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A newly isolated strain Streptomyces sp. BV365 producing high amounts of orange extracellular pigments on mannitol-soy flour agar was identified as Streptomyces anulatus BV365. The producing strain Streptomyces anulatus BV365 was isolated from the ectomycorrhizosphere soil of the black truffle Tuber melanosporum. Crude cell extract of this strain was fractionated and orange pigment fraction showed very strong antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. On further analysis, the strain was found to produce metabolites actinomycin D, C2 and C3 and nonactin. The application of purified actinomycins in the dyeing of multifiber fabric was assessed. Actinomycins exhibited a high affinity towards protein fibers (silk and wool), but washing durability was maintained only with silk. The morphologies and chemical components of the treated silk fabrics were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In addition, a skin irritation test in 3D-reconstructed human epidermis model was conducted to evaluate the biocompatibility of the tested fabrics. The results showed that the dyed silk had a safe biological properties.

The increasing production and utilization of synthetic polymers in the textile industry over the past five decades has raised concerns about the environmental impact of the industry. The recalcitrant nature of synthetic fibers hampers the biodegradation of these textiles in the environment and leads to the accumulation of textile waste. Effective solutions for recycling and proper disposal of textile waste are lacking, however, the use of microorganisms and enzymes has emerged as a promising approach. The genus Streptomyces has been well studied as a producer of different hydrolytic enzymes, several of which have found use in industrial settings as well. As an integral part of the soil microbiome, Streptomyces species have been shown to interact with different textile materials in soil and may play a role in the degradation of these materials. This study aimed to examine the interaction of Streptomyces sp. R1, isolated from the rhizosphere of Cotinus coggygria, with polyamide/polyurethane textile, and identify potential enzymes involved in the biodegradation of synthetic textiles. The degradation of the textile was tested in liquid cultures (minimal salt medium) and model compost, bio-augmented with Streptomyces sp. R1 for 4 months. After the incubation, morphological, and changes in the functional groups of the textiles were analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The surface of the textile showed noticeable cracks and fissures after 4 months of burial in the bioaugmented model compost, alongside changes in the functional groups of the polyamide/polyurethane textile, which indicates biodegradation of the synthetic fibers. Searching the genome of Streptomyces sp. R1, several enzymes involved in the degradation of synthetic polymers were identified, including an esterase homologous to highly efficient plastic degrading depolymerases. Overall, the results presented here indicate Streptomyces sp. R1 has the

The accumulation of plastic waste has become an ever-growing global problem, with world production of plastic materials reaching >380 million tons annually and only predicted to increase in the coming years. An efficient means of disposing and recycling plastic waste is urgently needed. Due to environmental risk factors and high energy consumption of mechanical and chemical recycling methods research focus has shifted towards biological means of recycling. Biocatalysis offers an environmentally friendly and potentially very efficient strategy for plastic waste degradation and valorization by utilizing the reaction products in downstream biosynthetic reactions (up-cycling) (1). Streptomyces spp. are highly regarded as bioactive secondary metabolite producers, however, the genus proved a promising source of industrially relevant enzymes as well (2). Leveraging this unique combination of biosynthetic and biocatalytic capabilities a collection of Streptomyces strains was screened for their plastic-degrading potential using different polyester-based polymers. Strains that could degrade and utilize plastic polymers and monomers as the sole carbon source were sequenced and the genomes searched for homologs of known plastic-degrading enzymes and biosynthetic clusters for bioactive compounds. Enzymes capable of degrading both conventional petrochemical and bioplastics were detected in the genomes of all tested strains. Interestingly, enzymes closely related to highly active poly(ethylene terephthalate) degrading enzymes were found in most strains. As expected, analysis of the biosynthetic potential yielded numerous gene clusters associated with polyketide, non-ribosomal peptide and lassopeptide synthesis. Finally, the ability to convert plastics to biologically active metabolites was confirmed using Streptomyces sp. PM1. When grown on polyurethanes as the sole carbon source this strain showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. In conclusion, this work high

This study takes a new look at a circular economy concept for discarded walnut green husks. Their ethanol extract was prepared and characterized using RP-HPLC, then diluted with water and employed for dyeing and/or functionalizing different fabrics. A diluted extract can dye wool (WO), cotton (CO), cellulose acetate (CA), and polyamide (PA) at pH 4.5. Extract:water ratio of 10:40, 65 °C and 75 min and extract:water ratio of 15:35, 45 °C, and 60 min were found suitable for dyeing WO and CA, respectively. Dyed WO and CA exhibited color strength values of 29.0 and 9.2, and excellent antioxidant activity (>97 %) before and after washing, and a significant level of efficacy against S. aureus. CA possessed excellent (5) and very good (4) color fastness to rubbing in a dry and wet state, respectively. WO showed very good (4) and good to very good (3–4) color fastness to rubbing in a dry and wet state, respectively. CO and PA displayed excellent antioxidant activity, with CO also exhibiting significant antibacterial activity against S. aureus even after washing. Moreover, the same dyebath can be reused for up to four dyeing cycles, enabling obtaining bioactive WO and CA fabrics in various brown shades suitable for different applications. Cytotoxicity assay confirmed the non-cytotoxic nature of dyed and washed CA, PA, and CO fabrics. Bioactive WO, CO, CA, and PA fabrics can be considered for the production of wound dressing, performance clothes, and tights for people with sensitive skin. Finally, this paper sheds new light on a novel circular economy concept since collected husks’ solid parts that remained after extraction were converted into activated carbon, which was then used for the preparation of supercapacitor having a specific capacitance of 144–275 F/g at current densities 0.1–2.0 A/g.

This study takes a new look at a circular economy concept for discarded walnut green husks. Their ethanol extract was prepared and characterized using RP-HPLC, then diluted with water and employed for dyeing and/or functionalizing different fabrics. A diluted extract can dye wool (WO), cotton (CO), cellulose acetate (CA), and polyamide (PA) at pH 4.5. Extract:water ratio of 10:40, 65 °C and 75 min and extract:water ratio of 15:35, 45 °C, and 60 min were found suitable for dyeing WO and CA, respectively. Dyed WO and CA exhibited color strength values of 29.0 and 9.2, and excellent antioxidant activity (>97 %) before and after washing, and a significant level of efficacy against S. aureus. CA possessed excellent (5) and very good (4) color fastness to rubbing in a dry and wet state, respectively. WO showed very good (4) and good to very good (3–4) color fastness to rubbing in a dry and wet state, respectively. CO and PA displayed excellent antioxidant activity, with CO also exhibiting significant antibacterial activity against S. aureus even after washing. Moreover, the same dyebath can be reused for up to four dyeing cycles, enabling obtaining bioactive WO and CA fabrics in various brown shades suitable for different applications. Cytotoxicity assay confirmed the non-cytotoxic nature of dyed and washed CA, PA, and CO fabrics. Bioactive WO, CO, CA, and PA fabrics can be considered for the production of wound dressing, performance clothes, and tights for people with sensitive skin. Finally, this paper sheds new light on a novel circular economy concept since collected husks’ solid parts that remained after extraction were converted into activated carbon, which was then used for the preparation of supercapacitor having a specific capacitance of 144–275 F/g at current densities 0.1–2.0 A/g.

The syntheses of Ag-based nanoparticles (NPs) with the assistance of plant extracts have been shown to be environmentally benign and cost-effective alternatives to conventional chemical syntheses. This study discusses the application of Paliurus spina-christi, Juglans regia, Humulus lupulus, and Sambucus nigra leaf extracts for in situ synthesis of Ag-based NPs on cotton fabric modified with citric acid. The presence of NPs with an average size ranging from 57 to 99 nm on the fiber surface was confirmed by FESEM. XPS analysis indicated that metallic (Ag0) and/or ionic silver (Ag2O and AgO) appeared on the surface of the modified cotton. The chemical composition, size, shape, and amounts of synthesized NPs were strongly dependent on the applied plant extract. All fabricated nanocomposites exhibited excellent antifungal activity against yeast Candida albicans. Antibacterial activity was significantly stronger against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus than Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli. In addition, 99% of silver was retained on the samples after 24 h of contact with physiological saline solution, implying a high stability of nanoparticles. Cytotoxic activity towards HaCaT and MRC5 cells was only observed for the sample synthetized in the presence of H. lupulus extract. Excellent antimicrobial activity and non-cytotoxicity make the developed composites efficient candidates for medicinal applications.

The application of enzymes is expanding across diverse industries due to their nontoxic and biodegradable characteristics. Another advantage is their cost-effectiveness, reflected in reduced processing time, water, and energy consumption. Although Gram-positive bacteria, Bacillus, and Streptomyces spp. are successfully used for production of industrially relevant enzymes, they still lag far behind Escherichia coli as hosts for recombinant protein production. Generally, proteins secreted by Bacillus and Streptomyces hosts are released into the culture medium; their native conformation is preserved and easier recovery process enabled. Given the resilience of both hosts in harsh environmental conditions and their spore-forming capability, a deeper understanding and broader use of Bacillus and Streptomyces as expression hosts could significantly enhance the robustness of industrial bioprocesses. This mini-review aims to compare two expression hosts, emphasizing their specific advantages in industrial surroundings such are chemical, detergent, textile, food, animal feed, leather, and paper industries. The homologous sources, heterologous hosts, and molecular tools used for the production of recombinant proteins in these hosts are discussed. The potential to use both hosts as biocatalysts is also evaluated. Undoubtedly, Bacillus and Streptomyces spp. as production hosts possess the potential to take on a more substantial role, providing superior (bio-based) process robustness and flexibility.

The syntheses of Ag-based nanoparticles (NPs) with the assistance of plant extracts have been shown to be environmentally benign and cost-effective alternatives to conventional chemical syntheses. This study discusses the application of Paliurus spina-christi, Juglans regia, Humulus lupulus, and Sambucus nigra leaf extracts for in situ synthesis of Ag-based NPs on cotton fabric modified with citric acid. The presence of NPs with an average size ranging from 57 to 99 nm on the fiber surface was confirmed by FESEM. XPS analysis indicated that metallic (Ag0) and/or ionic silver (Ag2O and AgO) appeared on the surface of the modified cotton. The chemical composition, size, shape, and amounts of synthesized NPs were strongly dependent on the applied plant extract. All fabricated nanocomposites exhibited excellent antifungal activity against yeast Candida albicans. Antibacterial activity was significantly stronger against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus than Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli. In addition, 99% of silver was retained on the samples after 24 h of contact with physiological saline solution, implying a high stability of nanoparticles. Cytotoxic activity towards HaCaT and MRC5 cells was only observed for the sample synthetized in the presence of H. lupulus extract. Excellent antimicrobial activity and non-cytotoxicity make the developed composites efficient candidates for medicinal applications.

The syntheses of Ag-based nanoparticles (NPs) with the assistance of plant extracts have been shown to be environmentally benign and cost-effective alternatives to conventional chemical syntheses. This study discusses the application of Paliurus spina-christi, Juglans regia, Humulus lupulus, and Sambucus nigra leaf extracts for in situ synthesis of Ag-based NPs on cotton fabric modified with citric acid. The presence of NPs with an average size ranging from 57 to 99 nm on the fiber surface was confirmed by FESEM. XPS analysis indicated that metallic (Ag0) and/or ionic silver (Ag2O and AgO) appeared on the surface of the modified cotton. The chemical composition, size, shape, and amounts of synthesized NPs were strongly dependent on the applied plant extract. All fabricated nanocomposites exhibited excellent antifungal activity against yeast Candida albicans. Antibacterial activity was significantly stronger against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus than Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli. In addition, 99% of silver was retained on the samples after 24 h of contact with physiological saline solution, implying a high stability of nanoparticles. Cytotoxic activity towards HaCaT and MRC5 cells was only observed for the sample synthetized in the presence of H. lupulus extract. Excellent antimicrobial activity and non-cytotoxicity make the developed composites efficient candidates for medicinal applications.

U ovom radu je ispitana mogućnost in situ sinteze nanočestica na bazi srebra primenom ekstrakta lista oraha, na pamučnoj tkanini prethodno modifikovanoj limunskom kiselinom. Tokom sinteze su formirane sferne nanočestice prečnika oko 60 nm, koje su ravnomerno raspoređene po površini pamučnih vlakana. Prisustvo nanočestica na bazi srebra je obezbedilo odličnu antimikrobnu aktivnost prema bakterijama Staphylococcus aureus i Escherichia coli, kao i kvascu Candida albicans. Tekstilni nanokompozitni materijal nije citotoksičan prema ćelijama zdravih keratinocita kože (HaCaT linija) i zdravih fibroblasta (MRC-5 linija), što omogućava njegovu bezbednu primenu za medicinske potrebe., This study discusses the possibility to utilize walnut leaf extract for in situ synthesis of silver-based nanoparticles on cotton fabric previously modified with citric acid. Synthetized spherical nanoparticles with an average diameter of 60 nm were evenly distributed over the surface of cotton fibers. The presence of silver-based nanoparticles provided excellent antimicrobial activity against bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and yeast Candida albicans. The textile nanocomposite did not show any cytotoxicity towards healthy skin keratinocytes cells (HaCaT line) and healthy fibroblast cells (MRC-5 line). Thus, it could be considered as a safe for potential medical applications.

U ovom radu je ispitana mogućnost in situ sinteze nanočestica na bazi srebra primenom ekstrakta lista oraha, na pamučnoj tkanini prethodno modifikovanoj limunskom kiselinom. Tokom sinteze su formirane sferne nanočestice prečnika oko 60 nm, koje su ravnomerno raspoređene po površini pamučnih vlakana. Prisustvo nanočestica na bazi srebra je obezbedilo odličnu antimikrobnu aktivnost prema bakterijama Staphylococcus aureus i Escherichia coli, kao i kvascu Candida albicans. Tekstilni nanokompozitni materijal nije citotoksičan prema ćelijama zdravih keratinocita kože (HaCaT linija) i zdravih fibroblasta (MRC-5 linija), što omogućava njegovu bezbednu primenu za medicinske potrebe., This study discusses the possibility to utilize walnut leaf extract for in situ synthesis of silver-based nanoparticles on cotton fabric previously modified with citric acid. Synthetized spherical nanoparticles with an average diameter of 60 nm were evenly distributed over the surface of cotton fibers. The presence of silver-based nanoparticles provided excellent antimicrobial activity against bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and yeast Candida albicans. The textile nanocomposite did not show any cytotoxicity towards healthy skin keratinocytes cells (HaCaT line) and healthy fibroblast cells (MRC-5 line). Thus, it could be considered as a safe for potential medical applications.

Phenazines, including pyocyanin (PYO) and 1-hydroxyphenazine (1-HP) are extracellular secondary metabolites and multifunctional pigments of Pseudomonas aeruginosa responsible for its blue-green color. These versatile molecules are electrochemically active, involved in significant biological activities giving fitness to the host, but also recognized as antimicrobial and anticancer agents. Their wider application is still limited partly due to the cost of carbon substrate for production, which can be solved by the utilization of carbon from food waste within the biorefinery concept. In this study, a variety of food waste streams (banana peel, potato peel, potato washing, stale bread, yoghurt, processed meat, boiled eggs and mixed canteen waste) was used as sole nutrient source in submerged cultures of P. aeruginosa BK25H. Stale bread was identified as the most suitable substrate to support phenazine biopigments production and bacterial growth. This was further increased in 5-liter fermenter when on average 5.2mgL-1 of PYO and 4.4mgL-1 of 1-HP were purified after 24h batch cultivations from the fermentation medium consisting of homogenized stale bread in tap water. Purified biopigments showed moderate antimicrobial activity, and showed different toxicity profiles, with PYO not being toxic against Caenorhabditis elegans, a free-living soil nematode up to 300µgmL-1 and 1-HP showing lethal effects at 75µgmL-1. Therefore, stale bread waste stream with minimal pretreatment should be considered as suitable biorefinery feedstock, as it can support the production of valuable biopigments such as phenazines.

Polyurethanes (PUs) are an exceedingly heterogeneous group of plastic polymers, widely used in a variety of industries from construction to medical implants. In the past decades, we have witnessed the accumulation of PU waste and its detrimental environmental impacts. PUs have been identified as one of the most toxic polymers leaching hazardous compounds derived both from the polymer itself and the additives used in production. Further environmental impact assessment, identification and characterization of substances derived from PU materials and establishing efficient degradation strategies are crucial. Thus, a selection of eight synthetic model compounds which represent partial PU hydrolysis products were synthesized and characterized both in terms of toxicity and suitability to be used as substrates for the identification of novel biocatalysts for PU biodegradation. Overall, the compounds exhibited low in vitro cytotoxicity against a healthy human fibroblast cell line and virtually no toxic effect on the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans up to 500 µg mL−1, and two of the substrates showed moderate aquatic ecotoxicity with EC50 values 53 µg mL−1 and 45 µg mL−1, respectively, on Aliivibrio fischeri. The compounds were successfully applied to study the mechanism of ester and urethane bond cleaving preference of known plastic-degrading enzymes and were used to single out a novel PU-degrading biocatalyst, Amycolatopsis mediterranei ISP5501, among 220 microbial strains. A. mediterranei ISP5501 can also degrade commercially available polyether and polyester PU materials, reducing the average molecular number of the polymer up to 13.5%. This study uncovered a biocatalyst capable of degrading different types of PUs and identified potential enzymes responsible as a key step in developing biotechnological process for PU waste treatment options.

The genus Streptomyces has been studied for the vast secondary metabolite production, biological activity of crude extracts, as well as colouring properties on textile materials [1, 2]. Streptomyces sp. BV365 is a potent producer of yellow pigments, used to efficiently colour different natural textiles [3]. Utilization of food waste for bacterial growth and production of pigments and antifungals [4] could contribute to conversion of waste to valuable molecules, providing more economically acceptable and more eco-friendly generated biotherapeutics, enzymes and pigments.

Prodigiosin (PG) is a red biopigment produced as a secondary metabolite by microorganisms such as Serratia marcescens and Streptomyces. In recent years, this tripyrrole compound has attracted an increasing attention due to its antibacterial, antimalarial, and immunosuppressive activities [1]. It is also known for its antitumor activity, inducing the cell death by apoptosis in different human cancer cell lines [2]. Considering this, in the present study, we investigated the interactions of prodigiosin and its copper(II) complex (CuPG; the structural formula is presented below), whose crystal structure was determined previously [2], with calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) by fluorescence emission spectroscopy to clarify their binding affinities toward these biomolecules. The antimicrobial activity of the synthesized CuPG complex and PG ligand was evaluated in vitro against various microorganisms that can lead to many infections. Moreover, CuPG and PG were evaluated in a cell viability assay on a healthy MRC-5 cell line, as well as a panel of MDA-MB-231, A549, A375, and HCT116 cancer cell lines.

Given the environmental burden of textile industry, especially of dyeing processes and the volume of synthetic dyes and surfactants, the intensive development of the greener approaches is under way. Herein, an environmentaly-friendly dyeing of polyamide (PA) and PA/Elastane (PA/EA) knits using live bacterial approach in water environment, completely eliminating usage of textile auxiliaries is described. A total of 12 pigment-producing Streptomyces strains were isolated and purified from soil and rizoshere or bark of smoke tree Cotinus coggygria samples. The antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic effects of crude bacterial extracts were tested. Antimicrobial effect was obtained by the majority of extracts but only two streptomycetes extracts, 11–5 and BPS51, showed moderate cytotoxicity against HaCaT human cell line. This was the reason to select 11–5 and BPS51 strains for the dyeing of the textile materials. Excellent properties of dyeing wool, silk and PA are achieved initially using live cultures, and the bioprocess is optimized on commercial PA and PA/EA knits used for stockings production. Satisfactory coloration of both knits is achieved with dynamic conditions (culture shaking at 180 rpm over 5–14 days at 30 ºC) giving the best coloration results, except in the case of the PA sample dyed with a bacterial strain 11–5. The prolongation of dyeing time leads to higher color yields independently of fabric and bacteria strain. Although the color differences between the samples before and after washing are observed, washing fastness after three washing cycles can be considered as satisfactory.

The idea of this study was to create a new scaffolding system based on 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, gelatin, and alginate that contains titanium(IV) oxide nanoparticles as a platform for the controlled release of the bioactive agent curcumin. The innovative strategy to develop hybrid scaffolds was the modified porogenation method. The effect of the scaffold composition on the chemical, morphology, porosity, mechanical, hydrophilicity, swelling, degradation, biocompatibility, loading, and release features of hybrid scaffolds was evaluated. A porous structure with interconnected pores in the range of 52.33–65.76%, favorable swelling capacity, fully hydrophilic surfaces, degradability to 45% for 6 months, curcumin loading efficiency above 96%, and favorable controlled release profiles were obtained. By applying four kinetic models of release, valuable parameters were obtained for the curcumin/PHEMA/gelatin/alginate/TiO2 release platform. Cytotoxicity test results depend on the composition of the scaffolds and showed satisfactory cell growth with visible cell accumulation on the hybrid surfaces. The constructed hybrid scaffolds have suitable high-performance properties, suggesting potential for further in vivo and clinical studies.

Poor antimicrobial activity and lack of protection against UV irradiation are weaknesses of cotton textiles. In an attempt to impart superior antimicrobial and UV-protective properties to cotton, layer-by-layer deposition of chitosan and magnesium lignosulfonate, and in situ synthesis of silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs), was performed. Lignin, in a chitosan/lignin multilayer, simultaneously acts as a UV protective macromolecule and natural reducing and stabilizing agent, allowing formation of Ag NPs. Four bilayers of this coating is sufficient for fabrication of a chitosan/lignin/Ag-NP textile nanocomposite treatment with 50+ UV protection. 100% reduction of Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, and yeast Candida albicans can be achieved with a 12-bilayer coating, when 20 mM silver nitrate solution and sodium borohydride are applied. On the other hand, four bilayers impregnated with Ag NPs, using 10 mM silver nitrate solution, provides sufficient antimicrobial activity independent of an added reducing agent. This treatment exhibits no inhibition of human keratinocyte cells growth on the skin, indicating low cytotoxicity.

Poor antimicrobial activity and lack of protection against UV irradiation are weaknesses of cottontextiles. In an attempt to impart superior antimicrobial and UV-protective properties to cotton, layer-by-layer deposition of chitosan and magnesium lignosulfonate, and in situ synthesis of silver (Ag)nanoparticles (NPs), was performed. Lignin, in a chitosan/lignin multilayer, simultaneously acts as a UVprotective macromolecule and natural reducing and stabilizing agent, allowing formation of Ag NPs. Fourbilayers of this coating is sufficient for fabrication of a chitosan/lignin/Ag-NP textile nanocompositetreatment with 50+ UV protection. 100% reduction of Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, and yeast Candida albicans can be achieved with a 12-bilayercoating, when 20 mM silver nitrate solution and sodium borohydride are applied. On the other hand,four bilayers impregnated with Ag NPs, using 10 mM silver nitrate solution, provides sufficientantimicrobial activity independent of an added reducing agent. This treatment exhibits no inhibition ofhuman keratinocyte cells growth on the skin, indicating low cytotoxicity.

Polyurethanes (PUs) are an exceedingly heterogeneous group of plastic polymers, widely used in a variety of industries from construction to medical implants. In the past decades, we have witnessed the accumulation of PU waste and its detrimental environmental impacts. PUs have been identified as one of the most toxic polymers leaching hazardous compounds derived both from the polymer itself and the additives used in production. Further environmental impact assessment, identification and characterization of substances derived from PU materials and establishing efficient degradation strategies are crucial. Thus, a selection of eight synthetic model compounds which represent partial PU hydrolysis products were synthesized and characterized both in terms of toxicity and suitability to be used as substrates for the identification of novel biocatalysts for PU biodegradation. Overall, the compounds exhibited low in vitro cytotoxicity against a healthy human fibroblast cell line and virtually no toxic effect on the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans up to 500 µg mL−1, and two of the substrates showed moderate aquatic ecotoxicity with EC50 values 53 µg mL−1 and 45 µg mL−1, respectively, on Aliivibrio fischeri. The compounds were successfully applied to study the mechanism of ester and urethane bond cleaving preference of known plastic-degrading enzymes and were used to single out a novel PU-degrading biocatalyst, Amycolatopsis mediterranei ISP5501, among 220 microbial strains. A. mediterranei ISP5501 can also degrade commercially available polyether and polyester PU materials, reducing the average molecular number of the polymer up to 13.5%. This study uncovered a biocatalyst capable of degrading different types of PUs and identified potential enzymes responsible as a key step in developing biotechnological process for PU waste treatment options.

Poor antimicrobial activity and lack of protection against UV irradiation are weaknesses of cotton textiles. In an attempt to impart superior antimicrobial and UV-protective properties to cotton, layer-by-layer deposition of chitosan and magnesium lignosulfonate, and in situ synthesis of silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs), was performed. Lignin, in a chitosan/lignin multilayer, simultaneously acts as a UV protective macromolecule and natural reducing and stabilizing agent, allowing formation of Ag NPs. Four bilayers of this coating is sufficient for fabrication of a chitosan/lignin/Ag-NP textile nanocomposite treatment with 50+ UV protection. 100% reduction of Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, and yeast Candida albicans can be achieved with a 12-bilayer coating, when 20 mM silver nitrate solution and sodium borohydride are applied. On the other hand, four bilayers impregnated with Ag NPs, using 10 mM silver nitrate solution, provides sufficient antimicrobial activity independent of an added reducing agent. This treatment exhibits no inhibition of human keratinocyte cells growth on the skin, indicating low cytotoxicity.

Poor antimicrobial activity and lack of protection against UV irradiation are weaknesses of cotton textiles. In an attempt to impart superior antimicrobial and UV-protective properties to cotton, layer-by- layer deposition of chitosan and magnesium lignosulfonate, and in situ synthesis of silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs), was performed. Lignin, in a chitosan/lignin multilayer, simultaneously acts as a UV protective macromolecule and natural reducing and stabilizing agent, allowing formation of Ag NPs. Four bilayers of this coating is sufficient for fabrication of a chitosan/lignin/Ag-NP textile nanocomposite treatment with 50+ UV protection. 100% reduction of Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, gram- positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, and yeast Candida albicans can be achieved with a 12-bilayer coating, when 20 mM silver nitrate solution and sodium borohydride are applied. On the other hand, four bilayers impregnated with Ag NPs, using 10 mM silver nitrate solution, provides sufficient antimicrobial activity independent of an added reducing agent. This treatment exhibits no inhibition of human keratinocyte cells growth on the skin, indicating low cytotoxicity.

Polyurethanes (PUs) are an exceedingly heterogeneous group of plastic polymers, widely used in a variety of industries from construction to medical implants. In the past decades, we have witnessed the accumulation of PU waste and its detrimental environmental impacts. PUs have been identified as one of the most toxic polymers leaching hazardous compounds derived both from the polymer itself and the additives used in production. Further environmental impact assessment, identification and characterization of substances derived from PU materials and establishing efficient degradation strategies are crucial. Thus, a selection of eight synthetic model compounds which represent partial PU hydrolysis products were synthesized and characterized both in terms of toxicity and suitability to be used as substrates for the identification of novel biocatalysts for PU biodegradation. Overall, the compounds exhibited low in vitro cytotoxicity against a healthy human fibroblast cell line and virtually no toxic effect on the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans up to 500 µg mL−1, and two of the substrates showed moderate aquatic ecotoxicity with EC50 values 53 µg mL−1 and 45 µg mL−1, respectively, on Aliivibrio fischeri. The compounds were successfully applied to study the mechanism of ester and urethane bond cleaving preference of known plastic-degrading enzymes and were used to single out a novel PU-degrading biocatalyst, Amycolatopsis mediterranei ISP5501, among 220 microbial strains. A. mediterranei ISP5501 can also degrade commercially available polyether and polyester PU materials, reducing the average molecular number of the polymer up to 13.5%. This study uncovered a biocatalyst capable of degrading different types of PUs and identified potential enzymes responsible as a key step in developing biotechnological process for PU waste treatment options.

The idea of this study was to create a new scaffolding system based on 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, gelatin, and alginate that contains titanium(IV) oxide nanoparticles as a platform for the controlled release of the bioactive agent curcumin. The innovative strategy to develop hybrid scaffolds was the modified porogenation method. The effect of the scaffold composition on the chemical, morphology, porosity, mechanical, hydrophilicity, swelling, degradation, biocompatibility, loading, and release features of hybrid scaffolds was evaluated. A porous structure with interconnected pores in the range of 52.33–65.76%, favorable swelling capacity, fully hydrophilic surfaces, degradability to 45% for 6 months, curcumin loading efficiency above 96%, and favorable controlled release profiles were obtained. By applying four kinetic models of release, valuable parameters were obtained for the curcumin/PHEMA/gelatin/alginate/TiO2 release platform. Cytotoxicity test results depend on the composition of the scaffolds and showed satisfactory cell growth with visible cell accumulation on the hybrid surfaces. The constructed hybrid scaffolds have suitable high-performance properties, suggesting potential for further in vivo and clinical studies.

The demand for medical textiles in various forms with strong antimicrobial activity drastically increased during the COVID19 pandemic. In an attempt to tackle this issue and to develop antimicrobial textiles in more environmentally benign manner, a viscose fabric after coating with biopolymer chitosan has been impregnated with Ag- and Cu-based nanoparticles. Chitosan was applied in the presence and absence of cross-linker 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA). In situ green synthesis of nanoparticles was performed using a Punica granatum (pomegranate) peel extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. Formation of nanoparticles on the fiber surface was confirmed by FESEM. Elemental analysis by XPS showed the synthesized nanoparticles exist as AgCl and a mixture of Cu/CuO/Cu2O in the modified samples. Moreover, these nanoparticles appeared to be present not only on the sample surface but also buried within the fibers, as indicated by XPS mapping and depth profiling measurements. All impregnated fabrics exhibited excellent antifungal activity providing the maximum reduction of yeast Candida albicans colonies. Antibacterial activity was stronger against Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli than Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, and it was highly influenced by metal content. The fabrics impregnated with AgCl nanoparticles showed lower cytotoxicity towards human keratinocyte cells.

Given the environmental burden of textile industry, especially of dyeing processes and the volume of synthetic dyes and surfactants, the intensive development of the greener approaches is under way. Herein, an environmentaly-friendly dyeing of polyamide (PA) and PA/Elastane (PA/EA) knits using live bacterial approach in water environment, completely eliminating usage of textile auxiliaries is described. A total of 12 pigment-producing Streptomyces strains were isolated and purified from soil and rizoshere or bark of smoke tree Cotinus coggygria samples. The antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic effects of crude bacterial extracts were tested. Antimicrobial effect was obtained by the majority of extracts but only two streptomycetes extracts, 11–5 and BPS51, showed moderate cytotoxicity against HaCaT human cell line. This was the reason to select 11–5 and BPS51 strains for the dyeing of the textile materials. Excellent properties of dyeing wool, silk and PA are achieved initially using live cultures, and the bioprocess is optimized on commercial PA and PA/EA knits used for stockings production. Satisfactory coloration of both knits is achieved with dynamic conditions (culture shaking at 180 rpm over 5–14 days at 30 ºC) giving the best coloration results, except in the case of the PA sample dyed with a bacterial strain 11–5. The prolongation of dyeing time leads to higher color yields independently of fabric and bacteria strain. Although the color differences between the samples before and after washing are observed, washing fastness after three washing cycles can be considered as satisfactory.

The aim of this study was to develop antimicrobial nanocomposite textile material comprising of Cu-based nanostructures synthesized on oxidized cotton fabric using Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng., Ericaceae (bearberry leaves) as a green reducing agent for adsorbed Cu2+-ions. In order to provide sufficient number of carboxyl groups for complexation with Cu2+-ions a two-step oxidation process with NaIO4 and NaClO2 was carried out. The influence of NaIO4 concentration on content of carboxyl groups and Cu-based nanoparticles was studied by FTIR and AAS. HPLC analysis identified the gallic acid known as a reducing agent in bearberry leaves extract. FESEM and XRD analyses revealed that using bearberry leaves extract and gallic acid solution as reducing agents led to a formation of spherical Cu2O/CuO nanoparticles and CuO nanosheets, respectively. These nanoparticles and nanosheets provided excellent antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. Cytotoxicity on human keratinocyte cells was shown to depend on their copper content.

Potrebe za medicinskim tekstilom koji poseduje antimikrobna svojstva kontinualno rastu. U poslednje vreme se cine napori da se sinteza nanocestica Ag ostvari upotrebom zelenih redukcionih sredstava, a pre svega biljnih ekstrakta. U ovom radu su nanocestice Ag sintetisane na viskoznoj tkanini modifikovanoj biopolimerom hitozanom sa i bez prisustva umreživaca 1,2,3,4-butantetrakarboksilne kiseline primenom ekstrakta kore nara kao redukcionog sredstva. Uprkos razlici u sadržaju i velicini nanocestica Ag, oba uzorka pokazuju odlicnu antibakterijsku aktivnost prema bakterijamaS. aureusi E. coli, a još bolju antifungalnu aktivnost prema kvascu C. albicans. Pri tome je citotoksicnost ovih uzoraka prema celijama keratinocita ljudske kože niska., The needs for medical textiles with antimicrobial properties are continually growing. Recently many efforts have been made to synthesize Ag nanoparticles using green reducing agents, in particular plant extracts. In this study Ag nanoparticles were synthesized on viscose rayon fabric modified with biopolymer chitosan with or without crosslinker 1,2,3,4-tetrabutanecarboxylic acid by applying pomegranate peel extract as a reducing agent. Despite the difference in content andsize of Ag nanoparticles both samples showed excellent antibacterial activity against bacteria S. aureus and E. coli and even better against yeast C. albicans. The cytotoxicity of these samples onhuman keratinocyte cellswas low.

Potrebe za medicinskim tekstilom koji poseduje antimikrobna svojstva kontinualno rastu. U poslednje vreme se cine napori da se sinteza nanocestica Ag ostvari upotrebom zelenih redukcionih sredstava, a pre svega biljnih ekstrakta. U ovom radu su nanocestice Ag sintetisane na viskoznoj tkanini modifikovanoj biopolimerom hitozanom sa i bez prisustva umreživaca 1,2,3,4-butantetrakarboksilne kiseline primenom ekstrakta kore nara kao redukcionog sredstva. Uprkos razlici u sadržaju i velicini nanocestica Ag, oba uzorka pokazuju odlicnu antibakterijsku aktivnost prema bakterijamaS. aureusi E. coli, a još bolju antifungalnu aktivnost prema kvascu C. albicans. Pri tome je citotoksicnost ovih uzoraka prema celijama keratinocita ljudske kože niska., The needs for medical textiles with antimicrobial properties are continually growing. Recently many efforts have been made to synthesize Ag nanoparticles using green reducing agents, in particular plant extracts. In this study Ag nanoparticles were synthesized on viscose rayon fabric modified with biopolymer chitosan with or without crosslinker 1,2,3,4-tetrabutanecarboxylic acid by applying pomegranate peel extract as a reducing agent. Despite the difference in content andsize of Ag nanoparticles both samples showed excellent antibacterial activity against bacteria S. aureus and E. coli and even better against yeast C. albicans. The cytotoxicity of these samples onhuman keratinocyte cellswas low.

The aim of this study was to develop antimicrobial nanocomposite textile material comprising of Cu-based nanostructures synthesized on oxidized cotton fabric using Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng., Ericaceae (bearberry leaves) as a green reducing agent for adsorbed Cu2+-ions. In order to provide sufficient number of carboxyl groups for complexation with Cu2+-ions a two-step oxidation process with NaIO4 and NaClO2 was carried out. The influence of NaIO4 concentration on content of carboxyl groups and Cu-based nanoparticles was studied by FTIR and AAS. HPLC analysis identified the gallic acid known as a reducing agent in bearberry leaves extract. FESEM and XRD analyses revealed that using bearberry leaves extract and gallic acid solution as reducing agents led to a formation of spherical Cu2O/CuO nanoparticles and CuO nanosheets, respectively. These nanoparticles and nanosheets provided excellent antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. Cytotoxicity on human keratinocyte cells was shown to depend on their copper content.

Sustainable biodegradation of cellulose fibers is critical for composting after the end of a product's life. In this study, we aimed at investigating the effect of in situ synthesized CuO/Cu2O nanoparticles (NPs) with biocidal concentration on the biodegradation behavior of cotton fibers pretreated with 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) and succinic acid (SUC). Biodegradation of the fibers was evaluated by soil burial tests in garden soil and in model compost after different soil burial times. The results showed that the application of BTCA, SUC, and CuO/Cu2O NPs did not affect the hydrophilicity of the samples and allowed a smooth biodegradation process. The morphological and chemical changes during biodegradation, evaluated by FESEM and FTIR analyses, showed that the presence of CuO/Cu2O NPs slightly hindered biodegradation of the fibers after 18 days in soil. However, biodegradation was much faster in the model compost, where all samples, regardless of their chemical modification, almost completely degraded after only 11 days. Intense microbial growth on the surface of all samples after nine days of burial in garden soil and model compost was confirmed by the presence of proteins produced by the microorganisms. The total number of microorganisms in the garden soil remained almost unchanged and increased in the model compost after the burial test. The only exception was the sample with the highest concentration of CuO/Cu2O NPs, which caused a reduction in microbial growth but not complete growth inhibition. These results clearly showed that during material degradation, the cellulosic material supporting microbial growth prevailed over the suppression of microbial growth by CuO/Cu2O NPs.

The aim of this study was to develop antimicrobial nanocomposite textile material comprising of Cu-based nanostructures synthesized on oxidized cotton fabric using Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng., Ericaceae (bearberry leaves) as a green reducing agent for adsorbed Cu2+-ions. In order to provide sufficient number of carboxyl groups for complexation with Cu2+-ions a two-step oxidation process with NaIO4 and NaClO2 was carried out. The influence of NaIO4 concentration on content of carboxyl groups and Cu-based nanoparticles was studied by FTIR and AAS. HPLC analysis identified the gallic acid known as a reducing agent in bearberry leaves extract. FESEM and XRD analyses revealed that using bearberry leaves extract and gallic acid solution as reducing agents led to a formation of spherical Cu2O/CuO nanoparticles and CuO nanosheets, respectively. These nanoparticles and nanosheets provided excellent antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. Cytotoxicity on human keratinocyte cells was shown to depend on their copper content.

Scaffold hydrogel biomaterials designed to have advantageous biofunctional properties, which can be applied for controlled bioactive agent release, represent an important concept in biomedical tissue engineering. Our goal was to create scaffolding materials that mimic living tissue for biomedical utilization. In this study, two novel series of interpenetrating hydrogel networks (IPNs) based on 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate/gelatin and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate/alginate were crosslinked using N-ethyl-N′-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). Characterization included examining the effects of crosslinker type and concentration on structure, morphological and mechanical properties, in vitro swelling, hydrophilicity as well as on the in vitro cell viability (fibroblast cells) and in vivo (Caenorhabditis elegans) interactions of novel biomaterials. The engineered IPN hydrogel scaffolds show an interconnected pore morphology and porosity range of 62.36 to 85.20%, favorable in vitro swelling capacity, full hydrophilicity, and Young’s modulus values in the range of 1.40 to 7.50 MPa. In vitro assay on healthy human fibroblast (MRC5 cells) by MTT test and in vivo (Caenorhabditis elegans) survival assays show the advantageous biocompatible properties of novel IPN hydrogel scaffolds. Furthermore, in vitro controlled release study of the therapeutic agent resveratrol showed that these novel scaffolding systems are suitable controlled release platforms. The results revealed that the use of EDC and the combination of EDC/NHS crosslinkers can be applied to prepare and tune the properties of the IPN 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate/alginate and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate/gelatin hydrogel scaffolds series, which have shown great potential for biomedical engineering applications.

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is widely used material and as such became highly enriched in nature. It is generally considered inert and safe plastic, but due to the recent increased efforts to break-down PET using biotechnological approaches, we realized the scarcity of information about structural analysis of possible degradation products and their ecotoxicological assessment. Therefore, in this study, 11 compounds belonging to the group of PET precursors and possible degradation products have been comprehensively characterized. Seven of these compounds including 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylterephthalate, ethylene glycol bis(methyl terephthalate), methyl bis(2-hydroxyethyl terephtahalate), 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid, 1,4-bis[2-[[4-(methoxycarbonyl)benzoyl]oxy]ethyl] ester and methyl tris(2-hydroxyethyl terephthalate) corresponding to mono-, 1.5-, di-, 2,5- and trimer of PET were synthetized and structurally characterized for the first time. In-silico druglikeness and physico-chemical properties of these compounds were predicted using variety of platforms. No antimicrobial properties were detected even at 1000 μg/mL. Ecotoxicological impact of the compounds against marine bacteria Allivibrio fischeri proved that the 6 out of 11 tested PET-associated compounds may be classified as harmful to aquatic microorganisms, with PET trimer being one of the most toxic. In comparison, most of the compounds were not toxic on human lung fibroblasts (MRC-5) at 200 μg/mL with inhibiting concentration (IC50) values of 30 μg/mL and 50 μg/mL determined for PET dimer and trimer. Only three of these compounds including PET monomer were toxic to nematode Caenorhabditis elegans at high concentration of 500 μg/mL. In terms of the applicative potential, PET dimer can be used as suitable substrate for the screening, identification and characterization of novel PET-depolymerizing enzymes.

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is widely used material and as such became highly enriched in nature. It is generally considered inert and safe plastic, but due to the recent increased efforts to break-down PET using biotechnological approaches, we realized the scarcity of information about structural analysis of possible degradation products and their ecotoxicological assessment. Therefore, in this study, 11 compounds belonging to the group of PET precursors and possible degradation products have been comprehensively characterized. Seven of these compounds including 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylterephthalate, ethylene glycol bis(methyl terephthalate), methyl bis(2-hydroxyethyl terephtahalate), 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid, 1,4-bis[2-[[4-(methoxycarbonyl)benzoyl]oxy]ethyl] ester and methyl tris(2-hydroxyethyl terephthalate) corresponding to mono-, 1.5-, di-, 2,5- and trimer of PET were synthetized and structurally characterized for the first time. In-silico druglikeness and physico-chemical properties of these compounds were predicted using variety of platforms. No antimicrobial properties were detected even at 1000 μg/mL. Ecotoxicological impact of the compounds against marine bacteria Allivibrio fischeri proved that the 6 out of 11 tested PET-associated compounds may be classified as harmful to aquatic microorganisms, with PET trimer being one of the most toxic. In comparison, most of the compounds were not toxic on human lung fibroblasts (MRC-5) at 200 μg/mL with inhibiting concentration (IC50) values of 30 μg/mL and 50 μg/mL determined for PET dimer and trimer. Only three of these compounds including PET monomer were toxic to nematode Caenorhabditis elegans at high concentration of 500 μg/mL. In terms of the applicative potential, PET dimer can be used as suitable substrate for the screening, identification and characterization of novel PET-depolymerizing enzymes.

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is widely used material and as such became highly enriched in nature. It is generally considered inert and safe plastic, but due to the recent increased efforts to break-down PET using biotechnological approaches, we realized the scarcity of information about structural analysis of possible degradation products and their ecotoxicological assessment. Therefore, in this study, 11 compounds belonging to the group of PET precursors and possible degradation products have been comprehensively characterized. Seven of these compounds including 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylterephthalate, ethylene glycol bis(methyl terephthalate), methyl bis(2-hydroxyethyl terephtahalate), 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid, 1,4-bis[2-[[4-(methoxycarbonyl)benzoyl]oxy]ethyl] ester and methyl tris(2-hydroxyethyl terephthalate) corresponding to mono-, 1.5-, di-, 2,5- and trimer of PET were synthetized and structurally characterized for the first time. In-silico druglikeness and physico-chemical properties of these compounds were predicted using variety of platforms. No antimicrobial properties were detected even at 1000 μg/mL. Ecotoxicological impact of the compounds against marine bacteria Allivibrio fischeri proved that the 6 out of 11 tested PET-associated compounds may be classified as harmful to aquatic microorganisms, with PET trimer being one of the most toxic. In comparison, most of the compounds were not toxic on human lung fibroblasts (MRC-5) at 200 μg/mL with inhibiting concentration (IC50) values of 30 μg/mL and 50 μg/mL determined for PET dimer and trimer. Only three of these compounds including PET monomer were toxic to nematode Caenorhabditis elegans at high concentration of 500 μg/mL. In terms of the applicative potential, PET dimer can be used as suitable substrate for the screening, identification and characterization of novel PET-depolymerizing enzymes.

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is widely used material and as such became highly enriched in nature. It is generally considered inert and safe plastic, but due to the recent increased efforts to break-down PET using biotechnological approaches, we realized the scarcity of information about structural analysis of possible degradation products and their ecotoxicological assessment. Therefore, in this study, 11 compounds belonging to the group of PET precursors and possible degradation products have been comprehensively characterized. Seven of these compounds including 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylterephthalate, ethylene glycol bis(methyl terephthalate), methyl bis(2-hydroxyethyl terephtahalate), 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid, 1,4-bis[2-[[4-(methoxycarbonyl)benzoyl]oxy]ethyl] ester and methyl tris(2-hydroxyethyl terephthalate) corresponding to mono-, 1.5-, di-, 2,5- and trimer of PET were synthetized and structurally characterized for the first time. In-silico druglikeness and physico-chemical properties of these compounds were predicted using variety of platforms. No antimicrobial properties were detected even at 1000 μg/mL. Ecotoxicological impact of the compounds against marine bacteria Allivibrio fischeri proved that the 6 out of 11 tested PET-associated compounds may be classified as harmful to aquatic microorganisms, with PET trimer being one of the most toxic. In comparison, most of the compounds were not toxic on human lung fibroblasts (MRC-5) at 200 μg/mL with inhibiting concentration (IC50) values of 30 μg/mL and 50 μg/mL determined for PET dimer and trimer. Only three of these compounds including PET monomer were toxic to nematode Caenorhabditis elegans at high concentration of 500 μg/mL. In terms of the applicative potential, PET dimer can be used as suitable substrate for the screening, identification and characterization of novel PET-depolymerizing enzymes.

Biotransformation of bis-bibenzyl perrottetin F (1), isolated from the liverwort Lunularia cruciata by Aspergillus niger, has been investigated. New metabolites (2-4) have been isolated using reversed phase semipreparative HPLC and their structures were established to be 8-hydroxyperrottetin F, C-7-C-8 cleaved product, and perrottetin F 6’-sulfate using 1D and 2D NMR, HR-ESI-MS, IR and UV spectroscopy. The antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of these compounds were also evaluated. Given the suggested cytotoxic properties of the parent compound, antiproliferative activity against healthy human lung fibroblasts (MRC5) and human lung carcinoma (A549) of three metabolites were evaluated revealing their lower cytotoxic properties in comparison to the starting compound-perrottetin F. The antimicrobial properties of these compounds were also evaluated, with the inhibitory activity against the Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and Staphylococcus aureus determined between 100 µM and 450 µM. The metabolites showed remarkable ability to inhibit synthesis of bacterial quorum-sensing signal molecules such as short chain acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs). Therefore, biotransformation method represents fast and effective tool for obtaining new bioactive structures.

In this work, cellulose (viscose) was functionalized with chitosan and dyed with an extract of Streptomyces sp. NP4 bacterial culture. Cellulose was first converted to dialdehyde cellulose; afterward chitosan was deposited, making fabric susceptible to dyeing. The dyed fabric exhibited pH responsiveness in a broad range of pH, 4-7-10, where colour shade of the fabric, exposed to buffer solutions, was pink, red, and blue, respectively. Response to the pH change was measured in seconds, whereby faster colour shift is from blue to red/pink. The dyed fabrics can withstand 10 cycles of colour change. Due to the broad range of pH activity, the presented cellulose product has the potential to be used as a textile pH sensor, and, more importantly, it is completely made from natural and sustainable resources.

Nano-finishing of textiles with Cu-based nanoparticles (NPs) is continually gaining scientific attention due to their extraordinary antimicrobial activity and inexpensive precursor salts. After exploitation, such textile goods commonly end-up on landfills becoming prone to biodegradation. The aim of this study is to highlight the influence of in situ synthetized CuO/Cu2O NPs on biodegradation behavior of cotton (CO) fabrics impregnated with 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic (BTCA) and succinic (SUC) acids in soil and compost. Biodegradation of impregnated samples in soil was slower compared to control CO fabric. The presence of CuO/Cu2O NPs negligibly affected biodegradation process in compost which ran much faster than in soil.

Nano-finishing of textiles with Cu-based nanoparticles (NPs) is continually gaining scientific attention due to their extraordinary antimicrobial activity and inexpensive precursor salts. After exploitation, such textile goods commonly end-up on landfills becoming prone to biodegradation. The aim of this study is to highlight the influence of in situ synthetized CuO/Cu2O NPs on biodegradation behavior of cotton (CO) fabrics impregnated with 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic (BTCA) and succinic (SUC) acids in soil and compost. Biodegradation of impregnated samples in soil was slower compared to control CO fabric. The presence of CuO/Cu2O NPs negligibly affected biodegradation process in compost which ran much faster than in soil.

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is widely used material and as such became highly enriched in nature. It is generally considered inert and safe plastic, but due to the recent increased efforts to break-down PET using biotechnological approaches, we realized the scarcity of information about structural analysis of possible degradation products and their ecotoxicological assessment. Therefore, in this study, 11 compounds belonging to the group of PET precursors and possible degradation products have been comprehensively characterized. Seven of these compounds including 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4methylterephthalate, ethylene glycol bis(methyl terephthalate), methyl bis(2-hydroxyethyl terephtahalate), 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid, 1,4-bis[2-[[4-(methoxycarbonyl)benzoyl]oxy]ethyl] ester and methyl tris(2-hydroxyethyl terephthalate) corresponding to mono-, 1.5-, di-, 2,5- and trimer of PET were synthetized and structurally characterized for the first time. In-silico druglikeness and physico-chemical properties of these compounds were predicted using variety of platforms. No antimicrobial properties were detected even at 1000 mg/mL. Ecotoxicological impact of the compounds against marine bacteria Allivibrio fischeri proved that the 6 out of 11 tested PET-associated compounds may be classified as harmful to aquatic microorganisms, with PET trimer being one of the most toxic. In comparison, most of the compounds were not toxic on human lung fibroblasts (MRC-5) at 200 mg/mL with inhibiting concentration (IC50) values of 30 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL determined for PET dimer and trimer. Only three of these compounds including PET monomer were toxic to nematode Caenorhabditis elegans at high concentration of 500 mg/mL. In terms of the applicative potential, PET dimer can be used as suitable substrate for the screening, identification and characterization of novel PET-depolymerizing enzymes.

Severe drawbacks associated with the topical use of depigmenting agents in treatments of skin hyperigmentations impose a great demand for novel, effective, and safe melanogenesis inhibitors. Edible and medicinal mushrooms, known for numerous health-promoting properties, represent a rich reservoir of anti-melanogenic compounds, with the potential to be applied in preventing excessive skin pigmentation. Herein, using zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a preclinical animal model, we have demonstrated that ethanol extract of Laetiporus sulphureus (LSE) and Agaricus silvaticus (ASE) are not toxic at high doses up to 400-500 mu g/mL while effectively inhibit melanogenesis in a dose-dependent manner. At depigmenting doses, the explored extracts showed no adverse effects on zebrafish embryos melanocytes. Even more, they did not provoke inflammation or neutropenia when applied at the highest dose ensuring almost complete the cells depigmentation. Since LSE and ASE have demonstrated significantly higher the therapeutic potential than kojic acid and hydroquinone, two well-known depigmenting agents, overall results of this study strongly suggest that the explored mushrooms extracts could be used as efficient and safe topical agents in treatments of skin hyperpigmentation disorders.

Herein we present our work on the synthesis, investigation of the photophysical properties, interactions with nucleic acids, molecular docking, and imaging application of three carbocyanine dyes. The described low-molecular-weight compounds were found to exhibit high resistance against photobleaching and showed promising optical properties as fluorescent labeling agents for ribonucleic acids. They form strong biocomplexes (log K-s = 6.11-7.84) and revealed remarkable sensitivity towards RNA, reaching up to a 379 times increase of the emission signal when bound to AU-rich sequences. According to the score values obtained from the molecular docking studies, the compounds show strong binding affinity towards RNA macromolecules. All fluorophores exhibit significant cell tolerance since they were found to be 16 to 60 times less toxic against MRC5 cells (healthy human fibroblasts) compared to the conventional Thiazole Orange - TO. The IC50 concentrations for the compounds were calculated up to 40 mu M in human fibroblasts MRC5, A549 adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells, the HCT116 human colon cancer cell line, and MDA-MB-231 adenocarcinoma cells. Analyzing the dyes for preferential cytotoxicity towards cancer cell lines in comparison to the normal human fibroblasts, we found a candidate exhibiting promising anticancer potential. Based on the selectivity (Si) towards cancer cells and more specifically against difficult to treat colon HCT116 carcinoma, we can suggest these small molecules as an interesting platform for further development. We have also demonstrated the efficiency of the carbocyanines as staining agents for in vivo labeling of human cells as well as microbial and eukaryotic cells.

Halochromic (pH-responsive) material was obtained by dyeing functionalized viscose fabric with a crude extract from Streptomyces sp. strain NP4. The functionalization of the fabric before dyeing was performed to make cellulose susceptible to coloration with NP4 extract. Two combined pre-treatment steps were used, oxidation to obtain dialdehyde cellulose and chitosan deposition after oxidation. Chitosan was deposited onto untreated fabric as well, while only oxidized viscose was also investigated for dyeing. Functionalization by both protocols made viscose susceptible to dyeing with the notion that the deposition of chitosan onto oxidized viscose produced the darkest shade on the material. Dyed fabrics showed visual pH responsiveness in the range pH 4-10, with a color change from pink to red (pH 4-pH 7) and a major color change from red to blue (pH 7-pH 10) whereby fabric was tested and could withstand 10 color-changing cycles. Cytotoxicity assay confirmed the non-toxic nature of dyed material, which indicates its possible use as wound dressing's indicators.

Biotransformation of bis-bibenzyl perrottetin F (1), isolated from the liverwort Lunularia cruciata by Aspergillus niger, has been investigated. New metabolites (2-4) have been isolated using reversed phase semipreparative HPLC and their structures were established to be 8-hydroxyperrottetin F, C-7-C-8 cleaved product, and perrottetin F 6'-sulfate using 1D and 2D NMR, HR-ESI-MS, IR and UV spectroscopy. The antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of these compounds were also evaluated. Given the suggested cytotoxic properties of the parent compound, antiproliferative activity against healthy human lung fibroblasts (MRC5) and human lung carcinoma (A549) of three metabolites were evaluated revealing their lower cytotoxic properties in comparison to the starting compound - perrottetin F. The antimicrobial properties of these compounds were also evaluated, with the inhibitory activity against the Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and Staphylococcus aureus determined between 100 mu M and 450 mu M. The metabolites showed remarkable ability to inhibit synthesis of bacterial quorum-sensing signal molecules such as short chain acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs). Therefore, biotransformation method represents fast and effective tool for obtaining new bioactive structures.