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This article shows that judicial enforcement has substantial effects on firms’ decisions with regard to their employment policies. To establish causality, I exploit a reorganization of the court districts in Italy involving judicial district mergers as a shock to court productivity. I find that an improvement in enforcement, as measured by a reduction in average trial length, has a large, positive effect on firm employment. The cross-sectional heterogeneity of the results suggests that stronger enforcement reduces financing constraints, boosting employment as a result, especially in firms characterized by higher complementarity between labor and capital. Moreover, in the presence of stronger enforcement, firms can raise more debt to dampen the impact of negative shocks and, in this way, reduce employment fluctuations. Consistent with this result, worker-level evidence shows that strong enforcement reduces the likelihood of unemployment.

After a decade of progressively enforcing social rights, Argentina’s Supreme Court started a new course in a 2012 decision on the right to housing. There the Court adopted a more restrictive approach to judicial enforcement of social rights. In the following years, it also limited the scope of the groups entitled to those rights and did not include relevant criteria adopted by the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Two new judges joined the Court in 2016, and they seem to consolidate this restrictive approach. The article examines a series of decisions on social rights from 2012 to 2018 in order to provide a more detailed description of the process and its possible future development., Resumen Luego de una década de progresiva aplicación de derechos sociales, la Corte Suprema argentina inició un nuevo camino a partir de una sentencia sobre derecho a la vivienda emitida en 2012. Allí el tribunal adoptó un enfoque más restrictivo en cuanto a la exigibilidad judicial de los derechos sociales. En los años posteriores, también limitó el alcance de los grupos titulares de estos derechos y no incluyó en sus sentencias criterios pertinentes elaborados por el Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales. Dos nuevos jueces se incorporaron a la Corte en 2016 y parecen consolidar esta visión restrictiva. El artículo examina una serie de sentencias emitidas entre 2012 y 2018 para brindar una descripción más detallada del proceso en curso y su posible desarrollo futuro.

Against the backdrop of the recent multidimensional crisis, significant changes have been introduced to the legal and political frameworks in which the EU and its Member States design, implement, monitor and evaluate policies and practices. Both the nature and the content of the European Pillar of Social Rights (EPSR) raise issues regarding effective enforcement of EU law and policy in the post-crisis context. From this perspective, this contribution addresses the main challenges facing the EPRS and explores possible ways forward.

Against the backdrop of the recent multidimensional crisis, significant changes have been introduced to the legal and political frameworks in which the EU and its Member States design, implement, monitor and evaluate policies and practices. Both the nature and the content of the European Pillar of Social Rights (EPSR) raise issues regarding effective enforcement of EU law and policy in the post-crisis context. From this perspective, this contribution addresses the main challenges facing the EPRS and explores possible ways forward.

The recent multidimensional crisis has provided opportunities for renewal and innovation at various levels of EU law and policy making and enforcement. Against this backdrop, policy areas connected with the EU social dimension face both general and policy-specific challenges in the complex network of existing enforcement strategies and tools in the EU legal order. This paper aims to provide a critical analysis of the EPRS as a potential driver of change in this context.

This essay tries to establish the basic patterns that judges must follow when facing the adjudication of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. The basic point of reference is the case law of the European Court of Justice. But they also must be take into account the case law of the Spanish Constitutional Court and the European Court of Human Rights. After the study of the most important cases in the topic, the essay attempts to clarify when and how to follow the jurisprudence of these High Courts., En este ensayo se pretende examinar cuáles son las pautas que ha de seguir el juez nacional cuando se enfrenta a la aplicación de la CDFUE. El punto de referencia básico en esta materia ha de ser la jurisprudencia sobre el tema del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea. De forma complementaria habrá de tenerse en cuenta la posición del Tribunal Constitucional y del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos. A partir de lo ocurrido en los casos más importantes hasta ahora planteados se pretende esclarecer cuándo y cómo ha de seguirse la jurisprudencia de los tres altos tribunales.

This essay tries to establish the basic patterns that judges must follow when facing the adjudication of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. The basic point of reference is the case law of the European Court of Justice. But they also must be take into account the case law of the Spanish Constitutional Court and the European Court of Human Rights. After the study of the most important cases in the topic, the essay attempts to clarify when and how to follow the jurisprudence of these High Courts., En este ensayo se pretende examinar cuáles son las pautas que ha de seguir el juez nacional cuando se enfrenta a la aplicación de la CDFUE. El punto de referencia básico en esta materia ha de ser la jurisprudencia sobre el tema del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea. De forma complementaria habrá de tenerse en cuenta la posición del Tribunal Constitucional y del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos. A partir de lo ocurrido en los casos más importantes hasta ahora planteados se pretende esclarecer cuándo y cómo ha de seguirse la jurisprudencia de los tres altos tribunales

In modern society, knowledge and information have become the most important resources. Knowledge and information bring dramatic changes and create great wealth for our society. Intellectual property (IP) rights, exclusive rights granted to right holders, are designed to encourage innovation and dissemination of knowledge and information. Nowadays, IP has become a major concern for the global community. Article 7 of the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) states as its objective that ‘the protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights (IPRs) should contribute to the promotion of technological innovation and to the transfer and dissemination of technology, to the mutual advantage of producers and users of technological knowledge and in a manner conducive to social and economic welfare, and to a balance of rights and obligations.’ 1 China has emerged as a leading center for the manufacturing industry by virtue of low cost and large manpower pools. China is striving to assert its presence in the global market as a technologically developed country. During the past thirty years, China not only enacted and subsequently revised a series of IP laws to optimize the legal system, but also implemented administrative reforms and launched several special campaigns to strengthen IP enforcement. These efforts demonstrate China’s determination to improve IP protection.

Shareholder agreements are covenants mainly intended to regulate the exercise of rights, relationships and interests of a financial nature between parties thereto. Due to the scant regulations existing in Colombia on this type of agreements, the legal treatment and development of the same is not yet comprehensive, clear and uniform. Furthermore, up to date there is no legal certainty on the legal actions that may be used to enforce such type of agreements by shareholders and the companies to which they belong. However, based on definitions and classifications developed under national and international case law and doctrine, this article will try to construct a general and conceptual framework of shareholder agreements that would be useful to establish the legal actions that may be adopted by shareholders and companies for enforcing the aforesaid agreements in Colombia., Os acordos de acionistas são pactos cujo objeto principal consiste em regular o exercício dos direitos, relações e interesses de conteúdo econômico de quem os subscrevem. Devido à escassa regulação que sobre este tipo de acordos existe na Colômbia, seu tratamento e desenvolvimento jurídico ainda não é integral, claro nem uniforme. Adicionalmente, até hoje não existe certeza sobre as ações legais que podem ser utilizadas para exigir a execução desse tipo de pactos pelos acionistas nem pelas companhias às quais estes pertencem. Não obstante o anterior, com base nas definições e classificações desenvolvidas pela doutrina e a jurisprudência nacional e estrangeira, o presente artigo tenta construir um marco geral legal e conceitual sobre ditos acordos, que resultará útil para estabelecer as ações legais que podem ser adotadas pelos acionistas e as sociedades para fazer exigíveis os mencionados tipos de acordos na Colômbia., Los acuerdos de accionistas son pactos cuyo objeto principal consiste en regular el ejercicio de los derechos, relaciones e intereses de contenido económico de quienes los suscriben. Debido a la escasa regulación que sobre este tipo de acuerdos existe en Colombia, su tratamiento y desarrollo jurídico aún no es integral, claro y uniforme. Adicionalmente, a la fecha no existe certeza sobre las acciones legales que pueden ser utilizadas para exigir la ejecución de ese tipo de pactos por accionistas y las compañías a las que estos pertenecen. No obstante lo anterior, con base en las definiciones y clasificaciones desarrolladas por la doctrina y la jurisprudencia nacional y extranjera, el presente artículo intentará construir un marco general legal y conceptual de dichos acuerdos, que resultará útil para establecer las acciones legales que pueden ser adoptadas por los accionistas y las sociedades para hacer exigibles los prenombrados tipos de acuerdos en Colombia.

Economic, social and cultural right (“social right”) have historically been viewed as distinct in natyre and scope from civil and political right. Rather than being viewed as judicially enforceable rights of immeadiate application, such rights have widely been considered non-justiciable programmatic goals to be archieved progressively within available resources, through political processes. The purpose of this paper is to provide the legal and analytical tools to understand why this dichotomy is false. The paper will consider the international normative framework for the legal protection of social rights, the specific content of state obligations under treaties dealing with such rights, how the international social rights monitoring system functions, and the various obstacles and opportunities currently facing the judicial enforceability of social rights. In every society there is violation which implies its citizen not get proper social right, economical right and cultural right. Proper implementation and adoption of judicial enforcement can reduce this violation rate and established social peace. Step mentioned in the above might not perfect but it might be small starting and ensure social, culture & economical right for the people living in the society.

Economic, social and cultural right (“social right”) have historically been viewed as distinct in natyre and scope from civil and political right. Rather than being viewed as judicially enforceable rights of immeadiate application, such rights have widely been considered non-justiciable programmatic goals to be archieved progressively within available resources, through political processes. The purpose of this paper is to provide the legal and analytical tools to understand why this dichotomy is false. The paper will consider the international normative framework for the legal protection of social rights, the specific content of state obligations under treaties dealing with such rights, how the international social rights monitoring system functions, and the various obstacles and opportunities currently facing the judicial enforceability of social rights. In every society there is violation which implies its citizen not get proper social right, economical right and cultural right. Proper implementation and adoption of judicial enforcement can reduce this violation rate and established social peace. Step mentioned in the above might not perfect but it might be small starting and ensure social, culture & economical right for the people living in the society.

The private enforcement system in Trust law established by the Reg. 1/2003 enables the foundations to allow the development of indemnity claims caused by antitrust damages. The essential elements of antitrust damages are analysed in the present article according to the guidelines found in the European commission´s Green Book. The recently published White Book as well as the studies on the effects of a future European regulation on the subject increases the number of claims made by victims. Due to this, the subject matter of the article becomes a substantial issue not only for modern Indemnity law but also for Trust law. The development of this branches of the law because of this will stop being in charge of public entities to be left to private subjects., El presente estudio tuvo como origen la investigación realizada sobre ¨La prohibición de los acuerdos restrictivos de la competencia y la valoración de las cláusulas de exclusividad en los regímenes de libre competencia europeo, español y colombiano¨, cuya primera y segunda parte se encuentran publicadas en esta revista. En razón de lo anterior, existen entre los dos estudios y sus publicaciones derivadas algunos puntos en común, teniendo en todo caso el presente trabajo adiciones de carácter complementario y una orientación diferente. El artículo que ahora se presenta pretende descubrir y destacar los relaciones entre el Derecho de Daños y el Derecho Anti trust, para lo cual se ha estimado necesario dividir la materia en dos partes: una primera parte presenta la evolución de los sistemas de aplicación de las normas de libre competencia, haciendo especial énfasis en proceso de privatización, para luego ahondar en una segunda parte, -que será publicado en forma independiente- el tema de la responsabilidad civil derivada de los ilícitos anti trust.

This paper discusses United States constitutional and statutory war making authority and examines why courts in the United States have never permitted a constitutional test of the 1973 War Powers Resolution. It concludes by predicting whether a court will ever hear on the merits, a case to enforce the Resolution as it is currently written.