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Inland shipping is an efficient way of freight transportation, especially in the Province of South Holland (the Netherlands), but this sector faces a significant challenge in further reducing climate change effects and local health and environmental impacts caused by the combustion of diesel fuel. In this study, an analysis of the inland shipping sector in South Holland and its challenges and opportunities regarding a transition to “zero-emission” shipping is performed, based on a life cycle assessment (LCA). This LCA compares the environmental impacts of the annual operations of a medium-size, short-route inland barge, comparing different engine technologies and energy carriers: diesel in a combustion engine, hydrogen (grey/blue/yellow) in a combustion engine, hydrogen (grey/blue/yellow) in a fuel cell-electric power system, and electricity in a battery-electric power system. Results are obtained for 2020, 2030, 2050, and 2100, based on the SSP2 pathway for future socio-economical development wherein the electricity grid mix decarbonises and fossil-based diesel is phased out in favour of biodiesel and synthetic diesel, and assessed using the EF v3.1 assessment family. The results indicate that the most significant sources of emissions are barge operations (for combustion engines, especially for diesel, and most of all for older diesel engines) and the fuel supply chain (for diesel and hydrogen), as well as some contribution from the production of batteries (for the battery-electric alternative) and fuel cells (for the hydrogen fuel cell alternative). Contributions from the life cycle of the barge hull, lubricant and oil streams, and infrastructure are minor. The main contributor to climate change is CO2, and the main contributors to local health and environmental impacts are emissions of particulate matter (PM), NOx, and SOx. For the selected case study barge, a battery-electric system provides the stronge, https://qlcav.quan.cat/?project=inlandshipping Interactive version of results, Industrial Ecology

The lock of Hansweert, located in the province of Zeeland in the Netherlands, serves as a crucial inland shipping node between the Western Scheldt estuary and the Rhine Delta. The outer harbour of the lock complex provides the connection to the Western Scheldt and accommodates waiting facilities for inland ships. The Western Scheldt is a vital gateway for maritime traffic, linking the Port of Antwerp to the North Sea. As the navigation channel of the Western Scheldt is located close to the outer harbour of Hansweert, multiple ship incidents at this location are attributed to the water motions generated by passing seagoing vessels on the Western Scheldt. This research investigates how the water motions induced by passing vessels in the Western Scheldt contribute to unsafe situations in the outer harbour and locks of Hansweert, and what preventative measures can be identified to effectively minimize incidents and mitigate risks. Investigating the incident records reveals that the key contributors are the primary water motions generated by the passing vessels in the Western Scheldt. The phenomenon, experienced as a sudden lowering of the water level and suction forces, can lead to the breakage of mooring lines and uncontrolled movements of inland ships, resulting in a range of safety hazards and operational disruptions. Several documented incidents, field studies and interviews highlight the urgency for effective measures to mitigate the potentially harmful effects of passing vessels on the ships in the Hansweert outer harbour and locks. A seven-week measurement campaign, involving 1281 passages of so-called oversized vessels, reveals distinct patterns of water level fluctuations during a vessel’s passage. A vessel is considered oversized if its length exceeds 210 metres or if its draught is larger than 10 metres. These patterns are described as a translatory drawdown wave travelling into the harbour, reflecting against the lock complex and oscillati, Civil Engineering | Hydraulic Engineering

Inland shipping is widely acknowledged as a sustainable mode of transportation due to its low energy consumption and emissions in comparison to road and rail transport. However, with growing concerns around reducing emissions in the transportation sector, there is pressure to address environmental issues associated with inland shipping. In the Netherlands, a Green Deal has been formulated to outline the goals for reducing CO2 emissions by 2030 and other environmental pollutants by 2035 in inland navigation, to enable us to take the next step towards a climate-neutral society by 2050. This increasing pressure raises the question of how to get insight of the energy consumption and the associated emissions from inland shipping. To date, an accurate method is lacking that is able to estimate the total resistance, the propulsive power and in turn the energy consumption in shallow water and thus to quantify the CO2 emissions. Over the years, several power estimation methods have been developed for inland vessels, with the Rijkswaterstaat power estimation method being one of the most widely recognized. Recently, Backer van Ommeren (2019) investigated the Rijkswaterstaat power estimation method and found that certain assumptions and parameters used in the method were not well-founded, and that some approximations were unnecessary. The main objective of this study to conduct a comprehensive literature analysis on Backer van Ommeren (2019) comments and recommendations regarding the Rijkswaterstaat (RWS) or Bolt (2003) method in order to clarify to what extent these recommendations will indeed improve the Bolt (2003) method or if an alternative power method should be proposed instead. This will be accomplished through a comparison process of the power results as a function of sailing speed, water depth, and channel dimensions for various types of inland vessels, utilizing the selected methods that will be derived from the literature study along with Backer van Ommeren (201, Civil Engineering | Hydraulic Engineering

The river Waal is part of an economic important transport-corridor that connects the ports of Antwerp, Rotterdam and Amsterdam to Germany. Ongoing processes such as (1) climate change, (2) large scale river bed erosion and (3) up-scaling of vessels threaten the future navigability of the river. This will lead to massive economic damages as taken in 2018 (Strengs et al., 2020). Canalisation of the river by means of weir-lock complexes is a considered by Rijkswaterstaat to improve inland navigation during periods of low discharge and prevent economic damages. This leads to the primary goal of this study; investigate the required lock capacity to provide smooth and reliable passage of the river Waal now and in the future. A literature review was conducted to assess the future development of the drivers of the worsening navigation conditions and to gain insight in market- and fleet developments. The developments in the drivers underline the urgency for measures. The development of the fleet navigating on the river Waal is characterised by up-scaling for the past 20 year. This trend is expected to continue the coming years. Future market developments are very uncertain due to the energy transition and the nitrogen crisis, making it very difficult to make accurate projections on future fleet intensities and compositions. Therefore a range of traffic intensities is used to characterise future fleets that encounter the lock complexes. The number and locations of the lock complexes is investigated by analysing available nautical depths and water levels along the river Waal for several stationary discharges at Lobith. Water levels are set up to a level such that navigation for all vessels (fully loaded) is possible. From a financial perspective it is most attractive to minimise the number of weir-lock complexes, however this is contrary to flood safety aspects on the river Waal. Installation of two weir lock complexes is considered plausible taking into ac, Civil Engineering | Hydraulic Engineering

The river Waal is part of an economic important transport-corridor that connects the ports of Antwerp, Rotterdam and Amsterdam to Germany. Ongoing processes such as (1) climate change, (2) large scale river bed erosion and (3) up-scaling of vessels threaten the future navigability of the river. This will lead to massive economic damages as taken in 2018 (Strengs et al., 2020). Canalisation of the river by means of weir-lock complexes is a considered by Rijkswaterstaat to improve inland navigation during periods of low discharge and prevent economic damages. This leads to the primary goal of this study; investigate the required lock capacity to provide smooth and reliable passage of the river Waal now and in the future. A literature review was conducted to assess the future development of the drivers of the worsening navigation conditions and to gain insight in market- and fleet developments. The developments in the drivers underline the urgency for measures. The development of the fleet navigating on the river Waal is characterised by up-scaling for the past 20 year. This trend is expected to continue the coming years. Future market developments are very uncertain due to the energy transition and the nitrogen crisis, making it very difficult to make accurate projections on future fleet intensities and compositions. Therefore a range of traffic intensities is used to characterise future fleets that encounter the lock complexes. The number and locations of the lock complexes is investigated by analysing available nautical depths and water levels along the river Waal for several stationary discharges at Lobith. Water levels are set up to a level such that navigation for all vessels (fully loaded) is possible. From a financial perspective it is most attractive to minimise the number of weir-lock complexes, however this is contrary to flood safety aspects on the river Waal. Installation of two weir lock complexes is considered plausible taking into ac, Civil Engineering | Hydraulic Engineering

Implementing renewable energy generation and more sustainable consumption behaviour in the future inland shipping industry is necessary. Electrification of the inland shipping fleet leads to an increase in electrical energy demand on the consumption side. The generation of decentralized photovoltaic (PV) energy systems on board of general cargo vessels can be one solution to these challenges. To estimate the potential of these decentralized energy systems, accurate simulation models are needed. The objective of this research is to determine the photovoltaic potential of the Dutch general cargo inland shipping fleet. A method is developed to simulate the energy yield of moving general cargo vessels. The estimated energy yield is based on hourly power calculations. A difference is made between container and bulk vessels. This simulation model consists of a skyline, a vessel, an irradiance, a PV module temperature, and an energy model. In the skyline model, skyline profiles for 3036 waterway points are generated using LIDAR AHN3 height data. The waterways skylines are corrected for every vessel individually. In the vessel model, AIS (automatic identification system) data is used to simulate the sailing behaviour of 2746 vessels. In the irradiance model, the diffused, direct and ground reflection irradiance received by the PV panel is simulated. The diffused irradiance is calculated according to the Perez model. The PV module temperature is estimated according to the fluid-dynamic model. The additional air caused by the forward movement of the vessel and the water temperature is taken into account. Finally, the PV energy yield is calculated by the received irradiance, the suitable PV surface and the corrected PV module efficiency. An experiment is performed to validate the developed model, where a PV panel is installed on the vessel Harmonie. Equipment is installed to monitor Harmonie during one docking week and two sailing weeks. A co-variance linear regressi, Electrical Engineering | Sustainable Energy Technology

The pressure to reduce emissions in the sector of inland shipping is increasing. Especially considering emissions of environmental pollutants, the increasing pressure gives rise to the question how to get insight into emissions distributions along an inland waterway network. In this research, a bottom-up method is developed that is able to map the potential CO2, PM10 and NOx emissions levels of a single inland vessel on a certain waterway network, as a function of time and space. This method uses the dimensions of the ship, its speed and the waterway characteristics to estimate the energy consumption and corresponding emissions of a vessel. This method can be used in the support of development and evaluation of emission reduction policies. To illustrate the potential of this method, it is applied to a case study: the inland fleet on the Rotterdam-Antwerp corridor, one of the main transport axes in the Netherlands. The developed method is applied to observed AIS data, to map the current potential emission patterns (‘t0 emission scenario’). In addition, a model has been developed that simulates the ‘t0’ case. This model serves as a tool to assess alternative measures to reduce emissions., Civil Engineering | Hydraulic Engineering

Implementing renewable energy generation and more sustainable consumption behaviour in the future inland shipping industry is necessary. Electrification of the inland shipping fleet leads to an increase in electrical energy demand on the consumption side. The generation of decentralized photovoltaic (PV) energy systems on board of general cargo vessels can be one solution to these challenges. To estimate the potential of these decentralized energy systems, accurate simulation models are needed. The objective of this research is to determine the photovoltaic potential of the Dutch general cargo inland shipping fleet. A method is developed to simulate the energy yield of moving general cargo vessels. The estimated energy yield is based on hourly power calculations. A difference is made between container and bulk vessels. This simulation model consists of a skyline, a vessel, an irradiance, a PV module temperature, and an energy model. In the skyline model, skyline profiles for 3036 waterway points are generated using LIDAR AHN3 height data. The waterways skylines are corrected for every vessel individually. In the vessel model, AIS (automatic identification system) data is used to simulate the sailing behaviour of 2746 vessels. In the irradiance model, the diffused, direct and ground reflection irradiance received by the PV panel is simulated. The diffused irradiance is calculated according to the Perez model. The PV module temperature is estimated according to the fluid-dynamic model. The additional air caused by the forward movement of the vessel and the water temperature is taken into account. Finally, the PV energy yield is calculated by the received irradiance, the suitable PV surface and the corrected PV module efficiency. An experiment is performed to validate the developed model, where a PV panel is installed on the vessel Harmonie. Equipment is installed to monitor Harmonie during one docking week and two sailing weeks. A co-variance linear regressi, Electrical Engineering | Sustainable Energy Technology

The pressure to reduce emissions in the sector of inland shipping is increasing. Especially considering emissions of environmental pollutants, the increasing pressure gives rise to the question how to get insight into emissions distributions along an inland waterway network. In this research, a bottom-up method is developed that is able to map the potential CO2, PM10 and NOx emissions levels of a single inland vessel on a certain waterway network, as a function of time and space. This method uses the dimensions of the ship, its speed and the waterway characteristics to estimate the energy consumption and corresponding emissions of a vessel. This method can be used in the support of development and evaluation of emission reduction policies. To illustrate the potential of this method, it is applied to a case study: the inland fleet on the Rotterdam-Antwerp corridor, one of the main transport axes in the Netherlands. The developed method is applied to observed AIS data, to map the current potential emission patterns (‘t0 emission scenario’). In addition, a model has been developed that simulates the ‘t0’ case. This model serves as a tool to assess alternative measures to reduce emissions., Civil Engineering | Hydraulic Engineering

In this paper, we will study a typical problem in inland container shipping, concerning the barge transportation of maritime containers between a dry port and a set of seaport terminals. The barges depart from the dry port and visit a set of sea terminals, where containers need either to be dropped off or picked up. The goal is to achieve economies of scale with barges and avoid trucking as much as possible. The decision thus involves finding the best allocation of containers to barges in order to guarantee on-time delivery and meet capacity restrictions. The problem will be modeled as a variant of the split vehicle routing problem with simultaneous pickups and deliveries coupled with time features. The model includes parameters that can be tuned to improve barge utilization and travelling distance. A hybrid local search meta-heuristic algorithm, combined with a branch-and-cut solver, will be developed to solve the model. Numerical experiments have been conducted to test the performance of the algorithm and provide solution analysis for practical insights. Real-world data has been collected from a local barge operator based in the Port of Rotterdam region and will be used as input for the experiments. This will result in an in-depth analysis into current planning practices. The proposed framework complements existing models in the literature and contributes to the development of a comprehensive set of decision support tools, which help in the decision-making process for inland terminals., Transport and Logistics

Prolonged periods of drought affect river discharges and cause water levels and available water depth to drop for extended periods of time. Low water depth has a major impact on the loading capacity of inland ships, and as a consequence on the transport capacity of the overall waterborne supply chain. Individual ship owners have detailed knowledge on how much the draught of their ship and the associated cargo weight should be reduced to adapt to low water. These parameters are even adjusted as a function of environmental circumstances (e.g. composition of the riverbed) and type of cargo. This detailed knowledge is, however, not accessible at an aggregated level to assess the effects on the overall transport capacity of an inland waterway transport network. Based on a range of field observations and information collected from individual ships, this article introduces a general model to define the effect of low water constraints on the deadweight and payload of inland ships, for which only the type, length, and beam of the vessel serve as mandatory input. Availability of a general model of the capacity reducing effect of lowered water depth is important for the design and operation of robust transport chains on the one hand, and for the optimisation of fairway maintenance and long-term infrastructure development on the other., Rivers, Ports, Waterways and Dredging Engineering, Ship Design, Production and Operations

In this paper, we will study a typical problem in inland container shipping, concerning the barge transportation of maritime containers between a dry port and a set of seaport terminals. The barges depart from the dry port and visit a set of sea terminals, where containers need either to be dropped off or picked up. The goal is to achieve economies of scale with barges and avoid trucking as much as possible. The decision thus involves finding the best allocation of containers to barges in order to guarantee on-time delivery and meet capacity restrictions. The problem will be modeled as a variant of the split vehicle routing problem with simultaneous pickups and deliveries coupled with time features. The model includes parameters that can be tuned to improve barge utilization and travelling distance. A hybrid local search meta-heuristic algorithm, combined with a branch-and-cut solver, will be developed to solve the model. Numerical experiments have been conducted to test the performance of the algorithm and provide solution analysis for practical insights. Real-world data has been collected from a local barge operator based in the Port of Rotterdam region and will be used as input for the experiments. This will result in an in-depth analysis into current planning practices. The proposed framework complements existing models in the literature and contributes to the development of a comprehensive set of decision support tools, which help in the decision-making process for inland terminals., Transport and Logistics

The main aim of this research was to establish which measures are significant in reducing the CO2 emission levels on the waterways between Rotterdam and Antwerp.

Currently, the inland shipping industry is not sufficiently incentivised to invest in sustainable technologies in order to reduce their emissions. The industry itself wants to be more sustainable, but there is insufficient financial room to invest in alternative technologies. Besides, public authorities try to achieve a reduction using command-and-control policy instruments. Therefore, this study aims to gain insights into the relationship between policy instruments and incentivising technical alternatives. In this study, emission-reducing strategies have been identified using a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model based on the fleet owned by the Port of Rotterdam. As a result, this study has identified two effective strategies – environmentally differentiated port dues and environmental fees. The effectiveness of the environmentally differentiated port dues can be allocated to the degree of pollution control. The implication of an environmental fee on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, has led to a reduction in either greenhouse gas and pollutant emission., Civil Engineering | Construction Management and Engineering

This research focused on improving a current traveltime estimation system called the Trajectplanner. This system simulates the movements of inland ships on a network model of the Dutch inland waterways in order to calculate and to estimate the Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA) for every ship that sails the inland waterways (excluding pleasure crafts). There are errors in the estimation of this ETA and this research focused on the cause of these errors and find ways to improve the system. These improvements were than tested via a self-made simulation tool.

Currently, the inland shipping industry is not sufficiently incentivised to invest in sustainable technologies in order to reduce their emissions. The industry itself wants to be more sustainable, but there is insufficient financial room to invest in alternative technologies. Besides, public authorities try to achieve a reduction using command-and-control policy instruments. Therefore, this study aims to gain insights into the relationship between policy instruments and incentivising technical alternatives. In this study, emission-reducing strategies have been identified using a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model based on the fleet owned by the Port of Rotterdam. As a result, this study has identified two effective strategies – environmentally differentiated port dues and environmental fees. The effectiveness of the environmentally differentiated port dues can be allocated to the degree of pollution control. The implication of an environmental fee on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, has led to a reduction in either greenhouse gas and pollutant emission., Civil Engineering | Construction Management and Engineering

The main aim of this research was to establish which measures are significant in reducing the CO2 emission levels on the waterways between Rotterdam and Antwerp.

This research focused on improving a current traveltime estimation system called the Trajectplanner. This system simulates the movements of inland ships on a network model of the Dutch inland waterways in order to calculate and to estimate the Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA) for every ship that sails the inland waterways (excluding pleasure crafts). There are errors in the estimation of this ETA and this research focused on the cause of these errors and find ways to improve the system. These improvements were than tested via a self-made simulation tool.

Small scale inland shipping, especially in the case of transported containers, is used only marginally compared to its capacity. The small inland waterways have abundant capacity to accommodate up to 700 percent more transport. On the other hand, road based container transport is cause for external damages in the form of congestion, emissions and accidents. All that are of course unwanted. To reduce the overall external damage (monetized into cost) for container distribution a modeshift from truck to small scale inland vessel is worth promoting. This thesis researched the feasibility of designing radically renewing small scale container distribution concepts for both vessel and inland terminal. A scalable container carrier concept series is designed and tested for feasibility. Goal of the concept vessel was to design a dedicated series around its cargo, the container. Existing inland vessels of smaller dimensions have holds of suboptimal dimensions, resulting is excess cost. In parallel with the vessel series a scalable container terminal concept has been designed and tested. Goals for the terminal was autonomous operation and low cost per move as existing terminal fail to operate on competitive cost levels for low volumes. The results showed outperformance of competitor alternatives and economic feasibility for both concepts. Results of a case study show the possibility to ship and transship containers to more local, rural terminals at competitive costs levels. Meaning substantially below the costs of existing competition. In addition is the local terminal allocation leading to penetration of the inland waterway network’s capillaries. As a result, shorter pre- and post-haulage operations by truck are required. This increase in sailing distance share and decrease in haulage distance reduces the overall external cost of transport for those specific containers., Marine Technology | Ship Design, Production and Operations

This article presents the main hazards that occur in inland navigation and their impact on the vessel. Characteristics of the methods were used to identify threats. Examined such methods as: HAZOP, FTA, ETA, FMEA and SWIFT. There was shown the model identification of hazards on the example of steering gear damage of inland vessel moving on the straight fairway.

Mercurius Shipping Group invested in two container-crane vessels which are able to load and unload cargo to and from its holds. Due to their unique feature, the crane, failure of the vessels results in large financial consequences. Previous experience showed that these costs could be mitigated with easily/timely available spare-parts. The main aim of this study was to increase the reliability of Mercurius Shipping Group's container-crane vessel MKS Mercurius by proposing an optimized spare-part inventory. Subsequently, by doing so, reducing the total costs of operating and maintaining the vessel and ensuring profit maximization for MSG. Cost models have been developed to quantify the reduction in financial risk of failures, by having spare-parts directly available, and to determine the costs of keeping a spare-part inventory. As a result a list of spare-parts is proposed based on a comparison between the reduced failure impact/costs (benefit), with a spare-part in inventory, and the corresponding annual inventory costs. The results showed that a cost-effective improvement to vessel reliability, due to a decrease in vessel downtime, can be achieved with direct availabiltiy of spare-parts kept in inventory. Currently equipped with two container-crane vessel the optimum inventory consists of 13 components, requiring an investment of €50,000 and leading to an improvement to the vessels financial performance of €13,000 per year. In case MSG decides to relocate one of the container-crane vessels, the impact of failure increases. In this case the recommended inventory should be expanded to 28 components, requiring an investment of €137,000 and leading to an improvement to the vessels financial performance of €55,000 per year., Marine Technology | Shipping Management

Small scale inland shipping, especially in the case of transported containers, is used only marginally compared to its capacity. The small inland waterways have abundant capacity to accommodate up to 700 percent more transport. On the other hand, road based container transport is cause for external damages in the form of congestion, emissions and accidents. All that are of course unwanted. To reduce the overall external damage (monetized into cost) for container distribution a modeshift from truck to small scale inland vessel is worth promoting. This thesis researched the feasibility of designing radically renewing small scale container distribution concepts for both vessel and inland terminal. A scalable container carrier concept series is designed and tested for feasibility. Goal of the concept vessel was to design a dedicated series around its cargo, the container. Existing inland vessels of smaller dimensions have holds of suboptimal dimensions, resulting is excess cost. In parallel with the vessel series a scalable container terminal concept has been designed and tested. Goals for the terminal was autonomous operation and low cost per move as existing terminal fail to operate on competitive cost levels for low volumes. The results showed outperformance of competitor alternatives and economic feasibility for both concepts. Results of a case study show the possibility to ship and transship containers to more local, rural terminals at competitive costs levels. Meaning substantially below the costs of existing competition. In addition is the local terminal allocation leading to penetration of the inland waterway network’s capillaries. As a result, shorter pre- and post-haulage operations by truck are required. This increase in sailing distance share and decrease in haulage distance reduces the overall external cost of transport for those specific containers., Marine Technology | Ship Design, Production and Operations

This research is about the effects by climate change on the inland shipping sector of low discharges in the River Waal. Two different situations are investigated, one without any measure and one with canalization of the river. These two situations are compared with a zero variant where no navigation restrictions occur and therefore a so- called reference situation is also investigated. The focus is on the direct costs for the inland shipping sector due to navigation restrictions caused by insufficient water depth and canalization. Besides, the more integral picture is taken into account by the total costs due to canalization, which consist of the shipping costs due to canalization and the weir- and lock complex costs. For studying the effects of the different developments on the inland shipping sector an effect model is developed, validated and used. The consequences in case of several scenarios for this canalization option are investigated to get insight in the range of possible outcomes. The scenario analysis shows that the shipping costs for all scenario combinations are lower in case of canalization than in case without any measure. Looking to the more integral picture, the total costs due to canalization are only in case of the most extreme climate scenario lower than the shipping costs in case without any measure. For all other scenarios, the total costs due to canalization are much higher. During the sensitivity analysis, the total costs due to canalization for various weir- and lock complex costs are investigated. The result is shown in the figure alongside to here. For total weir- and lock complex costs below 400 million Euro the feasibility of Waal canalization is quite high, which means that for many scenario combinations the costs due to canalization are lower than the costs in case without measure. However, for WLC costs between 400 million Euro and 900 million Euro the feasibility decreases to 20%. It is expected that 1000 million Euro is quite la

In the Netherlands a large variety exists in the used widths of inland port entrances. In addition, multiple entrance layouts are applied. Currently, guidelines are missing for the design of inland port entrances along flowing waters with flow velocities larger than 0.5 m/s. A more generic insight into the minimum required nautical safe entrance width and most efficient entrance layout can reduce the design costs and time. The objective of this research was to find the minimum required nautical safe entrance width for generic situations for inland ports along flowing waters in non-tidal areas. To find this minimum safe entrance width, the most efficient entrance layout was determined. The influence of different design parameters was studied to provide the most efficient situation. Moreover, an insight into the influence of these parameters was needed to determine the effect on the most efficient situation when changing these parameters. A fast-time simulation study was chosen to analyse the influence of different design parameters on the entrance width. A rectangular entrance layout and a mathematical ship model comparable with a loaded CEMT class Va ship were used. Flow velocities between 1.0 and 2.5 m/s were taken into account. Moreover, the influence of the waterway width, entrance width, length and angle were analysed with the simulation study. The fast-time simulation program SHIPMA was used to perform the simulation study. As a result of the simulation study, it was found that the most efficient entrance angle is 120 degrees. Note that this is an entrance orientation in downstream direction. Also from a viewpoint of minimising siltation, this angle is more favourable than an angle of 90 degrees or smaller. The required entrance widths for arrivals sailing upstream and manoeuvring forward into the port are circa 55 and 80 meters, for flow velocities of respectively 1.0 and 2.5 m/s. For the determined most efficient layout, the forward manoeuvres into the port w

This research is about the effects by climate change on the inland shipping sector of low discharges in the River Waal. Two different situations are investigated, one without any measure and one with canalization of the river. These two situations are compared with a zero variant where no navigation restrictions occur and therefore a so- called reference situation is also investigated. The focus is on the direct costs for the inland shipping sector due to navigation restrictions caused by insufficient water depth and canalization. Besides, the more integral picture is taken into account by the total costs due to canalization, which consist of the shipping costs due to canalization and the weir- and lock complex costs. For studying the effects of the different developments on the inland shipping sector an effect model is developed, validated and used. The consequences in case of several scenarios for this canalization option are investigated to get insight in the range of possible outcomes. The scenario analysis shows that the shipping costs for all scenario combinations are lower in case of canalization than in case without any measure. Looking to the more integral picture, the total costs due to canalization are only in case of the most extreme climate scenario lower than the shipping costs in case without any measure. For all other scenarios, the total costs due to canalization are much higher. During the sensitivity analysis, the total costs due to canalization for various weir- and lock complex costs are investigated. The result is shown in the figure alongside to here. For total weir- and lock complex costs below 400 million Euro the feasibility of Waal canalization is quite high, which means that for many scenario combinations the costs due to canalization are lower than the costs in case without measure. However, for WLC costs between 400 million Euro and 900 million Euro the feasibility decreases to 20%. It is expected that 1000 million Euro is quite la

In the Netherlands a large variety exists in the used widths of inland port entrances. In addition, multiple entrance layouts are applied. Currently, guidelines are missing for the design of inland port entrances along flowing waters with flow velocities larger than 0.5 m/s. A more generic insight into the minimum required nautical safe entrance width and most efficient entrance layout can reduce the design costs and time. The objective of this research was to find the minimum required nautical safe entrance width for generic situations for inland ports along flowing waters in non-tidal areas. To find this minimum safe entrance width, the most efficient entrance layout was determined. The influence of different design parameters was studied to provide the most efficient situation. Moreover, an insight into the influence of these parameters was needed to determine the effect on the most efficient situation when changing these parameters. A fast-time simulation study was chosen to analyse the influence of different design parameters on the entrance width. A rectangular entrance layout and a mathematical ship model comparable with a loaded CEMT class Va ship were used. Flow velocities between 1.0 and 2.5 m/s were taken into account. Moreover, the influence of the waterway width, entrance width, length and angle were analysed with the simulation study. The fast-time simulation program SHIPMA was used to perform the simulation study. As a result of the simulation study, it was found that the most efficient entrance angle is 120 degrees. Note that this is an entrance orientation in downstream direction. Also from a viewpoint of minimising siltation, this angle is more favourable than an angle of 90 degrees or smaller. The required entrance widths for arrivals sailing upstream and manoeuvring forward into the port are circa 55 and 80 meters, for flow velocities of respectively 1.0 and 2.5 m/s. For the determined most efficient layout, the forward manoeuvres into the port w

Due to financial and environmental considerations there is a need to reduce the fuel consumption in the inland shipping sector. This can be realised by improving the hull design. This research focusses on the bow shape of inland ships. The bow shape with the lowest resistance is not by definition the best bow shape, since other factors such as load capacity play a role as well. Therefore it is researched what the influence of the bow shape is on the resistance. The designer could use this knowledge for finding an adequate trade-off between the resistance and the load capacity. The main research question is: What is the influence of bow shape parameters on the resistance of an inland ship? The research is limited to the ship type Groot Rijnschip, bulbous bows are not included and a reference stern shape is selected that remains unchanged during the research. First is has been investigated which parameters describe the bow. Eight parameters are defined: the bow length, the ship volume, the waterline entrance angle, the rake, the waterplane coefficient, the slope of the sectional area curve at two points in the bow and the ratio between to waterplane areas in the bow. A set of 133 ships with different bow shapes is generated, in which these parameters are varied in a random way. Subsequently it has been determined which parameters are relevant for sailing in restricted water. The sailing speed and water depth are selected for this. The wave making resistance is expected to be the resistance component that is influenced most by the bow shape. Therefore the wave making resistance is calculated with the potential code RAPID for all 133 bows at eight combinations of Froude numbers and water depths. The values for the wave making resistance that are returned by RAPID are suitable for comparing the different bow shapes, but not for predicting the absolute value of the resistance. Since the calculations are carried out at low Froude numbers, the results are subjected to relat, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Marine and Transport Technology

The inland shipping industry could improve its environmental performance by applying environmental innovations. However, the industry is very diverse and there is a wide variety of technical, operational and logistical innovations. To find which innovations are most suitable for a fast-, cost- and effort effective adoption by the IWT industry, this research provides an understanding of the stakeholders' considerations, it evaluates the environmental innovations, and it applies theories on the adoption of innovations. Two case studies are worked out: the container market and the sand, stone and gravel market, Shipping Management, Marine Technology SDPO, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering

The suitability of the MoorMasterTM system by Cavotec MSL in inland shipping is researched. It is an innovative mooring system using vacuum pads with active motion control, utilising a PID controller. A case study of a 110m Large Rhine vessel moored directly beside the Amsterdam-Rijnkanaal (ARK) is performed. In order for the system to be suitable, the ship motions have to remain within certain mooring criteria, while passing vessels should not have to reduce speed. The forces on the moored vessel caused by the passing vessels are simulated using ROPES, a numerical method based on a 3D flow model, using the panel method. Three different passing vessels at three different passing distances are simulated. All passing vessels are simulated to sail at the maximum allowed speed in the ARK. Next, the manoeuvring model is used to set up the equations of motion of the moored vessel. The external force consists of the forces calculated in the Ropes simulations and the modelled forces of the MoorMasterTM units. Solving these equations results in the ship motions., Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Maritime & Transport Technology

The inland shipping industry could improve its environmental performance by applying environmental innovations. However, the industry is very diverse and there is a wide variety of technical, operational and logistical innovations. To find which innovations are most suitable for a fast-, cost- and effort effective adoption by the IWT industry, this research provides an understanding of the stakeholders' considerations, it evaluates the environmental innovations, and it applies theories on the adoption of innovations. Two case studies are worked out: the container market and the sand, stone and gravel market, Shipping Management, Marine Technology SDPO, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering

Due to financial and environmental considerations there is a need to reduce the fuel consumption in the inland shipping sector. This can be realised by improving the hull design. This research focusses on the bow shape of inland ships. The bow shape with the lowest resistance is not by definition the best bow shape, since other factors such as load capacity play a role as well. Therefore it is researched what the influence of the bow shape is on the resistance. The designer could use this knowledge for finding an adequate trade-off between the resistance and the load capacity. The main research question is: What is the influence of bow shape parameters on the resistance of an inland ship? The research is limited to the ship type Groot Rijnschip, bulbous bows are not included and a reference stern shape is selected that remains unchanged during the research. First is has been investigated which parameters describe the bow. Eight parameters are defined: the bow length, the ship volume, the waterline entrance angle, the rake, the waterplane coefficient, the slope of the sectional area curve at two points in the bow and the ratio between to waterplane areas in the bow. A set of 133 ships with different bow shapes is generated, in which these parameters are varied in a random way. Subsequently it has been determined which parameters are relevant for sailing in restricted water. The sailing speed and water depth are selected for this. The wave making resistance is expected to be the resistance component that is influenced most by the bow shape. Therefore the wave making resistance is calculated with the potential code RAPID for all 133 bows at eight combinations of Froude numbers and water depths. The values for the wave making resistance that are returned by RAPID are suitable for comparing the different bow shapes, but not for predicting the absolute value of the resistance. Since the calculations are carried out at low Froude numbers, the results are subjected to relat, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Marine and Transport Technology

The suitability of the MoorMasterTM system by Cavotec MSL in inland shipping is researched. It is an innovative mooring system using vacuum pads with active motion control, utilising a PID controller. A case study of a 110m Large Rhine vessel moored directly beside the Amsterdam-Rijnkanaal (ARK) is performed. In order for the system to be suitable, the ship motions have to remain within certain mooring criteria, while passing vessels should not have to reduce speed. The forces on the moored vessel caused by the passing vessels are simulated using ROPES, a numerical method based on a 3D flow model, using the panel method. Three different passing vessels at three different passing distances are simulated. All passing vessels are simulated to sail at the maximum allowed speed in the ARK. Next, the manoeuvring model is used to set up the equations of motion of the moored vessel. The external force consists of the forces calculated in the Ropes simulations and the modelled forces of the MoorMasterTM units. Solving these equations results in the ship motions., Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Maritime & Transport Technology, Ship Hydromechanics

Transportation Engineering and Logistics, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering

Transportation Engineering and Logistics, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering

Manoeuvring simulations can be of good use in determining whether an inland ship may be allowed access to a certain channel/river or not. The SURSIM mathematical model is able to predict the necessary manoeuvres and can therefore be used to determine the acceptance of ships on fairways. However, the SURSIM program is mostly developed for use with sea-going ships, and therefore effort is put in investigating how the SURSIM model should be adjusted to be useful for inland ship manoeuvring simulations. This report particularly focuses on the shallow water corrections for resistance, propulsion and manoeuvring forces. It is chosen to carry out a literature study into inland ship resistance and propulsion, while for manoeuvring potential flow calculations using DelKelv are carried out. The performance of DelKelv calculations in the field of ship manoeuvring is tested using a validation study, and afterwards shallow water corrections for an inland ship are computed using potential flow theory., Ship Hydromechanics, Marine & Transport Technology, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering

Manoeuvring simulations can be of good use in determining whether an inland ship may be allowed access to a certain channel/river or not. The SURSIM mathematical model is able to predict the necessary manoeuvres and can therefore be used to determine the acceptance of ships on fairways. However, the SURSIM program is mostly developed for use with sea-going ships, and therefore effort is put in investigating how the SURSIM model should be adjusted to be useful for inland ship manoeuvring simulations. This report particularly focuses on the shallow water corrections for resistance, propulsion and manoeuvring forces. It is chosen to carry out a literature study into inland ship resistance and propulsion, while for manoeuvring potential flow calculations using DelKelv are carried out. The performance of DelKelv calculations in the field of ship manoeuvring is tested using a validation study, and afterwards shallow water corrections for an inland ship are computed using potential flow theory., Ship Hydromechanics, Marine & Transport Technology, Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering

The Waterway Guidelines cover only: • the transport engineering design; the structural design is beyond the scope of the Guidelines; • waterways in CEMT classes I to V and recreational waterways; • waterways without currents or with a longitudinal current up to 0.5 m/s; • waterways that are not primarily intended for sea shipping; • waterways other than the shipping lanes in the North Sea or Wadden Sea. Since, in practice, a need for specification of the dimensions and characteristics of reference motor vessels, pushed convoys and coupled units in class VI has become apparent, these have been included in chapter 2. They serve as a basis for the design of class VI waterways. However, given the fact that there has been insufficient research into the translation of class VI into dimensions for waterway sections and engineering structures, the scope of the Waterway Guidelines will remain limited to classes I to V for the time being. Waterways larger than class V can be regarded as exceptional cases, which will always require special investigation. It would not be wise simply to extrapolate the figures in the Guidelines.

The Waterway Guidelines cover only: • the transport engineering design; the structural design is beyond the scope of the Guidelines; • waterways in CEMT classes I to V and recreational waterways; • waterways without currents or with a longitudinal current up to 0.5 m/s; • waterways that are not primarily intended for sea shipping; • waterways other than the shipping lanes in the North Sea or Wadden Sea. Since, in practice, a need for specification of the dimensions and characteristics of reference motor vessels, pushed convoys and coupled units in class VI has become apparent, these have been included in chapter 2. They serve as a basis for the design of class VI waterways. However, given the fact that there has been insufficient research into the translation of class VI into dimensions for waterway sections and engineering structures, the scope of the Waterway Guidelines will remain limited to classes I to V for the time being. Waterways larger than class V can be regarded as exceptional cases, which will always require special investigation. It would not be wise simply to extrapolate the figures in the Guidelines.

The thesis addresses the opportunities and conditions to increase the market share of intermodal barge transport in Northwest Europe. In particular, it focuses on strategies to improve the performances of the different links of the intermodal transport chain: the barge transport services, the transhipment at terminals and pre- and post-truck haulage operations. The thesis shows that the development of more complex barge transport services, implemented for instance in collection/distribution-, trunk-feeder- and hub-and-spoke service networks, can improve the market position of barge transport in the hinterland transport of containers and enables to open up new markets for intermodal barge transport. However, to support the well-functioning of these service networks appropriate terminal and transhipment concepts are needed. Basically there are three ‘locations’ in the network where tailor-made barge handling innovations are needed: (1) in the seaport, (2) in the capillaries of the waterway network and (3) in strategically located inland nodes, e.g. to support hub-and-spoke networks. In pre- and post-truck haulage, which has a relatively large share in the total chain costs, the challenge is to improve the organisation of these hauls through combining loaded trips. In developing business areas close to waterways favourable conditions are created for efficient pre- and post-haulage and this contributes to improving the competitiveness of intermodal barge transport., Transport and infrastructure, OTB Research Institute

The thesis addresses the opportunities and conditions to increase the market share of intermodal barge transport in Northwest Europe. In particular, it focuses on strategies to improve the performances of the different links of the intermodal transport chain: the barge transport services, the transhipment at terminals and pre- and post-truck haulage operations. The thesis shows that the development of more complex barge transport services, implemented for instance in collection/distribution-, trunk-feeder- and hub-and-spoke service networks, can improve the market position of barge transport in the hinterland transport of containers and enables to open up new markets for intermodal barge transport. However, to support the well-functioning of these service networks appropriate terminal and transhipment concepts are needed. Basically there are three ‘locations’ in the network where tailor-made barge handling innovations are needed: (1) in the seaport, (2) in the capillaries of the waterway network and (3) in strategically located inland nodes, e.g. to support hub-and-spoke networks. In pre- and post-truck haulage, which has a relatively large share in the total chain costs, the challenge is to improve the organisation of these hauls through combining loaded trips. In developing business areas close to waterways favourable conditions are created for efficient pre- and post-haulage and this contributes to improving the competitiveness of intermodal barge transport., Transport and infrastructure, OTB Research Institute

RIVM rapport:Emissies van hoog intensieve binnenvaart op de Waal bij Nijmegen leiden tot duidelijke bijdragen aan de luchtverontreiniging met stikstofdioxide (NO2) in de directe omgeving van de vaarroute terwijl voor PM10 geen duidelijke bijdrage kan worden aangetoond. Op veel andere binnenvaart routes in Nederland is de scheepvaart minder intensief en daar wordt een substantieel geringe bijdrage voor NO2 verwacht. De resultaten van dit orienterende onderzoek hebben het inzicht in de bijdrage van binnenvaart op de directe omgeving van de vaarroute verder verbeterd. Hiermee kan een betere inschatting worden gemaakt van de bijdrage van scheepvaart op de NO2 concentraties in relatie tot andere bronnen van NO2 zoals wegverkeer. Om een vergelijking van de binnenvaart met het wegverkeer inzichtelijk te maken is de intensiteit berekend van een snelweg die een gelijke invloed op de lokale omgeving heeft als de scheepvaart op de Waal (4-5 microgram/m3 NO2 op 200-300 meter van het midden van der rivier). Deze komt overeen met een intensiteit van circa 100.000 voertuigen per etmaal. Het verloop van de concentraties op de oevers van de Waal laat duidelijk de passages van schepen zien en de piekconcentraties bereiken of overschrijden op sommige momenten de geurgrens van NO2. De bevindingen van dit onderzoek zijn in overeenstemming met eerder uitgevoerd modelonderzoek. Verder komt de verhouding van de verschillende stoffen (zoals zwaveldioxide en Zwarte Rook) in de emissie van binnenvaart schepen overeen met de gevonden bijdragen op de oevers van de Waal., Emissions of intensive inland shipping at the river Waal up-stream of Nijmegen result in noticeable contributions to air pollution levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the direct surroundings whereas no contribution could be detected for particulate matter. At all of the other inland shipping routes the intensity is less and substantially lower contribution for NO2 is anticipated. With this survey the insight in the contribution of inland shipping to air pollution levels is improved and enables a better evaluation of its impact in comparison with other sources of air pollution such as road traffic. To illustrate the comparison with road traffic at a high way the road traffic intensity is estimated that will have a similar impact on the direct surroundings as does the shipping on the river Waal (4-5 microgram/m3 NO2 at 200-300 meter from the center of the river). This equivalent intensity is approximately 100,000 vehicles daily The time pattern of the concentrations at the bank of the river indicate clearly the passages of ships and the peak concentrations approach or even exceed the odor limit of NO2. The results of this investigation are in agreement with previous research using dispersion models and the ratio of the contribution of other monitored substances (sulfur dioxide and Black Smoke) are comparable with published emissions of these substances by inland shipping.

RIVM rapport:Emissies van hoog intensieve binnenvaart op de Waal bij Nijmegen leiden tot duidelijke bijdragen aan de luchtverontreiniging met stikstofdioxide (NO2) in de directe omgeving van de vaarroute terwijl voor PM10 geen duidelijke bijdrage kan worden aangetoond. Op veel andere binnenvaart routes in Nederland is de scheepvaart minder intensief en daar wordt een substantieel geringe bijdrage voor NO2 verwacht. De resultaten van dit orienterende onderzoek hebben het inzicht in de bijdrage van binnenvaart op de directe omgeving van de vaarroute verder verbeterd. Hiermee kan een betere inschatting worden gemaakt van de bijdrage van scheepvaart op de NO2 concentraties in relatie tot andere bronnen van NO2 zoals wegverkeer. Om een vergelijking van de binnenvaart met het wegverkeer inzichtelijk te maken is de intensiteit berekend van een snelweg die een gelijke invloed op de lokale omgeving heeft als de scheepvaart op de Waal (4-5 microgram/m3 NO2 op 200-300 meter van het midden van der rivier). Deze komt overeen met een intensiteit van circa 100.000 voertuigen per etmaal. Het verloop van de concentraties op de oevers van de Waal laat duidelijk de passages van schepen zien en de piekconcentraties bereiken of overschrijden op sommige momenten de geurgrens van NO2. De bevindingen van dit onderzoek zijn in overeenstemming met eerder uitgevoerd modelonderzoek. Verder komt de verhouding van de verschillende stoffen (zoals zwaveldioxide en Zwarte Rook) in de emissie van binnenvaart schepen overeen met de gevonden bijdragen op de oevers van de Waal., Emissions of intensive inland shipping at the river Waal up-stream of Nijmegen result in noticeable contributions to air pollution levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the direct surroundings whereas no contribution could be detected for particulate matter. At all of the other inland shipping routes the intensity is less and substantially lower contribution for NO2 is anticipated. With this survey the insight in the contribution of inland shipping to air pollution levels is improved and enables a better evaluation of its impact in comparison with other sources of air pollution such as road traffic. To illustrate the comparison with road traffic at a high way the road traffic intensity is estimated that will have a similar impact on the direct surroundings as does the shipping on the river Waal (4-5 microgram/m3 NO2 at 200-300 meter from the center of the river). This equivalent intensity is approximately 100,000 vehicles daily The time pattern of the concentrations at the bank of the river indicate clearly the passages of ships and the peak concentrations approach or even exceed the odor limit of NO2. The results of this investigation are in agreement with previous research using dispersion models and the ratio of the contribution of other monitored substances (sulfur dioxide and Black Smoke) are comparable with published emissions of these substances by inland shipping.

RIVM rapport:Emissies van hoog intensieve binnenvaart op de Waal bij Nijmegen leiden tot duidelijke bijdragen aan de luchtverontreiniging met stikstofdioxide (NO2) in de directe omgeving van de vaarroute terwijl voor PM10 geen duidelijke bijdrage kan worden aangetoond. Op veel andere binnenvaart routes in Nederland is de scheepvaart minder intensief en daar wordt een substantieel geringe bijdrage voor NO2 verwacht. De resultaten van dit orienterende onderzoek hebben het inzicht in de bijdrage van binnenvaart op de directe omgeving van de vaarroute verder verbeterd. Hiermee kan een betere inschatting worden gemaakt van de bijdrage van scheepvaart op de NO2 concentraties in relatie tot andere bronnen van NO2 zoals wegverkeer. Om een vergelijking van de binnenvaart met het wegverkeer inzichtelijk te maken is de intensiteit berekend van een snelweg die een gelijke invloed op de lokale omgeving heeft als de scheepvaart op de Waal (4-5 microgram/m3 NO2 op 200-300 meter van het midden van der rivier). Deze komt overeen met een intensiteit van circa 100.000 voertuigen per etmaal. Het verloop van de concentraties op de oevers van de Waal laat duidelijk de passages van schepen zien en de piekconcentraties bereiken of overschrijden op sommige momenten de geurgrens van NO2. De bevindingen van dit onderzoek zijn in overeenstemming met eerder uitgevoerd modelonderzoek. Verder komt de verhouding van de verschillende stoffen (zoals zwaveldioxide en Zwarte Rook) in de emissie van binnenvaart schepen overeen met de gevonden bijdragen op de oevers van de Waal., Emissions of intensive inland shipping at the river Waal up-stream of Nijmegen result in noticeable contributions to air pollution levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the direct surroundings whereas no contribution could be detected for particulate matter. At all of the other inland shipping routes the intensity is less and substantially lower contribution for NO2 is anticipated. With this survey the insight in the contribution of inland shipping to air pollution levels is improved and enables a better evaluation of its impact in comparison with other sources of air pollution such as road traffic. To illustrate the comparison with road traffic at a high way the road traffic intensity is estimated that will have a similar impact on the direct surroundings as does the shipping on the river Waal (4-5 microgram/m3 NO2 at 200-300 meter from the center of the river). This equivalent intensity is approximately 100,000 vehicles daily The time pattern of the concentrations at the bank of the river indicate clearly the passages of ships and the peak concentrations approach or even exceed the odor limit of NO2. The results of this investigation are in agreement with previous research using dispersion models and the ratio of the contribution of other monitored substances (sulfur dioxide and Black Smoke) are comparable with published emissions of these substances by inland shipping.

RIVM rapport:Dit rapport gaat in op de volume- en ruimtelijke ontwikkelingen in de binnenvaart en de zeescheepvaart. Gebruik is gemaakt van bestaande bronnen (data, literatuur, modelsimulaties). Het geeft de consequenties voor de bestaande RIVM-modellen aan. Uit de studie blijkt dat het vervoerde tonnage van de binnenvaart en de zeescheepvaart de aankomende decennia zal toenemen. Daarbij zal er een verschuiving optreden van bulkgoederen naar containers. Door een verschuiving naar grotere schepen neemt het aantal scheepvaartbewegingen minder toe dan het tonnage. Verder blijkt dat door veranderingen in de te vervoeren goederen er een voortgaande trend is naar concentratie van de binnenvaart op de hoofdvaarwegen c.q., maar dat door de landinwaartse verschuiving van havenfaciliteiten en het ontstaan van zogenoemde inlandterminals het gebruik van secundaire vaarwegen zal toenemen. Voor de zeescheepvaart treedt een relatieve verschuiving op naar het zuidelijk deel van het zogenoemde Continentale Plat. Het aandeel van de Rotterdamse haven binnen het totale Nederlandse zeescheepvaartverkeer zal naar verwachting toenemen. Door een verschuiving van de Rotterdamse havenfaciliteiten richting open zee zal de hoeveelheid landinwaartse scheepvaartbewegingen afnemen., This report describes new developments in transport volumes, and locations of barge and ocean-going ships, on the basis of data sets, the literature and model simulations. Transport volumes of both barge and ocean-going ships, expressed in tonnes, will increase in the next two decades. A shift will occur from bulk goods to containers. Due to a shift to large ships, the increase in the number of shipping movements will be lower than the increase in shipping volume (tonnage). Changes in the type of goods to be transported will result in further concentration on the main rivers and canals. However, because inland harbours and terminals are expected to become more important, secondary rivers and canals will be used. Ocean-going ships will show an increased shift to sailing in the southern part of the Continental Platform compared to the rest of the Platform. Besides, due to a shift of harbour capacity in Rotterdam in the direction of the North Sea, the number of land-inward movements of ocean-going ships will decrease.

RIVM rapport:Dit rapport gaat in op de volume- en ruimtelijke ontwikkelingen in de binnenvaart en de zeescheepvaart. Gebruik is gemaakt van bestaande bronnen (data, literatuur, modelsimulaties). Het geeft de consequenties voor de bestaande RIVM-modellen aan. Uit de studie blijkt dat het vervoerde tonnage van de binnenvaart en de zeescheepvaart de aankomende decennia zal toenemen. Daarbij zal er een verschuiving optreden van bulkgoederen naar containers. Door een verschuiving naar grotere schepen neemt het aantal scheepvaartbewegingen minder toe dan het tonnage. Verder blijkt dat door veranderingen in de te vervoeren goederen er een voortgaande trend is naar concentratie van de binnenvaart op de hoofdvaarwegen c.q., maar dat door de landinwaartse verschuiving van havenfaciliteiten en het ontstaan van zogenoemde inlandterminals het gebruik van secundaire vaarwegen zal toenemen. Voor de zeescheepvaart treedt een relatieve verschuiving op naar het zuidelijk deel van het zogenoemde Continentale Plat. Het aandeel van de Rotterdamse haven binnen het totale Nederlandse zeescheepvaartverkeer zal naar verwachting toenemen. Door een verschuiving van de Rotterdamse havenfaciliteiten richting open zee zal de hoeveelheid landinwaartse scheepvaartbewegingen afnemen., This report describes new developments in transport volumes, and locations of barge and ocean-going ships, on the basis of data sets, the literature and model simulations. Transport volumes of both barge and ocean-going ships, expressed in tonnes, will increase in the next two decades. A shift will occur from bulk goods to containers. Due to a shift to large ships, the increase in the number of shipping movements will be lower than the increase in shipping volume (tonnage). Changes in the type of goods to be transported will result in further concentration on the main rivers and canals. However, because inland harbours and terminals are expected to become more important, secondary rivers and canals will be used. Ocean-going ships will show an increased shift to sailing in the southern part of the Continental Platform compared to the rest of the Platform. Besides, due to a shift of harbour capacity in Rotterdam in the direction of the North Sea, the number of land-inward movements of ocean-going ships will decrease.

RIVM rapport:Dit rapport gaat in op de volume- en ruimtelijke ontwikkelingen in de binnenvaart en de zeescheepvaart. Gebruik is gemaakt van bestaande bronnen (data, literatuur, modelsimulaties). Het geeft de consequenties voor de bestaande RIVM-modellen aan. Uit de studie blijkt dat het vervoerde tonnage van de binnenvaart en de zeescheepvaart de aankomende decennia zal toenemen. Daarbij zal er een verschuiving optreden van bulkgoederen naar containers. Door een verschuiving naar grotere schepen neemt het aantal scheepvaartbewegingen minder toe dan het tonnage. Verder blijkt dat door veranderingen in de te vervoeren goederen er een voortgaande trend is naar concentratie van de binnenvaart op de hoofdvaarwegen c.q., maar dat door de landinwaartse verschuiving van havenfaciliteiten en het ontstaan van zogenoemde inlandterminals het gebruik van secundaire vaarwegen zal toenemen. Voor de zeescheepvaart treedt een relatieve verschuiving op naar het zuidelijk deel van het zogenoemde Continentale Plat. Het aandeel van de Rotterdamse haven binnen het totale Nederlandse zeescheepvaartverkeer zal naar verwachting toenemen. Door een verschuiving van de Rotterdamse havenfaciliteiten richting open zee zal de hoeveelheid landinwaartse scheepvaartbewegingen afnemen., This report describes new developments in transport volumes, and locations of barge and ocean-going ships, on the basis of data sets, the literature and model simulations. Transport volumes of both barge and ocean-going ships, expressed in tonnes, will increase in the next two decades. A shift will occur from bulk goods to containers. Due to a shift to large ships, the increase in the number of shipping movements will be lower than the increase in shipping volume (tonnage). Changes in the type of goods to be transported will result in further concentration on the main rivers and canals. However, because inland harbours and terminals are expected to become more important, secondary rivers and canals will be used. Ocean-going ships will show an increased shift to sailing in the southern part of the Continental Platform compared to the rest of the Platform. Besides, due to a shift of harbour capacity in Rotterdam in the direction of the North Sea, the number of land-inward movements of ocean-going ships will decrease.

RIVM rapport:Het aandeel van de zeescheepvaart en de binnenvaart in diverse emissies van verkeer en vervoer, en daarmee het belang van de scheepvaart voor het milieu, neemt de aankomende decennia toe, mede als gevolg van de daling van emissies door het wegverkeer. In de scheepvaart zijn reducties in emissies mogelijk. Dit rapport geeft een overzicht van die mogelijkheden. Het betreft maatregelen, gericht op brandstoffen (conventionele en alternatieve brandstoffen), op technieken (energiebesparingstechnieken, technieken die aangrijpen op het verbrandingsproces, 'end-of-pipe technieken', alternatieve motoren) en technisch-logistieke maatregelen. Van die maatregelen zijn zoveel mogelijk de kosten en effecten in kaart gebracht. Verder geeft het rapport een overzicht van de beleidsmatige opties om de emissies van de scheepvaart te reduceren. Het rapport toont aan dat emissiereducties in de scheepvaart op relatief kosten-effectieve wijze mogelijk zijn, maar het realiseren van die mogelijkheden zal zeker bij de zeescheepvaart, beleidsmatig complex zijn., The next decades the share of sea going ships and barge in transport emissions will increase, and therefore the importance of shipping for the environment. An important reason for this increase is the decrease in emissions of road transport. Emissions of ships can be reduced in several ways. This report gives an overview of measures related to fuels (conventional fuels, alternative fuels), to techniques (energy saving techniques, techniques related to the combustion proces, 'end-of-pipe techniques' and alternative engine techniques) and technical-logistical measures. As far as possible, costs and effects of the measures are presented. Besides the report gives an overview of policy options to reduce emissions of shipping. The report shows that emission reductions are relatively cost-effective. But it is relatively complex to develop policies to implement these measures.

RIVM rapport:Het aandeel van de zeescheepvaart en de binnenvaart in diverse emissies van verkeer en vervoer, en daarmee het belang van de scheepvaart voor het milieu, neemt de aankomende decennia toe, mede als gevolg van de daling van emissies door het wegverkeer. In de scheepvaart zijn reducties in emissies mogelijk. Dit rapport geeft een overzicht van die mogelijkheden. Het betreft maatregelen, gericht op brandstoffen (conventionele en alternatieve brandstoffen), op technieken (energiebesparingstechnieken, technieken die aangrijpen op het verbrandingsproces, 'end-of-pipe technieken', alternatieve motoren) en technisch-logistieke maatregelen. Van die maatregelen zijn zoveel mogelijk de kosten en effecten in kaart gebracht. Verder geeft het rapport een overzicht van de beleidsmatige opties om de emissies van de scheepvaart te reduceren. Het rapport toont aan dat emissiereducties in de scheepvaart op relatief kosten-effectieve wijze mogelijk zijn, maar het realiseren van die mogelijkheden zal zeker bij de zeescheepvaart, beleidsmatig complex zijn., The next decades the share of sea going ships and barge in transport emissions will increase, and therefore the importance of shipping for the environment. An important reason for this increase is the decrease in emissions of road transport. Emissions of ships can be reduced in several ways. This report gives an overview of measures related to fuels (conventional fuels, alternative fuels), to techniques (energy saving techniques, techniques related to the combustion proces, 'end-of-pipe techniques' and alternative engine techniques) and technical-logistical measures. As far as possible, costs and effects of the measures are presented. Besides the report gives an overview of policy options to reduce emissions of shipping. The report shows that emission reductions are relatively cost-effective. But it is relatively complex to develop policies to implement these measures.

RIVM rapport:Het aandeel van de zeescheepvaart en de binnenvaart in diverse emissies van verkeer en vervoer, en daarmee het belang van de scheepvaart voor het milieu, neemt de aankomende decennia toe, mede als gevolg van de daling van emissies door het wegverkeer. In de scheepvaart zijn reducties in emissies mogelijk. Dit rapport geeft een overzicht van die mogelijkheden. Het betreft maatregelen, gericht op brandstoffen (conventionele en alternatieve brandstoffen), op technieken (energiebesparingstechnieken, technieken die aangrijpen op het verbrandingsproces, 'end-of-pipe technieken', alternatieve motoren) en technisch-logistieke maatregelen. Van die maatregelen zijn zoveel mogelijk de kosten en effecten in kaart gebracht. Verder geeft het rapport een overzicht van de beleidsmatige opties om de emissies van de scheepvaart te reduceren. Het rapport toont aan dat emissiereducties in de scheepvaart op relatief kosten-effectieve wijze mogelijk zijn, maar het realiseren van die mogelijkheden zal zeker bij de zeescheepvaart, beleidsmatig complex zijn., The next decades the share of sea going ships and barge in transport emissions will increase, and therefore the importance of shipping for the environment. An important reason for this increase is the decrease in emissions of road transport. Emissions of ships can be reduced in several ways. This report gives an overview of measures related to fuels (conventional fuels, alternative fuels), to techniques (energy saving techniques, techniques related to the combustion proces, 'end-of-pipe techniques' and alternative engine techniques) and technical-logistical measures. As far as possible, costs and effects of the measures are presented. Besides the report gives an overview of policy options to reduce emissions of shipping. The report shows that emission reductions are relatively cost-effective. But it is relatively complex to develop policies to implement these measures.