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BACKGROUND: Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) effectively prevent pneumococcal disease but the global impact of pneumococcal vaccination is hampered by the cost of PCV. The relevance and feasibility of trials of reduced dose schedules is greatest in middle- and low-income countries, such as The Gambia, where PCV has been introduced with good disease control but where transmission of vaccine-type pneumococci persists. We are conducting a large cluster-randomised, non-inferiority, field trial of an alternative reduced dose schedule of PCV compared to the standard schedule, the PVS trial. METHODS: PVS is a prospective, cluster-randomised, non-inferiority, real-world field trial of an alternative schedule of one dose of PCV scheduled at age 6 weeks with a booster dose at age 9 months (i.e. the alternative '1 + 1' schedule) compared to the standard schedule of three primary doses scheduled at 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age (i.e. the standard '3 + 0' schedule). The intervention will be delivered for 4 years. The primary endpoint is the population-level prevalence of nasopharyngeal vaccine-type pneumococcal carriage in children aged 2 weeks to 59 months with clinical pneumonia in year 4 of the trial. Participants and field staff are not masked to group allocation while measurement of the laboratory endpoint will be masked. Sixty-eight geographic population clusters have been randomly allocated, in a 1:1 ratio, to each schedule and all resident infants are eligible for enrolment. All resident children less than 5 years of age are under continuous surveillance for clinical safety endpoints measured at 11 health facilities; invasive pneumococcal disease, radiological pneumonia, clinical pneumonia, and hospitalisations. Secondary endpoints include the population-level prevalence of nasopharyngeal vaccine-type pneumococcal carriage in years 2 and 4 and vaccine-type carriage prevalence in unimmunised infants aged 6-12 weeks in year 4. The trial includes components of mathematica

Stem cell renewal and differentiation are regulated by interactions with the niche. Although multiple cell populations have been identified in distinct anatomical compartments, little is known about niche-specific molecular factors. Using skin as a model system and combining single-cell RNA-seq data analysis, immunofluorescence, and transgenic mouse models, we show that the transmembrane protein embigin is specifically expressed in the sebaceous gland and that the number of embigin-expressing cells is negatively regulated by Wnt. The loss of embigin promotes exit from the progenitor compartment and progression toward differentiation, and also compromises lipid metabolism. Embigin modulates sebaceous niche architecture by affecting extracellular matrix organization and basolateral targeting of monocarboxylate transport. We discover through ligand screening that embigin is a direct fibronectin receptor, binding to the N-terminal fibronectin domain without impairing integrin function. Our results solve the long-standing question of how embigin regulates cell adhesion and demonstrate a mechanism that couples adhesion and metabolism.

RATIONALE: The effectiveness of universal immunisation with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) has been evident in many countries. However, the global impact of PCV is limited by its cost, which has prevented its introduction in several countries. Reducing the cost of PCV programmes may facilitate vaccine introduction in some countries and improve the sustainability of PCV in EPIs in low-income countries when they transition away from subsidised vaccine supply. METHODS AND DESIGN: PVS is a real-world field trial of an alternative schedule of one dose of PCV scheduled at age 6 weeks with a booster dose at age 9 months (i.e. the alternative '1+1' schedule) compared to the standard schedule of three primary doses scheduled at 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age (i.e. the standard '3+0' schedule). Delivery of the interventions began in late 2019 in 68 geographic clusters and will continue for 4 years. The primary endpoint is the prevalence of nasopharyngeal vaccine-type pneumococcal carriage in children aged 2-260 weeks with clinical pneumonia in year 4. Secondary endpoints are the prevalence of vaccine-type pneumococcal carriage among all ages in year 4 and the incidence of radiological pneumonia in children enrolled to receive the interventions. Additional disease and carriage endpoints are included. PURPOSE: This statistical analysis plan (SAP) describes the cohorts and populations, and follow-up criteria, to be used in different analyses. The SAP defines the endpoints and describes how adherence to the interventions will be presented. We describe how analyses will account for the effect of clustering and stratified randomisation. The SAP defines the approach to non-inferiority and other analyses. Defining the SAP early in the trial will avoid bias in analyses that may arise from prior knowledge of trial findings.

Understanding how weather conditions affect animal populations is essential to foresee population changes in times of global climate shifts. However, assessing year-round weather impacts on demographic parameters is hampered in migratory animals due to often unknown occurrence in space and time. We addressed this by coupling tracking and weather data to explain extensive variation in apparent survival across 19 years in a northern European population of little ringed plovers (Charadrius dubius). Over 90% (n = 21) of tracked individuals followed migration routes along the Indo-European flyway to south India. Building on capture–recapture histories of nearly 1400 individuals, we found that between-year variation in precipitation during post-breeding staging in northern South Asia explained 47% of variation in apparent adult survival. Overall, the intensity of the monsoon in South Asia explained 31–33% of variability in apparent survival. In contrast, weather conditions in breeding, final non-breeding and pre-breeding quarters appeared less important in this species. The integration of multi-source data seems essential for identifying key regions and periods limiting population growth, for forecasting future changes and targeting conservation efforts.

We are concurrently witnessing two significant shifts: digital devices are becoming ubiquitous, and older people are becoming a very large demographic group. However, despite the recent increase in related CHI publications, older adults continue to be underrepresented in HCI research as well as commercially. Therefore, the overarching aim of this workshop is to increase the momentum for such research within CHI and related fields such as gerontechnology. For this, we plan to create a space for discussing and sharing principles and strategies to design interactions and evaluate user interfaces (UI) for the ageing population. We thus welcome contributions of empirical studies, theories, design, and evaluation of UIs for older adults. Building on the success of last two year's workshops, we aim to grow the community of CHI researchers across borders interested in this topic by fostering a space to exchange results, methods, approaches, and ideas from research on interactive applications in support of older adults that are reflective of international diversity that is representative of CHI.

This work includes raw and analyzed test data when using a recently developed fatigue test method for miniature laser welds in cobalt-chromium (CoCr) alloy joints [1]: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.07.004. The automization of fatigue tests is crucial for saving costs and personnel resources and that is the reason why the atomization threshold and the resulting spectrum data related to CoCr welds are provided here. The finite element method based stress computation output is provided related to shearing-mode tests to support the dataset as a whole. In addition, the compositional data of the parent material and the laser weld are given., QC 20191128

Miniature laser welds with the root depth in the range of 50-300 pm represent air-tight joints between the components in medical devices, such as those in implants, growth rods, stents and various prostheses. The current work focuses on the development of a fatigue test specimen and procedure to determine fatigue lives of shear-loaded laser welds. A cobalt-chromium (CoCr) alloy is used as a benchmark case. S-N graphs, damage process, and fracture surfaces are studied by applying x-ray analysis, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy both before and after the crack onset. A non-linear material model is fitted for the CoCr alloy to run finite element simulations of the damage and deformation. As a result, two tensile-loaded specimen designs are established and the performance is compared to that of a traditional torque-loaded specimen. The new generation specimens show less variation in the determined fatigue lives due to well-defined crack onset point and, therefore, precise weld seam load during the experiments. The fatigue damage concentrates to the welded material and the entire weld experiences fatigue prior to the final, fracture-governed failure phase. For the studied weld seams of hardened CoCr, a regression fatigue limit of 10.8-11.8 MPa, where the stress refers to the arithmetic average shear stress computed along the region dominated by shear loading, is determined., QC 20191010

Supplement 1Meeting abstract P.134

Background: Families with parental mental health issues often have numerous problems needing multilevel measures to address them. The “Let’s Talk about Children Service Model (LT-SM)” is a community-based service approach aiming at collectively impacting population needs regarding child protection services. Three municipalities in the Raahe District (RD) of Finland requested implementation of the LT Service Model. This paper describes the model and first results. Methods: The LT Service Model connects relevant stakeholders with families and their social networks aiming at the shared goal of supporting children’s everyday life at home, kindergarten, school, and leisure environments. Parents, teachers, and other caretakers are supported by LT interventions. An infrastructure for collaboration, decision making, monitoring, training, and feedback is established, embracing health, social and educational services, and other stakeholders. Referrals to child protection services were compared with national data before (2009–2013) and after implementation of the LT Service Model (2013—2016). Analyses were conducted using the joinpoint regression method. Results: There was a significant decrease in the underage population referred to child protection services in RD (AAPC = −6.9; p = 0.013) between 2013 and 2016, in contrast with an increased rate nationwide (AAPC = 1.9; p = 0.020). Conclusion: In the LT Service Model, prevention starts in children’s everyday life as the uniting, common goal for multiple stakeholders and an integrated service structure is developed to support this effort. The first results are promising, showing an appreciable decrease in referrals to child protection services, although further research with longer follow-up and across other municipalities is needed.

Collagens are the most abundant extracellular matrix proteins in vertebrates and have a characteristic triple-helix structure. Hydroxylation of proline residues is critical for helix stability, and diminished prolyl hydroxylase activity causes wide-spread defects in connective tissues. Still, the role of proline hydroxylation in the binding of collagen receptors such as integrins is unclear. Here, we isolated skin collagen from genetically modified mice having reduced prolyl 4-hydroxylase activity. At room temperature, the reduced proline hydroxylation did not affect interactions with the recombinant integrin α2I domain, but at 37 °C, collagen hydroxylation correlated with the avidity of α2I domain binding. Of note, LC–MS/MS analysis of isolated skin collagens revealed no major changes in the hydroxyproline content of the main integrin-binding sites. Thus, the disrupted α2I domain binding at physiological temperatures was most likely due to structural destabilization of the collagenous helix. Integrin α2I binding to the triple-helical GFPGER motif was slightly weaker than to GFOGER (O = hydroxyproline). This phenomenon was more prominent when α1 integrin was tested. Integrin α1β1 expressed on CHO cells and recombinant α1I domain showed remarkably slower binding velocity and weaker avidity to GFPGER when compared with GFOGER. Structural modeling revealed the critical interaction between Arg-218 in α1I and the hydroxyproline residue in the integrin-binding motif. The role of Arg-218 was further validated by testing a variant R218D α1I domain in solid-phase binding assays. Thus, our results show that the lack of proline hydroxylation in collagen can affect integrin binding by a direct mechanism and via structural destabilization of the triple helix.

Aalto Interface Metrics (AIM) pools several empirically validated models and metrics of user perception and attention into an easy-to-use online service for the evaluation of graphical user interface (GUI) designs. Users input a GUI design via URL, and select from a list of 17 different metrics covering aspects ranging from visual clutter to visual learnability. AIM presents detailed breakdowns, visualizations, and statistical comparisons, enabling designers and practitioners to detect shortcomings and possible improvements. The web service and code repository are available at interfacemetrics.aalto.fi., QC 20190403

Two Universities from Oulu, Finland organised integrated and interprofessional (IP) type 2 diabetes training periods for undergraduate medical and nursing students in collaboration with the University Hospital and Health and Wellbeing Centre of Oulu. There is an ongoing health, social services and regional government reform in Finland. The services will be organised in a customer-orientated way and the reform will combine the primary and secondary services. The training was tailored to reflect the real life future setting in Finnish primary care, and this model fits well with the principles of collaborative education. The study aimed at investigating students’ attitudes and readiness for inter professional learning and their learning experience in combined primary and secondary care settings. The second aim was to strengthen students’ professional skills by working with patients in a patient-centred manner. The “Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale” was used with added questions about pair training. Students’ perceptions of their clinical skills were evaluated. The students valued the mutual learning experience in outpatient primary care. They felt comfortable with working together and complemented each other. Students performed well with IP competencies such as patient centredness, communication and team functioning. Patients in general were very satisfied with the visit. Teamwork and collaboration, professional identity and pair work were highly scored in both student groups while roles and responsibilities were evaluated a little less positively. Collaboration between different levels of care and health policies is important when developing health professionals’ education. This IP teamwork experience helps both future and current health-care professionals to better organise the care of chronic illnesses.

Introduction: Making change towards child and family-based and coordinated services is critical to improve quality, outcomes and value. The Let’s Talk about Children (LTC) approach, which consists of brief psychoeducational discussions with parents of kindergarten-aged and school-aged children, has been launched as a municipality-specific programme in the Council of Oulu Region. The aim of this paper is to present a protocol of an ecological study evaluating the group-specific effects of an intervention about LTC activities in a geographically defined population. The programme is designed to promote children’s socioemotional well-being. Methods and analysis: A quasi-experimental ecological study protocol is implemented to evaluate whether systematic LTC practices improve children’s well-being. A multi-informant setting covers 30 municipalities in northern Finland and involves all the municipal teachers, social and healthcare workers. In each municipality, a Local Management Team is responsible for implementing the LTC programme and collecting the annual data of LTC discussions and network meetings. The outcome data are retrieved from child welfare statistics and hospital registers. The population data, child welfare statistics and referrals to hospitals was retrieved at baseline (2014), and will be retrieved annually. Furthermore, the annual data of LTC discussions and network meetings will be collected of the years 2015–2018. Ethics and dissemination: The study design has been approved by the management of the Oulu University Hospital in accordance with the guidelines given by The Regional Ethics Committee of the Northern Ostrobothnia Hospital District in Oulu, Finland. All data are treated and implemented according to national data security laws. Study findings will be disseminated to provincial and municipal partners, collaborative community groups and the research and development community. The Let’s Talk about Children Evaluation study databases will g

Objective: To examine the feasibility, efficacy, and effectiveness of PEGASUS, a group-based structured psychoeducation for adults with ADHD and their significant others. Method: A pragmatic parallel group add-on design multicenter randomized controlled trial was conducted, comparing an 8-session treatment with PEGASUS (allocated n = 97; 48 with ADHD and 49 with significant others) to treatment as usual (TAU, allocated n = 82; 39 with ADHD and 43 significant others). Participants (individuals with ADHD and significant others) were recruited from five psychiatric outpatient departments and block randomized to PEGASUS or TAU. Knowledge about ADHD was measured using the ADHD 20 scale pre- and post-intervention and served as primary outcome. Results: Knowledge about ADHD (d = 0.97 [95% CI: 0.61–1.31]) increased following PEGASUS participation compared to TAU. Improvements were also observed in secondary outcomes e.g. global life satisfaction (d = 0.25 [95% CI: from –0.09 to 0.59] ). Overall treatment satisfaction was good. Over 90% of the participants completed the program. Post-intervention data was obtained from n = 89 in PEGASUS group and n = 70 in TAU group and analyses were conducted per protocol. No important adverse effects or side effects were observed. Conclusions: Group-based structured psychoeducation PEGASUS for adults with ADHD and their significant others is a feasible, efficacious, and effective treatment option to increase ADHD knowledge and general life satisfaction in psychiatric outpatient care.

Background and purpose: Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are known to have an elevated suicide risk, but attempted suicide is incompletely investigated. The relation between education level and suicidality has not been investigated in MS patients. Our objective was to estimate attempted suicide and completed suicide risks amongst MS patients. Methods: A total of 29 617 Swedish MS patients were identified through the Swedish Patient Register and matched with 296 164 people without MS from the general population. Cox regression analysis estimated hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association of MS with attempted and completed suicide, with adjustment for age, sex, education and calendar period. Results: The adjusted HR for attempted suicide amongst MS patients is 2.18 (95% CI 1.97-2.43) compared with the general population cohort. For completed suicide the HR is 1.87 (95% CI 1.53-2.30). In both groups women are at higher risk of attempting suicide, whilst men are at higher risk of completing suicide. Education level is inversely associated with completed suicide amongst the non-MS cohort (0.68, 0.51-0.91), but not amongst MS patients (1.10, 0.60-2.04). Conclusion: Multiple sclerosis patients are at higher risk of both attempted and completed suicide. No evidence was found of an inverse association between educational level and risk of completed suicide amongst MS patients., Funding Agencies:Novartis Pharma AGF. Hoffmann-La Roche LtdGadelius FoundationStockholm County CouncilKarolinska Institutet

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)-based skills training has been developed and previously evaluated for adults with ADHD in a psychiatric outpatient context. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of DBT-based skills training as a voluntary intervention for men with ADHD in compulsory care due to severe substance abuse. Forty sufficiently detoxified men with ADHD in compulsory care due to life-threatening substance use disorder (SUD) were included in DBT-based skills training groups. Self- and staff-rating scales were administered before and after the treatment. The refusal rate was 42.9 %. Of those who started the DBT-based skills training, 70 % completed the treatment (attendance at =75 % of the sessions). The treatment acceptability was good. Both ADHD and psychiatric symptoms decreased from pre- to post-intervention in self-ratings, but not in staff ratings. The patients reported improved general well-being. The correlation between self- and staff ratings was poor. Motivation for voluntary nonpharmacological treatment was low in a compulsory care context. However, the results indicate that a DBT-based skills training program for adults with ADHD may be feasible for some patients with ADHD in combination with SUD in compulsory care, provided that considerable resources are allocated with adjustments to the target group and compulsory care context.

Introduction: Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are known to have an elevated suicide risk, but attempted suicide is incompletely investigated. Objectives: To estimate attempted suicide and completed suicide risks among MS patients using national registers and to assess if the inverse association of higher-level education with completed suicide is affected by MS. Methods: A total of 29,617 Swedish MS patients were identified through the Swedish Patient Register and matched (by birth year, sex, vital status at diagnosis and region) with 296,164 people without MS from the general population. Cox regression estimated hazard ratios (HR) (with 95% confidence intervals) for the association of MS with attempted and completed suicide, with adjustment for age, sex, education level, decade of study entry, and previous suicide attempts. Results: The adjusted HR for attempted suicide among MS patients is 2.18 (1.97-2.43) compared with the general population cohort. For completed suicide the HR is 1.87 (1.53-2.30). Overall, men were at higher risk of completing suicide, while women were at higher risk of attempting suicide. Higher education is inversely associated with completed suicide among the non-MS cohort with an HR of 0.68, (0.51-0.91), but not among MS patients, where the HR is 1.10, (0.60-2.04). MS patients were less likely to use a violent method than the non-MS cohort. Conclusion: MS patients are at higher risk of both attempted and completed suicide, and the risk increase is present in both men and women. Possibly the stress and perceived prognosis associated with an MS diagnosis increases the risk of suicide. MS appears to eliminate the protective association of higher education with completed suicide.

The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of a new psychoeducative intervention program (PEGASUS) for adults with ADHD and their significant others in a psychiatric outpatient context. At three outpatient psychiatric clinics, adults with ADHD and their significant others took part in PEGASUS, a psychoeducational program based on theories from cognitive behavioral therapy, neuropsychology, and cross-disciplinary evidence regarding ADHD. In total, 108 adults were allocated to treatment (51 with ADHD and their 57 significant others). Feasibility was evaluated regarding suitability of the intervention at a psychiatric outpatient clinic and treatment completion. Preliminary efficacy was evaluated per protocol from baseline to post-intervention (n = 41 adults with ADHD and 40 significant others). In a feasibility analysis, the intervention was judged to be a suitable treatment option for 94.5 % of all individuals with a primary diagnosis of ADHD at an outpatient psychiatric clinic. In total, 43 out of 51 allocated individuals with ADHD (84.3 %) completed the intervention. The corresponding figures for their significant others were 42 out of 57 (73.7 %). Knowledge about ADHD increased, and both the quality of relationships and psychological well-being improved from baseline to post-intervention in all participants. The significant others reported a reduction in the subjective burden of care, such as worry and guilt. The objective burden of care (such as financial problems) did not change. The findings support the potential value of psychoeducation for adults with ADHD and their significant others. An ongoing randomized controlled trial will generate further evidence concerning the PEGASUS program.

Background and aims: The pharmacological treatment of individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and severe substance use disorder (SUD) is controversial, and few studies have examined the long-term psychosocial outcome of these treatments. Our aim was to investigate whether pharmacological treatment was associated with improved long-term psychosocial outcomes. Methods: The present naturalistic study consisted of a long-term follow-up of 60 male patients with ADHD and comorbid severe SUD; all participants had received compulsory inpatient treatment due to severe substance abuse. The average interval between inpatient discharge and follow-up was 18.4. months. Thirty patients had received pharmacological treatment for ADHD, and 30 patients were pharmacologically untreated. The groups were compared with respect to mortality and psychosocial outcomes operationalized as substance abuse status, ongoing voluntary rehabilitation, current housing situation and employment status. Results: The groups were comparable with regard to the demographic and background charact eristics. Overall, mortality was high; 8.3% of the participants had deceased at follow-up (one in the pharmacologically treated group and four in the untreated group; the between-group difference was not significant). The group that received pharmacological treatment for ADHD exhibited fewer substance abuse relapses, received more frequently voluntary treatments in accordance with a rehabilitation plan, required less frequent compulsory care, were more frequently accommodated in supportive housing or a rehabilitation center, and displayed a higher employment rate than the non-treated group. Conclusions: The recommendations for the close clinical monitoring of high-risk populations and the prevention of misuse and drug diversion were fulfilled in the structured environment of compulsory care for the treated group. Pharmacological treatment of ADHD in individuals with severe SUD may decrease

Background: Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is associated with an increased risk of co-existing substance abuse. The Swedish legislation on compulsory healthcare can be applied to persons with severe substance abuse who can be treated involuntarily during a period of six months. This context enables a reliable clinical assessment of ADHD in individuals with severe substance use disorder (SUD). Methods: In the context of compulsory care for individuals with severe SUD, male patients were assessed for ADHD, co-morbid psychiatric symptoms, psychosocial background, treatment history, and cognition. The data from the ADHD/SUD group (n = 60) was compared with data from (1) a group of individuals with severe substance abuse without known ADHD (SUD group, n = 120), as well as (2) a group with ADHD from an outpatient psychiatric clinic (ADHD/Psych group, n = 107). Results: Compared to the general SUD group in compulsory care, the ADHD/SUD group had already been significantly more often in compulsory care during childhood or adolescence, as well as imprisoned more often as adults. The most common preferred abused substance in the ADHD/SUD group was stimulant drugs, while alcohol and benzodiazepine abuse was more usual in the general SUD group. Compared to the ADHD/Psych group, the ADHD/SUD group reported more ADHD symptoms during childhood and performed poorer on all tests of general intellectual ability and executive functions. Conclusions: The clinical characteristics of the ADHD/SUD group differed from those of both the SUD group and the ADHD/Psych group in several respects, indicating that ADHD in combination with SUD is a particularly disabling condition. The combination of severe substance abuse, poor general cognitive ability, severe psychosocial problems, including indications of antisocial behaviour, and other co-existing psychiatric conditions should be considered in treatment planning for adults with ADHD and SUD. © 2013 Bihlar Muld et al.; licensee

Knowledge of the thermal conditions in the lithosphere is based on theoretical models of heat transfer constrained by geological and geophysical data. The present dissertation focuses on the uncertainties of calculated temperature and heat flow density results and on how they depend on the uncertainties of thermal properties of rocks, as well as on the relevant boundary conditions. Due to the high number of involved variables of typical models, the random simulation technique was chosen as the applied tool in the analysis. Further, the random simulation technique was applied in inverse Monte Carlo solutions of geothermal models. In addition to modelling technique development, new measurements on thermal conductivity and diffusivity of middle and lower crustal rocks in elevated pressure and temperature were carried out. In the uncertainty analysis it was found that a temperature uncertainty of 50 K at the Moho level, which is at a 50 km’s depth in the layered model, is produced by an uncertainty of only 0.5 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹ in thermal conductivity values or 0.2 orders of magnitude uncertainty in heat production rate (mW m⁻³). Similar uncertainties are obtained in Moho temperature, given that the lower boundary condition varies by ± 115 K in temperature (nominal value 1373 K) or ± 1.7 mW m⁻² in mantle heat-flow density (nominal value 13.2 mW m⁻²). Temperature and pressure dependencies of thermal conductivity are minor in comparison to the previous effects. The inversion results indicated that the Monte Carlo technique is a powerful tool in geothermal modelling. When only surface heat-flow density data are used as a fitting object, temperatures at the depth of 200 km can be inverted with an uncertainty of 120–170 K. When petrological temperature-depth (pressure) data on kimberlite-hosted mantle xenoliths were used also as a fitting object, the uncertainty was reduced to 60–130 K. The inversion does not remove the ambiguity of the models completely, but it reduces sig

The Global Geoscience Transect SVEKA (GGT/SVEKA); a 160 km wide, 840 km long strip in the central part of the Fennoscandian shield, covers the western part of the Archean Karelian Province in the northeast, crosses the boundary zone between the Karelian P, Addresses: Korsman K, Geol Survey Finland, POB 96, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland. Geol Survey Finland, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland. Univ Uppsala, Dept Earth Sci, Uppsala, Sweden. Geol Survey Finland, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland.

Two geophysical exploration devices are described which have been developed by the Geological Survey of Finland (GTK). Both are electromagnetic down-hole systems aimed at localising and studying deep electrically conductive ore deposits and other conductive structures. The GTK-FrEM equipment uses a fixed surface transmitter loop and a movable borehole receiver and the low-frequency, 330-3 189 Hz, technique detects conductors in any direction from the borehole. The device uses a memory logger and requires no data transmission via logging cables. A prototype has been successfully tested in exploration work at the Pyhasalmi mine where copper-zinc sulphides and pyrite are being mined. The EMRE device uses radio-wave tomography in cross-borehole surveys for the 2D mapping of rock conductivity. The device employs a fixed high-frequency 312.5-2 500 kHz transmitter in one borehole and movable receiver in the other borehole. The processed data are represented as attenuation distribution and apparent conductivity maps between the two boreholes. The EMRE device has been successfully applied for locating good conductors in a sulphide exploration target at Pyhasalmi and poorly conductive fracture zones at a potential nuclear waste disposal site at Olkiluoto., Two geophysical exploration devices are described which have been developed by the Geological Survey of Finland (GTK). Both are electromagnetic down-hole systems aimed at localising and studying deep electrically conductive ore deposits and other conductive structures. The GTK-FrEM equipment uses a fixed surface transmitter loop and a movable borehole receiver and the low-frequency, 330-3 189 Hz, technique detects conductors in any direction from the borehole. The device uses a memory logger and requires no data transmission via logging cables. A prototype has been successfully tested in exploration work at the Pyhasalmi mine where copper-zinc sulphides and pyrite are being mined. The EMRE device uses radio-wave tomography in cross-borehole surveys for the 2D mapping of rock conductivity. The device employs a fixed high-frequency 312.5-2 500 kHz transmitter in one borehole and movable receiver in the other borehole. The processed data are represented as attenuation distribution and apparent conductivity maps between the two boreholes. The EMRE device has been successfully applied for locating good conductors in a sulphide exploration target at Pyhasalmi and poorly conductive fracture zones at a potential nuclear waste disposal site at Olkiluoto.

Blasting causes structural damage to rock material. In crushing, however, rock tends to break along the planes of weakness and the rock material recovers its strength in successive crushing stages. The product of the final crusher contains less blast-induced damage and consequently has better structural strength than the products of the previous crushing stages., Blasting causes structural damage to rock material. In crushing, however, rock tends to break along the planes of weakness and the rock material recovers its strength in successive crushing stages. The product of the final crusher contains less blast-induced damage and consequently has better structural strength than the products of the previous crushing stages.