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This study investigated the socioeconomic and demographic factors influencing students' gambling participation. The research design was a cross-sectional survey to collect primary and secondary data. The study used quantitative and qualitative approaches and involved eighty-seven (87) participants, including gamblers and non-gamblers from Tambani Secondary School. The logistic regression model was used as a technique for data analysis. The results indicate that 37 (42.5%) of the gambling students preferred slot gambling over other forms. The quantitative analysis revealed that four out of six socioeconomic and demographic factors were significantly associated with the probability of students participating in gambling activities. School students' gambling participation is influenced by several factors, including the number of gambling facilities, distance from home to school, monthly income, and parents' or carers' carelessness about the school. The significance of these factors was checked based on a coefficient of P-value of less than 5% (p<0.05). The study concludes that the number of gambling facilities, parents' carelessness, class of the study, gender, place of residence, monthly income, and distance from home to school all influence students' gambling participation. The study suggests that the Ward Executive Officer (WEO) should encourage community members to construct school hostels and ensure strict enforcement of laws and policies for bet owners. Additionally, Community Development Officers (CDOs) could implement educational programmes to inform the community about the impact of gambling on secondary school students who have completed primary education.

AimTo investigates the financial consequences in the overall population spouses of persons with stroke in Sweden as well as for subgroups based on spouses age, sex and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) of the person with stroke.MethodsThe study population consists of spouses aged <= 60 during the year of their partner's stroke event. Each spouse was matched to four reference individuals. This longitudinal registry data covers spouses and a reference population between 2005 and 2016. We use difference-in-differences to estimate the impact on individual income from paid work, disposable individual income, and disposable family income.ResultsThe primary analysis shows a small and statistically insignificant decrease on spouses' individual income from paid work and disposable individual income. In the subgroup analysis based on mRS, the largest effect is seen in mRS 4-5, where spouses' individual income from paid work and disposable individual income increases after their partner's stroke. Further, younger female spouses' individual income from paid work decreases by 1 614 EUR (p = 0.008) on average.ConclusionThe financial consequences are small in the overall population of spouses. However, for some subgroups, younger women, and spouses of persons with stroke and mRS 4-5, the financial consequences are more prominent.

The objective of this research is to examine the influence of income and financial literacy on the consumtive behavior of Shopee Paylater customers from Generation Z in Bandar Lampung City. The study used a quantitative methodology, focusing on the generation Z population residing in the city. The collection of primary data was the dissemination of online questionnaires to a sample of 100 respondents who were both users of Shopee Paylater and within the age range of 18-25 years. “The process of selecting samples is conducted using non-probability sampling techniques, with a particular emphasis on purposive sampling. Data analysis was performed using multiple linear regression models to explain the relationship between independent variables (income and financial literacy) to dependent variables (consumptive behavior). Statistical software such as SPSS 29.0 or Excel is used for data analysis. The tests performed include descriptive analysis, classical assumption tests, t tests, F tests. The level of achievement of respondents shows that variable X1 income is included in criteria neutral with a percentage of 68.45, for variable X2 financial literacy criteria neutral with a percentage of 65.50% and variable consumptive behavior Y criteria neutral with a percentage of 63.04%. The results of the analysis concluded that partially, income (X1) has a positive influence on consumptive behavior (Y).  Financial literacy (X2) partially has a positive influence on consumptive behavior (Y). In addition, simultaneously, income and financial literacy have an impact on the consumptive behavior of generation Z Shopee Paylater users in Bandar Lampung City.

The objective of this research is to examine the influence of income and financial literacy on the consumtive behavior of Shopee Paylater customers from Generation Z in Bandar Lampung City. The study used a quantitative methodology, focusing on the generation Z population residing in the city. The collection of primary data was the dissemination of online questionnaires to a sample of 100 respondents who were both users of Shopee Paylater and within the age range of 18-25 years. “The process of selecting samples is conducted using non-probability sampling techniques, with a particular emphasis on purposive sampling. Data analysis was performed using multiple linear regression models to explain the relationship between independent variables (income and financial literacy) to dependent variables (consumptive behavior). Statistical software such as SPSS 29.0 or Excel is used for data analysis. The tests performed include descriptive analysis, classical assumption tests, t tests, F tests. The level of achievement of respondents shows that variable X1 income is included in criteria neutral with a percentage of 68.45, for variable X2 financial literacy criteria neutral with a percentage of 65.50% and variable consumptive behavior Y criteria neutral with a percentage of 63.04%. The results of the analysis concluded that partially, income (X1) has a positive influence on consumptive behavior (Y).  Financial literacy (X2) partially has a positive influence on consumptive behavior (Y). In addition, simultaneously, income and financial literacy have an impact on the consumptive behavior of generation Z Shopee Paylater users in Bandar Lampung City.

The investigation revealed that the clothing company ´´Jaret´´ is having problems with respect to the waste generated at the time of the production of its garments such as fabric, piping, elastic, rib among others, this occurs because the staff is not trained to waste disposal. The lack of control, order in reverse logistics processes and lack of knowledge in reducing waste affects the storage area and with it work performance, which causes a loss of time when making garments. The research carried out was characterized by a mixed approach, where qualitative and quantitative data are collected, analyzed and linked in the same study. The qualitative approach was used to collect data without numerical measurement and thereby discover or refine the respective research questions, and questions and hypotheses can also be developed before, during or after data collection. The quantitative approach is based on answering research questions and thus being able to verify through numerical measurement and statistical analysis. A diagnosis of the current situation of the waste generated by the company ´´Jaret´´ was carried out in order to identify the reverse logistics strategies that can be applied to the company’s waste and thus generate a proposal that allows reducing the impact generated by the company’s waste. This research was carried out in the ´´Jaret´´ clothing company located and., La investigación reveló que la empresa confecciones ´´Jaret´´ está teniendo inconvenientes con respecto a los desechos generados al momento de la elaboración de sus prendas como tela, vivo, elástico, rib entre otros, esto se presenta porque el personal no está capacitado para la eliminación de desechos. La falta de control, el orden en los procesos de logística inversa y falta de conocimiento en la disminución de los desechos afecta al área de almacenamiento y con ello el desempeño laboral lo que causa una pérdida de tiempo al momento efectuar las prendas. La investigación realizada se caracterizó por un enfoque mixto, donde se recolecta, analiza y vincula datos cualitativos y cuantitativos en un mismo estudio. El enfoque cualitativo se utilizó para la recolección de datos sin medición numérica y con ello descubrir o afinar las respectivas preguntas de investigación, así mismo pueden desarrollar preguntas e hipótesis antes, durante o después de la recolección de los datos El enfoque cuantitativo se basa en contestar preguntas de investigación y con ello poder comprobar mediante una medición numérica y el análisis estadístico. Se realizó un diagnóstico de la situación actual de los residuos generados por la empresa ´´Jaret´´ para poder identificar las estrategias de logística inversa que se pueda aplicar a los residuos de la empresa y así que se pueda generar una propuesta que permita disminuir el impacto generado por los residuos de la empresa. Esta investigación se llevó a cabo en la empresa confecciones ´´Jaret´´ ubicada en la ciudadela ´´Ciudad Verde´´ en la ciudad de Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas.

Sektor pertanian merupakan salah satu penopang dalam struktur pembangunan ekonomi nasional di Indonesia. Sektor ini memiliki potensi besar dan berperan penting dalam menyediakan lapangan kerja, menyumbang devisa negara, serta menyumbang PDB. Pertumbuhan PDB sektor pertanian di triwulan III tahun 2022 mencapai 1,65%, dengan kontribusi PDB sektor pertanian sebesar 12,91 persen. Masyarakat pedesaan di Indonesia sangat bergantung pada pertanian sebagai sumber pendapatan, baik dari pertanian on farm maupun off farm. Kegiatan pertanian on farm dan off farm mendorong petani untuk lebih berdaya dengan memberikan nilai tambah melalui pengolahan produk dan pengembangan usaha berbasis pertanian. Diversifikasi pendapatan dilakukan dalam pertanian untuk meningkatkan ketahanan ekonomi petani dan mengurangi risiko produksi. Namun, pengembangan pertanian ini perlu didukung oleh pendampingan yang berkelanjutan dari pemerintah, lembaga pendidikan, dan pemangku kepentingan terkait. Oleh karena itu, tim pengabdi melakukan kegiatan pengabdian di Pelatihan Pertanian dan Pedesaan Swadaya (P4S), Bulubalea, Sulawesi Selatan, dengan tahapan perencanaan, pelaksanaan, dan evaluasi. Kegiatan ini melibatkan sosialisasi bimbingan teknis tanaman buah kepada petani, dengan memberikan bibit serta penyuluhan teknologi pertanian. Hasil evaluasi menunjukkan peningkatan pengetahuan peserta dan respons positif terhadap kegiatan pengabdian ini., Sektor pertanian merupakan salah satu penopang dalam struktur pembangunan ekonomi nasional di Indonesia. Sektor ini memiliki potensi besar dan berperan penting dalam menyediakan lapangan kerja, menyumbang devisa negara, serta menyumbang PDB. Pertumbuhan PDB sektor pertanian di triwulan III tahun 2022 mencapai 1,65%, dengan kontribusi PDB sektor pertanian sebesar 12,91 persen. Masyarakat pedesaan di Indonesia sangat bergantung pada pertanian sebagai sumber pendapatan, baik dari pertanian on farm maupun off farm. Kegiatan pertanian on farm dan off farm mendorong petani untuk lebih berdaya dengan memberikan nilai tambah melalui pengolahan produk dan pengembangan usaha berbasis pertanian. Diversifikasi pendapatan dilakukan dalam pertanian untuk meningkatkan ketahanan ekonomi petani dan mengurangi risiko produksi. Namun, pengembangan pertanian ini perlu didukung oleh pendampingan yang berkelanjutan dari pemerintah, lembaga pendidikan, dan pemangku kepentingan terkait. Oleh karena itu, tim pengabdi melakukan kegiatan pengabdian di Pelatihan Pertanian dan Pedesaan Swadaya (P4S), Bulubalea, Sulawesi Selatan, dengan tahapan perencanaan, pelaksanaan, dan evaluasi. Kegiatan ini melibatkan sosialisasi bimbingan teknis tanaman buah kepada petani, dengan memberikan bibit serta penyuluhan teknologi pertanian. Hasil evaluasi menunjukkan peningkatan pengetahuan peserta dan respons positif terhadap kegiatan pengabdian ini.

Sektor pertanian merupakan salah satu penopang dalam struktur pembangunan ekonomi nasional di Indonesia. Sektor ini memiliki potensi besar dan berperan penting dalam menyediakan lapangan kerja, menyumbang devisa negara, serta menyumbang PDB. Pertumbuhan PDB sektor pertanian di triwulan III tahun 2022 mencapai 1,65%, dengan kontribusi PDB sektor pertanian sebesar 12,91 persen. Masyarakat pedesaan di Indonesia sangat bergantung pada pertanian sebagai sumber pendapatan, baik dari pertanian on farm maupun off farm. Kegiatan pertanian on farm dan off farm mendorong petani untuk lebih berdaya dengan memberikan nilai tambah melalui pengolahan produk dan pengembangan usaha berbasis pertanian. Diversifikasi pendapatan dilakukan dalam pertanian untuk meningkatkan ketahanan ekonomi petani dan mengurangi risiko produksi. Namun, pengembangan pertanian ini perlu didukung oleh pendampingan yang berkelanjutan dari pemerintah, lembaga pendidikan, dan pemangku kepentingan terkait. Oleh karena itu, tim pengabdi melakukan kegiatan pengabdian di Pelatihan Pertanian dan Pedesaan Swadaya (P4S), Bulubalea, Sulawesi Selatan, dengan tahapan perencanaan, pelaksanaan, dan evaluasi. Kegiatan ini melibatkan sosialisasi bimbingan teknis tanaman buah kepada petani, dengan memberikan bibit serta penyuluhan teknologi pertanian. Hasil evaluasi menunjukkan peningkatan pengetahuan peserta dan respons positif terhadap kegiatan pengabdian ini., Sektor pertanian merupakan salah satu penopang dalam struktur pembangunan ekonomi nasional di Indonesia. Sektor ini memiliki potensi besar dan berperan penting dalam menyediakan lapangan kerja, menyumbang devisa negara, serta menyumbang PDB. Pertumbuhan PDB sektor pertanian di triwulan III tahun 2022 mencapai 1,65%, dengan kontribusi PDB sektor pertanian sebesar 12,91 persen. Masyarakat pedesaan di Indonesia sangat bergantung pada pertanian sebagai sumber pendapatan, baik dari pertanian on farm maupun off farm. Kegiatan pertanian on farm dan off farm mendorong petani untuk lebih berdaya dengan memberikan nilai tambah melalui pengolahan produk dan pengembangan usaha berbasis pertanian. Diversifikasi pendapatan dilakukan dalam pertanian untuk meningkatkan ketahanan ekonomi petani dan mengurangi risiko produksi. Namun, pengembangan pertanian ini perlu didukung oleh pendampingan yang berkelanjutan dari pemerintah, lembaga pendidikan, dan pemangku kepentingan terkait. Oleh karena itu, tim pengabdi melakukan kegiatan pengabdian di Pelatihan Pertanian dan Pedesaan Swadaya (P4S), Bulubalea, Sulawesi Selatan, dengan tahapan perencanaan, pelaksanaan, dan evaluasi. Kegiatan ini melibatkan sosialisasi bimbingan teknis tanaman buah kepada petani, dengan memberikan bibit serta penyuluhan teknologi pertanian. Hasil evaluasi menunjukkan peningkatan pengetahuan peserta dan respons positif terhadap kegiatan pengabdian ini.

AimTo investigates the financial consequences in the overall population spouses of persons with stroke in Sweden as well as for subgroups based on spouses age, sex and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) of the person with stroke.MethodsThe study population consists of spouses aged <= 60 during the year of their partner's stroke event. Each spouse was matched to four reference individuals. This longitudinal registry data covers spouses and a reference population between 2005 and 2016. We use difference-in-differences to estimate the impact on individual income from paid work, disposable individual income, and disposable family income.ResultsThe primary analysis shows a small and statistically insignificant decrease on spouses' individual income from paid work and disposable individual income. In the subgroup analysis based on mRS, the largest effect is seen in mRS 4-5, where spouses' individual income from paid work and disposable individual income increases after their partner's stroke. Further, younger female spouses' individual income from paid work decreases by 1 614 EUR (p = 0.008) on average.ConclusionThe financial consequences are small in the overall population of spouses. However, for some subgroups, younger women, and spouses of persons with stroke and mRS 4-5, the financial consequences are more prominent.

The agricultural sector is one of the pillars supporting the development of the Indonesian nation. The participation of the agricultural sector encompasses food crops, plantations, livestock, fisheries, and forestry. One aspect of fisheries to support the development of the Indonesian nation is through fish farming efforts and the income of fish farmers. Tilapia fish farming is a common freshwater fish production practised in the North Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. In production activities, the primary goal of cultivation is to maximize business profits. This research aims to determine the profitability of tilapia fish farming at Pondok Mekar in the Dimembe Village, Dimembe District, North Minahasa Regency, focusing on the feeding method using hands. The research results indicate that tilapia fish farming at Pondok Mekar generates a profit of IDR 55,640,337.66 per production period (four months) per hectare, with a Return Cost Ratio (R/C Ratio) of 1.37.

AimTo investigates the financial consequences in the overall population spouses of persons with stroke in Sweden as well as for subgroups based on spouses age, sex and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) of the person with stroke.MethodsThe study population consists of spouses aged <= 60 during the year of their partner's stroke event. Each spouse was matched to four reference individuals. This longitudinal registry data covers spouses and a reference population between 2005 and 2016. We use difference-in-differences to estimate the impact on individual income from paid work, disposable individual income, and disposable family income.ResultsThe primary analysis shows a small and statistically insignificant decrease on spouses' individual income from paid work and disposable individual income. In the subgroup analysis based on mRS, the largest effect is seen in mRS 4-5, where spouses' individual income from paid work and disposable individual income increases after their partner's stroke. Further, younger female spouses' individual income from paid work decreases by 1 614 EUR (p = 0.008) on average.ConclusionThe financial consequences are small in the overall population of spouses. However, for some subgroups, younger women, and spouses of persons with stroke and mRS 4-5, the financial consequences are more prominent.

The purpose of this study is to examine the investment behaviour of women during the current recession and how demographic factors impact psychological biases related to investment behaviour. This research aims to examine the impact of age, marital status, education, income, cultural background and financial literacy on various biases such as overconfidence, confirmation bias, herding behaviour, representativeness bias, anchoring bias, risk- and loss aversion. A questionnaire was conducted to collect data, resulting in a dataset of 558 observations. Using a deductive approach, based on theories of thirty-six hypotheses was tested using ordered logistic regression analysis. The primary findings revealed multiple connections between the demographic profiles of female investors and their investment behaviours, concerning psychological biases. Furthermore, this paper contributes to the ongoing debate about the relationship between investment behaviour and economic recession and provides stakeholders with valuable insights to tailor their communications and strategies to engage female investors. By analysing existing behavioural finance theories and empirical data, the study aims to improve understanding of women's investment preferences and attitudes across different demographic groups. Finally, the study aims to increase women's interest in managing their wealth and improving their financial decisions.

The research was conducted at the facilities of ISTLT (Instituto Superior Tecnológico La Troncal), with the aim of assessing the impact of three reproductive sterilization methods on the economic behavior of guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). The study focused on identifying the treatment that provides the best utility and cost/benefit (B/C) ratio for the producer, through an evaluation of income and expenses to measure individual behavior and determine the influence of treatments on this characteristic. An economic analysis was performed on 32 male guinea pigs, divided into three treatments: T0 (control group), T1 (treatment with 1.3% iodine), T2 (treatment with 10% lactic acid), and T3 (spicule removal). Each treatment consisted of 8 repetitions. Additionally, a control group of 8 animals was included. Costs for feed consumption, live and carcass selling prices, treatment costs, and processing costs were recorded weekly (7 days). Evaluations were conducted once the post-sterilization period was completed. The results revealed that treatment T2 exhibited the best economic performance, as the Benefit/Cost ratio for live and carcass were higher compared to other treatments, with T0 showing significant differences, with B/C values of 1.52 and 1.77, respectively. Regarding net profit, T3 reported the highest profits with values of 3.14 USD and 5.06 USD, for live and carcass, respectively. Based on the results obtained from the Cost/Benefit ratio, sterilization with 10% lactic acid (T2) is recommended as an effective method to improve productive parameters in adult male guinea pigs. These findings provide relevant information that significantly contributes to the implementation of sterilization practices in the fattening of male guinea pigs, thus contributing to the socio-economic stability of the producer., La investigación se llevó a cabo en las instalaciones del ISTLT (Instituto Superior Tecnológico La Troncal), con el objetivo de evaluar el impacto de tres métodos de esterilización reproductiva en el comportamiento económico de cuyes (Cavia porcellus). El estudio se centró en identificar el tratamiento que ofrece la mejor utilidad y beneficio/costo (B/C) para el productor, mediante una evaluación de ingresos y egresos para medir su comportamiento individual y determinar la influencia de los tratamientos en esta característica. Se realizó un análisis económico de 32 cuyes machos, divididos en tres tratamientos: T0 (grupo control), T1 (tratamiento con yodo al 1.3%), T2 (tratamiento con ácido láctico al 10%) y T3 (extirpación de espículas). Cada tratamiento constó de 8 repeticiones. Además, se incluyó un grupo control conformado por 8 animales. Se registraron semanalmente (7 días) el costo por consumo de alimento, el precio de venta en pie y a la canal, el costo de los tratamientos y el costo de faena. Las evaluaciones se llevaron a cabo una vez terminado el periodo postesterilización. Los resultados revelaron que el tratamiento T2 mostró el mejor comportamiento económico, ya que el Beneficio/Costo en pie y a la canal fueron superiores a los demás tratamientos, con el T0 presentando diferencias significativas, con valores de B/C = 1.52 y 1.77, respectivamente. En cuanto a la utilidad neta, el T3 reportó las mejores utilidades con valores de 3.14 USD y 5.06 USD, en pie y a la canal, respectivamente. Basándonos en los resultados obtenidos de la relación Beneficio/Costo, se recomienda la esterilización con ácido láctico al 10% (T2) como un método eficaz para mejorar los parámetros productivos en cuyes machos adultos. Estos hallazgos proporcionan información relevante que contribuye significativamente a la implementación de prácticas de esterilización en el engorde de cuyes machos, contribuyendo así a la estabilidad socioeconómica del productor.

Promoting the empowerment and organization of rural women into collectives that generate income and contribute to the improvement of the living conditions in their communities, are necessary actions to achieve sustainable development. In Mexico, these strategies must be included in public policies and be in accordance with the Sustainable Development objectives issued in the 2030 Agenda of the United Nations Organization: gender equality and the end of poverty. In this article experiences of women in rural areas are described, the forms of organization, strategies for labor inclusion and progress in empowerment in the community of Chiquihuitlán, Jalisco. It is a qualitative, descriptive study, with the application of group interviews that allowed interaction with people obtaining important data for analysis and discussion. In the results, experiences, obstacles and challenges overcome are described, the institutional support received and the existing distance between the public policies outlined by the State and the reality perceived through the discourse of women., Impulsar el empoderamiento y la organización de mujeres rurales en colectivos que les permitan allegarse ingresos y contribuir a mejorar las condiciones de vida en sus comunidades, deben ser acciones para propiciar el desarrollo. En México estas estrategias deben ser incluidas en las políticas públicas y ser acordes a los objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible emitidos en la Agenda 2030 de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas: igualdad de género y fin de la pobreza. En este artículo se relatan experiencias de mujeres en el ámbito rural, las formas de organización, estrategias para la inclusión laboral y un avance en el empoderamiento en la comunidad de Chiquihuitlán, Jalisco. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo, descriptivo, con la aplicación de entrevistas grupales que permitieron la interacción con las personas y la obtención de datos significativos para el análisis y discusión. En los resultados se describen las vivencias, barreras y retos superados, los apoyos institucionales recibidos y la distancia existente entre las políticas públicas delineadas por el Estado y la realidad percibida a través del discurso de las mujeres.

The objective of the study was to extract a reduced number of factors that characterize the family socioeconomic level of university students, through the application of 88 surveys to heads of household using a questionnaire with ten social and economic variables according to what was suggested by the World Bank, six variables of healthy food consumption based on what is recommended by the Ministry of Public Health and with the scores obtained, a principal component analysis was performed. The results show two components that explain 65% of the variance when characterizing the socioeconomic level of university households, the first factor called income/consumption and the second factor of family wealth that eliminate redundant information according to the characteristics. presented. Although these factors characterize the socioeconomic level, it must be kept in mind that it is not due solely to isolated variables, but rather to the joint interaction of the sixteen variables proposed in the study, with a predominance of the family income variable., O objetivo do estudo foi extrair um pequeno número de fatores que caracterizam o nível socioeconômico das famílias de estudantes universitários por meio da aplicação de 88 pesquisas com chefes de família, utilizando um questionário com dez variáveis socioeconômicas sugeridas pelo Banco Mundial, seis variáveis de consumo de alimentos saudáveis com base nas recomendações do Ministério da Saúde Pública, e uma análise de componentes principais foi realizada com os escores obtidos. Os resultados mostram dois componentes que explicam 65% da variação na caracterização do nível socioeconômico das famílias dos estudantes universitários: o primeiro fator, renda/consumo, e o segundo fator, riqueza familiar, que elimina informações redundantes de acordo com as características apresentadas. Embora esses fatores caracterizem o nível socioeconômico, deve-se ter em mente que isso não se deve apenas às variáveis isoladas, mas à interação conjunta das dezesseis variáveis propostas no estudo, com predominância da variável renda familiar., El estudio tuvo como objetivo extraer un número reducido de factores que caractericen el nivel socioeconómico familiar de estudiantes universitarios, mediante la aplicación de 88 encuestas a jefes de hogar usando un cuestionario con diez variables sociales y económicas acorde a lo sugerido por el Banco Mundial, seis variables de consumo de alimentos saludables basados en lo recomendado por el Ministerio de Salud Pública y con los puntajes obtenidos se realizó un análisis de componentes principales. Los resultados evidencian dos componentes que explican el 65% de la varianza a la hora de caracterizar el nivel socioeconómico de los hogares de universitarios, el primer factor denominado de ingreso/consumo y el segundo factor de patrimonio familiar que eliminan la información redundante según las características presentadas. Si bien dichos factores caracterizan el nivel socioeconómico, debe tenerse presente que no se debe únicamente a las variables aisladas, sino a la interacción conjunta de las dieciséis variables propuesta en el estudio, con predominancia de la variable ingreso familiar.

Programs that provide incentives in the form of resources contribute in an essential way to improving quality of life; however, the amount assigned for the development of peoples and communities is not precisely known. Our intention was to evaluate social participation in government programs that operate in three rural Mixtec communities in Oaxaca. The methodologies applied include the evaluation of rural development programs and assessment of rural participation. Research techniques consisted of semi-structured interviews, field trips and direct dialogue. Information was compiled from a sample of 60 beneficiaries of different programs. Spearman correlation and independence tests were applied to the data obtained. In the three communities, there is evident 100% participation in the following programs: Pensión para Adultos Mayores (Pension for Older Adults), Becas Jóvenes Escribiendo el Futuro (Scholarships for Young people Writing the Future) and Pensión para Personas Discapacitadas (Pension for Disabled People), with an average participation time of 9.2 years in follow-up programs and 3.5 in newly created programs. There is a correlation (r=0.55: p<0.0001) between age and number of years participating in social programs. It was apparent that factors such as mistrust and lack of correct documentation limit people’s participation. We conclude that social programs are essential for peasant families in rural areas, due to lack of opportunities., Los programas que incentivan con recursos, son esenciales para aportar a la mejora en la calidad de vida; sin embargo, no se conoce de manera precisa el grado de contribución en el desarrollo de las personas y comu­nidades. El objetivo fue evaluar la participación social en los programas gubernamentales que operan en tres comunidades rurales de la Mixteca en Oaxaca. Las metodologías utilizadas fueron la evaluación de programas de desarrollo rural y el diagnóstico rural participativo. Las técnicas de investigación fueron la entrevista semi-estructurada, los recorridos de campo y el dialogo directo. La información se generó de una muestra de 60 beneficiarios de los diferentes programas. A los datos obtenidos se les aplicaron pruebas de correlación de Spearman y pruebas de independencia. Se encontró que en las tres comunidades se participa en un 100% en los programas Pensión para Adultos Mayores, Becas Jóvenes Escribiendo el Futuro y Pensión para Personas Discapacitadas, con un tiempo promedio de participación de 9.2 años en programas de seguimiento y 3.5 de nueva creación. Existe correlación (r=0.55: p<0.0001), entre la edad y los años participando en los programas sociales. Se encontró que factores como la desconfianza y la falta de documentación limitan la participación de las personas. Se concluye que los programas sociales, son fundamentales para las familias campesinas en el medio rural debido a la falta de oportunidades.

The objective of this paper is to test, in the case of economic inequality in China, whether the Kuznets or Myrdal hypotheses are present, at the level of the main regions for the period from 1993 to 2022. With official data, three inequality indicators are used: coefficients of variation, Gini and Theil index. The results show: i) a growth and decrease in inequality, with the first two metrics; ii) with the third indicator, a decreasing inequality is observed, dominated by an interregional component, in the first half of the period, and later by the intraregional component. It concludes with the possible presence of one more Kuznets-type effect shown with two of the three indicators, but none shows the Myrdal conjecture., El objetivo de este trabajo es probar, para el caso del tema de la desigualdad económica en China, si están presentes las hipótesis de Kuznets o de Myrdal a nivel de principales regiones para el periodo de 1993 a 2022. Con datos oficiales, se emplean tres indicadores de desigualdad: coeficientes de variación, de Gini e índice de Theil. Los resultados muestran: i) un crecimiento y disminución de desigualdad, con las dos primeras métricas; ii) con el tercer indicador, se observa una desigualdad decreciente, predominada por un componente interregional, en la primera mitad del periodo, y luego por el componente intrarregional. Se concluye con la posible presencia de un efecto más de tipo Kuznets mostrada con dos de los tres indicadores, pero ninguno muestra la conjetura de Myrdal.

The objective of this research is to ascertain the magnitude of production and income risks encountered by smallholder oil palm farmers, as well as the strategies necessary for these farmers to overcome or mitigate these risks. The study was conducted in Puriala Village, Puriala Subdistrict, Konawe District, Southeast Sulawesi. The sampling technique utilized was census method. The research spanned from November 2022 to June 2023. The determination of respondents was also carried out using the Non-Probability Sampling method, involving a total of 20 farmers engaged in cultivating and producing oil palm. Data analysis methods included income analysis, coefficient of variation (CV) analysis, and descriptive analysis. The findings of this study reveal that the average income of farmers in Puriala Village is Rp 934,010 per hectare per month. The production risk, indicated by a Coefficient of Variation (CV) value of 0.225, and the income risk, with a CV value of 0.26, suggest that oil palm farming in Puriala Village carries low production and income risks.

Livelihoods have changed dramatically over the past decade in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). These shifts are happening in tandem with shifts in individual and household food choice behaviors. This scoping review aimed to identify and characterize mechanisms through which livelihood changes could affect food choice behaviors in LMIC, including behaviors relating to food production, acquisition, preparation, distribution, and consumption. A literature search was conducted using 4 databases: PubMed, PsycInfo, AGRICOLA, and Embase. The search was further enhanced by expert solicitations. Studies were included if they measured or focused on a livelihood change, described or assessed a change in ≥1 food choice behavior, and focused on LMIC. Studies were excluded if they focused on migration from LMIC to a high-income country. Of the 433 articles that were identified, 53 met the inclusion criteria. Five mechanisms of how livelihood change can affect food choice were identified: occupation, locality, time, income, and social relations. Changes in occupation altered the balance of the availability and affordability of foods in local food environments compared with individual food production. Changes in location, time use, and income influenced where food was purchased, what types of foods were acquired, and how or where foods were prepared. Additionally, changes in social relationships and norms led to expanded food preferences, particularly among urban populations. Time limitations and higher discretionary income were associated with consumption of ultraprocessed foods. Understanding the relationships between the changes in livelihood occuring in LMIC and food choices of households in these countries can inform the development of policies, programs, and other actions to promote sustainable healthy diets and planetary health.

The research was conducted at the facilities of ISTLT (Instituto Superior Tecnológico La Troncal), with the aim of assessing the impact of three reproductive sterilization methods on the economic behavior of guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). The study focused on identifying the treatment that provides the best utility and cost/benefit (B/C) ratio for the producer, through an evaluation of income and expenses to measure individual behavior and determine the influence of treatments on this characteristic. An economic analysis was performed on 32 male guinea pigs, divided into three treatments: T0 (control group), T1 (treatment with 1.3% iodine), T2 (treatment with 10% lactic acid), and T3 (spicule removal). Each treatment consisted of 8 repetitions. Additionally, a control group of 8 animals was included. Costs for feed consumption, live and carcass selling prices, treatment costs, and processing costs were recorded weekly (7 days). Evaluations were conducted once the post-sterilization period was completed. The results revealed that treatment T2 exhibited the best economic performance, as the Benefit/Cost ratio for live and carcass were higher compared to other treatments, with T0 showing significant differences, with B/C values of 1.52 and 1.77, respectively. Regarding net profit, T3 reported the highest profits with values of 3.14 USD and 5.06 USD, for live and carcass, respectively. Based on the results obtained from the Cost/Benefit ratio, sterilization with 10% lactic acid (T2) is recommended as an effective method to improve productive parameters in adult male guinea pigs. These findings provide relevant information that significantly contributes to the implementation of sterilization practices in the fattening of male guinea pigs, thus contributing to the socio-economic stability of the producer., La investigación se llevó a cabo en las instalaciones del ISTLT (Instituto Superior Tecnológico La Troncal), con el objetivo de evaluar el impacto de tres métodos de esterilización reproductiva en el comportamiento económico de cuyes (Cavia porcellus). El estudio se centró en identificar el tratamiento que ofrece la mejor utilidad y beneficio/costo (B/C) para el productor, mediante una evaluación de ingresos y egresos para medir su comportamiento individual y determinar la influencia de los tratamientos en esta característica. Se realizó un análisis económico de 32 cuyes machos, divididos en tres tratamientos: T0 (grupo control), T1 (tratamiento con yodo al 1.3%), T2 (tratamiento con ácido láctico al 10%) y T3 (extirpación de espículas). Cada tratamiento constó de 8 repeticiones. Además, se incluyó un grupo control conformado por 8 animales. Se registraron semanalmente (7 días) el costo por consumo de alimento, el precio de venta en pie y a la canal, el costo de los tratamientos y el costo de faena. Las evaluaciones se llevaron a cabo una vez terminado el periodo postesterilización. Los resultados revelaron que el tratamiento T2 mostró el mejor comportamiento económico, ya que el Beneficio/Costo en pie y a la canal fueron superiores a los demás tratamientos, con el T0 presentando diferencias significativas, con valores de B/C = 1.52 y 1.77, respectivamente. En cuanto a la utilidad neta, el T3 reportó las mejores utilidades con valores de 3.14 USD y 5.06 USD, en pie y a la canal, respectivamente. Basándonos en los resultados obtenidos de la relación Beneficio/Costo, se recomienda la esterilización con ácido láctico al 10% (T2) como un método eficaz para mejorar los parámetros productivos en cuyes machos adultos. Estos hallazgos proporcionan información relevante que contribuye significativamente a la implementación de prácticas de esterilización en el engorde de cuyes machos, contribuyendo así a la estabilidad socioeconómica del productor.

Despite growing attention to income inequality in debates about European integration, our understanding of its effect on European Union support remains limited. Using European Social Survey data from 2002 to 2020, we analyse how income inequality and pro-redistribution attitudes shape diffuse and specific forms of support for the European Union. We find no direct effect of country-level income inequality, while individual support for redistribution has a negative effect on both. In line with benchmarking theory, inequality emerges as a contextual moderator: in unequal national settings, egalitarian citizens are comparatively more supportive of further integration than in more equal countries. This effect persists when we control for income position, suggesting an ideological rather than utilitarian basis for benchmarking European Union attitudes. We discuss implications in light of debates about a social Europe., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Background Prevention and management of childhood overweight involves the entire family. We aimed to investigate purchase patterns in households with at least one member with overweight in childhood by describing expenditure on different food groups. Methods This Danish register-based cohort study included households where at least one member donated receipts concerning consumers purchases in 2019–2021 and at least one member had their Body mass index (BMI) measured in childhood within ten years prior to first purchase. A probability index model was used to evaluate differences in proportion expenditure spent on specific food groups. Results We identified 737 households that included a member who had a BMI measurement in childhood, 220 with overweight and 517 with underweight or normal weight (reference households). Adjusting for education, income, family type, and urbanization, households with a member who had a BMI classified as overweight in childhood had statistically significant higher probability of spending a larger proportion of expenditure on ready meals 56.29% (95% CI: 51.70;60.78) and sugary drinks 55.98% (95% CI: 51.63;60.23). Conversely, they had a statistically significant lower probability of spending a larger proportion expenditure on vegetables 38.44% (95% CI: 34.09;42.99), compared to the reference households. Conclusion Households with a member with BMI classified as overweight in childhood spent more on unhealthy foods and less on vegetables, compared to the reference households. This study highlights the need for household/family-oriented nutrition education and intervention., BACKGROUND: Prevention and management of childhood overweight involves the entire family. We aimed to investigate purchase patterns in households with at least one member with overweight in childhood by describing expenditure on different food groups.METHODS: This Danish register-based cohort study included households where at least one member donated receipts concerning consumers purchases in 2019-2021 and at least one member had their Body mass index (BMI) measured in childhood within ten years prior to first purchase. A probability index model was used to evaluate differences in proportion expenditure spent on specific food groups.RESULTS: We identified 737 households that included a member who had a BMI measurement in childhood, 220 with overweight and 517 with underweight or normal weight (reference households). Adjusting for education, income, family type, and urbanization, households with a member who had a BMI classified as overweight in childhood had statistically significant higher probability of spending a larger proportion of expenditure on ready meals 56.29% (95% CI: 51.70;60.78) and sugary drinks 55.98% (95% CI: 51.63;60.23). Conversely, they had a statistically significant lower probability of spending a larger proportion expenditure on vegetables 38.44% (95% CI: 34.09;42.99), compared to the reference households.CONCLUSION: Households with a member with BMI classified as overweight in childhood spent more on unhealthy foods and less on vegetables, compared to the reference households. This study highlights the need for household/family-oriented nutrition education and intervention.

Background Demographic changes in all industrialized countries have led to a keen interest in extending working lives for older workers. To achieve this goal, it is essential to understand the patterns of retirement and specifically what characterizes individuals who continue to work beyond retirement age. Thus, the aim of this paper was to contribute to the international body of empirical knowledge about individuals who continue in the workforce after retirement age. We present evidence from Denmark and examine what characterizes individuals who continue in the workforce after retirement age and investigate the likelihood of continued work after retirement age while controlling for a set of socio-economic and lifestyle factors. Methods The study population consisted of 5,474 respondents to the Copenhagen Aging and Midlife Biobank (CAMB) 2021 survey, divided into two groups. The first group included subjects (n = 1,293) who stayed longer in the workforce even though they had the possibility to retire. The second group consisted of subjects who had retired full-time at the time of the survey (n = 4,181). Survey data was linked to register data to provide a broader dataset. In order to investigate the heterogeneity between the two groups in terms of important socio-economic, work-related and health-related variables, t-test, Mann-Whitney U (Wilcoxon Rank) test, and chi-square tests were employed. Further, to examine the probability of an individual working after retirement age a logit model with step-wise inclusion was utilized. Results Overall, individuals who continue to work even though they could retire tend to be wealthier, healthier, and males compared to individuals who are retired full-time. Further, there are more older workers who have partners and are co-habitants than retirees. The likelihood of continuing in the workforce past retirement age is affected by several work-related factors as well as life-style factors. The likeli, BACKGROUND: Demographic changes in all industrialized countries have led to a keen interest in extending working lives for older workers. To achieve this goal, it is essential to understand the patterns of retirement and specifically what characterizes individuals who continue to work beyond retirement age. Thus, the aim of this paper was to contribute to the international body of empirical knowledge about individuals who continue in the workforce after retirement age. We present evidence from Denmark and examine what characterizes individuals who continue in the workforce after retirement age and investigate the likelihood of continued work after retirement age while controlling for a set of socio-economic and lifestyle factors.METHODS: The study population consisted of 5,474 respondents to the Copenhagen Aging and Midlife Biobank (CAMB) 2021 survey, divided into two groups. The first group included subjects (n = 1,293) who stayed longer in the workforce even though they had the possibility to retire. The second group consisted of subjects who had retired full-time at the time of the survey (n = 4,181). Survey data was linked to register data to provide a broader dataset. In order to investigate the heterogeneity between the two groups in terms of important socio-economic, work-related and health-related variables, t-test, Mann-Whitney U (Wilcoxon Rank) test, and chi-square tests were employed. Further, to examine the probability of an individual working after retirement age a logit model with step-wise inclusion was utilized.RESULTS: Overall, individuals who continue to work even though they could retire tend to be wealthier, healthier, and males compared to individuals who are retired full-time. Further, there are more older workers who have partners and are co-habitants than retirees. The likelihood of continuing in the workforce past retirement age is affected by several work-related factors as well as life-style factors. The likelihood of work

OBJECTIVES: There is a need for novel approaches to address the complexity of social inequality in health. Public-private partnerships (PPPs) have been proposed as a promising approach; however, knowledge on lessons learnt from such partnerships remain unclear. This study synthesises evidence on opportunities and challenges of PPPs focusing on social inequality in health in upper-middle-income and high-income countries.DESIGN: A systematic literature review and meta-synthesis was conducted using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool for quality appraisal.DATA SOURCES: PubMed, PsychInfo, Embase, Sociological Abstracts and SocIndex were searched for studies published between January 2013 and January 2023.ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Studies were eligible if they applied a quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods design and reported on lessons learnt from PPPs focusing on social inequality in health in upper-middle-income and high-income countries. Studies had to be published in either English, Danish, German, Norwegian or Swedish.DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Two independent reviewers extracted data and appraised the quality of the included studies. A meta-synthesis with a descriptive intent was conducted and data were grouped into opportunities and challenges.RESULTS: A total of 16 studies of varying methodological quality were included. Opportunities covered three themes: (1) creating synergies, (2) clear communication and coordination, and (3) trust to sustain partnerships. Challenges were identified as reflected in the following three themes: (1) scarce resources, (2) inadequate communication and coordination, and (3) concerns on distrust and conflicting interest.CONCLUSIONS: Partnerships across public, private and academic institutions hold the potential to address social inequality in health. Nevertheless, a variety of important lessons learnt are identified in the scientific literature. For future PPPs to be successful, part

Background Prevention and management of childhood overweight involves the entire family. We aimed to investigate purchase patterns in households with at least one member with overweight in childhood by describing expenditure on different food groups. Methods This Danish register-based cohort study included households where at least one member donated receipts concerning consumers purchases in 2019–2021 and at least one member had their Body mass index (BMI) measured in childhood within ten years prior to first purchase. A probability index model was used to evaluate differences in proportion expenditure spent on specific food groups. Results We identified 737 households that included a member who had a BMI measurement in childhood, 220 with overweight and 517 with underweight or normal weight (reference households). Adjusting for education, income, family type, and urbanization, households with a member who had a BMI classified as overweight in childhood had statistically significant higher probability of spending a larger proportion of expenditure on ready meals 56.29% (95% CI: 51.70;60.78) and sugary drinks 55.98% (95% CI: 51.63;60.23). Conversely, they had a statistically significant lower probability of spending a larger proportion expenditure on vegetables 38.44% (95% CI: 34.09;42.99), compared to the reference households. Conclusion Households with a member with BMI classified as overweight in childhood spent more on unhealthy foods and less on vegetables, compared to the reference households. This study highlights the need for household/family-oriented nutrition education and intervention., BACKGROUND: Prevention and management of childhood overweight involves the entire family. We aimed to investigate purchase patterns in households with at least one member with overweight in childhood by describing expenditure on different food groups.METHODS: This Danish register-based cohort study included households where at least one member donated receipts concerning consumers purchases in 2019-2021 and at least one member had their Body mass index (BMI) measured in childhood within ten years prior to first purchase. A probability index model was used to evaluate differences in proportion expenditure spent on specific food groups.RESULTS: We identified 737 households that included a member who had a BMI measurement in childhood, 220 with overweight and 517 with underweight or normal weight (reference households). Adjusting for education, income, family type, and urbanization, households with a member who had a BMI classified as overweight in childhood had statistically significant higher probability of spending a larger proportion of expenditure on ready meals 56.29% (95% CI: 51.70;60.78) and sugary drinks 55.98% (95% CI: 51.63;60.23). Conversely, they had a statistically significant lower probability of spending a larger proportion expenditure on vegetables 38.44% (95% CI: 34.09;42.99), compared to the reference households.CONCLUSION: Households with a member with BMI classified as overweight in childhood spent more on unhealthy foods and less on vegetables, compared to the reference households. This study highlights the need for household/family-oriented nutrition education and intervention.

Background Demographic changes in all industrialized countries have led to a keen interest in extending working lives for older workers. To achieve this goal, it is essential to understand the patterns of retirement and specifically what characterizes individuals who continue to work beyond retirement age. Thus, the aim of this paper was to contribute to the international body of empirical knowledge about individuals who continue in the workforce after retirement age. We present evidence from Denmark and examine what characterizes individuals who continue in the workforce after retirement age and investigate the likelihood of continued work after retirement age while controlling for a set of socio-economic and lifestyle factors. Methods The study population consisted of 5,474 respondents to the Copenhagen Aging and Midlife Biobank (CAMB) 2021 survey, divided into two groups. The first group included subjects (n = 1,293) who stayed longer in the workforce even though they had the possibility to retire. The second group consisted of subjects who had retired full-time at the time of the survey (n = 4,181). Survey data was linked to register data to provide a broader dataset. In order to investigate the heterogeneity between the two groups in terms of important socio-economic, work-related and health-related variables, t-test, Mann-Whitney U (Wilcoxon Rank) test, and chi-square tests were employed. Further, to examine the probability of an individual working after retirement age a logit model with step-wise inclusion was utilized. Results Overall, individuals who continue to work even though they could retire tend to be wealthier, healthier, and males compared to individuals who are retired full-time. Further, there are more older workers who have partners and are co-habitants than retirees. The likelihood of continuing in the workforce past retirement age is affected by several work-related factors as well as life-style factors. The likeli, BACKGROUND: Demographic changes in all industrialized countries have led to a keen interest in extending working lives for older workers. To achieve this goal, it is essential to understand the patterns of retirement and specifically what characterizes individuals who continue to work beyond retirement age. Thus, the aim of this paper was to contribute to the international body of empirical knowledge about individuals who continue in the workforce after retirement age. We present evidence from Denmark and examine what characterizes individuals who continue in the workforce after retirement age and investigate the likelihood of continued work after retirement age while controlling for a set of socio-economic and lifestyle factors.METHODS: The study population consisted of 5,474 respondents to the Copenhagen Aging and Midlife Biobank (CAMB) 2021 survey, divided into two groups. The first group included subjects (n = 1,293) who stayed longer in the workforce even though they had the possibility to retire. The second group consisted of subjects who had retired full-time at the time of the survey (n = 4,181). Survey data was linked to register data to provide a broader dataset. In order to investigate the heterogeneity between the two groups in terms of important socio-economic, work-related and health-related variables, t-test, Mann-Whitney U (Wilcoxon Rank) test, and chi-square tests were employed. Further, to examine the probability of an individual working after retirement age a logit model with step-wise inclusion was utilized.RESULTS: Overall, individuals who continue to work even though they could retire tend to be wealthier, healthier, and males compared to individuals who are retired full-time. Further, there are more older workers who have partners and are co-habitants than retirees. The likelihood of continuing in the workforce past retirement age is affected by several work-related factors as well as life-style factors. The likelihood of work

OBJECTIVES: There is a need for novel approaches to address the complexity of social inequality in health. Public-private partnerships (PPPs) have been proposed as a promising approach; however, knowledge on lessons learnt from such partnerships remain unclear. This study synthesises evidence on opportunities and challenges of PPPs focusing on social inequality in health in upper-middle-income and high-income countries.DESIGN: A systematic literature review and meta-synthesis was conducted using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool for quality appraisal.DATA SOURCES: PubMed, PsychInfo, Embase, Sociological Abstracts and SocIndex were searched for studies published between January 2013 and January 2023.ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Studies were eligible if they applied a quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods design and reported on lessons learnt from PPPs focusing on social inequality in health in upper-middle-income and high-income countries. Studies had to be published in either English, Danish, German, Norwegian or Swedish.DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Two independent reviewers extracted data and appraised the quality of the included studies. A meta-synthesis with a descriptive intent was conducted and data were grouped into opportunities and challenges.RESULTS: A total of 16 studies of varying methodological quality were included. Opportunities covered three themes: (1) creating synergies, (2) clear communication and coordination, and (3) trust to sustain partnerships. Challenges were identified as reflected in the following three themes: (1) scarce resources, (2) inadequate communication and coordination, and (3) concerns on distrust and conflicting interest.CONCLUSIONS: Partnerships across public, private and academic institutions hold the potential to address social inequality in health. Nevertheless, a variety of important lessons learnt are identified in the scientific literature. For future PPPs to be successful, part

The problem in this research is the consumptive behavior carried out by the community or the lack of good financial management behavior. This is supported by the rapid development of technology that has an impact on people's lifestyles. This study aims to examine the effect of financial literacy on financial management behavior. This study aims to examine the effect of income on financial management behavior. This study aims to examine the effect of financial attitude on financial management behavior. The sampling method used is a quantitative method by collecting surveys or questionnaires. The sample in the study was 100 students of the Faculty of Economics, Business and Social Sciences at Pelita Bangsa University. The author uses a Likert scale in measuring variables with simple random sampling technique. The data analysis used was multiple linear regression analysis with the help of SPSS version 23. The results of this study indicate that Financial Literacy influences Financial Management Behavior, Income influences Financial Management Behavior, Financial Attitude influences Financial Management Behavior.

El presente estudio muestra cómo comparan las magnitudes construidas a partir de los microdatos de la Encuesta Financiera de las Familias (EFF) con magnitudes de fuentes alternativas, como las Cuentas Financieras y otras encuestas de renta y consumo. Para ello, primero se analizan las diferencias más destacadas entre las fuentes y los principales conceptos que pueden compararse. Para aquellas magnitudes que son conceptualmente comparables, se cuantifica en qué medida las magnitudes de la EFF capturan las de las otras fuentes usadas. En este sentido, se documenta que el grado de comparabilidad conceptual y cuantitativa es alto. Los resultados muestran que tanto los agregados no financieros como las deudas en la EFF son similares a las magnitudes agregadas de las otras fuentes. La composición de los activos financieros en manos de los hogares en términos agregados es similar entre fuentes, mientras que la comparación individual de cada categoría de activo varía. En particular, las magnitudes correspondientes a las acciones cotizadas y las no cotizadas son las más cercanas a las magnitudes comparables de las Cuentas Financieras. Para la renta, el agregado calculado a partir de la EFF es similar a los agregados calculados a partir de otras fuentes diferentes. Los resultados también muestran que la similitud entre la EFF y otras fuentes ha mejorado a lo largo de las olas para algunas variables concretas, como, por ejemplo, para las magnitudes de deudas., This paper assesses how magnitudes constructed from Spanish Survey of Household Finances (EFF) micro data compare with magnitudes from alternative sources, including the Financial Accounts of the Spanish Economy (FASE) and other income and consumption surveys. To do so, first we analyse the main differences among the sources and the main concepts that can be compared. For those magnitudes that are conceptually comparable, we quantify the extent to which the EFF magnitudes capture those from the other sources used. We document a high degree of conceptual and quantitative comparability. Our results show that aggregate non-financial assets and debts from the EFF are similar to the aggregated magnitudes from other sources. The composition of the financial asset portfolio held by households in aggregate terms is also similar across the sources, while the comparison for each individual financial asset category varies. In particular, listed and unlisted shares in the survey are the closest to their FASE counterparts. For income, the aggregate calculated on the basis of the EFF data is close to the aggregates calculated from several different sources. The results also show that the similarity between the EFF and other sources has improved across waves for some particular variables, for example, debt magnitudes.

Status or relative concerns (as in the idiom ‘keeping up with the Joneses’) can lead to negative feelings such as stress and anxiety. One key question is whether these concerns relate to daily smoking behaviour. The conjecture is that status concerns and the accompanying stress and anxiety might be associated with a higher likelihood of smoking and a higher number of cigarettes smoked, generating a higher instant physical reward and reducing the stress and anxiety. The literature aiming to identify this relationship focuses mostly on a single cross section of individuals, ignoring potential differences in unobserved characteristics of smokers and non-smokers (e.g., genetic factors, personality differences, parental smoking during childhood). This paper investigates the role of unobserved individual characteristics on this relationship, which has not been done in previous studies. Using a long panel data of smoking information in Germany and a variety of panel data model specifications, we show that there is no statistically significant association between relative income concerns and the likelihood of smoking or the number of cigarettes smoked among the overall population. We find a positive and significant relationship only among people who smoked at least one cigarette in the past. A 10% appreciation in the income of comparable other individuals relates to about 3.5 more cigarettes per month among these people. Importantly, failing to allow for the unobserved influences of smoking leads to three times larger estimates than when using models with unobserved factors correlating to the income and smoking behaviour. The results are robust with respect to alternative assumptions and specifications where we use different functional forms of unobserved heterogeneity, definitions of relative concerns, incomes, and reference groups. © 2024 Public Library of Science. All rights reserved.

Objective: This research investigated how income moderates the impact of xenocentrism on the behaviour of rice consumers in northwest Nigeria. Xenocentrism, in this context, is gauged through foreign brand admiration, perceived product quality, and the image of the product's country of origin. Method: Employing a correlation research design, the study collected data via questionnaires administered to 494 participants from five states in northwest Nigeria in 2023. The Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) regression technique, facilitated by SmartPLS 4 statistical software, was utilized for data analysis. Results: Results indicate that foreign brand admiration and the image of the product's country of origin significantly and positively influence rice consumers' behaviour. Moreover, the study reveals that income plays a moderating role in the relationship between perceived product quality, the image of the product's country of origin, and rice consumers' behaviour. Conclusion: To enhance acceptance and support for locally produced rice, the study recommends that the Nigerian government and rice producers in the country focus on enhancing the national image and overall quality of their products.

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis pengaruh literasi keuangan terhadap perilaku pengelolaan keuangan, pengaruh sikap keuangan terhadap perilaku pengelolaan keuangan, dan penagruh pendapatan terhadap perilaku pengelolaan keuangan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan  kuesioner  dengan  55 responden,  sebagai  sampel  dari  populasi  sebanyak  191 pelaku UMKM  dengan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Pengukuran variabel menggunakan teknik skala likert dengan skala bobot dari 1 sampai 5. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah Partial Least Square (PLS). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa: (1) terdapat pengaruh signifikan  literasi keuangan tehadap perilaku pengelolaan keuangan, (2) terdapat pengaruh signifikan sikap keuangan terhadap perilaku pengelolaan keuangan, (3) terdapat pengaruh signifikan pendapatan terhadap perilaku pengelolaan keuangan.

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis pengaruh literasi keuangan terhadap perilaku pengelolaan keuangan, pengaruh sikap keuangan terhadap perilaku pengelolaan keuangan, dan penagruh pendapatan terhadap perilaku pengelolaan keuangan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan  kuesioner  dengan  55 responden,  sebagai  sampel  dari  populasi  sebanyak  191 pelaku UMKM  dengan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Pengukuran variabel menggunakan teknik skala likert dengan skala bobot dari 1 sampai 5. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah Partial Least Square (PLS). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa: (1) terdapat pengaruh signifikan  literasi keuangan tehadap perilaku pengelolaan keuangan, (2) terdapat pengaruh signifikan sikap keuangan terhadap perilaku pengelolaan keuangan, (3) terdapat pengaruh signifikan pendapatan terhadap perilaku pengelolaan keuangan.

This study investigated the socioeconomic and demographic factors influencing students' gambling participation. The research design was a cross-sectional survey to collect primary and secondary data. The study used quantitative and qualitative approaches and involved eighty-seven (87) participants, including gamblers and non-gamblers from Tambani Secondary School. The logistic regression model was used as a technique for data analysis. The results indicate that 37 (42.5%) of the gambling students preferred slot gambling over other forms. The quantitative analysis revealed that four out of six socioeconomic and demographic factors were significantly associated with the probability of students participating in gambling activities. School students' gambling participation is influenced by several factors, including the number of gambling facilities, distance from home to school, monthly income, and parents' or carers' carelessness about the school. The significance of these factors was checked based on a coefficient of P-value of less than 5% (p<0.05). The study concludes that the number of gambling facilities, parents' carelessness, class of the study, gender, place of residence, monthly income, and distance from home to school all influence students' gambling participation. The study suggests that the Ward Executive Officer (WEO) should encourage community members to construct school hostels and ensure strict enforcement of laws and policies for bet owners. Additionally, Community Development Officers (CDOs) could implement educational programmes to inform the community about the impact of gambling on secondary school students who have completed primary education.

The purpose of this study is to explore how students’ prior knowledge, skills, experiences, and networks (including family and community) influence major choice decisions among low-income and working-class students at Arizona’s three state universities. Using a funds of knowledge framework, a survey was distributed to students at the three universities through a non-probability sample. In total, 164 valid responses were collected. Exploratory factor analysis and logistic regression analysis were used as methods to respond to the two research questions. The results from the exploratory factor analysis identified seven salient funds of knowledge while results from the logistic regression suggested four of the funds as predictors of major choice among the respondents. More specifically, the findings demonstrated increased odds of being a Technical, Science, or Business (TSB) major given increases in the salient fund, Helping Household Knowledge, suggesting a positive relationship. However, the odds of being a TSB major decreased while the salient fund, Political Engagement, increased, indicating a negative relationship. Among students in Social Sciences, Humanities, and Education (SHE) majors, students’ odds of being a SHE major increased as salient funds, Connecting Past Experiences and Political Engagement, also increased, suggesting a positive relationship, while students’ odds in the majors decreased as Family Guidance increased, indicating a negative relationship. These findings are discussed in further detail throughout the Discussion chapter. Implications of results are shared for university administrators, employment recruiters, as well as the funds of knowledge community. Key implications suggest inviting in family members to learn about career options given any major choice decision and engaging students’ funds of knowledge in more meaningful ways through course curriculum to support learning and sense of belonging within a academic and career field.

The Short Run Economic Forecast presents the indicators used to forecast revenue for the state budget. The forecast is developed by the Revenue Assumptions Work Group, which includes individuals with subject matter expertise from various entities.

The 2024 Economic Report to the Governor is the 36th publication in this series. Through the last three and a half decades, the Economic Report to the Governor has served as the preeminent source for data, research, and analysis about the Utah economy. It includes a national and state economic overview, a summary of state government economic development activities, an analysis of economic activity based on the standard indicators, and a detailed review of industries and issues of particular interest. The primary goal of the report is to improve the reader’s understanding of the Utah economy. With improved economic literacy, decision makers in the public and private sector will be able to plan, budget, and make policy decisions with an awareness of how their actions are both influenced by and impact economic activity.

Indicator report of per capita income in Utah.

The Kem C. Gardner Policy Institute presented the 36th Economic Report to the Governor to Utah Gov. Spencer Cox at the 2024 Economic Outlook and Public Policy Summit on January 12, hosted by the Salt Lake Chamber. The report highlights the resilience of the U.S. economy in 2023, and projects continued, albeit slowed, economic growth in 2024. Gardner Institute Chief Economist Phil Dean and Dr. Robbi Foxxe, Chief Economist and Managing Director of Policy and Economic Analysis, provide an overview of the data shared in the ERG, which highlights the resilience of the U.S. economy in 2023 and projects continued, albeit slowed, economic growth in 2024. Video filmed and produced by Northbound Strategy.

Highlights from the 2024 Economic Report to the Governor. The 2024 Economic Report to the Governor is the 36th publication in this series. Through the last three and a half decades, the Economic Report to the Governor has served as the preeminent source for data, research, and analysis about the Utah economy. It includes a national and state economic overview, a summary of state government economic development activities, an analysis of economic activity based on the standard indicators, and a detailed review of industries and issues of particular interest. The primary goal of the report is to improve the reader’s understanding of the Utah economy. With improved economic literacy, decision makers in the public and private sector will be able to plan, budget, and make policy decisions with an awareness of how their actions are both influenced by and impact economic activity.

Introduction This study analyses the division of parental leave and the income development in gay father families through surrogacy in Sweden, seen as one of the most family-friendly and egalitarian countries in the world. Methods Based on longitudinal population register data, descriptive and bivariate regression models are estimated to analyse the parental leave uptake and income development of married partners becoming (first-time) parents in 2006–2015 (in total 53 couples). Retrospective in-depth interviews with 23 gay men in 12 couples, conducted in 2010 and 2018 are analysed thematically to study how fathers discussed and decided how to divide the leave. Results The process of establishing legal parenthood delays the fathers’ access to reimbursed parental leave. Despite this, the fathers’ earnings were not considerably affected by the addition of a child to the family. Once the fathers had access to reimbursed leave, they generally shared this equally, with a tendency for the genetic father to take leave first and for a slightly longer period. Conclusions The fathers becoming parents via surrogacy arrangements are a well-off group, able to counter the negative financial consequences of becoming parents. Swedish family policies enable parents to share the leave equally. Less impacted by gender and parenthood norms creating difference between parents, gay father families are in a better position to realise ideals of shared care and sameness. Policy Implications The delayed access to reimbursed parental leave structures the ability of gay couples to become parents and contributes to class inequalities in the transition to parenthood.

The present paper analyses frontline workers' incomes in the fields of education, health, and welfare ("EHW"). In the face of an upsurge in demand for such services, the question is how EHW occupations can attract enough qualified workers, now and in the future. In public perception, EHW work is poorly paid, while empirically, wage heterogeneity between occupations is quite large. A comprehensive comparison of EHW occupations' wages across Europe is still lacking. The present contribution seeks to fill this gap by comparing incomes for 24 European countries, based on data from the European Union's labour force survey (EU-LFS) between 2016 and 2020. Our descriptive analysis yields that EHW workers earn slightly above-average incomes in the majority of countries. This result can be explained by the high share of EHW workers with a tertiary education level. By contrast, for EHW workers with only secondary education, we find that they earn less in EHW than in other labour-market segments. Both outside and inside the EHW, we observe higher incomes for men than for women. Between EHW occupations, there is an income hierarchy led by medical doctors and tertiary education teachers. At the lower end, there are personal care workers with lower formal education who earn below-average incomes in all observed countries. Yet the degree to which they are penalised differs widely. From a dynamic perspective, our findings hint at a slightly deteriorating relative income position of EHW workers in the 2010s, apparently caused less by declining wages than by structural change in the wider labour market., In diesem Working Paper werden Einkommen von Beschäftigten in den Bereichen Bildung, Gesundheit und Soziales ("EHW") analysiert. Angesichts der steigenden Nachfrage nach solchen Dienstleistungen stellt sich die Frage, wie EHW-Berufe jetzt und in Zukunft genügend qualifizierte Arbeitskräfte anziehen können. In der öffentlichen Wahrnehmung ist Arbeit in diesen Bereichen schlecht bezahlt, während empirisch eher Lohnheterogenität beobachtbar ist. Ein umfassender Vergleich der Löhne von EHW-Berufen in ganz Europa steht noch aus. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht auf Basis der Arbeitskräfteerhebung der Europäischen Union (EU-AKE) Einkommen in 24 europäischen Ländern in den Jahren 2016 bis 2020. Es zeigt sich, dass EHW-Beschäftigte in der Mehrzahl dieser Länder leicht überdurchschnittliche Einkommen erzielen. Dies lässt sich durch den hohen Anteil von EHW-Beschäftigten mit einem tertiären Bildungsniveau erklären. Im Gegensatz dazu stellen wir fest, dass EHW-Beschäftigte, die nur über einen Sekundarschulabschluss verfügen, in den Bereichen Bildung, Gesundheit und Soziales weniger verdienen als anderswo. Sowohl außerhalb als auch innerhalb dieser Bereiche beobachten wir höhere Einkommen für Männer als für Frauen. Zwischen EHW-Berufen gibt es eine Einkommenshierarchie, die von Ärzten und Hochschullehrern angeführt wird. Am unteren Ende befinden sich Pflegekräfte mit wenig formaler Qualifikation, die in allen beobachteten Ländern unterdurchschnittliche Einkommen erzielen. Das Ausmaß der Benachteiligung ist jedoch sehr unterschiedlich. Unsere Ergebnisse deuten ferner darauf hin, dass sich die relative Einkommensposition von EHW-Beschäftigten in den 2010er Jahren leicht verschlechtert hat, was offenbar weniger auf sinkende Löhne als auf strukturelle Veränderungen im Arbeitsmarkt insgesamt zurückzuführen ist.

This paper explores the variation in intergenerational educational mobility across the Brazilian states based on univariate econometric techniques. The analysis of the national household survey (PNAD-2014) confirms a strong variation in mobility among the 27 federative units in Brazil and demonstrates a significant correlation between mobility and income inequality. In this sense, this work presents empirical evidence for the existence of the "Great Gatsby curve" within a single country: states with greater income disparities present higher levels of persistence in educational levels across generations. Finally, the paper investigates one specific mechanism behind this correlation: whether higher income inequality might lead to lower investment in human capital among children from socially vulnerable households. The paper delivers robust and compelling results showing that children born into families where the parents have not completed primary education have a statistically significant reduction in their chance of completing the educational system if they live in states with a higher level of income inequality.

The aim of the article is to answer the question whether the tax benefits that can be obtained by the self-employed in Poland influence the decision to start their own business. In the study, the EUROMOD microsimulation model is used to determine tax benefits from self-employment. The estimated tax benefits are then used in a probit regression to explain the probability of self-employment. The survey is carried out for both original EU-SILC data and adjusted data, assuming that the income reported by the self-employed is underreported. The results of the survey based on the original data indicate that taxpayers make irrational decisions about taking up self-employment. This is because as the benefits of self-employment increase, the probability of self-employment decreases. After ad-justing the data on self-employed income with the underreported income, the results of the analysis lead to the opposite conclusion.

This analysis makes use of economic forecasts for 2020 issued by the European Commission in Autumn 2019 and Spring 2020, and of a counterfactual under a no-policy change assumption, to analyse the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on EU households' income. Additionally, our analysis assesses the cushioning effect of discretionary fiscal policy measures taken by the EU Member States. We find that the COVID-19 pandemic is likely to affect significantly households' disposable income in the EU, with lower income households being more severely hit. However, our results show that due to policy intervention, the impact of the crisis is expected to be similar to the one experienced during the 2008–2009 financial crisis. In detail, our results indicate that discretionary fiscal policy measures will play a significant cushioning role, reducing the size of the income loss (from -9.3% to -4.3% for the average equivalised disposable income), its regressivity and mitigating the poverty impact of the pandemic. We conclude that policy interventions are therefore instrumental in cushioning against the impact of the crisis on inequality and poverty.

We investigated the impact of State-level Earned Income Tax Credit (SEITC) generosity on HIV risk behavior among single mothers with low education. We merged individual-level data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (2002-2018) with state-level data from the University of Kentucky Center for Poverty Research and conducted a multi-state, multi-year difference-in-differences (DID) analysis. We found that a refundable SEITC ≥ 10% of the Federal Earned Income Tax Credit was associated with 21% relative risk reduction in reporting any high-risk behavior for HIV in the last year, relative to no SEITC. We also found that a 10-percentage point increase in SEITC generosity was associated with 38% relative risk reduction in reporting any high-risk HIV behavior in the last year. SEITC policy may be an important strategy to reduce the burden of HIV infections among women with low socioeconomic status, particularly single mothers.

Range forecast from the Utah Economic Council for selected economic and business indicators in Utah for 2023 and 2024.

The 2023 Economic Report to the Governor is the 35th publication in this series. Through the last three and a half decades, the Economic Report to the Governor has served as the preeminent source for data, research, and analysis about the Utah economy. It includes a national and state economic overview, a summary of state government economic development activities, an analysis of economic activity based on the standard indicators, and a detailed review of industries and issues of particular interest. The primary goal of the report is to improve the reader's understanding of the Utah economy. With improved economic literacy, decision makers in the public and private sector will be able to plan, budget, and make policy decisions with an awareness of how their actions are both influenced by and impact economic activity.