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This thesis deals with nature and societal themes depicted in the travelogue Sea and Sardinia, and the fiction Lady Chatterley's Lover and Sons and Lovers. The first part of this thesis consists of an overview of islands and islandness, its definitions and problematics. The second part of the thesis explores the selected novels and scrutinises the selected topics connected to industrial society, its effects on nature, and man's connectedness to nature itself., Tato bakalářská práce se zabývá přírodními a společenskými tématy zobrazovanými v cestopise Sea and Sardinia a ve fikci Lady Chatterley's Lover a Sons and Lovers. První část této bakalářské práce se skládá z přehledu ostrovů a ostrovnosti, jejich definic a problematiky. Druhá část práce zkoumá vybrané romány a analyzuje vybraná témata spojená s průmyslovou společností, jejím vlivem na přírodu a lidská propojenost s přírodou samotnou., Fakulta filozofická, Student stručně představil téma své BP a poměrně nepřehledně shrnul závěry, ke kterým ve své práci došel. Závěrem zodpověděl dotazy komise. Komise se shodla na hodnocení D., Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobou

Sherwood Anderson’s literary Midwest reflects many of the idealistic characteristics resulting from the region’s frontier, agrarian origin. The most prominent of these characteristics is the region’s emphasis on and appreciation of human particularity. His novels Winesburg, Ohio and Poor White document the region’s unique relationship with individual particularity and how this particularity clashed with a new industrial lifestyle. The two novels reflect the Midwest’s unique understanding of individuality and offer an explanation for why the region’s response to an industrial cultural overhaul was so damaging for the Midwest’s identity, as the traditional identity was supplanted by an industrial one.

Conversación con el investigador Jaime Vindel, uno de los pensadores clave sobre la crisis ecosocial en torno a los orígenes históricos del régimen industrial fósil y las encrucijadas que nos plantea la crisis energética, el concepto de estética y de imaginarios y el binomio arte-tecnología, conducida por el físico y filósofo Adrián Almazán, Conversation with the researcher Jaime Vindel, one of the key thinkers on the ecosocial crisis, on the historical origins of the fossil industrial regime and the crossroads posed by the energy crisis, the concept of aesthetics and imaginaries and the art-technology binomial, led by the physicist and philosopher Adrián Almazán.

The purpose of the present paper is to make a reassessment and revaluation of Charles Dickens’ Hard Times to expose how capitalism and the ills of England’s Industrial Revolution inflicted its wrath on labour and bourgeoisie in the 19th century England. It also aims at manifesting how humans were forced to become machines under the aegis of capital and how the dominance of reason, intellect and wit in the 18th century minimised the effective side of humanitarianism during the clash between capital and labour. It also reflects the miserable conflict between head and heart or reason and sentiments. It also makes a severe attack on the educational theory of “facts” and “statistics.” Through the two pivotal advocates and champions of industrial capitalism in the novel--Gradgrind and Bounderby--the paper provides a socio-economic critique of the times of early phase of capitalism, Laissez Faire and Utilitarianism when the processes of production were ideologically privileged over the inhuman existence of the workers.

The purpose of the present paper is to make a reassessment and revaluation of Charles Dickens’ Hard Times to expose how capitalism and the ills of England’s Industrial Revolution inflicted its wrath on labour and bourgeoisie in the 19th century England. It also aims at manifesting how humans were forced to become machines under the aegis of capital and how the dominance of reason, intellect and wit in the 18th century minimised the effective side of humanitarianism during the clash between capital and labour. It also reflects the miserable conflict between head and heart or reason and sentiments. It also makes a severe attack on the educational theory of “facts” and “statistics.” Through the two pivotal advocates and champions of industrial capitalism in the novel--Gradgrind and Bounderby--the paper provides a socio-economic critique of the times of early phase of capitalism, Laissez Faire and Utilitarianism when the processes of production were ideologically privileged over the inhuman existence of the workers.

Gary, Indiana was widely regarded as one of the most successful and promising industrial American cities of its time. Gary was founded by the United States Steel Corporation to be a "model" industrial city created by a private corporation. Gary is unique in that the city was conceptualized, planned, and constructed by a private entity, with little public or governmental input, for the purpose of serving the US Steel industry. As "groundbreaking" and "innovative" as the urban planning of Gary was supposed to be, conditions of segregation in the city caused by a divide between the premiere steel mills and a lack of scientifically planned housing subdivisions, proved to be an interesting catalyst for issues of class conflict, racial conflict, and severe environmental damage This thesis, argues that the United States Steel Corporation, as a private entity overseeing the urban planning of Gary, Indiana is culpable in the segregation and racism that occurred in early twentieth century Gary and in the environmental racism that occurred in the city due to US Steel having full control over the planning, construction, and the political-economic ethos over the city and its residents.

Denna undersökning behandlar relationerna mellan högmodernism, rasbiologi och industrialiseringen av Norrland under tidigt 1900-tal. Syftet är att analysera de samband som fanns mellan teknikutbredningen, främst i form av vattenkraft, i traditionellt samiska områden och rasbiologins väg till att bli ett etablerat forskningsfält. Herman Lundborg, som var drivande i processen för ett statligt institut för rasbiologi i Sverige, hade särskilt fokus på samerna vilket gör det intressant att studera hans idéers påverkan på industrialiseringen i Norrland. De källor som används är främst riksdagstryck gällande samer, vattenkraft och avvittring och kompletteras av annat tryckt material från intressenter för och emot industrialiseringen samt tryckt material om rashygien och rasbiologi. Genom att använda Scotts teorier om högmodernism, Adas teori om kolonial vetenskap och Headricks teori om teknik som verktyg för kolonisering nåddes slutsatserna att tekniken fungerat både som verktyg och motiv för Norrlands kolonisering. Rasbiologin gav legitimitet till idéer om rasers olika värde bidrog till det osynlighetsgörande av samerna som var nödvändigt för att kunna exploatera naturresurser inom renbeteslandet.

Denna undersökning behandlar relationerna mellan högmodernism, rasbiologi och industrialiseringen av Norrland under tidigt 1900-tal. Syftet är att analysera de samband som fanns mellan teknikutbredningen, främst i form av vattenkraft, i traditionellt samiska områden och rasbiologins väg till att bli ett etablerat forskningsfält. Herman Lundborg, som var drivande i processen för ett statligt institut för rasbiologi i Sverige, hade särskilt fokus på samerna vilket gör det intressant att studera hans idéers påverkan på industrialiseringen i Norrland. De källor som används är främst riksdagstryck gällande samer, vattenkraft och avvittring och kompletteras av annat tryckt material från intressenter för och emot industrialiseringen samt tryckt material om rashygien och rasbiologi. Genom att använda Scotts teorier om högmodernism, Adas teori om kolonial vetenskap och Headricks teori om teknik som verktyg för kolonisering nåddes slutsatserna att tekniken fungerat både som verktyg och motiv för Norrlands kolonisering. Rasbiologin gav legitimitet till idéer om rasers olika värde bidrog till det osynlighetsgörande av samerna som var nödvändigt för att kunna exploatera naturresurser inom renbeteslandet.

‘I want to live in time. And even after I’m gone, I want time to count very much. There you go, I don’t want to die. To die is to be forgotten’, photographer, filmmaker, farmer and activist Bouba Touré states in his film Bouba Touré, 58 Rue Trousseau, 7511 Paris, France (2008), a title borrowed from Touré’s former address in Paris.1 There he observes the interior walls of his apartment, covered with posters, pamphlets and photographs from the twentieth and early twenty-first century. Giving each document equal attention, he comments and contextualises their content – from the Burkinabé Marxist-Leninist Thomas Isidore Noël Sankara, former president of Burkina Faso until his murdering in 1987, to Touré’s own mother. Everyone pictured belongs to a community that Touré has spent his life nurturing. And while Touré waits for the alarm clock to ‘ring’, to awaken ‘the African consciousness’, as he calls it, we see a large number of clocks next to the documents on his walls: ‘because time matters a lot’.2

The past half century has witnessed major socio-political transformations across the globe. The end of formal European colonialism, basically achieved except for small pockets in the aftermath of the Carnation Revolution in Portugal in 1974, was followed by the demise of the Soviet Union in 1991 in parallel to the one of Keynesian organized capitalism in the Northwest and of “state-led development” in much of the South, but also the rise of Asian economies, starting with Japan and now featuring China. The subsequent era of globalization and individualization was short-lived and has given way to the notion of a “multi-polar” globe marked by the at best half-intended withdrawal of the US from hegemony and the loose association of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa under the name of BRICS. What has not changed across this half century is the depletion of the earth’s resources and the pollution of the environment. This article retraces the rise of ecological issues to become a global concern, and it does so by relating shifting interpretations of the issue to assignments of political responsibility in the changing global context. Emerging from a comparative research project on Brazil, South Africa and Europe, it draws its examples from these regions, but aims at developing a more general argument about the current impact of historical power asymmetries on ways of dealing with the ecological crisis.

This thesis explores representations of wild nature in two Arthurian texts – one British and one American – produced in an age characterised by rapid social transformation: Alfred, Lord Tennyson’s Idylls of the King (1859-1885) and Howard Pyle’s Story of King Arthur and His Knights (1903). By investigation of the textual descriptions of wilderness and the portrayals of characters living there, the study aims to investigate what attitudes towards unkempt nature are displayed in the two texts. While both narratives give evidence of a powerful nostalgia for a vanishing paradise, the yearning for Eden is expressed quite differently. Pyle’s text fuses the concepts of wilderness and paradise together by depicting the unkempt landscape as a place of splendour and spiritual enjoyment. Such a celebration of nature might well be seen a reaction against the rapid loss of wild spaces across America (and Britain) during the life-time of the author. In the Idylls, paradise is represented in the domesticated yet green landscape of the faraway fairy island of Avilion. Wilderness, on the other hand, is depicted as a harmful disease progressively spreading across the realm, arguably bringing about a moral degeneration among the human characters. In the end, however, it is not wilderness, but the corruption of the supposedly civilised characters that causes the collapse of Arthur’s empire. On closer inspection, the real danger thus seems to come from culture and material conditions rather than from nature.

This thesis explores representations of wild nature in two Arthurian texts – one British and one American – produced in an age characterised by rapid social transformation: Alfred, Lord Tennyson’s Idylls of the King (1859-1885) and Howard Pyle’s Story of King Arthur and His Knights (1903). By investigation of the textual descriptions of wilderness and the portrayals of characters living there, the study aims to investigate what attitudes towards unkempt nature are displayed in the two texts. While both narratives give evidence of a powerful nostalgia for a vanishing paradise, the yearning for Eden is expressed quite differently. Pyle’s text fuses the concepts of wilderness and paradise together by depicting the unkempt landscape as a place of splendour and spiritual enjoyment. Such a celebration of nature might well be seen a reaction against the rapid loss of wild spaces across America (and Britain) during the life-time of the author. In the Idylls, paradise is represented in the domesticated yet green landscape of the faraway fairy island of Avilion. Wilderness, on the other hand, is depicted as a harmful disease progressively spreading across the realm, arguably bringing about a moral degeneration among the human characters. In the end, however, it is not wilderness, but the corruption of the supposedly civilised characters that causes the collapse of Arthur’s empire. On closer inspection, the real danger thus seems to come from culture and material conditions rather than from nature.

This article analyses the industrial enterprise of the Dutch-born brothers Abraham and Jakob Momma-Reenstierna and their investments in Sápmi and the upper parts of the Torne River Valley, northern Sweden, during the second half of the seventeenth century. The aim is to explore the driving forces behind the industrial projects of the two brothers in a larger global and colonial context. With inspiration from recent critical studies on the simplifications, and Eurocentrism, in earlier understandings of the birth of modernity, we focus on the modernizing processes taking place in the upper part of the Torne River Valley as a meeting zone between local populations and landscapes and external capital. Metal extraction was booming in the seventeenth-century Sámi areas. Both the Danish-Norwegian and the Swedish Crowns invested heavily in the mining of silver, copper and iron. The scientific focus in archaeology and history has hitherto been very much on the state-governed projects, and limited interest has been directed towards the private enterprises. Moreover, there is also a need to study the roles of the local Finnish and Sámi populations, as well as the global connections, in these colonial industrial projects., A Colonial Arena: Landscape, People and Globalization in Inland Northern Sweden in the Early Modern Period

This article analyses the industrial enterprise of the Dutch-born brothers Abraham and Jakob Momma-Reenstierna and their investments in Sápmi and the upper parts of the Torne River Valley, northern Sweden, during the second half of the seventeenth century. The aim is to explore the driving forces behind the industrial projects of the two brothers in a larger global and colonial context. With inspiration from recent critical studies on the simplifications, and Eurocentrism, in earlier understandings of the birth of modernity, we focus on the modernizing processes taking place in the upper part of the Torne River Valley as a meeting zone between local populations and landscapes and external capital. Metal extraction was booming in the seventeenth-century Sámi areas. Both the Danish-Norwegian and the Swedish Crowns invested heavily in the mining of silver, copper and iron. The scientific focus in archaeology and history has hitherto been very much on the state-governed projects, and limited interest has been directed towards the private enterprises. Moreover, there is also a need to study the roles of the local Finnish and Sámi populations, as well as the global connections, in these colonial industrial projects., A Colonial Arena: Landscape, People and Globalization in Inland Northern Sweden in the Early Modern Period

This article analyses the industrial enterprise of the Dutch-born brothers Abraham and Jakob Momma-Reenstierna and their investments in Sápmi and the upper parts of the Torne River Valley, northern Sweden, during the second half of the seventeenth century. The aim is to explore the driving forces behind the industrial projects of the two brothers in a larger global and colonial context. With inspiration from recent critical studies on the simplifications, and Eurocentrism, in earlier understandings of the birth of modernity, we focus on the modernizing processes taking place in the upper part of the Torne River Valley as a meeting zone between local populations and landscapes and external capital. Metal extraction was booming in the seventeenth-century Sámi areas. Both the Danish-Norwegian and the Swedish Crowns invested heavily in the mining of silver, copper and iron. The scientific focus in archaeology and history has hitherto been very much on the state-governed projects, and limited interest has been directed towards the private enterprises. Moreover, there is also a need to study the roles of the local Finnish and Sámi populations, as well as the global connections, in these colonial industrial projects., A Colonial Arena: Landscape, People and Globalization in Inland Northern Sweden in the Early Modern Period

Social images related with society. In our society, there are so many social problems. Both the novel brings out the suffering of the poor human being. Bakha, the protagonist in Untouchable represents the exploitation which has been the destiny of untouchables like him. The untouchable belongs to the scavenger caste. Thus, untouchable deals with different kinds of exploitations such as social, political, economic and sexual exploitation. Mulk Raj Anand’s Coolie is a novel of child labor. Munoo is the central character or protagonist of the novel, Coolie. The novelist depicts the turn child labor in the life of Munoo through his story of repression. The novel Coolie is a painful story of human suffering. It discusses the problems of coolies in our society.  Mulk Raj Anand was one of the first India-based writers in English literature. He was an Indian writer in English. He is appreciated for his novels and short stories. Life of this great writer is filled with immense happenings. Certainly some of them are very critical and some are unbelievable.  He focuses various social, economic and cultural issues in his works particularly in his novels. He has written about 15 novels; some of them his famous novels are Untouchable (1935), Coolie (1936), Two Leaves and a Bud (1937), The Village (1939), Across the Black Waters (1939), The Sword and the Sickle (1942), The Private Life of an Indian Prince (1953). He has written also two collections namely Indian Fairy Tales (1946) and More Indian Fairy Tales (1961). In addition to this, he has created more than 6 collections of short stories. Anand’s first three novels – Untouchable, Coolie and Two Leaves and a Bud deal with the social issues in Pre-independent India. Anand focuses the lot of class of the deprived, the oppressed and the exiles. Coolie and Untouchable are the best example of the deprived and oppressed society.

This article analyses the industrial enterprise of the Dutch-born brothers Abraham and Jakob Momma-Reenstierna and their investments in Sápmi and the upper parts of the Torne River Valley, northern Sweden, during the second half of the seventeenth century. The aim is to explore the driving forces behind the industrial projects of the two brothers in a larger global and colonial context. With inspiration from recent critical studies on the simplifications, and Eurocentrism, in earlier understandings of the birth of modernity, we focus on the modernizing processes taking place in the upper part of the Torne River Valley as a meeting zone between local populations and landscapes and external capital. Metal extraction was booming in the seventeenth-century Sámi areas. Both the Danish-Norwegian and the Swedish Crowns invested heavily in the mining of silver, copper and iron. The scientific focus in archaeology and history has hitherto been very much on the state-governed projects, and limited interest has been directed towards the private enterprises. Moreover, there is also a need to study the roles of the local Finnish and Sámi populations, as well as the global connections, in these colonial industrial projects., A Colonial Arena: Landscape, People and Globalization in Inland Northern Sweden in the Early Modern Period

This article analyses the industrial enterprise of the Dutch-born brothers Abraham and Jakob Momma-Reenstierna and their investments in Sápmi and the upper parts of the Torne River Valley, northern Sweden, during the second half of the seventeenth century. The aim is to explore the driving forces behind the industrial projects of the two brothers in a larger global and colonial context. With inspiration from recent critical studies on the simplifications, and Eurocentrism, in earlier understandings of the birth of modernity, we focus on the modernizing processes taking place in the upper part of the Torne River Valley as a meeting zone between local populations and landscapes and external capital. Metal extraction was booming in the seventeenth-century Sámi areas. Both the Danish-Norwegian and the Swedish Crowns invested heavily in the mining of silver, copper and iron. The scientific focus in archaeology and history has hitherto been very much on the state-governed projects, and limited interest has been directed towards the private enterprises. Moreover, there is also a need to study the roles of the local Finnish and Sámi populations, as well as the global connections, in these colonial industrial projects., A Colonial Arena: Landscape, People and Globalization in Inland Northern Sweden in the Early Modern Period

Gaturummet har genom historien haft en stor betydelse för oss människor. Ett offentligt rum i staden som används av människor från alla samhällsklasser och till många olika aktiviteter. När den industriella revolutionen påbörjades och bilismen gjorde sitt intåg under början av 1900-talet förändrades människors transportvanor. Vilket resulterade i en radikal förändring i hur gaturummen utformades och användes. Målet med uppsatsen är att undersöka vilken roll gaturummet spelat genom historien, vilken roll den har idag och vilken roll ett framtida gaturum skulle kunna spela för oss människor. Syftet är att fundera på om det går att planera och skapa gaturum som inte bara behöver vara en transportsträcka, utan även bjuder in till övriga mänskliga aktiviteter. Som metod används en litteraturstudie för att beskriva gaturummets historia. För att kunna diskutera gaturummets potentiella framtid har en fallstudie genomförts som beskriver omvandlingar av tre samtida gaturum. Slutsatsen av den historiska tillbakablicken visar att gaturummet tycks ha gått från att vara en relativt oordnad och stökig plats med många olika mänskliga aktiviteter, till att bli en plats allt mer präglad av transportbehov, regler och restriktioner. I framtiden förväntas bilens nuvarande höga prioritet inom planeringen att minska vilket resulterar i mer plats åt övriga mänskliga aktiviteter i gaturummet., Through time the streetscapes in our cities have played many different roles for us humans. As a public space in the city, it´s used by all kinds of people and includes a big variety of human activities. During the beginning of the 20th century the automobile made its entrance as a result of the rapid developing industrialism. People’s habits of transportation was put up for a big change. This led to a radical alteration how the streetscape was designed and therefore used by people. The purpose with this dissertation is to examine which role the streetscape have played for people throughout history, its present role and a potential future one. The aim is to explore the possibilities in planning and design of streetscapes, that’s not necessarily only a way of getting from one place to another, but also invites for other human activities. A literature study has been conducted for describing the history of the streetscape. To be able to discuss the streetscapes possible future, a case study regarding the transformation of three modern streetscapes have been carried out. As a conclusion from the historical background its’ shown that the streetscape seems to have transformed from a relatively disordered place, where a variety of human activities were found, to a place characterized by the need of transportation, rules and restrictions. In future planning, when motoring is no longer a top priority, other human activities is expected to be valued more highly.

This paper addresses the effects of modernization processes on occupational career attainment. We ask whether modernization processes increased the success of occupational careers, and whether the effect of social background varies by regional level of modernization. We analyse a unique data set with information about the careers of around 7000 men who were active in the labour market in the Netherlands between 1865 and 1928. Modernization processes are measured at the municipality level (e.g. presence of post office and train station, educational expansion). The results of cross-classified multilevel growth models show that in municipalities with more advanced modernization, men enjoy higher social status at the beginning of their career, but that their status grows more slowly over the course of their career. The effect of social background hardly varies in response to modernization processes. Our results indicate that regional modernization processes have had restricted impact on individual mobility outcomes.

Uppsatsen undersöker folkhemstankens ideologiska utveckling utifrån texterna Folkhemstalet (Hansson, 2012) och Acceptera (Asplund et al., 1931). Det ideologiska ramverket analyseras sedan utifrån kritisk teori med ett maktteoretiskt perspektiv där ideologiernas reproducerande aspekter lyfts fram tillsammans med innebörden av dess implementering genom påverkan av medborgarens livsstil. Studien visar att det finns en diskrepans mellan ingångsvärdena i folkhemstankens ursprungliga vision och dess vidare ideologiska utveckling där kapitalism och industrialism framgångsrikt konkurrerar med den ursprungliga strävan efter jämlikhet. Vidare konstateras att implementeringen av folkhemmets ideologiska ramverk hos medborgaren genom påverkan på dennes livsstil ytterligare förstärker reproduktionen av ideologierna samtidigt som de, omedvetet för den utsatte, blir förhärskande för individen.

Uppsatsen undersöker folkhemstankens ideologiska utveckling utifrån texterna Folkhemstalet (Hansson, 2012) och Acceptera (Asplund et al., 1931). Det ideologiska ramverket analyseras sedan utifrån kritisk teori med ett maktteoretiskt perspektiv där ideologiernas reproducerande aspekter lyfts fram tillsammans med innebörden av dess implementering genom påverkan av medborgarens livsstil. Studien visar att det finns en diskrepans mellan ingångsvärdena i folkhemstankens ursprungliga vision och dess vidare ideologiska utveckling där kapitalism och industrialism framgångsrikt konkurrerar med den ursprungliga strävan efter jämlikhet. Vidare konstateras att implementeringen av folkhemmets ideologiska ramverk hos medborgaren genom påverkan på dennes livsstil ytterligare förstärker reproduktionen av ideologierna samtidigt som de, omedvetet för den utsatte, blir förhärskande för individen.

La École Polytechnique fue la institución académica y científica determinante para la conformación definitiva de la profesión del ingeniero contemporáneo, así como para la consolidación de las redes de infraestructuras y servicios públicos como elementos articuladores de las sociedades modernas. En este artículo abordamos precisamente la importancia de las infraestructuras físicas y financieras para la doc-trina del industrialismo saintsimoniano y para, en general, la configuración del pen-samiento politécnico.The infrastructure networks in the polytechnic ideologyThe École Polytechnique was the academic and scientific institution for to define the modern engineer profession and the consolidation of the nets of infrastructures and public services as unifying elements of the modern societies. In this article we me-ditate about the importance of the physical and financial infrastructures for the Saint-Simon’s doctrine and for the ideals of the engineer who belonged to the École Polytechnique.

The present study proposes an analysis about function of the rural school in Brazil in the context of the expansion project of the urban values and the concomitant process of industrialization that deepens in the second half of the 20th century. In the analysis of those who were thinking the educational policy of theBrazilianState, the rural primary school should become a center of irradiation of new values of industrialism to incorporate and reflect herself such values. The historical context in which occurs this process is characterized by the Brazilian State's transformation into a promoter of a new economic, political and social setting in Brazil, being the axis of its expansion effort of the country's industrial sector. This article concludes that the rural primary school expansion and reconfiguration project had like the objective the extension of typical habits, attitudes and behaviors of the industrial civilization., Cette étude propose une révision de l'école rurale au Brésil dans le cadre du projet d'extension des valeurs liées à l'espace urbain et a le processus concomitant d'industrialisation qui se approfondissement dans la seconde moitié du 20e siècle. Pour ceux qui pensaient la politique éducative du gouvernement brésilien, l'école primaire en milieu rural devrait devenir un centre de diffusion de nouvelles valeurs de l'industrialisme après intégrer et refléter ces valeurs elle même. Le contexte historique dans lequel ce processus se produit est marqué par la transformation de l'État en agent favorisant de la fixation d'un nouveau développement économique, politique et sociale au Brésil, étant l'axe de son mouvement le effort d'élargir le secteur industriel du pays. Il a été conclu que le projet d'expansion et de réaménagement de l'éducation en milieu rural vise à l'extension des habitudes, des attitudes et des comportements caractéristiques d'une civilisation industrielle., No presente estudo se propõe uma análise acerca da escola rural no Brasil, no contexto do projeto de expansão dos valores ligados ao espaço urbano e ao concomitante processo de industrialização que se aprofunda na segunda metade do século 20. Para os que pensavam as políticas educacionais do Estado brasileiro, a escola primária rural deveria tornar-se um centro de irradiação dos novos valores do industrialismo, ao incorporar e refletir ela mesma tais valores. O contexto histórico em que ocorre tal processo encontra-se marcado pela transformação do Estado em agente promotor de uma nova configuração econômica, política e social no Brasil, sendo o eixo de sua ação o esforço de expansão do setor industrial do país. Concluiu-se que o projeto de expansão e readequação da educação rural teve como objetivo a extensão dos hábitos, atitudes e formas de comportamento característicos de uma civilização industrial., Este estudio tiene por objeto un análisis a cerca de la escuela rural en el Brasil en el contexto del proyecto de expansión de los valores asociados al espacio urbano mientras en que el proceso de industrialización que se profundiza en la segunda mitad del siglo 20. El contexto histórico en que sucede este proceso está marcado por el cambio del Estado en agente promotor de un nuevo desarrollo económico, político y social en Brasil, siendo el eje de su acción el esfuerzo de expansión del sector industrial del país. Se concluyó que el proyecto de ampliación y reorganización de la educación rural tuvo como objeto la extensión de los hábitos, actitudes y maneras de comportarse característicos de una civilización industrial.

The present study proposes an analysis about function of the rural school in Brazil in the context of the expansion project of the urban values and the concomitant process of industrialization that deepens in the second half of the 20th century. In the analysis of those who were thinking the educational policy of theBrazilianState, the rural primary school should become a center of irradiation of new values of industrialism to incorporate and reflect herself such values. The historical context in which occurs this process is characterized by the Brazilian State's transformation into a promoter of a new economic, political and social setting in Brazil, being the axis of its expansion effort of the country's industrial sector. This article concludes that the rural primary school expansion and reconfiguration project had like the objective the extension of typical habits, attitudes and behaviors of the industrial civilization., Cette étude propose une révision de l'école rurale au Brésil dans le cadre du projet d'extension des valeurs liées à l'espace urbain et a le processus concomitant d'industrialisation qui se approfondissement dans la seconde moitié du 20e siècle. Pour ceux qui pensaient la politique éducative du gouvernement brésilien, l'école primaire en milieu rural devrait devenir un centre de diffusion de nouvelles valeurs de l'industrialisme après intégrer et refléter ces valeurs elle même. Le contexte historique dans lequel ce processus se produit est marqué par la transformation de l'État en agent favorisant de la fixation d'un nouveau développement économique, politique et sociale au Brésil, étant l'axe de son mouvement le effort d'élargir le secteur industriel du pays. Il a été conclu que le projet d'expansion et de réaménagement de l'éducation en milieu rural vise à l'extension des habitudes, des attitudes et des comportements caractéristiques d'une civilisation industrielle., No presente estudo se propõe uma análise acerca da escola rural no Brasil, no contexto do projeto de expansão dos valores ligados ao espaço urbano e ao concomitante processo de industrialização que se aprofunda na segunda metade do século 20. Para os que pensavam as políticas educacionais do Estado brasileiro, a escola primária rural deveria tornar-se um centro de irradiação dos novos valores do industrialismo, ao incorporar e refletir ela mesma tais valores. O contexto histórico em que ocorre tal processo encontra-se marcado pela transformação do Estado em agente promotor de uma nova configuração econômica, política e social no Brasil, sendo o eixo de sua ação o esforço de expansão do setor industrial do país. Concluiu-se que o projeto de expansão e readequação da educação rural teve como objetivo a extensão dos hábitos, atitudes e formas de comportamento característicos de uma civilização industrial., Este estudio tiene por objeto un análisis a cerca de la escuela rural en el Brasil en el contexto del proyecto de expansión de los valores asociados al espacio urbano mientras en que el proceso de industrialización que se profundiza en la segunda mitad del siglo 20. El contexto histórico en que sucede este proceso está marcado por el cambio del Estado en agente promotor de un nuevo desarrollo económico, político y social en Brasil, siendo el eje de su acción el esfuerzo de expansión del sector industrial del país. Se concluyó que el proyecto de ampliación y reorganización de la educación rural tuvo como objeto la extensión de los hábitos, actitudes y maneras de comportarse característicos de una civilización industrial.

La École Polytechnique fue la institución académica y científica determinante para la conformación definitiva de la profesión del ingeniero contemporáneo, así como para la consolidación de las redes de infraestructuras y servicios públicos como elementos articuladores de las sociedades modernas. En este artículo abordamos precisamente la importancia de las infraestructuras físicas y financieras para la doc-trina del industrialismo saintsimoniano y para, en general, la configuración del pen-samiento politécnico.The infrastructure networks in the polytechnic ideologyThe École Polytechnique was the academic and scientific institution for to define the modern engineer profession and the consolidation of the nets of infrastructures and public services as unifying elements of the modern societies. In this article we me-ditate about the importance of the physical and financial infrastructures for the Saint-Simon’s doctrine and for the ideals of the engineer who belonged to the École Polytechnique.

In Western European countries, particularly in Italy, the municipal trading of public services –municipalizzazione dei pubblici servizi– was not just a debate focused on the organizational and managerial forms of providing local public services. On the contrary, the discussion on municipal trading was part of a previous, wider and more complex debate, not only legal –regarding the enlargement of public functions– but also ideological; this last one being linked with the typical nineteen-century discussion between liberalism and socialism., En la mayoría de los países europeos y, significativamente, en Italia, la municipalización de servicios no fue solo un corto debate eminentemente técnico, centrado en las formas organizativas y los modos de gestión de los servicios públicos. Por el contrario, la discusión municipalizadora siempre vinculada a debates de más largo alcance, tanto de tipo jurídico –la ampliación de los fines del poder público y de las funciones que este debe asumir– como de corte ideológico, entroncando estos últimos con la discusión de finales del xix entre liberalismo y socialismo.

The loss of any close relative means a trauma for any person, but there is no social status whatsoever to designate the loss of a child. The fact this is an unmentionable issue comes from a primitive fear scaring industrial societies. There are currently different psychological explanations for this phenomenon and there were in the past societies which happily would sacrifice their own children. Anthropological and social explanations allow us to understand why we panic when one of our children are in danger. This article suggests there was an epistemological break during the development of industrial societies which objective was to discipline and indoctrinate children and women. The image of the good man who works to support his family not only favoured the development of capitalism but also consolidated the supremacy of the masculine over other forms of identity., A perda de qualquer familiar próximo implica um forte trauma para a pessoa. Mais, dos estados que uma sociedade confere a quem tem perdido um ser querido, não existe nenhum que possa se dar a quem experimenta a morte de um filho. Esta realidade, innombrable desde o linguajar, se remite a um medo primigenio que aterroriza a todas as sociedades industriais. Si bem existem diversas explicações psicologistas sobe o tema, não menos certo é que existiram em outro tempo sociedades que gostosas sacrificavam seus próprios filhos. Esta dicotomia, proposta em termos antropológicos e sociais, permite compreender por que sentimos pânico quando nossos filhos estão em perigo. A tese que este trabalho defende é que existiu um quebre epistemológico durante o crescimento da sociedade industrial onde a finalidade foi disciplinar e doutrinar tanto a crianças como mulheres. A figura do bom homem que trabalha pela sua família não só possibilitou o crescimento capitalista sino que consolidou a lógica de dominação do masculino sobre outras formas de identidade., La pérdida de cualquier familiar cercano implica un fuerte trauma para la persona. Pero de los estados que una sociedad confiere a quienes han perdido a un ser querido, no existe ninguno que pueda darse a quienes experimentan la muerte de un hijo. Esta realidad, innombrable desde el lenguaje, se remite a un miedo primigenio que aterroriza a todas las sociedades industriales. Si bien existen diversas explicaciones psicologistas sobre el tema, no menos cierto es que existieron en otro tiempo sociedades que gustosas sacrificaban a sus propios hijos. Esta dicotomía, planteada en términos antropológicos y sociales, permite comprender por qué sentimos pánico cuando nuestros hijos están en peligro. La tesis que este trabajo defiende es que existió un quiebre epistemológico durante el crecimiento de la sociedad industrial cuyo fin fue disciplinar y adoctrinar tanto a niños como a mujeres. La figura del buen hombre que trabaja por su familia no solo posibilitó el crecimiento capitalista sino que consolidó la lógica de dominación de lo masculino sobre otras formas de identidad.

The loss of any close relative means a trauma for any person, but there is no social status whatsoever to designate the loss of a child. The fact this is an unmentionable issue comes from a primitive fear scaring industrial societies. There are currently different psychological explanations for this phenomenon and there were in the past societies which happily would sacrifice their own children. Anthropological and social explanations allow us to understand why we panic when one of our children are in danger. This article suggests there was an epistemological break during the development of industrial societies which objective was to discipline and indoctrinate children and women. The image of the good man who works to support his family not only favoured the development of capitalism but also consolidated the supremacy of the masculine over other forms of identity., A perda de qualquer familiar próximo implica um forte trauma para a pessoa. Mais, dos estados que uma sociedade confere a quem tem perdido um ser querido, não existe nenhum que possa se dar a quem experimenta a morte de um filho. Esta realidade, innombrable desde o linguajar, se remite a um medo primigenio que aterroriza a todas as sociedades industriais. Si bem existem diversas explicações psicologistas sobe o tema, não menos certo é que existiram em outro tempo sociedades que gostosas sacrificavam seus próprios filhos. Esta dicotomia, proposta em termos antropológicos e sociais, permite compreender por que sentimos pânico quando nossos filhos estão em perigo. A tese que este trabalho defende é que existiu um quebre epistemológico durante o crescimento da sociedade industrial onde a finalidade foi disciplinar e doutrinar tanto a crianças como mulheres. A figura do bom homem que trabalha pela sua família não só possibilitou o crescimento capitalista sino que consolidou a lógica de dominação do masculino sobre outras formas de identidade., La pérdida de cualquier familiar cercano implica un fuerte trauma para la persona. Pero de los estados que una sociedad confiere a quienes han perdido a un ser querido, no existe ninguno que pueda darse a quienes experimentan la muerte de un hijo. Esta realidad, innombrable desde el lenguaje, se remite a un miedo primigenio que aterroriza a todas las sociedades industriales. Si bien existen diversas explicaciones psicologistas sobre el tema, no menos cierto es que existieron en otro tiempo sociedades que gustosas sacrificaban a sus propios hijos. Esta dicotomía, planteada en términos antropológicos y sociales, permite comprender por qué sentimos pánico cuando nuestros hijos están en peligro. La tesis que este trabajo defiende es que existió un quiebre epistemológico durante el crecimiento de la sociedad industrial cuyo fin fue disciplinar y adoctrinar tanto a niños como a mujeres. La figura del buen hombre que trabaja por su familia no solo posibilitó el crecimiento capitalista sino que consolidó la lógica de dominación de lo masculino sobre otras formas de identidad.

The loss of any close relative means a trauma for any person, but there is no social status whatsoever to designate the loss of a child. The fact this is an unmentionable issue comes from a primitive fear scaring industrial societies. There are currently different psychological explanations for this phenomenon and there were in the past societies which happily would sacrifice their own children. Anthropological and social explanations allow us to understand why we panic when one of our children are in danger. This article suggests there was an epistemological break during the development of industrial societies which objective was to discipline and indoctrinate children and women. The image of the good man who works to support his family not only favoured the development of capitalism but also consolidated the supremacy of the masculine over other forms of identity., A perda de qualquer familiar próximo implica um forte trauma para a pessoa. Mais, dos estados que uma sociedade confere a quem tem perdido um ser querido, não existe nenhum que possa se dar a quem experimenta a morte de um filho. Esta realidade, innombrable desde o linguajar, se remite a um medo primigenio que aterroriza a todas as sociedades industriais. Si bem existem diversas explicações psicologistas sobe o tema, não menos certo é que existiram em outro tempo sociedades que gostosas sacrificavam seus próprios filhos. Esta dicotomia, proposta em termos antropológicos e sociais, permite compreender por que sentimos pânico quando nossos filhos estão em perigo. A tese que este trabalho defende é que existiu um quebre epistemológico durante o crescimento da sociedade industrial onde a finalidade foi disciplinar e doutrinar tanto a crianças como mulheres. A figura do bom homem que trabalha pela sua família não só possibilitou o crescimento capitalista sino que consolidou a lógica de dominação do masculino sobre outras formas de identidade., La pérdida de cualquier familiar cercano implica un fuerte trauma para la persona. Pero de los estados que una sociedad confiere a quienes han perdido a un ser querido, no existe ninguno que pueda darse a quienes experimentan la muerte de un hijo. Esta realidad, innombrable desde el lenguaje, se remite a un miedo primigenio que aterroriza a todas las sociedades industriales. Si bien existen diversas explicaciones psicologistas sobre el tema, no menos cierto es que existieron en otro tiempo sociedades que gustosas sacrificaban a sus propios hijos. Esta dicotomía, planteada en términos antropológicos y sociales, permite comprender por qué sentimos pánico cuando nuestros hijos están en peligro. La tesis que este trabajo defiende es que existió un quiebre epistemológico durante el crecimiento de la sociedad industrial cuyo fin fue disciplinar y adoctrinar tanto a niños como a mujeres. La figura del buen hombre que trabaja por su familia no solo posibilitó el crecimiento capitalista sino que consolidó la lógica de dominación de lo masculino sobre otras formas de identidad.

The loss of any close relative means a trauma for any person, but there is no social status whatsoever to designate the loss of a child. The fact this is an unmentionable issue comes from a primitive fear scaring industrial societies. There are currently different psychological explanations for this phenomenon and there were in the past societies which happily would sacrifice their own children. Anthropological and social explanations allow us to understand why we panic when one of our children are in danger. This article suggests there was an epistemological break during the development of industrial societies which objective was to discipline and indoctrinate children and women. The image of the good man who works to support his family not only favoured the development of capitalism but also consolidated the supremacy of the masculine over other forms of identity., A perda de qualquer familiar próximo implica um forte trauma para a pessoa. Mais, dos estados que uma sociedade confere a quem tem perdido um ser querido, não existe nenhum que possa se dar a quem experimenta a morte de um filho. Esta realidade, innombrable desde o linguajar, se remite a um medo primigenio que aterroriza a todas as sociedades industriais. Si bem existem diversas explicações psicologistas sobe o tema, não menos certo é que existiram em outro tempo sociedades que gostosas sacrificavam seus próprios filhos. Esta dicotomia, proposta em termos antropológicos e sociais, permite compreender por que sentimos pânico quando nossos filhos estão em perigo. A tese que este trabalho defende é que existiu um quebre epistemológico durante o crescimento da sociedade industrial onde a finalidade foi disciplinar e doutrinar tanto a crianças como mulheres. A figura do bom homem que trabalha pela sua família não só possibilitou o crescimento capitalista sino que consolidou a lógica de dominação do masculino sobre outras formas de identidade., La pérdida de cualquier familiar cercano implica un fuerte trauma para la persona. Pero de los estados que una sociedad confiere a quienes han perdido a un ser querido, no existe ninguno que pueda darse a quienes experimentan la muerte de un hijo. Esta realidad, innombrable desde el lenguaje, se remite a un miedo primigenio que aterroriza a todas las sociedades industriales. Si bien existen diversas explicaciones psicologistas sobre el tema, no menos cierto es que existieron en otro tiempo sociedades que gustosas sacrificaban a sus propios hijos. Esta dicotomía, planteada en términos antropológicos y sociales, permite comprender por qué sentimos pánico cuando nuestros hijos están en peligro. La tesis que este trabajo defiende es que existió un quiebre epistemológico durante el crecimiento de la sociedad industrial cuyo fin fue disciplinar y adoctrinar tanto a niños como a mujeres. La figura del buen hombre que trabaja por su familia no solo posibilitó el crecimiento capitalista sino que consolidó la lógica de dominación de lo masculino sobre otras formas de identidad.

This essay is a study of Honoré Beaugrand’s Jeanne la filieuse. Beaugrand’s work, a fictional narrative of French Canadian migration to New England originally published in serial form in 1878, is at once a political tract on emigration and French Canadian society, a pioneering diasporic novel, and a muckraking study of New England industrialism. Shanahan shows how the appearance of multiple editions of the work, spaced across time and national borders, highlights the shift in meanings and the conflicting messages intended to be drawn from it by its publishers.The essay was originally published in the journal Je Me Souviens.

Köttbullen har utvecklats genom tiderna, största förändringen skedde vid industrialismen då stekspisen och köttkvarnen introducerades i vårt samhälle. Tillsammans med den nya eran förändrades människors vanor. Stekspis och köttkvarn resulterade i att nu kunde var mans hem mala sitt eget kött med hjälp av kvarnen för att sedan kunna steka köttbullarna i panna på stekspisen. I samhället vi lever i idag skall allt gå snabbt och i många fall bortprioriteras hemlagad mat. Konsumtionen av halvfabrikat ökar, allt fler köper delvis färdiglagad mat. Frågande ställer vi oss till om färdiglagade köttbullar är det som framtiden har att erbjuda. Studiens syfte har varit att undersöka vilka gastronomiska egenskaper och preferenser som deltagarna uppskattar och tycker att en köttbulle skall ha. Fortsatt granskade författarna matvanor kring hemmagjorda och färdiglagade köttbullar. Studien baserades på en fokusgrupp, en sensorisk bedömning och en attitydundersökning i form av en enkät. Vid den sensoriska bedömningen och vid attitydsundersökningen deltog 40 respondenter. Resultatet av deras svar blev en del av materialet till denna studie. Vid den sensoriska bedömningen fick respondenterna smaka på fem olika köttbullar. Tre stycken av köttbullarna var hemmagjorda och var inspirerade av recept från dåtid och nutid. Författarna valde olika recept från kända kokboksförfattare, samt ett recept som skulle representera en ”vanlig” köttbulle som författarna tog fram. De resterande två var av halvfabrikat. Processen gjordes för att visa hur köttbullssmeten och dess ingredienser har utvecklats genom tiderna. Med den sensoriska bedömningen ville författarna undersöka vilken köttbulle respondenterna föredrog. Respondenterna bedömde intensiteten av köttsmak, sälta, kryddning, konsistens hård, konsistens mjuk samt utseende på köttbullarna. Efter den sensoriska bedömningen fick respondenterna svara på frågor kring vanor av inhandling respektive tillagning av köttbullar. Att utläsa av den sensorisk

This essay is a study of Honoré Beaugrand’s Jeanne la filieuse. Beaugrand’s work, a fictional narrative of French Canadian migration to New England originally published in serial form in 1878, is at once a political tract on emigration and French Canadian society, a pioneering diasporic novel, and a muckraking study of New England industrialism. Shanahan shows how the appearance of multiple editions of the work, spaced across time and national borders, highlights the shift in meanings and the conflicting messages intended to be drawn from it by its publishers.The essay was originally published in the journal Je Me Souviens.

Köttbullen har utvecklats genom tiderna, största förändringen skedde vid industrialismen då stekspisen och köttkvarnen introducerades i vårt samhälle. Tillsammans med den nya eran förändrades människors vanor. Stekspis och köttkvarn resulterade i att nu kunde var mans hem mala sitt eget kött med hjälp av kvarnen för att sedan kunna steka köttbullarna i panna på stekspisen. I samhället vi lever i idag skall allt gå snabbt och i många fall bortprioriteras hemlagad mat. Konsumtionen av halvfabrikat ökar, allt fler köper delvis färdiglagad mat. Frågande ställer vi oss till om färdiglagade köttbullar är det som framtiden har att erbjuda. Studiens syfte har varit att undersöka vilka gastronomiska egenskaper och preferenser som deltagarna uppskattar och tycker att en köttbulle skall ha. Fortsatt granskade författarna matvanor kring hemmagjorda och färdiglagade köttbullar. Studien baserades på en fokusgrupp, en sensorisk bedömning och en attitydundersökning i form av en enkät. Vid den sensoriska bedömningen och vid attitydsundersökningen deltog 40 respondenter. Resultatet av deras svar blev en del av materialet till denna studie. Vid den sensoriska bedömningen fick respondenterna smaka på fem olika köttbullar. Tre stycken av köttbullarna var hemmagjorda och var inspirerade av recept från dåtid och nutid. Författarna valde olika recept från kända kokboksförfattare, samt ett recept som skulle representera en ”vanlig” köttbulle som författarna tog fram. De resterande två var av halvfabrikat. Processen gjordes för att visa hur köttbullssmeten och dess ingredienser har utvecklats genom tiderna. Med den sensoriska bedömningen ville författarna undersöka vilken köttbulle respondenterna föredrog. Respondenterna bedömde intensiteten av köttsmak, sälta, kryddning, konsistens hård, konsistens mjuk samt utseende på köttbullarna. Efter den sensoriska bedömningen fick respondenterna svara på frågor kring vanor av inhandling respektive tillagning av köttbullar. Att utläsa av den sensorisk

Undersökningen behandlar Rudolf Abelins författarskap från slutet av 1880-talet och fram till mitten av 1910-talet. Det finns en avsaknad av forskning, om Abelin, som tar hänsyn till samtidskontexten och samtliga av hans publicerade verk. Uppsatsen åsyftar att visa hur samtliga böcker skall uppfattas som en helhet. De böcker som studeras är främst mönsterböcker i trädgårdsskötsel, men där ventileras också ett större system av idéer och värderingar. Litteraturen placeras i kontexten av den kulturkris som uppkom­mer när moderniteten gör sitt intåg i Sverige. Modernitetskritiska rörelser, som egna­hemsrörelsen och kolonirörelsen, jämförs med de idéer som presenteras i Abelins litte­ratur, för att på så vis försöka skapa en större förståelse för hur hans såg på sin samtid och framtid. Uppsatsen påvisar att det finns stora likheter mellan Abelin och de modernitetskri­tiska rörelserna, och att det är en utveckling som skett över tid. Det som gör Abelin till ett original, jämfört med andra hemideologer, är att han bakar in sin kritik i böcker som främst rör trädgårdskonsten. Vid studie av samtliga av hans böcker så bildas det en röd tråd, som uppvisar tankar om ett större, enhetligt, idealsamhälle där förhållandet mellan människan och naturen kännetecknas av vördnad. Det står i stark kontrast till den ex­ploatering av naturen som industrialismen – moderniteten – representerar. Resultaten i uppsatsen innebär en större förståelse för Abelins förhållande till samti­den, men också i hur han betraktar trädgårdarna ur ett annat perspektiv än rent estetiskt. Slutsatsen påvisar att det finns en rad områden där vidare forskningen kan gå vidare, för att kunna skapa en större bild av denna trädgårdens mästare., Ifall eventuella läsare har kommentarer så går det bra att vända sig till Olof.nson@gmail.com

This is a comparative case study with a most-similar design of Northern Rhodesia (Zambia) and Southern Rhodesia’s (Zimbabwe) political development prior to the colonies’ first democratic experiences, which coincide with their independence. A historical analysis of Southern Rhodesia’s agricultural export economy shows that it shapes structures that hinder the democratic development. The same analysis on Northern Rhodesia shows that the colonies export economy, based on mineral, creates structures that facilitate democratization. The theory by Rueschemeyer et al., on capitalist development and democracy is applied on the historical analyses. This helps us obtain answers about how the socioeconomic consequences, originating from the differences in the export economies, based on either agriculture or mining, can somewhat explain the colonies’ political development, especially regarding democratization. These results are compared with the result from the study made on democratization in Latin America, another Late Developed region, done by Rueschemeyer et al. The comparison shows that the regions seems structurally different and identifies elements particularly important for analyzing societies in southern Africa. The study also demonstrates the overall strength of the theory when used in an African context, even though is has difficulties to explain democratization provoked by international pressure.

Undersökningen behandlar Rudolf Abelins författarskap från slutet av 1880-talet och fram till mitten av 1910-talet. Det finns en avsaknad av forskning, om Abelin, som tar hänsyn till samtidskontexten och samtliga av hans publicerade verk. Uppsatsen åsyftar att visa hur samtliga böcker skall uppfattas som en helhet. De böcker som studeras är främst mönsterböcker i trädgårdsskötsel, men där ventileras också ett större system av idéer och värderingar. Litteraturen placeras i kontexten av den kulturkris som uppkom­mer när moderniteten gör sitt intåg i Sverige. Modernitetskritiska rörelser, som egna­hemsrörelsen och kolonirörelsen, jämförs med de idéer som presenteras i Abelins litte­ratur, för att på så vis försöka skapa en större förståelse för hur hans såg på sin samtid och framtid. Uppsatsen påvisar att det finns stora likheter mellan Abelin och de modernitetskri­tiska rörelserna, och att det är en utveckling som skett över tid. Det som gör Abelin till ett original, jämfört med andra hemideologer, är att han bakar in sin kritik i böcker som främst rör trädgårdskonsten. Vid studie av samtliga av hans böcker så bildas det en röd tråd, som uppvisar tankar om ett större, enhetligt, idealsamhälle där förhållandet mellan människan och naturen kännetecknas av vördnad. Det står i stark kontrast till den ex­ploatering av naturen som industrialismen – moderniteten – representerar. Resultaten i uppsatsen innebär en större förståelse för Abelins förhållande till samti­den, men också i hur han betraktar trädgårdarna ur ett annat perspektiv än rent estetiskt. Slutsatsen påvisar att det finns en rad områden där vidare forskningen kan gå vidare, för att kunna skapa en större bild av denna trädgårdens mästare., Ifall eventuella läsare har kommentarer så går det bra att vända sig till Olof.nson@gmail.com

This is a comparative case study with a most-similar design of Northern Rhodesia (Zambia) and Southern Rhodesia’s (Zimbabwe) political development prior to the colonies’ first democratic experiences, which coincide with their independence. A historical analysis of Southern Rhodesia’s agricultural export economy shows that it shapes structures that hinder the democratic development. The same analysis on Northern Rhodesia shows that the colonies export economy, based on mineral, creates structures that facilitate democratization. The theory by Rueschemeyer et al., on capitalist development and democracy is applied on the historical analyses. This helps us obtain answers about how the socioeconomic consequences, originating from the differences in the export economies, based on either agriculture or mining, can somewhat explain the colonies’ political development, especially regarding democratization. These results are compared with the result from the study made on democratization in Latin America, another Late Developed region, done by Rueschemeyer et al. The comparison shows that the regions seems structurally different and identifies elements particularly important for analyzing societies in southern Africa. The study also demonstrates the overall strength of the theory when used in an African context, even though is has difficulties to explain democratization provoked by international pressure.

This dissertation investigates literary responses to environmental change in nineteenth-century England. Two tropes, chaos in narrative and the microcosm in lyric poetry, suggest how literary works may have been precursors of ecological science. I argue that literary epistemology in the long nineteenth-century developed precocious theories of the way nature operates based on contingent narrative and microcosm systems. These ideas were adopted as empirical strategies once scientific ecology emerged in the twentieth-century, and both tropes are prominent in twenty-first century ecological science. Ecology appeared late among scientific disciplines partly because it relies on cooperation between reduction and holism: climate change theory, for example, uses microcosm models to develop narratives of environmental contingency. Five chapters consider these two tropes from historical, literary, and scientific perspectives. The first chapter is a historical introduction to nineteenth-century science that traces the development of environmental awareness from industrial pollution and early studies of nature in microcosm, especially in the work of Charles Darwin and Stephen Forbes. Chapter two investigates four narratives of environmental chaos spanning the long nineteenth-century: Gilbert White, Mary Shelley, Richard Jefferies and H.G. Wells emplot the radical new notion of a post-apocalypse environment in narratives that rely on chaotic discontinuity, rather than the coherent gradualism that marked evolutionary theories of the time. Chapter three examines microcosmic imagery in the work of several important poets, including William and Dorothy Wordsworth, John Clare, Percy Shelley, and Matthew Arnold. I argue that the imagination and close observation of nineteenth-century poets helped the nascent sciences conceive of ways to simplify nature without dismembering its complex structures. Chapter four, devoted to the ecological thinking of John Keats, traces his abandonment of

Undersökningens syfte är att utifrån en diskursteoretisk ansats beskriva och analysera bakgrunden till Norrköpings folkparks tillkomst samt folkparksstyrelsens uppfattning om den ideale besökaren under slutet av 1800-talet. Granskningen görs med utgångspunkt från frågorna: med vilka argument resonerade folkparkens styrelse att parken skulle byggas, vad kan man utifrån denna argumentation utläsa om folkparkens funktion och vem var den ideale besökaren enligt folkparksstyrelsen? De resultat som framkommit vid analysen bör ses som tolkningar gjorda utifrån Foucaults teorier om disciplinering och makt. Folkparken var under slutet av 1800-talet en social arena för disciplinering av arbetare. Folkparkens utformning i kombination med tillkomsten av ordningsregler och övervakning kan i det här sammanhanget bl.a. ses som ett led i arbetet med att förändra besökarnas beteende. Borgerlighetens förhoppning var att genom disciplinering utifrån de fastställda reglerna för korrekt beteende skapa ordningsamma, flitiga och tidsmedvetna arbetare. Detta gjordes delvis i syfte att höja fabrikernas effektivitet och kvalitén på den tid som arbetaren sålde till företagen. Borgerligheten sökte även förändra besökarnas relation till naturen och indirekt till nationen genom att skapa ideala förutsättningar för upplevelser och konsumtion av den genuint svenska naturen. Disciplineringen i folkparken skedde parallellt med indoktrineringen av det genuint svenska i andra sammanhang. I skolan förmedlades bilden av den svenska naturen via dikter, bilder, konst och sång och understödde upplevelserna i folkparken. Förhoppningen var att dessa erfarenheter skulle öka arbetarnas fosterlandskärlek och indirekt förbättra arbetarnas relation till nationen och borgerligheten.

Undersökningens syfte är att utifrån en diskursteoretisk ansats beskriva och analysera bakgrunden till Norrköpings folkparks tillkomst samt folkparksstyrelsens uppfattning om den ideale besökaren under slutet av 1800-talet. Granskningen görs med utgångspunkt från frågorna: med vilka argument resonerade folkparkens styrelse att parken skulle byggas, vad kan man utifrån denna argumentation utläsa om folkparkens funktion och vem var den ideale besökaren enligt folkparksstyrelsen? De resultat som framkommit vid analysen bör ses som tolkningar gjorda utifrån Foucaults teorier om disciplinering och makt. Folkparken var under slutet av 1800-talet en social arena för disciplinering av arbetare. Folkparkens utformning i kombination med tillkomsten av ordningsregler och övervakning kan i det här sammanhanget bl.a. ses som ett led i arbetet med att förändra besökarnas beteende. Borgerlighetens förhoppning var att genom disciplinering utifrån de fastställda reglerna för korrekt beteende skapa ordningsamma, flitiga och tidsmedvetna arbetare. Detta gjordes delvis i syfte att höja fabrikernas effektivitet och kvalitén på den tid som arbetaren sålde till företagen. Borgerligheten sökte även förändra besökarnas relation till naturen och indirekt till nationen genom att skapa ideala förutsättningar för upplevelser och konsumtion av den genuint svenska naturen. Disciplineringen i folkparken skedde parallellt med indoktrineringen av det genuint svenska i andra sammanhang. I skolan förmedlades bilden av den svenska naturen via dikter, bilder, konst och sång och understödde upplevelserna i folkparken. Förhoppningen var att dessa erfarenheter skulle öka arbetarnas fosterlandskärlek och indirekt förbättra arbetarnas relation till nationen och borgerligheten.

This case study explores how geo-political power structures influence and/or determine the conception, acceptance and maintenance of what is considered to be valid archaeological knowledge. The nature of this contingency is exemplified through an examination of how the prehistory of Norrland, a region traditionally considered and portrayed as peripheral vis-à-vis the centre-South, was interpreted and presented by Swedish archaeologists during the 20th century. This contextual situation is analysed through the implementation of three interrelated and complimentary perspectives; 1) The relationship between northern and southern Sweden is examined using concepts concerning the nature of colonialism, resulting in the formulation of 20 particulars that typify the colonial experience, circumstances that characterise the historical, and unequal, association that has existed between these two regions for the last 600 years. 2) Ideals of national identity and heritage as manufactured and employed by the kingdom and later by the nation-state, with the assistance of antiquarianism, archaeology and/or centralised cultural management, are outlined. The creation of these various concepts have reinforced and perpetuated the colonial and asymmetrical association between what has naturally come to be viewed as the peripheral-North and the centre-South. 3) A century of archaeological research into the Norrlandian past is studied using the concepts ‘thoughtstyle’ and ‘thought-collective’ as devised by Ludwik Fleck. This analysis disclosed a persistent set of reoccurring explanations that have constantly been invoked when interpreting and presenting the prehistory of Norrland. This archaeological thought-style has normalised the unbalanced power relationship between North and South that has existed for the last 600 years by projecting it far back into the prehistoric past. This case study has demonstrated that archaeologists, unless acutely aware of the historical context in which they

This case study explores how geo-political power structures influence and/or determine the conception, acceptance and maintenance of what is considered to be valid archaeological knowledge. The nature of this contingency is exemplified through an examination of how the prehistory of Norrland, a region traditionally considered and portrayed as peripheral vis-à-vis the centre-South, was interpreted and presented by Swedish archaeologists during the 20th century. This contextual situation is analysed through the implementation of three interrelated and complimentary perspectives; 1) The relationship between northern and southern Sweden is examined using concepts concerning the nature of colonialism, resulting in the formulation of 20 particulars that typify the colonial experience, circumstances that characterise the historical, and unequal, association that has existed between these two regions for the last 600 years. 2) Ideals of national identity and heritage as manufactured and employed by the kingdom and later by the nation-state, with the assistance of antiquarianism, archaeology and/or centralised cultural management, are outlined. The creation of these various concepts have reinforced and perpetuated the colonial and asymmetrical association between what has naturally come to be viewed as the peripheral-North and the centre-South. 3) A century of archaeological research into the Norrlandian past is studied using the concepts ‘thoughtstyle’ and ‘thought-collective’ as devised by Ludwik Fleck. This analysis disclosed a persistent set of reoccurring explanations that have constantly been invoked when interpreting and presenting the prehistory of Norrland. This archaeological thought-style has normalised the unbalanced power relationship between North and South that has existed for the last 600 years by projecting it far back into the prehistoric past. This case study has demonstrated that archaeologists, unless acutely aware of the historical context in which they

This case study explores how geo-political power structures influence and/or determine the conception, acceptance and maintenance of what is considered to be valid archaeological knowledge. The nature of this contingency is exemplified through an examination of how the prehistory of Norrland, a region traditionally considered and portrayed as peripheral vis-à-vis the centre-South, was interpreted and presented by Swedish archaeologists during the 20th century. This contextual situation is analysed through the implementation of three interrelated and complimentary perspectives; 1) The relationship between northern and southern Sweden is examined using concepts concerning the nature of colonialism, resulting in the formulation of 20 particulars that typify the colonial experience, circumstances that characterise the historical, and unequal, association that has existed between these two regions for the last 600 years. 2) Ideals of national identity and heritage as manufactured and employed by the kingdom and later by the nation-state, with the assistance of antiquarianism, archaeology and/or centralised cultural management, are outlined. The creation of these various concepts have reinforced and perpetuated the colonial and asymmetrical association between what has naturally come to be viewed as the peripheral-North and the centre-South. 3) A century of archaeological research into the Norrlandian past is studied using the concepts ‘thoughtstyle’ and ‘thought-collective’ as devised by Ludwik Fleck. This analysis disclosed a persistent set of reoccurring explanations that have constantly been invoked when interpreting and presenting the prehistory of Norrland. This archaeological thought-style has normalised the unbalanced power relationship between North and South that has existed for the last 600 years by projecting it far back into the prehistoric past. This case study has demonstrated that archaeologists, unless acutely aware of the historical context in which they

This case study explores how geo-political power structures influence and/or determine the conception, acceptance and maintenance of what is considered to be valid archaeological knowledge. The nature of this contingency is exemplified through an examination of how the prehistory of Norrland, a region traditionally considered and portrayed as peripheral vis-à-vis the centre-South, was interpreted and presented by Swedish archaeologists during the 20th century. This contextual situation is analysed through the implementation of three interrelated and complimentary perspectives; 1) The relationship between northern and southern Sweden is examined using concepts concerning the nature of colonialism, resulting in the formulation of 20 particulars that typify the colonial experience, circumstances that characterise the historical, and unequal, association that has existed between these two regions for the last 600 years. 2) Ideals of national identity and heritage as manufactured and employed by the kingdom and later by the nation-state, with the assistance of antiquarianism, archaeology and/or centralised cultural management, are outlined. The creation of these various concepts have reinforced and perpetuated the colonial and asymmetrical association between what has naturally come to be viewed as the peripheral-North and the centre-South. 3) A century of archaeological research into the Norrlandian past is studied using the concepts ‘thoughtstyle’ and ‘thought-collective’ as devised by Ludwik Fleck. This analysis disclosed a persistent set of reoccurring explanations that have constantly been invoked when interpreting and presenting the prehistory of Norrland. This archaeological thought-style has normalised the unbalanced power relationship between North and South that has existed for the last 600 years by projecting it far back into the prehistoric past. This case study has demonstrated that archaeologists, unless acutely aware of the historical context in which they

This paper is framed within the theoretical context of the debate on the trend towards the convergence of the various systems of industrial relations linked to economic globalisation. It begins with a brief presentation of the cur rent state of the art, making reference to ideas such as the industrialism» of the 1970s and the theor y of strategic elections of the 1980s and 1990s. By using empirical research on the implementation of Japanese firms in Europe, particularly in France and Spain, it is proven that this does not bring about any equalisation of labour relations. Each countr y maintains, reproduces and rebuilds its own special brand of industrial relations. Not only do institutions and the dynamics of social and labour players count in the practical processes of globalisation, they are active players in its development, Este trabajo se sitúa en el contexto teórico del debate sobre la tendencia hacia convergencia de los diversos sistemas de relaciones laborales ligada al fenómeno de la globalización económica. Se parte con una breve presentación del estado actual de la cuestión en la que se hace referencia a los planteamientos del «industrialismo» de los años sesenta y a los de la teoría de las elecciones estratégicas de los ochenta y noventa. A través de una investigación empírica sobre la implantación de empresas japonesas en Europa, y particularmente en Francia y en España, se hace ver cómo el hecho no se traduce en ningún tipo de homogeneización de las relaciones laborales. En cada país se mantienen, reproduce y, a la vez, se re-constr uyen unas relaciones laborales peculiares. Las instituciones y la dinámica de los actores socio-laborales no sólo cuentan en los procesos prácticos de globalización sino que, además, son entidades activas en su desarrollo.

This paper is framed within the theoretical context of the debate on the trend towards the convergence of the various systems of industrial relations linked to economic globalisation. It begins with a brief presentation of the cur rent state of the art, making reference to ideas such as the industrialism» of the 1970s and the theor y of strategic elections of the 1980s and 1990s. By using empirical research on the implementation of Japanese firms in Europe, particularly in France and Spain, it is proven that this does not bring about any equalisation of labour relations. Each countr y maintains, reproduces and rebuilds its own special brand of industrial relations. Not only do institutions and the dynamics of social and labour players count in the practical processes of globalisation, they are active players in its development, Este trabajo se sitúa en el contexto teórico del debate sobre la tendencia hacia convergencia de los diversos sistemas de relaciones laborales ligada al fenómeno de la globalización económica. Se parte con una breve presentación del estado actual de la cuestión en la que se hace referencia a los planteamientos del «industrialismo» de los años sesenta y a los de la teoría de las elecciones estratégicas de los ochenta y noventa. A través de una investigación empírica sobre la implantación de empresas japonesas en Europa, y particularmente en Francia y en España, se hace ver cómo el hecho no se traduce en ningún tipo de homogeneización de las relaciones laborales. En cada país se mantienen, reproduce y, a la vez, se re-constr uyen unas relaciones laborales peculiares. Las instituciones y la dinámica de los actores socio-laborales no sólo cuentan en los procesos prácticos de globalización sino que, además, son entidades activas en su desarrollo.

Information and communication technologies (ICT), like all technologies, are catalysts for political change and potential conflict. The Internet effect continues to fuel the explosive growth of ICT, and has enduring implications. It has sparked the long fuse of an Information Revolutionand a Social Network Revolution. This revolutionary wave is fundamentally altering both the structure of institutional arrangements and the behavior of bureaucratic organizations by transforming traditional tactics for organizing, communicating, collaborating, and participating in the political system. Does the accelerated rate of systemic change caused by the Internet effect create social cohesion, or cleavages that may lead to increased conflict? The purpose of this study is to determine, by qualitative as well as quantitative means, whether a causal relationship exists between the degree a society is connected via social media networks (Internet and the World Wide Web [WWW]) and the institutional capacities of central governance. Blending theory with data, a statistical regression model is developed to evaluate the degree and measure the magnitude of this relationship. The findings gleaned from this analysis suggest that a conditional causal relationship does exist between social connectivity and state capacity., http://archive.org/details/globalconnectivi1094534651, Major, United States Army, Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

La question des rapports entre Comte et Saint-Simon est toujours en suspens, la version qu’en a donnée le premier étant très sujette à caution. Pour tenter d’y voir clair, il convient de commencer par régler certaines questions factuelles. Les pages qui suivent s’en tiennent aux années qui séparent les publications, dans des périodiques édités par Saint-Simon, du Plan des travaux scientifiques nécessaires pour réorganiser la société (mai 1822-mai 1824) et qui s’achèvent sur une rupture. Grâce à la récente édition des Œuvres complètes de Saint-Simon, il est possible de dégager ce que ses écrits de cette période nous apprennent sur les relations entre les deux hommes., The question of the relationship between Comte and Saint-Simon is still unclear: Comte, who for seven years acted as secretary to Saint-Simon, was later very unfair to him. The first step toward a clarification is to settle some facts. This paper focuses on what happened between the two publications, in newspapers edited by Saint-Simon, of the Plan des travaux scientifiques nécessaires pour réorganiser la société (May 1822–May 1824), a crucial episode that ended with Comte breaking off definitively with Saint-Simon. Thanks to the new edition of the collected works of Saint-Simon, it is possible to uncover how Saint-Simon perceived the two men’s relationship