Search

The deposition of soluble gases to the sea surface is physical process that impacts the biogeochemical cycling of sulfur, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and latent and sensible heat. Soluble atmospheric gases such as SO2, nitric acid and ammonia play key roles in global climate and air quality through their influence on aerosol and cloud formation, and tropospheric photochemistry. Direct air/sea flux measurements of soluble trace gases are rare and most of what we know stems from studies of latent and sensible heat. Lack of fundamental understanding of the physical controls of air/sea deposition of soluble gases limits the accuracy of models simulating some global biogeochemical cycles. This study involved direct flux measurements of SO2, water vapor, sensible heat and momentum from the atmosphere to the sea surface. These measurements were done at piers located in San Diego, CA and Duck, NC. The goal of the study is to gain insight into the physical controls on soluble trace gas fluxes by comparing these measurements to each other and to various air/sea flux numerical parameterizations. The results of this analysis demonstrate that SO2 flux measurements are a viable approach to studying the physics of soluble trace gas flux over the ocean. Furthermore, the results show the transfer velocity of SO2 is ~ 20 % lower than that of water vapor. This reduction is attributed to resistance to gas transfer due to diffusion in the interfacial layer immediately above the sea surface. This study represents the first ever in situ measurement of diffusive resistance in the interfacial layer. The magnitude of diffusive resistance calculated from these measurements is ~ 18 % larger than the current gas transfer parameterizations (Fairall et al., 2000).

The deposition of soluble gases to the sea surface is physical process that impacts the biogeochemical cycling of sulfur, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and latent and sensible heat. Soluble atmospheric gases such as SO2, nitric acid and ammonia play key roles in global climate and air quality through their influence on aerosol and cloud formation, and tropospheric photochemistry. Direct air/sea flux measurements of soluble trace gases are rare and most of what we know stems from studies of latent and sensible heat. Lack of fundamental understanding of the physical controls of air/sea deposition of soluble gases limits the accuracy of models simulating some global biogeochemical cycles. This study involved direct flux measurements of SO2, water vapor, sensible heat and momentum from the atmosphere to the sea surface. These measurements were done at piers located in San Diego, CA and Duck, NC. The goal of the study is to gain insight into the physical controls on soluble trace gas fluxes by comparing these measurements to each other and to various air/sea flux numerical parameterizations. The results of this analysis demonstrate that SO2 flux measurements are a viable approach to studying the physics of soluble trace gas flux over the ocean. Furthermore, the results show the transfer velocity of SO2 is ~ 20 % lower than that of water vapor. This reduction is attributed to resistance to gas transfer due to diffusion in the interfacial layer immediately above the sea surface. This study represents the first ever in situ measurement of diffusive resistance in the interfacial layer. The magnitude of diffusive resistance calculated from these measurements is ~ 18 % larger than the current gas transfer parameterizations (Fairall et al., 2000).

This paper examines the links between cosmopolitanism, self-identity, and a desire for social interaction on perceived destination image and behavioural intentions. A model was tested using a sample of 538 Iranian visitors to Mecca for the purpose of Umrah. The result from the structural model suggests that destination attributes influence perceived destination image. Further, such tourists are likely to revisit or recommend Islamic destinations if their experience matches their perceived image of the destination. This implies that, while the religious characteristics of the destination remain important, destination managers cannot disregard the tangential, non-religious attributes of a destination which are crucial in order to satisfy more conventional tourist desires. As such, this study suggests that those managing religious travel destinations should endeavour to foster a welcoming image, where experience, interaction, and tolerance are at the forefront of the destination’s offering.

This paper examines the links between cosmopolitanism, self-identity, and a desire for social interaction on perceived destination image and behavioural intentions. A model was tested using a sample of 538 Iranian visitors to Mecca for the purpose of Umrah. The result from the structural model suggests that destination attributes influence perceived destination image. Further, such tourists are likely to revisit or recommend Islamic destinations if their experience matches their perceived image of the destination. This implies that, while the religious characteristics of the destination remain important, destination managers cannot disregard the tangential, non-religious attributes of a destination which are crucial in order to satisfy more conventional tourist desires. As such, this study suggests that those managing religious travel destinations should endeavour to foster a welcoming image, where experience, interaction, and tolerance are at the forefront of the destination’s offering.

This article reviews research into the influence of social environments on the behavior of parents and outcomes for children. The effects of social and economic inequalities on community social support networks and individual health and well-being are examined. In particular, the implications of an ecological perspective, highlighting the links between social environments and the incidence of child abuse and neglect, are considered. It is argued that the UK has failed to incorporate an ecological perspective into its existing policies and practice, which are almost exclusively focused on individual explanations for the health and welfare problems of families living in circumstances of poverty and social deprivation. The limitations imposed by the prevailing child protection discourse and the absence of an ecologically-oriented national policy framework are discussed, together with the ways in which local initiatives might be utilized to develop more effective services directed at improving the quality of life of children and families, rather than stigmatizing and undermining the efforts of those deemed to have 'failed' within existing approaches. Note: Erratum 98/2, page 191: On the PDF at page 74 of 98/1 the first and last name of the author were unintentionally interchanged. The author name should be: Gordon Jack.

This article reviews research into the influence of social environments on the behavior of parents and outcomes for children. The effects of social and economic inequalities on community social support networks and individual health and well-being are examined. In particular, the implications of an ecological perspective, highlighting the links between social environments and the incidence of child abuse and neglect, are considered. It is argued that the UK has failed to incorporate an ecological perspective into its existing policies and practice, which are almost exclusively focused on individual explanations for the health and welfare problems of families living in circumstances of poverty and social deprivation. The limitations imposed by the prevailing child protection discourse and the absence of an ecologically-oriented national policy framework are discussed, together with the ways in which local initiatives might be utilized to develop more effective services directed at improving the quality of life of children and families, rather than stigmatizing and undermining the efforts of those deemed to have 'failed' within existing approaches. Note: Erratum 98/2, page 191: On the PDF at page 74 of 98/1 the first and last name of the author were unintentionally interchanged. The author name should be: Gordon Jack.

Vol. 13, No. 27; Weekly edition. Items scanned from microfilm of varying quality--some editions are difficult to read, mostly from 1972-1974.