R., Howe, Caroline, Johnson, Arlyne, Jones, Kelly W., Jordan, Neil R., Kadoya, Taku, Kerhoas, Daphne, Koricheva, Julia, Lee, Tien Ming, Lengyel, Szabolcs, Livingstone, Stuart W., Lyons, Ashley, McCabe, Gráinne, Millett, Jonathan, Strevens, Chloë Montes, Moolna, Adam, Mossman, Hannah L., Mukherjee, Nibedita, Muñoz‐Sáez, Andrés, Negrões, Nuno, Norfolk, Olivia, Osawa, Takeshi, Papworth, Sarah, Park, Kirsty J., Pellet, Jérôme, Phillott, Andrea D., Plotnik, Joshua M., Priatna, Dolly, Ramos, Alejandra G., Randall, Nicola, Richards, Rob M., Ritchie, Euan G., Roberts, David L., Rocha, Ricardo, Rodríguez, Jon Paul, Sanderson, Roy, Sasaki, Takehiro, Savilaakso, Sini, Sayer, Carl, Sekercioglu, Cagan, Senzaki, Masayuki, Smith, Grania, Smith, Robert J., Soga, Masashi, Soulsbury, Carl D., Steer, Mark D., Stewart, Gavin, Strange, E. F., Suggitt, Andrew J., Thompson, Ralph R. J., Thompson, Stewart, Thornhill, Ian, Trevelyan, R. J., Usieta, Hope O., Venter, Oscar, Webber, Amanda D., White, Rachel L., Whittingham, Mark J., Wilby, Andrew, Yarnell, Richard W., Zamora, Veronica, Sutherland, William J., Downey, Harriet, Amano, Tatsuya, Cadotte, Marc, Cook, Carly N., Cooke, Steven J., Haddaway, Neal R., Jones, Julia P. G., Littlewood, Nick, Walsh, Jessica C., Abrahams, Mark I., Adum, Gilbert, Akasaka, Munemitsu, Alves, Jose A., Antwis, Rachael E., Arellano, Eduardo C., Axmacher, Jan, Barclay, Holly, Batty, Lesley, Benítez‐López, Ana, Bennett, Joseph R., Berg, Maureen J., Bertolino, Sandro, Biggs, Duan, Bolam, Friederike C., Bray, Tim, Brook, Barry W., Bull, Joseph W., Burivalova, Zuzana, Cabeza, Mar, Chauvenet, Alienor L. M., Christie, Alec P., Cole, Lorna, Cotton, Alison J., Cotton, Sam, Cousins, Sara A. O., Craven, Dylan, Cresswell, Will, Cusack, Jeremy J., Dalrymple, Sarah E., Davies, Zoe G., Diaz, Anita, Dodd, Jennifer A., Felton, Adam, Fleishman, Erica, Gardner, Charlie J., Garside, Ruth, Ghoddousi, Arash, Gilroy, James J., Gill, David A., Gill, Jennifer A., Glew, Louise, Grainger, Matthew J., Grass, Amelia A., Greshon, Stephanie, Gundry, Jamie, Hart, Tom, Hopkins, Charlotte R., Howe, Caroline, Johnson, Arlyne, Jones, Kelly W., Jordan, Neil R., Kadoya, Taku, Kerhoas, Daphne, Koricheva, Julia, Lee, Tien Ming, Lengyel, Szabolcs, Livingstone, Stuart W., Lyons, Ashley, McCabe, Gráinne, Millett, Jonathan, Strevens, Chloë Montes, Moolna, Adam, Mossman, Hannah L., Mukherjee, Nibedita, Muñoz‐Sáez, Andrés, Negrões, Nuno, Norfolk, Olivia, Osawa, Takeshi, Papworth, Sarah, Park, Kirsty J., Pellet, Jérôme, Phillott, Andrea D., Plotnik, Joshua M., Priatna, Dolly, Ramos, Alejandra G., Randall, Nicola, Richards, Rob M., Ritchie, Euan G., Roberts, David L., Rocha, Ricardo, Rodríguez, Jon Paul, Sanderson, Roy, Sasaki, Takehiro, Savilaakso, Sini, Sayer, Carl, Sekercioglu, Cagan, Senzaki, Masayuki, Smith, Grania, Smith, Robert J., Soga, Masashi, Soulsbury, Carl D., Steer, Mark D., Stewart, Gavin, Strange, E. F., Suggitt, Andrew J., Thompson, Ralph R. J., Thompson, Stewart, Thornhill, Ian, Trevelyan, R. J., Usieta, Hope O., Venter, Oscar, Webber, Amanda D., White, Rachel L., Whittingham, Mark J., Wilby, Andrew, Yarnell, Richard W., Zamora, Veronica, and Sutherland, William J.

Abstract

1. To be effective, the next generation of conservation practitioners andmanagers need to be critical thinkers with a deep understanding of how to make evidence-based decisions and of the value of evidence synthesis. 2. If, as educators, we do not make these priorities a core part of what we teach, we are failing to prepare our students to make an effective contribution to conservation practice. 3. To help overcome this problem we have created open access online teaching materials in multiple languages that are stored in Applied Ecology Resources. So far, 117 educators from 23 countries have acknowledged the importance of this and are already teaching or about to teach skills in appraising or using evidence in conservation decision-making. This includes 145 undergraduate, postgraduate or professional development courses. 4. We call for wider teaching of the tools and skills that facilitate evidence-based conservation and also suggest that providing online teaching materials in multiple languages could be beneficial for improving global understanding of other subject areas.

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