Search

As an expression of the informal economy, the night market is not only a place that could attract locals to buy goods but also a place where tourists can experience the local characteristics. While the night market brought economic vitality to the city's economy, it also brought some issues. A comprehensive literature review of night markets revealed that existing studies paid less attention to outdoor night markets' spatial operations and waste management. Grounded in the connection between sustainability and night markets, the present study reflected on existing research findings by adopting different periods of fieldwork to conduct a case study of the night market in Jalan 17/1A, Selangor, Malaysia. The study focused on three aspects of night markets: spatial operations, waste, and waste recycling. It found that night market operations brought localized regional economic benefits while causing more severe pollution issues, significantly affecting the region's environmental health and sustainable development. The findings revealed that local government regulation of night market businesses in Malaysia is weak (the issuance of business licenses is informed of the operational guidelines), and there is also no relevant monitoring and penalties by the local government to intervene in the misbehavior of night market consumers. Based on the results of the field survey and combined with the concept of sustainable development, the present study recommended suggestions for the future spatial operation and waste management of night markets. Innovative and novel perspectives of the study combined qualitative observations and data analysis to comprehensively examine how spatial considerations and waste management strategies intersect in the unique context of night markets—aiming to fill the gaps in the sustainability of night market operations and to protect the ecology of the surrounding territorial environment, contributing to the discourse on sustainable development.

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the impact of fiscal instruments for Colombia on two of the country’s main issues: income inequality and informality, phenomena that have been exacerbated by the pandemic. For this purpose, we built a DSGE model whose main differentiating element is the level of liquidity of households. The model carried out various simulations of transfers to households, and we examined the effects of these on different macroeconomic variables. We conclude that for the economy to return to the same fiscal adjustment it had before a transfer, the government will somehow have to increase the productivity of the formal sector, as this increase will have a positive effect on growth, increase income taxes and employment, and decrease informality., El aporte de este artículo es evaluar el impacto de los instrumentos fiscales para Colombia, con base en la desigualdad de ingresos y el grado de informalidad, hechos que se han visto agudizados por la pandemia. Para ello se construye un modelo DSGE, cuyo principal elemento diferenciador son las diferencias entre hogares, medidas por medio de restricciones de liquidez. Se realizan diferentes simulaciones de las transferencias a los hogares y sus efectos sobre distintas variables macroeconómicas. Concluimos que para recuperar la senda de ajuste fiscal que tenía la economía antes de la contingencia, se debe lograr un aumento de la productividad del sector formal, siendo la forma de generar efectos positivos sobre el crecimiento, el aumento de los impuestos a la renta, el empleo y el menor grado de informalidad.

This work aims to describe how the factors of the tax system and the characteristics of the organization influence firm informality in Argentina. Methodologically, a qualitative-descriptive research is developed with primary data collected through interviews with commercial entrepreneurs and public accountants from Bahía Blanca city (Buenos Aires, Argentina). A qualitative content analysis is performed, using theory-based coding. According to the results, the tax burden; the design and application of fiscal controls; the consequences of non-compliance; and the administration and destination of fiscal resources are factors of the tax system that influence firm informality; while size, taxpayers’ typology, economic sector, type of client, tax domicile and location, and means of payment are characteristics of the organization and the operation with influence on the phenomenon. Also, the interaction between factors discourages tax compliance. The findings contribute to the formulation of public policies to reduce informality., El trabajo tiene por objetivo describir cómo influyen los factores del sistema tributario y las características de la organización en la informalidad empresarial en Argentina. Metodológicamente, se desarrolla una investigación cualitativa-descriptiva con datos primarios recolectados mediante entrevistas a empresarios y contadores públicos de la ciudad de Bahía Blanca (Buenos Aires, Argentina). Se efectúa un análisis de contenido cualitativo, empleando codificación basada en teoría. Según los resultados, la onerosidad tributaria; el diseño y aplicación de los controles fiscales; las consecuencias del incumplimiento; y la administración y destino de los recursos fiscales son factores del sistema tributario influyentes en la informalidad empresarial; mientras que el tamaño, la tipología tributaria, el sector, el tipo cliente, el domicilio fiscal y la ubicación, y el medio de pago son características de la organización y de la operación con influencia en el fenómeno. Asimismo, la interacción entre los factores desalienta el cumplimiento fiscal. Los hallazgos contribuyen con la formulación de políticas públicas para reducir la informalidad.

In many cities of so-called ‘less developed’ countries (LDCs), informal waste pickers (WPs) carry out the labour of collection, classification, and recovery of recyclable material, often playing a crucial role in the implementation of modern policies of urban waste management. In general, as well as many other informal workers, during the COVID-19 pandemic WPs faced severe drops in access to recyclable waste, prices for reclaimed waste, and access to buyers. The main aim of this chapter is to highlight and analyze some of the effects of COVID-19 on working conditions, practices, organizations, perceptions and meanings of work that arose from the daily working life of WPs operating in some urban realities of the Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Drawing on interviews, observations and documents’ analysis, the fieldwork illuminates that the pandemic re-organised the waste collection and classification system in many urban areas of the Rio Grande do Sul, but with some differences. These differences seemed to produce relevant consequences in terms of collective claims of WPs, construction of identity, relationships with local authorities, and recognition of the other informal and formal economic actors who participate in urban waste management.

This article uses transaction data from three time banks located in Barcelona to analyze their otential to generate bonding and bridging social capital for their members. Regarding bonding social capital, the findings are in line with the related literature in terms of the average number of trading partners and the ego-network density. However, reciprocity is a more frequent form of behavior in our data than in other time banks from other countries. Concerning bridging social capital and considering different age groups, the results show slight evidence of homophilic behavior, although intergenerational transactions are also present, being more frequent between more similar age groups. Finally, we explore the influence of age on the time it takes for members to engage in transactions, which could somehow be related to their potential motivations behind joining a time bank., Este artigo utiliza datos de transaccións de tres bancos do tempo situados en Barcelona para analizar o seu potencial para xerar capital social entre os seus membros. En canto aos vínculos do capital social, os resultados están en consonancia coa literatura relacionada en canto ao número medio de socios de intercambio e a densidade da ego-network. Non obstante, a reciprocidade é máis frecuente nos nosos datos que noutros bancos doutros países. En canto á xeración do capital social entre diferentes grupos de individuos e considerando a idade, os resultados mostran lixeiras evidencias de comportamento homofílico, aínda que tamén están presentes transaccións interxeracionais, sendo máis frecuentes entre grupos de idade máis próximos. Finalmente, exploramos a influencia da idade no tempo que tardan os membros en realizar transaccións, o que podería estar relacionado coas súas posibles motivacións detrás de unirse a un banco de tempo.

Motivations and access to resources for venturing differ between men and women. In developing countries, there has been an increase in businesses that do not have a specific location and persist in informality. This research aimed to evaluate, from a gender perspective, the moderating effect of the decision not to have a place in the relationship between human capital (education, experience, and type of entrepreneurship) and business informality. Using the National Household Survey 2014-2018, a sample of 50,313 Peruvian entrepreneurs was obtained —23,314 women and 27,002 men— who have been in business for over three years. The data were analysed with logistic regression. The results showed a moderating effect of entrepreneurship without a settled location on the relationship between education and informality in the case of women. And, for men, the moderating impact falls on the education, experience, and reason for venturing that influences the formality of their businesses. The problem of business informality of established companies with more than 42 months of operation is analysed. The moderating effect of the decision not to have a specific location on the relationship between human capital and informality is explored. This work extends business informality studies in Latin America developing countries, incorporating a gender perspective., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, UCM - Grupo de Investigación Consolidado Estrategias de Crecimiento Empresarial (940376), Depto. de Organización de Empresas, Fac. de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, TRUE, pub

Informal economy is an economic phenomenon little studied in Nicaragua, despite its great magnitude. In this sense, the present study aims to quantify Nicaragua's informal economy as a percentage of GDP, for the period 2006-2017, using two methodologies: the monetary method proposed by Ahumada et al. (2003), which is based on Cagan's proposal (1958), in order to make estimates on the currency demand, and the electric power consumption method, developed by Kaufmann and Kaliberda (1996). The results indicate that, on average, informal economy in Nicaragua represented 43.96 percent of GDP, using the monetary difference method with unitary elasticity, and 42.96 percent with adjusted elasticity. Moreover, through the electric power consumption method with adjusted elasticity, the informal economy represented 47.83 percent. The implications of these results are significant both in terms of the country´s economic and social policy, as they involve substantial amounts of tax evasion that affect the development and growth. Furthermore, it is evident that tax pressure incentivizes the growth of the informal economy., La economía informal es un fenómeno poco estudiado en Nicaragua, a pesar de su gran magnitud. En este sentido, el presente estudio pretende realizar una cuantificación de la economía informal de Nicaragua como porcentaje del PIB, para el periodo 2006-2017, haciendo uso de dos metodologías: el método monetario propuesto por Ahumada et al (2003), basado en la propuesta de Cagan (1958), con el fin de realizar estimaciones sobre la demanda de circulante, y el método de consumo de energía eléctrica desarrollado por Kaufmann y Kaliberda (1996). Los resultados indican que, en promedio, la economía informal en Nicaragua representó 43.96 por ciento del PIB, mediante el método monetario en diferencias con elasticidad unitaria y 42.96 por ciento con elasticidad ajustada. Por su parte, a través del método de consumo de energía eléctrica con elasticidad ajustada, la economía informal representó 47.83 por ciento. Las implicaciones que poseen los resultados alcanzados son significativas en términos de la política económica y social del país, ya que suponen montos importantes de evasión fiscal que afectan su desarrollo y crecimiento. Asimismo, se evidencia que la presión tributaria incentiva el crecimiento de la economía informal.

The article aims to determine internal migrations as a growth factor of the informal economy – case of the city of Juliaca-Peru. The research is a quantitative, non-experimental correlational approach; a multivariate linear model was used to estimate statistical inferences, with a stratified proportional sample of 258 migrants. The empirical findings show that there is a direct and significant relationship between internal migration and the degree of informality, as well as the growth of the informal economy. Consequently, the greater the migratory flow, the greater the growth of informality. These processes bring with them problems and disorder in the city by occupying streets and avenues for the sale of products and services, generating vehicular and pedestrian congestion. In conclusion, the precarious economic and social conditions of migrants have an impact on the high levels of informality and growth of the informal economy., El artículo tiene como objetivo determinar las migraciones internas como factor de crecimiento de la economía informal – caso de la ciudad de Juliaca-Perú. La pesquisa es de enfoque cuantitativo de tipo no experimental correlacional, se utilizó un modelo lineal multivariado para estimar las inferencias estadísticas, con una muestra de tipo estratificado proporcional de 258 migrantes. Los hallazgos empíricos muestran que existe una relación directa y significativa entre la migración interna y el grado de informalidad, así como el crecimiento de la economía informal. En consecuencia, a mayor flujo migratorio mayor crecimiento de la informalidad, dichos procesos traen consigo problemas y desorden en la ciudad al ocupar calles y avenidas para el expendio de los productos y servicios, generando congestionamiento vehicular y peatonal. En conclusión, las condiciones económicas y sociales precarias de las personas migrantes tienen un impacto en los niveles altos de informalidad y crecimiento de la economía informal.

We survey the recent literature studying the effects of globalization on inequality in Latin America. Our focus is on research emerging from the late 2000s onward, with an emphasis on empirical work considering new mechanisms, studying new dimensions of inequality, and developing new methodologies to capture the many facets of globalizations relationship to inequality. After summarizing both design-based and quantitative work in this area, we propose directions for future work. Our overarching recommendation is that researchers develop unifying frameworks to help synthesize the results of individual studies that focus on distinct aspects of globalizations relationship to inequality.

This article looks at the relatively recent tendency to aestheticize life in Nairobi’s working-class and informal neighbourhoods in different forms of art and media. It focuses on two case studies – Steve Bloom’s photobook, Trading Places: The Merchants of Nairobi (2009) and the first issue of the Kenyan literary magazine Kwani? (2003). These are compared to the collectively performed poem ‘Mistaken Identity’ (2019) by a group of poets from the neighbourhood of Kayole, to show that the street aesthetics in the two cases rest on distance, while the meaning-making in the poem rests on proximity. Distance in this context takes several forms, such as the gap between socio-economic classes and actual physical distance, but I register it on the level of epistemology. The poem also articulates a form of epistemological proximity between, first, the forms of meaning-making that can be seen in both the text and the visual and performative components of the video, and, second, the place that is portrayed. Rather than arguing that proximity is preferable to distance as a basis of meaning-making, this article attempts to theorize the emergence of a specific aesthetic. This aesthetic presents itself as an aesthetic because the particular forms of social stratification and concomitant social distance between communities and neighbourhood (which have emerged in Nairobi since 2000) allow an economic, political and cultural elite to re-discover the city, which they experience as simultaneously strange and familiar., Correction published 18 November 2022 here:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00138398.2023.2128525

This article looks at the relatively recent tendency to aestheticize life in Nairobi’s working-class and informal neighbourhoods in different forms of art and media. It focuses on two case studies – Steve Bloom’s photobook, Trading Places: The Merchants of Nairobi (2009) and the first issue of the Kenyan literary magazine Kwani? (2003). These are compared to the collectively performed poem ‘Mistaken Identity’ (2019) by a group of poets from the neighbourhood of Kayole, to show that the street aesthetics in the two cases rest on distance, while the meaning-making in the poem rests on proximity. Distance in this context takes several forms, such as the gap between socio-economic classes and actual physical distance, but I register it on the level of epistemology. The poem also articulates a form of epistemological proximity between, first, the forms of meaning-making that can be seen in both the text and the visual and performative components of the video, and, second, the place that is portrayed. Rather than arguing that proximity is preferable to distance as a basis of meaning-making, this article attempts to theorize the emergence of a specific aesthetic. This aesthetic presents itself as an aesthetic because the particular forms of social stratification and concomitant social distance between communities and neighbourhood (which have emerged in Nairobi since 2000) allow an economic, political and cultural elite to re-discover the city, which they experience as simultaneously strange and familiar., Correction published 18 November 2022 here:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00138398.2023.2128525

This thesis investigates the intricate global political economy of race, race formation, and white supremacy in Mozambique during a significant historical period spanning the war of destabilization (1977-1992) to the execution of neoliberal policies through structural adjustment programs (1997-present). Despite the prevailing belief that race, and racism do not exist in Africa (Pierre 2013, xiii), the construction of race in Africa, particularly in Mozambique, is a product of colonial race formation. As such, Mozambique continues to occupy the bottom of the racial hierarchy in the current global white supremacist economic system. The period of colonial rule in Mozambique lasted from the late 19th century until the mid-20th century, during which the Portuguese aimed to exploit the country's resources and exert control over its population by enforcing their concepts of racial supremacy and divine entitlement to rule over the "primitive" people inhabiting the dark continent.Additionally, this endeavor aims to scrutinize the international power system, considering the political ideologies of blackness within the context of neoliberalism and the global white dominance structure. It utilizes the informal economy/Dumbanenge as it centers around blackness. This project emphasizes Afrocentrism and places Black people at the center, highlighting the critical role of the informal economy in reflecting the local realities of gender and the political economy of race in Maputo and Beira.

Huvudämnet för denna studie är de svårigheter som etniska entreprenörer möter för att etablera sina företag, hur och i vilken utsträckning de drar nytta av sina sociala nätverk, användningen av informella system och konflikthantering. Urvalet av studien består av assyriska entreprenörer som är verksamma inom olika sektorer i Sverige. En detaljerad intervju genomfördes med 20 assyriska entreprenörer. Resultaten av studien visar om den viktiga roll som det privata sociala nätverk som assyriska entreprenörer spelar i etableringsprocessen av företagen och hur entreprenörerna hanterar sina företag. Syftet är undersöka vilka svårigheter assyriska företagare i Sverige har att hitta finansiellt kapital under etableringsfasen och vilka finansieringslösningar de har utvecklat. Tidigare forskning har visat att invandrarföretagare upplever diskriminering vid tillgång till kapital, vilket kan leda till att många företagare lägger ner sina företag. Därför fortsätter forskningen att undersöka problemet med invandrarföretagares tillgång till kapital. Den här studien är inriktad på den teoretiska grunden för studier om entreprenörskap i småföretag. För det första uppmärksammas betydelsen av faktorer som finansiellt kapital, humankapital och socialt kapital som påverkar företagsstarten. För det andra visas genom en analys av befintliga teorier om etniskt entreprenörskap att det är nödvändigt att beakta teorier om mänskligt, socialt och kulturellt kapital tillsammans. För det tredje betonas att konflikter kan ha en betydande inverkan på företagets framgång., The main topic of this study is the difficulties that ethnic entrepreneurs face in establishing their businesses, how and to what extent they benefit from their social networks, the use of informal systems, and conflict management. The study's sample consists of Assyrian entrepreneurs operating in different sectors in Sweden. A detailed interview was conducted with 20 Assyrian entrepreneurs. The results of the study show the important role that private social networks play in the establishment process of businesses for Assyrian entrepreneurs and how they manage their businesses. The purpose of this study is to investigate the difficulties that Assyrian entrepreneurs in Sweden face in finding financial capital during the establishment phase and what financing solutions they have developed. Previous research has shown that immigrant entrepreneurs experience discrimination in access to capital, which can lead to many entrepreneurs closing their businesses. Therefore, research continues to examine the problem of immigrant entrepreneurs' access to capital. This study focuses on the theoretical foundation of studies on entrepreneurship in small businesses. Firstly, the importance of factors such as financial capital, human capital, and social capital that affect business start-ups is highlighted. Secondly, an analysis of existing theories on ethnic entrepreneurship shows that it is necessary to consider theories of human, social, and cultural capital together. Thirdly, it is emphasized that conflicts can have a significant impact on the success of the business., QC 20230525

This paper aims to shed light on the issue of irregular migration in Sweden, which has become an increasingly pressing concern for policy makers and the public. This study examines the various factors that contribute to irregular migration and the situation of irregular migrants. It explores the various risks that migrants face after entering Sweden such as documentation, challenges, well-being, exploitation, abuse, shelter, and insecurity etc. Additionally, it discusses why some immigrants choose unauthorized migration as a strategy to move, stay, or survive in an illegal situation in Sweden. This study examines and analyses academic literature on irregular migration, including definitions, theories, and methods. Terminology and methods of measuring irregular migration are briefly discussed, and analysis of some of the basic determinants of irregular migration and Swedish government’s policies and initiatives to address this issue and their effectiveness. Literature on migration has been used to frame the discourse and empirical research, i.e., to frame the theoretical framework. Thus, mixed-methods research is used to draw empirical information by combining quantitative and qualitative methods (e.g., semi-structured interview) to obtain results that cannot be achieved by using only one method. An evaluation of empirical evidence is conducted using neoclassical theory and social network theory to assess the 'current' state of irregular migration in Sweden

This article studies the services exchanged in a particular Spanish time bank. Using data from users and transactions, we analyse the users’ profile as well as the determinants of providing and receiving different services. Our results show that the representative user is a Spanish female, not married, middle aged, highly educated and unemployed. We also find differences in the personal characteristics driving the supply and demand of services., Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), Generalitat Valenciana, Depto. de Análisis Económico y Economía Cuantitativa, Fac. de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, TRUE, pub

[Resumen]: La economía sumergida es un tema de gran importancia y complejidad que repercute sobre el marco económico y social de los países desarrollados como de los que aún no han completado este proceso. Asimismo, no podemos afirmar categóricamente, cuál es la causa principal o el nivel en el que afecta sobre la economía. Por esta razón, debemos analizar los motivos que la causan y contribuyen a su crecimiento. Referenciando el párrafo precedente, algunas causas pueden ser: bajos niveles de educación fiscal, ciclos de recesión económica, carga fiscal, etc. Aunque los nombrados sean conceptos que se extienden a cualquier país, se producen diferencias dependiendo de la región que se estudie. La economía sumergida supone una merma de las arcas públicas. En este trabajo analizamos diversas cuestiones respecto a España e Italia, 2002-2021, estimamos un modelo basado en los pagos vía efectivo que ayuda a contrastar la posible correlación de la economía sumergida y el ciclo económico., [Abstract]: The informal economy is a very important and complex issue that has an impact on the economic and social framework of both developed and developing countries. Moreover, we cannot state categorically what is the main cause or the extent to which it affects the economy. For this reason, we have to analyse the reasons that cause it and contribute to its growth. Referring to the preceding paragraph, some of the causes could be: low levels of fiscal education, economic recession cycles, tax burden, etc. Although these are concepts that apply to any country, there are differences depending on the region under study. One of the main problems with the shadow economy is the impossibility of quantifying it precisely. For this reason, we use statistical methods to estimate its impact on the economy. However, we can affirm that it represents a drain on the public coffers according to the level of income, since it includes those economic activities that are not registered by the tax authorities. The informal economy means a reduction in public coffers. In this work we analyze various issues regarding Spain and Italy, 2002-2021, we estimate a model based on payments via cash that helps to contrast the possible correlation of the underground economy and the economic cycle.

This paper aims to shed light on the issue of irregular migration in Sweden, which has become an increasingly pressing concern for policy makers and the public. This study examines the various factors that contribute to irregular migration and the situation of irregular migrants. It explores the various risks that migrants face after entering Sweden such as documentation, challenges, well-being, exploitation, abuse, shelter, and insecurity etc. Additionally, it discusses why some immigrants choose unauthorized migration as a strategy to move, stay, or survive in an illegal situation in Sweden. This study examines and analyses academic literature on irregular migration, including definitions, theories, and methods. Terminology and methods of measuring irregular migration are briefly discussed, and analysis of some of the basic determinants of irregular migration and Swedish government’s policies and initiatives to address this issue and their effectiveness. Literature on migration has been used to frame the discourse and empirical research, i.e., to frame the theoretical framework. Thus, mixed-methods research is used to draw empirical information by combining quantitative and qualitative methods (e.g., semi-structured interview) to obtain results that cannot be achieved by using only one method. An evaluation of empirical evidence is conducted using neoclassical theory and social network theory to assess the 'current' state of irregular migration in Sweden

Purpose: This article aims to explore the engagement of refugees and asylum seekers (RAS) in informal and precarious jobs from a civil society actors' perspective. Despite a burgeoning literature on refugee integration and a focus on institutional integration programmes, little is known about the early insertion of RAS into informal and precarious employment as an alternative to subsidised integration programmes, when these are available. Design/methodology/approach: This article draws on rich qualitative data collected through in-depth interviews with social workers, volunteers and other professionals supporting migrants. Findings: Data analysis shows that migrants' insertion in informal jobs and their rejection of integration programmes may be the result of people's need to access financial capital to cover actual and future needs. Although such an engagement may be criticised for hampering RAS’ integration, it can be seen as an important source of agency against insecurity surrounding one's legal status. Originality/value: This article highlights the importance of legal status precarity in shaping informal workers' agency and perceptions of them, opening up a debate on the relevance of informal work in terms of long-term integration and future migration trajectories.

Huvudämnet för denna studie är de svårigheter som etniska entreprenörer möter för att etablera sina företag, hur och i vilken utsträckning de drar nytta av sina sociala nätverk, användningen av informella system och konflikthantering. Urvalet av studien består av assyriska entreprenörer som är verksamma inom olika sektorer i Sverige. En detaljerad intervju genomfördes med 20 assyriska entreprenörer. Resultaten av studien visar om den viktiga roll som det privata sociala nätverk som assyriska entreprenörer spelar i etableringsprocessen av företagen och hur entreprenörerna hanterar sina företag. Syftet är undersöka vilka svårigheter assyriska företagare i Sverige har att hitta finansiellt kapital under etableringsfasen och vilka finansieringslösningar de har utvecklat. Tidigare forskning har visat att invandrarföretagare upplever diskriminering vid tillgång till kapital, vilket kan leda till att många företagare lägger ner sina företag. Därför fortsätter forskningen att undersöka problemet med invandrarföretagares tillgång till kapital. Den här studien är inriktad på den teoretiska grunden för studier om entreprenörskap i småföretag. För det första uppmärksammas betydelsen av faktorer som finansiellt kapital, humankapital och socialt kapital som påverkar företagsstarten. För det andra visas genom en analys av befintliga teorier om etniskt entreprenörskap att det är nödvändigt att beakta teorier om mänskligt, socialt och kulturellt kapital tillsammans. För det tredje betonas att konflikter kan ha en betydande inverkan på företagets framgång., The main topic of this study is the difficulties that ethnic entrepreneurs face in establishing their businesses, how and to what extent they benefit from their social networks, the use of informal systems, and conflict management. The study's sample consists of Assyrian entrepreneurs operating in different sectors in Sweden. A detailed interview was conducted with 20 Assyrian entrepreneurs. The results of the study show the important role that private social networks play in the establishment process of businesses for Assyrian entrepreneurs and how they manage their businesses. The purpose of this study is to investigate the difficulties that Assyrian entrepreneurs in Sweden face in finding financial capital during the establishment phase and what financing solutions they have developed. Previous research has shown that immigrant entrepreneurs experience discrimination in access to capital, which can lead to many entrepreneurs closing their businesses. Therefore, research continues to examine the problem of immigrant entrepreneurs' access to capital. This study focuses on the theoretical foundation of studies on entrepreneurship in small businesses. Firstly, the importance of factors such as financial capital, human capital, and social capital that affect business start-ups is highlighted. Secondly, an analysis of existing theories on ethnic entrepreneurship shows that it is necessary to consider theories of human, social, and cultural capital together. Thirdly, it is emphasized that conflicts can have a significant impact on the success of the business., QC 20230525

Huvudämnet för denna studie är de svårigheter som etniska entreprenörer möter för att etablera sina företag, hur och i vilken utsträckning de drar nytta av sina sociala nätverk, användningen av informella system och konflikthantering. Urvalet av studien består av assyriska entreprenörer som är verksamma inom olika sektorer i Sverige. En detaljerad intervju genomfördes med 20 assyriska entreprenörer. Resultaten av studien visar om den viktiga roll som det privata sociala nätverk som assyriska entreprenörer spelar i etableringsprocessen av företagen och hur entreprenörerna hanterar sina företag. Syftet är undersöka vilka svårigheter assyriska företagare i Sverige har att hitta finansiellt kapital under etableringsfasen och vilka finansieringslösningar de har utvecklat. Tidigare forskning har visat att invandrarföretagare upplever diskriminering vid tillgång till kapital, vilket kan leda till att många företagare lägger ner sina företag. Därför fortsätter forskningen att undersöka problemet med invandrarföretagares tillgång till kapital. Den här studien är inriktad på den teoretiska grunden för studier om entreprenörskap i småföretag. För det första uppmärksammas betydelsen av faktorer som finansiellt kapital, humankapital och socialt kapital som påverkar företagsstarten. För det andra visas genom en analys av befintliga teorier om etniskt entreprenörskap att det är nödvändigt att beakta teorier om mänskligt, socialt och kulturellt kapital tillsammans. För det tredje betonas att konflikter kan ha en betydande inverkan på företagets framgång., The main topic of this study is the difficulties that ethnic entrepreneurs face in establishing their businesses, how and to what extent they benefit from their social networks, the use of informal systems, and conflict management. The study's sample consists of Assyrian entrepreneurs operating in different sectors in Sweden. A detailed interview was conducted with 20 Assyrian entrepreneurs. The results of the study show the important role that private social networks play in the establishment process of businesses for Assyrian entrepreneurs and how they manage their businesses. The purpose of this study is to investigate the difficulties that Assyrian entrepreneurs in Sweden face in finding financial capital during the establishment phase and what financing solutions they have developed. Previous research has shown that immigrant entrepreneurs experience discrimination in access to capital, which can lead to many entrepreneurs closing their businesses. Therefore, research continues to examine the problem of immigrant entrepreneurs' access to capital. This study focuses on the theoretical foundation of studies on entrepreneurship in small businesses. Firstly, the importance of factors such as financial capital, human capital, and social capital that affect business start-ups is highlighted. Secondly, an analysis of existing theories on ethnic entrepreneurship shows that it is necessary to consider theories of human, social, and cultural capital together. Thirdly, it is emphasized that conflicts can have a significant impact on the success of the business., QC 20230525

Huvudämnet för denna studie är de svårigheter som etniska entreprenörer möter för att etablera sina företag, hur och i vilken utsträckning de drar nytta av sina sociala nätverk, användningen av informella system och konflikthantering. Urvalet av studien består av assyriska entreprenörer som är verksamma inom olika sektorer i Sverige. En detaljerad intervju genomfördes med 20 assyriska entreprenörer. Resultaten av studien visar om den viktiga roll som det privata sociala nätverk som assyriska entreprenörer spelar i etableringsprocessen av företagen och hur entreprenörerna hanterar sina företag. Syftet är undersöka vilka svårigheter assyriska företagare i Sverige har att hitta finansiellt kapital under etableringsfasen och vilka finansieringslösningar de har utvecklat. Tidigare forskning har visat att invandrarföretagare upplever diskriminering vid tillgång till kapital, vilket kan leda till att många företagare lägger ner sina företag. Därför fortsätter forskningen att undersöka problemet med invandrarföretagares tillgång till kapital. Den här studien är inriktad på den teoretiska grunden för studier om entreprenörskap i småföretag. För det första uppmärksammas betydelsen av faktorer som finansiellt kapital, humankapital och socialt kapital som påverkar företagsstarten. För det andra visas genom en analys av befintliga teorier om etniskt entreprenörskap att det är nödvändigt att beakta teorier om mänskligt, socialt och kulturellt kapital tillsammans. För det tredje betonas att konflikter kan ha en betydande inverkan på företagets framgång., The main topic of this study is the difficulties that ethnic entrepreneurs face in establishing their businesses, how and to what extent they benefit from their social networks, the use of informal systems, and conflict management. The study's sample consists of Assyrian entrepreneurs operating in different sectors in Sweden. A detailed interview was conducted with 20 Assyrian entrepreneurs. The results of the study show the important role that private social networks play in the establishment process of businesses for Assyrian entrepreneurs and how they manage their businesses. The purpose of this study is to investigate the difficulties that Assyrian entrepreneurs in Sweden face in finding financial capital during the establishment phase and what financing solutions they have developed. Previous research has shown that immigrant entrepreneurs experience discrimination in access to capital, which can lead to many entrepreneurs closing their businesses. Therefore, research continues to examine the problem of immigrant entrepreneurs' access to capital. This study focuses on the theoretical foundation of studies on entrepreneurship in small businesses. Firstly, the importance of factors such as financial capital, human capital, and social capital that affect business start-ups is highlighted. Secondly, an analysis of existing theories on ethnic entrepreneurship shows that it is necessary to consider theories of human, social, and cultural capital together. Thirdly, it is emphasized that conflicts can have a significant impact on the success of the business., QC 20230525

The restoration of precolonial authorities in contemporary Uganda has inspired the revival of practices constitutive of local identities. The article focuses on the role of (re)distribution in the formation of Ganda identity in the Buganda kingdom, by exploring the moral conundrums lived by workers in Kisekka Market (Kampala). The article describes two principles underpinning economic relations. First, it explores culturally approved patronage and downwards distribution which, given the pyramidal structure of society, translates simultaneously into forms of redistribution and the upward submission of subjects to a higher order (clans and kingdom). This two-way process is called 'nested redistribution'. Second, it shows how culturally approved forms of (re)distribution conflict with individual accumulation, culturally condemned but paradoxically key to afford redistribution itself. The ethnography describes how tensions between these principles are resolved, making use of the same categories (culture, morality) that engender them in the first place.

The literature on dirty workers analysed material and symbolic aspects of work, highlighting how dirty workers deal with the stigma associated with their occupations. This approach put less attention on dirty workers who operate in the informal economy, which is a relevant category especially in some sectors, such as the urban-waste management and recycling. Drawing on a 2019–2022 qualitative study of waste pickers (WPs) in the Rio Grande do Sul state (Brazil), this article aims to understand whether and how the informal conditions interact with the symbolic and material aspects of the dirty job. First, it shows various attempts to redefine the meanings of waste pickers’ work, in a positive sense. The more articulated attempts mainly concern the more structured WPs organisations and, in some cases, go far beyond the strategies described by the traditional literature on dirty workers. Second, it emphasizes the importance of the relations between WPs organisations and public administrations in defining the effectiveness of the actions aimed at reducing the stigma associated with the WPs’ work. Together, these contributions highlight the utility of exploring the dynamics and the differences of informal dirty work in order to enrich the dirty-work approach.

Huvudämnet för denna studie är de svårigheter som etniska entreprenörer möter för att etablera sina företag, hur och i vilken utsträckning de drar nytta av sina sociala nätverk, användningen av informella system och konflikthantering. Urvalet av studien består av assyriska entreprenörer som är verksamma inom olika sektorer i Sverige. En detaljerad intervju genomfördes med 20 assyriska entreprenörer. Resultaten av studien visar om den viktiga roll som det privata sociala nätverk som assyriska entreprenörer spelar i etableringsprocessen av företagen och hur entreprenörerna hanterar sina företag. Syftet är undersöka vilka svårigheter assyriska företagare i Sverige har att hitta finansiellt kapital under etableringsfasen och vilka finansieringslösningar de har utvecklat. Tidigare forskning har visat att invandrarföretagare upplever diskriminering vid tillgång till kapital, vilket kan leda till att många företagare lägger ner sina företag. Därför fortsätter forskningen att undersöka problemet med invandrarföretagares tillgång till kapital. Den här studien är inriktad på den teoretiska grunden för studier om entreprenörskap i småföretag. För det första uppmärksammas betydelsen av faktorer som finansiellt kapital, humankapital och socialt kapital som påverkar företagsstarten. För det andra visas genom en analys av befintliga teorier om etniskt entreprenörskap att det är nödvändigt att beakta teorier om mänskligt, socialt och kulturellt kapital tillsammans. För det tredje betonas att konflikter kan ha en betydande inverkan på företagets framgång., The main topic of this study is the difficulties that ethnic entrepreneurs face in establishing their businesses, how and to what extent they benefit from their social networks, the use of informal systems, and conflict management. The study's sample consists of Assyrian entrepreneurs operating in different sectors in Sweden. A detailed interview was conducted with 20 Assyrian entrepreneurs. The results of the study show the important role that private social networks play in the establishment process of businesses for Assyrian entrepreneurs and how they manage their businesses. The purpose of this study is to investigate the difficulties that Assyrian entrepreneurs in Sweden face in finding financial capital during the establishment phase and what financing solutions they have developed. Previous research has shown that immigrant entrepreneurs experience discrimination in access to capital, which can lead to many entrepreneurs closing their businesses. Therefore, research continues to examine the problem of immigrant entrepreneurs' access to capital. This study focuses on the theoretical foundation of studies on entrepreneurship in small businesses. Firstly, the importance of factors such as financial capital, human capital, and social capital that affect business start-ups is highlighted. Secondly, an analysis of existing theories on ethnic entrepreneurship shows that it is necessary to consider theories of human, social, and cultural capital together. Thirdly, it is emphasized that conflicts can have a significant impact on the success of the business., QC 20230525

This article looks at the relatively recent tendency to aestheticize life in Nairobi’s working-class and informal neighbourhoods in different forms of art and media. It focuses on two case studies – Steve Bloom’s photobook, Trading Places: The Merchants of Nairobi (2009) and the first issue of the Kenyan literary magazine Kwani? (2003). These are compared to the collectively performed poem ‘Mistaken Identity’ (2019) by a group of poets from the neighbourhood of Kayole, to show that the street aesthetics in the two cases rest on distance, while the meaning-making in the poem rests on proximity. Distance in this context takes several forms, such as the gap between socio-economic classes and actual physical distance, but I register it on the level of epistemology. The poem also articulates a form of epistemological proximity between, first, the forms of meaning-making that can be seen in both the text and the visual and performative components of the video, and, second, the place that is portrayed. Rather than arguing that proximity is preferable to distance as a basis of meaning-making, this article attempts to theorize the emergence of a specific aesthetic. This aesthetic presents itself as an aesthetic because the particular forms of social stratification and concomitant social distance between communities and neighbourhood (which have emerged in Nairobi since 2000) allow an economic, political and cultural elite to re-discover the city, which they experience as simultaneously strange and familiar., Correction published 18 November 2022 here:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00138398.2023.2128525

This article looks at the relatively recent tendency to aestheticize life in Nairobi’s working-class and informal neighbourhoods in different forms of art and media. It focuses on two case studies – Steve Bloom’s photobook, Trading Places: The Merchants of Nairobi (2009) and the first issue of the Kenyan literary magazine Kwani? (2003). These are compared to the collectively performed poem ‘Mistaken Identity’ (2019) by a group of poets from the neighbourhood of Kayole, to show that the street aesthetics in the two cases rest on distance, while the meaning-making in the poem rests on proximity. Distance in this context takes several forms, such as the gap between socio-economic classes and actual physical distance, but I register it on the level of epistemology. The poem also articulates a form of epistemological proximity between, first, the forms of meaning-making that can be seen in both the text and the visual and performative components of the video, and, second, the place that is portrayed. Rather than arguing that proximity is preferable to distance as a basis of meaning-making, this article attempts to theorize the emergence of a specific aesthetic. This aesthetic presents itself as an aesthetic because the particular forms of social stratification and concomitant social distance between communities and neighbourhood (which have emerged in Nairobi since 2000) allow an economic, political and cultural elite to re-discover the city, which they experience as simultaneously strange and familiar., Correction published 18 November 2022 here:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00138398.2023.2128525

This article looks at the relatively recent tendency to aestheticize life in Nairobi’s working-class and informal neighbourhoods in different forms of art and media. It focuses on two case studies – Steve Bloom’s photobook, Trading Places: The Merchants of Nairobi (2009) and the first issue of the Kenyan literary magazine Kwani? (2003). These are compared to the collectively performed poem ‘Mistaken Identity’ (2019) by a group of poets from the neighbourhood of Kayole, to show that the street aesthetics in the two cases rest on distance, while the meaning-making in the poem rests on proximity. Distance in this context takes several forms, such as the gap between socio-economic classes and actual physical distance, but I register it on the level of epistemology. The poem also articulates a form of epistemological proximity between, first, the forms of meaning-making that can be seen in both the text and the visual and performative components of the video, and, second, the place that is portrayed. Rather than arguing that proximity is preferable to distance as a basis of meaning-making, this article attempts to theorize the emergence of a specific aesthetic. This aesthetic presents itself as an aesthetic because the particular forms of social stratification and concomitant social distance between communities and neighbourhood (which have emerged in Nairobi since 2000) allow an economic, political and cultural elite to re-discover the city, which they experience as simultaneously strange and familiar., Correction published 18 November 2022 here:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00138398.2023.2128525

The article aims to determine internal migrations as a growth factor of the informal economy – case of the city of Juliaca-Peru. The research is a quantitative, non-experimental correlational approach; a multivariate linear model was used to estimate statistical inferences, with a stratified proportional sample of 258 migrants. The empirical findings show that there is a direct and significant relationship between internal migration and the degree of informality, as well as the growth of the informal economy. Consequently, the greater the migratory flow, the greater the growth of informality. These processes bring with them problems and disorder in the city by occupying streets and avenues for the sale of products and services, generating vehicular and pedestrian congestion. In conclusion, the precarious economic and social conditions of migrants have an impact on the high levels of informality and growth of the informal economy., El artículo tiene como objetivo determinar las migraciones internas como factor de crecimiento de la economía informal – caso de la ciudad de Juliaca-Perú. La pesquisa es de enfoque cuantitativo de tipo no experimental correlacional, se utilizó un modelo lineal multivariado para estimar las inferencias estadísticas, con una muestra de tipo estratificado proporcional de 258 migrantes. Los hallazgos empíricos muestran que existe una relación directa y significativa entre la migración interna y el grado de informalidad, así como el crecimiento de la economía informal. En consecuencia, a mayor flujo migratorio mayor crecimiento de la informalidad, dichos procesos traen consigo problemas y desorden en la ciudad al ocupar calles y avenidas para el expendio de los productos y servicios, generando congestionamiento vehicular y peatonal. En conclusión, las condiciones económicas y sociales precarias de las personas migrantes tienen un impacto en los niveles altos de informalidad y crecimiento de la economía informal.

The article explores the hybridisation processes between formal and informal economies within the street vending sector. Drawing on critical analytical lenses promoted by research on urban informal economy in the Global South, this study aims to overcome the rigid dualism in exploring the two economic sides in the Global North. Data come from ethnographic research carried out in five open-air markets in Milan (Italy). Specifically, participant observation and unstructured interviews with regular and irregular vendors were conducted. The results reveal that informality is not only anchored to the informal sphere but also affects the commercial activities of authorised workers. A complex system of interactions and overlapping between formal and informal workers emerges, resulting from relational, economic, and institutional factors. Therefore, such hybridisations not only occur in countries with «weak» economic systems and institutional apparatuses but may also affect global cities in the «developed» world. This study contributes to rethink informalisation processes in Western countries, while encouraging to move beyond the Global South-Global North dualism in exploring the informal economy

In India, informal waste management (IWM) within slums stands at the intersection of informal economy and circular economy. Collecting and processing hundreds of tonnes of municipal solid waste per day, this industry supports the millions of people engaged in this business and provides ecological and economic contributions to Indian cities. However, IWM is currently faced with the problems of internal vulnerability from slums and external threats from cities. The current situation of Indian slums does not correspond to the aspirations of dwellers and workers for a better living and working environment, nor the expectations of cities for a better urban image and development prospects. Over the last few decades, many slum redevelopment schemes have attempted to change this situation, yet their entire focus on resettlement strategies has left no space for IWM as well as other informal businesses. As ecosystems buzzing with activities, slums cannot simply be replaced by neat low-income housing estates unless they allow for the flourishing of many dynamic economic and social activities and new trajectories of resource use that contribute to sustainable livelihoods. The aim of the research is to explore a new direction for future slum development, which entails a synthesis of economic, environmental and social sustainability. The design result will allow informal waste management to operate in synergy with other economic sectors in a spontaneous socio-economic cluster to promote sustainable livelihoods for slum dwellers and sustainable development for Navi Mumbai., Global Housing Mixing Mumbai, Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences | Global Housing

Purpose: reporting a process innovation in an informal productive enterprise, inserted in the field of parties, ceremonies and events décor, involving floral arrangements. Methodology: qualitative-descriptive study, with information being obtained through documentary research and case study. Originality/Relevance: this study analyzes an informal productive business, whose practice improvement was conducted based on technological resources. It is relevant because there are only few studies dedicated to technological development, and that thematize the most frequent type of productive enterprise in Brazil. Findings: the process innovation that was conducted has enabled a greater productive efficiency, as well as health, safety and hygiene in the workplace, since it has reduced costs and manufacturing time; and it has eliminated unnecessary procedures that result from the manual method. Theoretical/Methodological Implications: the innovation, developed and described heading from the theories and methodological approach used, in addition to promoting improvement in the ability of adapting to different customer demands, has added an element to the process innovation effects foreseen by Oslo Manual. Social Implications: in parallel to the operational results pointed out, the academic activity has enabled the improvement of economic enterprise that belong to settings and groups in social disadvantage, Objetivo: relatar a inovação de processo em um empreendimento produtivo informal, no ramo de montagem e decoração de festas, cerimônias e eventos, envolvendo arranjos florais. Método: estudo qualitativo-descritivo, com informações obtidas por meio de pesquisa documental e de estudo de caso. Originalidade/Relevância: este estudo analisa um negócio produtivo informal, cujo aperfeiçoamento da prática foi realizado com base em recursos tecnológicos. Ele é relevante porque há escassos estudos que “abrem a caixa-preta” do desenvolvimento tecnológico, e que tematizam o tipo mais frequente de empreendimento produtivo no Brasil. Resultados: a inovação de processo realizada permitiu maior eficiência produtiva, bem como saúde, segurança e higiene ao ambiente laboral, pois reduziu custos e tempo de produção; e eliminou procedimentos desnecessários, resultantes do método manual. Contribuições teóricas/metodológicas: a inovação, desenvolvida e descrita a partir das teorias e da abordagem metodológica utilizada, além de promover a melhoria da capacidade de adaptação às diferentes demandas dos clientes, adicionou um elemento aos efeitos da inovação de processo preconizados pelo Manual de Oslo. Contribuições sociais: em paralelo aos resultados operacionais apontados, a atuação acadêmica possibilitou a melhoria de empreendimentos econômicos pertencentes a contextos e grupos em desvantagem social., Aportes teórico / metodológicos: la innovación, desarrollada y descrita a partir de las teorías y enfoque metodológico utilizado, además de promover la mejora de la adaptabilidad a las diferentes demandas de los clientes, agregó un elemento a los efectos de la innovación de procesos preconizados por el Manual de Oslo. Contribuciones sociales: en paralelo a los resultados operativos señalados, el rendimiento académico permitió la mejora de empresas económicas pertenecientes a contextos y colectivos socialmente desfavorecidos

In Mexico about 60 % of the working population is in informal employment, consequently, it is important to analyse the impact of this phenomenon on the product of the economy and the well-being of the population in light of labour formalisation. Accordingly, the Leontief model is extended to a social accounting matrix to determine this impact. As a result, it is found that the total output of the economy would increase by 17,58 %, although inequality still presents the same rates, it would improve the income of the population and poverty would decrease., En México cerca del 60 % de la población trabajadora se encuentra en la informalidad, por lo que resulta importante analizar el impacto de este fenómeno en el producto de la economía y el bienestar de la población ante la formalización laboral. En consecuencia, se sigue el modelo de Leontief, ampliado a una matriz de contabilidad social, para determinar dicho impacto. Como resultado se encuentra que el output total de la economía aumentaría en 17,58 % y que, aunque la desigualdad sigue presentando los mismos índices, el ingreso de la población mejoraría y la pobreza disminuiría.

The purpose of this research is to develop a mobile app that through QR-code provide access to search, publish and assess of services or products offered in residential areas of Barranquilla, considering that many neighbors or residents offer informally and word of mouth or through posters pasted in common areas their services to perform different types of work and many of these are not made known in an efficient and timely manner; With the arrival of the pandemic, the way in which business is done has changed, thanks to the implementation of technology and the frequent use of smart phones, the population can be reached more easily, avoiding so many social interactions. Taking into account the above, an innovative system is implemented to manage the supply and demand of services or products in a reliable way., Esta investigación tiene como propósito desarrollar una app móvil, que mediante códigos QR brinde acceso a la búsqueda, publicación y valoración de los servicios o productos que se ofrecen en los conjuntos residenciales de la ciudad de Barranquilla, teniendo en cuenta que muchos residentes promocionan sus servicios de manera informal o mediante carteles pegados en las zonas comunes y no se dan a conocer de manera eficiente y oportuna. La llegada de la pandemia modificó la forma de hacer negocios, ya que gracias a la implementación de la tecnología y al uso frecuente de teléfonos inteligentes se puede llegar más fácilmente a los clientes, evitando la interacción social. Con base en esto, se propone un sistema innovador que gestione la oferta y demanda de los servicios o productos de manera confiable.

Purpose: reporting a process innovation in an informal productive enterprise, inserted in the field of parties, ceremonies and events décor, involving floral arrangements. Methodology: qualitative-descriptive study, with information being obtained through documentary research and case study. Originality/Relevance: this study analyzes an informal productive business, whose practice improvement was conducted based on technological resources. It is relevant because there are only few studies dedicated to technological development, and that thematize the most frequent type of productive enterprise in Brazil. Findings: the process innovation that was conducted has enabled a greater productive efficiency, as well as health, safety and hygiene in the workplace, since it has reduced costs and manufacturing time; and it has eliminated unnecessary procedures that result from the manual method. Theoretical/Methodological Implications: the innovation, developed and described heading from the theories and methodological approach used, in addition to promoting improvement in the ability of adapting to different customer demands, has added an element to the process innovation effects foreseen by Oslo Manual. Social Implications: in parallel to the operational results pointed out, the academic activity has enabled the improvement of economic enterprise that belong to settings and groups in social disadvantage, Objetivo: relatar a inovação de processo em um empreendimento produtivo informal, no ramo de montagem e decoração de festas, cerimônias e eventos, envolvendo arranjos florais. Método: estudo qualitativo-descritivo, com informações obtidas por meio de pesquisa documental e de estudo de caso. Originalidade/Relevância: este estudo analisa um negócio produtivo informal, cujo aperfeiçoamento da prática foi realizado com base em recursos tecnológicos. Ele é relevante porque há escassos estudos que “abrem a caixa-preta” do desenvolvimento tecnológico, e que tematizam o tipo mais frequente de empreendimento produtivo no Brasil. Resultados: a inovação de processo realizada permitiu maior eficiência produtiva, bem como saúde, segurança e higiene ao ambiente laboral, pois reduziu custos e tempo de produção; e eliminou procedimentos desnecessários, resultantes do método manual. Contribuições teóricas/metodológicas: a inovação, desenvolvida e descrita a partir das teorias e da abordagem metodológica utilizada, além de promover a melhoria da capacidade de adaptação às diferentes demandas dos clientes, adicionou um elemento aos efeitos da inovação de processo preconizados pelo Manual de Oslo. Contribuições sociais: em paralelo aos resultados operacionais apontados, a atuação acadêmica possibilitou a melhoria de empreendimentos econômicos pertencentes a contextos e grupos em desvantagem social., Aportes teórico / metodológicos: la innovación, desarrollada y descrita a partir de las teorías y enfoque metodológico utilizado, además de promover la mejora de la adaptabilidad a las diferentes demandas de los clientes, agregó un elemento a los efectos de la innovación de procesos preconizados por el Manual de Oslo. Contribuciones sociales: en paralelo a los resultados operativos señalados, el rendimiento académico permitió la mejora de empresas económicas pertenecientes a contextos y colectivos socialmente desfavorecidos

In Mexico about 60 % of the working population is in informal employment, consequently, it is important to analyse the impact of this phenomenon on the product of the economy and the well-being of the population in light of labour formalisation. Accordingly, the Leontief model is extended to a social accounting matrix to determine this impact. As a result, it is found that the total output of the economy would increase by 17,58 %, although inequality still presents the same rates, it would improve the income of the population and poverty would decrease., En México cerca del 60 % de la población trabajadora se encuentra en la informalidad, por lo que resulta importante analizar el impacto de este fenómeno en el producto de la economía y el bienestar de la población ante la formalización laboral. En consecuencia, se sigue el modelo de Leontief, ampliado a una matriz de contabilidad social, para determinar dicho impacto. Como resultado se encuentra que el output total de la economía aumentaría en 17,58 % y que, aunque la desigualdad sigue presentando los mismos índices, el ingreso de la población mejoraría y la pobreza disminuiría.

In this document we explore the relationship between informality, poverty and “predictable consumption” in Mexico. We start from a macroeconomic model with two types of agents to recover the predictable consumption series, which represents the individuals who spend all their income in each period. We estimate predictable consumption with an instrumental variables method to solve the problem of simultaneity between consumption and income. Using this series, we test the hypothesis that individuals with predictable consumption are people living in poverty or working in the informality. Our results suggest that some of the variations in predictable consumption are due to changes in poverty. This document is the first to analyze the heterogeneity of consumption in Mexico, mapping out its behavior with two types of consumers, from which it is concluded that a considerable part of private consumption (almost 40%) is consistent with the permanent income hypothesis. Furthermore, this article is the first to formally document the strong relationship between poverty and informality in Mexico, which has important economic policy implications., En este documento exploramos la relación entre informalidad, pobreza y “consumo predecible” en México. Partimos de un modelo macroeconómico con dos tipos de agentes para recuperar la serie de consumo predecible, que representa a los individuos que gastan todo su ingreso en cada periodo de tiempo. Estimamos el consumo predecible con un método de variables instrumentales para resolver el problema de simultaneidad entre consumo e ingreso. Utilizando esta serie, probamos la hipótesis de que los individuos con consumo predecible son personas en situación de pobreza o que trabajan en la informalidad. Nuestros resultados sugieren que algunas de las variaciones en el consumo predecible se deben a cambios en la pobreza. Este documento es el primero en analizar la heterogeneidad del consumo en México, mapeando su comportamiento con dos tipos de consumidores, de donde se concluye que una parte considerable del consumo privado (casi el 40%) es consistente con la hipótesis del ingreso permanente. Además, este artículo es el primero en documentar formalmente la fuerte relación entre pobreza e informalidad en México, lo que tiene importantes implicaciones de política económica.

Vocational education has great challenges, such as helping to lower the percentage of youth unemployment, adapting the training of students to the demands of the labour market, helping to develop in students the ability to adapt to changes in work methods, and educate the citizens to live in a democratic society. To achieve this, vocational education must adapt to the cultural, economic and social changes of the students and their learning difficulties. In particular, adaptation to the very frequent use of technologies such as portable phones, tablets and personal computers. Education must also take into account the addictions of students to psychoactive drugs. Research on learning difficulties can provide useful information for modifying study programs and the use of educational technologies in teaching can help solve these challenges. Teacher training is the fundamental element for improving education., La formación profesional tiene grandes retos, como contribuir a reducir el porcentaje de desempleo juvenil, adecuar la formación de los alumnos a las exigencias del mercado laboral, ayudar a desarrollar en los alumnos la capacidad de adaptación a los cambios en los métodos de trabajo y educar a los ciudadanos para vivir en una sociedad democrática. Para lograrlo, la formación profesional debe adaptarse a los cambios culturales, económicos y sociales de los alumnos y a sus dificultades de aprendizaje. En particular, la adaptación al uso muy frecuente de tecnologías como teléfonos portátiles, tabletas y ordenadores personales. La educación también debe tener en cuenta las adicciones de los estudiantes a las drogas psicoactivas. La investigación sobre las dificultades de aprendizaje puede brindar información útil para modificar los programas de estudio y el uso de tecnologías educativas en la enseñanza puede ayudar a resolver estos desafíos. La formación del profesorado es el elemento fundamental para mejorar la educación.

This article explores the social trajectories of some “informal workers” and the dynamics of inequality they highlight. The study investigates how the structure of labor relations reveal class relations and unequal social positionalities more broadly within the informal economy. The research draws from ethnographic data collected about three forms of income-generating activities in Kinshasa: street bread, second-hand clothing, and urban agriculture. While access to capital offers some the opportunity to successfully develop a profitable income-generating activity, the limited access to various forms of capital constrains many to sell their labor power—often with weakened bargaining power—to those in possession of capital. Conversely, some actors have successfully overcome the constraint of the forms of asymmetric labor relations within the informal economy and secured a relatively decent living despite their precarious position., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

This paper presents, through an approach to Costa Rican industrial designers, the experience in entrepreneurship that they generated before creating their creative company and its relationship with the informal economy of the country. Approached from a qualitative approach, this work is an extract of the doctoral thesis that the researcher is carrying out as part of the Doctorate in Design at the University of Palermo, which is of the exploratory-descriptive type and has been developed through the method of multiple case studies. The study represents pilot research on topics related to design and economics, which opens the door to possibilities for future findings in the area., Este documento apresenta, através de uma abordagem aos designers industriais costarriquenhos, a experiência em empreendedorismo que eles geraram antes de criar sua empresa criativa e sua relação com a economia informal do país. Abordado a partir de uma abordagem qualitativa, este trabalho é um extrato da tese de doutorado que o pesquisador está realizando como parte do Doutorado em Design da Universidade de Palermo, que é do tipo exploratório-descritivo e que foi desenvolvido utilizando o método de estudo de casos múltiplos. O estudo representa uma pesquisa piloto sobre questões relacionadas a design e economia, o que abre as portas para possibilidades de trabalhos futuros na área., El presente escrito expone, mediante un acercamiento a diseñadores industriales costarricenses, la experiencia en emprendimiento que éstos generaron previo a crear su empresa creativa y su relación con la economía informal del país. Planteado desde un enfoque cualitativo, este trabajo es un extracto de la tesis doctoral que la investigadora realiza como parte del Doctorado en Diseño de la Universidad de Palermo, la cual es del tipo exploratorio - descriptivo y que se ha desarrollado mediante el método de estudio de casos múltiples. El estudio representa una investigación piloto en temas afines al diseño y la economía, que abre las puertas a posibilidades de trabajos futuros en el área.

Purpose: The LED in South Africa complies with the formalisation of economies, the legislative context and the economic development framework. It involves the progression of the informal economy through consideration of its characteristics and potentials together with the standard LED requirements that associate the notion of a green economy and the connections among the unregulated and the official economies. This study investigates the relationship between the informal economy and the LED in the Thembisile Hani local municipality in South Africa. Methodology: The scholarship uses face-to-face interviews to collect data from respondents in the Thembisile Hani municipality regarding their economic survival experiences. Findings: The study results show that several limitations such as infrastructure, capital, suitable skills, excessive regulations and security apprehensions compromise the informal economy growth. In addition, the study showed that employment opportunities are created in the informal sector for poverty reduction and economic improvement. Furthermore, inclusive economic development is required because the government have excluded the informal economy from their economic planning processes. Implications: Municipalities should ensure the enhancement of basic knowledge and a better environment for the informal economy players to create the bridge between the unofficial economy and a sustainable LED in the country.

Purpose: The LED in South Africa complies with the formalisation of economies, the legislative context and the economic development framework. It involves the progression of the informal economy through consideration of its characteristics and potentials together with the standard LED requirements that associate the notion of a green economy and the connections among the unregulated and the official economies. This study investigates the relationship between the informal economy and the LED in the Thembisile Hani local municipality in South Africa. Methodology: The scholarship uses face-to-face interviews to collect data from respondents in the Thembisile Hani municipality regarding their economic survival experiences. Findings: The study results show that several limitations such as infrastructure, capital, suitable skills, excessive regulations and security apprehensions compromise the informal economy growth. In addition, the study showed that employment opportunities are created in the informal sector for poverty reduction and economic improvement. Furthermore, inclusive economic development is required because the government have excluded the informal economy from their economic planning processes. Implications: Municipalities should ensure the enhancement of basic knowledge and a better environment for the informal economy players to create the bridge between the unofficial economy and a sustainable LED in the country.

Purpose: The LED in South Africa complies with the formalisation of economies, the legislative context and the economic development framework. It involves the progression of the informal economy through consideration of its characteristics and potentials together with the standard LED requirements that associate the notion of a green economy and the connections among the unregulated and the official economies. This study investigates the relationship between the informal economy and the LED in the Thembisile Hani local municipality in South Africa. Methodology: The scholarship uses face-to-face interviews to collect data from respondents in the Thembisile Hani municipality regarding their economic survival experiences. Findings: The study results show that several limitations such as infrastructure, capital, suitable skills, excessive regulations and security apprehensions compromise the informal economy growth. In addition, the study showed that employment opportunities are created in the informal sector for poverty reduction and economic improvement. Furthermore, inclusive economic development is required because the government have excluded the informal economy from their economic planning processes. Implications: Municipalities should ensure the enhancement of basic knowledge and a better environment for the informal economy players to create the bridge between the unofficial economy and a sustainable LED in the country.

Street hawkers have been part of urban street life in cities of developed and developing countries. The study focuses on the socio-economic conditions of street vendors in Hyderabad, Sindh province, Pakistan. A review of the existing literature shows an acute shortage of empirical evidence on street hawkers in Pakistan, especially in Hyderabad, Sindh. This study aims to bridge this gap by contributing empirical evidence on the subject. For this study, a survey has been conducted to identify the socio-economic condition of the street vendors, their reasons for joining street vending, and problems faced by the street hawkers during street vending. This survey covered 120 street vendors in Hyderabad. The data has been collected from both primary and secondary sources. The secondary data has been collected from research articles published in journals, and books, newspapers, and research reports published by various organizations. The findings of the study show that the street hawkers significantly contributed to the socio-economic uplift of the masses at a larger level. The street hawkers have very little capital to invest in their businesses.

A large share of growth in the sharing or platform economy is driven by peer-to-peer (P2P) accommodation providers such as Airbnb. The literature argues for both positive and negative socio-cultural, economic and environmental impacts emanating from the tourism and hospitality businesses and value chains that are dependent on AirBnB and other online platforms. These impacts are felt in terms of competition with more traditional business models (e.g. hotels, motels and B&Bs) and their influence on tourist and visitor flows as well as their spatial impacts that has led to substantial community opposition to accommodation providers that utilise Airbnb in some destinations. This introduction to the special issue on AirBnB and the sharing economy identifies several themes in the consumption and production of the sharing, peer-to-peer and platform economies on tourism at various scales, ranging from international networks, destinations and business, through to neighbourhoods and individuals. Although Airbnb provides the primary frame by which to investigate the relationships between the sharing economy and tourism and the implications of so-called disruptive innovation this introduction also notes some of the wider implications of the sharing and platform economy for people and places.

Street hawkers have been part of urban street life in cities of developed and developing countries. The study focuses on the socio-economic conditions of street vendors in Hyderabad, Sindh province, Pakistan. A review of the existing literature shows an acute shortage of empirical evidence on street hawkers in Pakistan, especially in Hyderabad, Sindh. This study aims to bridge this gap by contributing empirical evidence on the subject. For this study, a survey has been conducted to identify the socio-economic condition of the street vendors, their reasons for joining street vending, and problems faced by the street hawkers during street vending. This survey covered 120 street vendors in Hyderabad. The data has been collected from both primary and secondary sources. The secondary data has been collected from research articles published in journals, and books, newspapers, and research reports published by various organizations. The findings of the study show that the street hawkers significantly contributed to the socio-economic uplift of the masses at a larger level. The street hawkers have very little capital to invest in their businesses.

Street hawkers have been part of urban street life in cities of developed and developing countries. The study focuses on the socio-economic conditions of street vendors in Hyderabad, Sindh province, Pakistan. A review of the existing literature shows an acute shortage of empirical evidence on street hawkers in Pakistan, especially in Hyderabad, Sindh. This study aims to bridge this gap by contributing empirical evidence on the subject. For this study, a survey has been conducted to identify the socio-economic condition of the street vendors, their reasons for joining street vending, and problems faced by the street hawkers during street vending. This survey covered 120 street vendors in Hyderabad. The data has been collected from both primary and secondary sources. The secondary data has been collected from research articles published in journals, and books, newspapers, and research reports published by various organizations. The findings of the study show that the street hawkers significantly contributed to the socio-economic uplift of the masses at a larger level. The street hawkers have very little capital to invest in their businesses.