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1. The phylogeography and incidence of multi-drug resistant typhoid fever in sub-Saharan Africa

Author

Park, Se Eun, Boinett, Christine, Wong, Vanessa K., Pak, Gi Deok, Panzner, Ursula, Espinoza, Ligia Maria Cruz, von Kalckreuth, Vera, Im, Justin, Schuett-Gerowitt, Heidi, Crump, John A., Breiman, Robert F., Adu-Sarkodie, Yaw, Owusu-Dabo, Ellis, Rakotozandrindrainy, Raphael, Soura, Abdramane Bassiahi, Aseffa, Abraham, Gasmelseed, Nagla, Keddy, Karen H., May, Juergen, Sow, Amy Gassama, Aaby, Peter, Biggs, Holly M., Hertz, Julian T., Montgomery, Joel M., Cosmas, Leonard, Olack, Beatrice, Fields, Barry, Sarpong, Nimako, Razafindrabe, Tsiriniaina Jean Luco, Raminosoa, Tiana Mirana, Kabore, Leon Parfait, Sampo, Emmanuel, Teferi, Mekonnen, Yeshitela, Biruk, El Tayeb, Muna Ahmed, Sooka, Arvinda, Meyer, Christian G., Krumkamp, Ralf, Dekker, Denise Myriam, Jaeger, Anna, Poppert, Sven, Tall, Adama, Niang, Aissatou, Bjerregaard-Andersen, Morten, Lofberg, Sandra Valborg, Seo, Hye Jin, Jeon, Hyon Jin, Deerin, Jessica Fung, Park, Jinkyung, Konings, Frank, Ali, Mohammad, Clemens, John D., Hughes, Peter, Sendagala, Juliet Nsimire, Vudriko, Tobias, Downing, Robert, Ikumapayi, Usman N., Mackenzie, Grant A., Obaro, Stephen, Argimon, Silvia, Aanensen, David M., Page, Andrew, Keane, Jacqueline A., Duchene, Sebastian, Dyson, Zoe, Holt, Kathryn E., Dougan, Gordon, Marks, Florian, Baker, Stephen, Park, Se Eun, Boinett, Christine, Wong, Vanessa K., Pak, Gi Deok, Panzner, Ursula, Espinoza, Ligia Maria Cruz, von Kalckreuth, Vera, Im, Justin, Schuett-Gerowitt, Heidi, Crump, John A., Breiman, Robert F., Adu-Sarkodie, Yaw, Owusu-Dabo, Ellis, Rakotozandrindrainy, Raphael, Soura, Abdramane Bassiahi, Aseffa, Abraham, Gasmelseed, Nagla, Keddy, Karen H., May, Juergen, Sow, Amy Gassama, Aaby, Peter, Biggs, Holly M., Hertz, Julian T., Montgomery, Joel M., Cosmas, Leonard, Olack, Beatrice, Fields, Barry, Sarpong, Nimako, Razafindrabe, Tsiriniaina Jean Luco, Raminosoa, Tiana Mirana, Kabore, Leon Parfait, Sampo, Emmanuel, Teferi, Mekonnen, Yeshitela, Biruk, El Tayeb, Muna Ahmed, Sooka, Arvinda, Meyer, Christian G., Krumkamp, Ralf, Dekker, Denise Myriam, Jaeger, Anna, Poppert, Sven, Tall, Adama, Niang, Aissatou, Bjerregaard-Andersen, Morten, Lofberg, Sandra Valborg, Seo, Hye Jin, Jeon, Hyon Jin, Deerin, Jessica Fung, Park, Jinkyung, Konings, Frank, Ali, Mohammad, Clemens, John D., Hughes, Peter, Sendagala, Juliet Nsimire, Vudriko, Tobias, Downing, Robert, Ikumapayi, Usman N., Mackenzie, Grant A., Obaro, Stephen, Argimon, Silvia, Aanensen, David M., Page, Andrew, Keane, Jacqueline A., Duchene, Sebastian, Dyson, Zoe, Holt, Kathryn E., Dougan, Gordon, Marks, Florian, and Baker, Stephen

Abstract

There is paucity of data regarding the geographical distribution, incidence, and phylogenetics of multi-drug resistant (MDR) Salmonella Typhi in sub-Saharan Africa. Here we present a phylogenetic reconstruction of whole genome sequenced 249 contemporaneous S. Typhi isolated between 2008-2015 in 11 sub-Saharan African countries, in context of the 2,057 global S. Typhi genomic framework. Despite the broad genetic diversity, the majority of organisms (225/249; 90%) belong to only three genotypes, 4.3.1 (H58) (99/249; 40%), 3.1.1 (97/249; 39%), and 2.3.2 (29/249; 12%). Genotypes 4.3.1 and 3.1.1 are confined within East and West Africa, respectively. MDR phenotype is found in over 50% of organisms restricted within these dominant genotypes. High incidences of MDR S. Typhi are calculated in locations with a high burden of typhoid, specifically in children aged <15 years. Antimicrobial stewardship, MDR surveillance, and the introduction of typhoid conjugate vaccines will be critical for the control of MDR typhoid in Africa.

Published
2018

2. The phylogeography and incidence of multi-drug resistant typhoid fever in sub-Saharan Africa

Author

Park, Se Eun, Boinett, Christine, Wong, Vanessa K., Pak, Gi Deok, Panzner, Ursula, Espinoza, Ligia Maria Cruz, von Kalckreuth, Vera, Im, Justin, Schuett-Gerowitt, Heidi, Crump, John A., Breiman, Robert F., Adu-Sarkodie, Yaw, Owusu-Dabo, Ellis, Rakotozandrindrainy, Raphael, Soura, Abdramane Bassiahi, Aseffa, Abraham, Gasmelseed, Nagla, Keddy, Karen H., May, Juergen, Sow, Amy Gassama, Aaby, Peter, Biggs, Holly M., Hertz, Julian T., Montgomery, Joel M., Cosmas, Leonard, Olack, Beatrice, Fields, Barry, Sarpong, Nimako, Razafindrabe, Tsiriniaina Jean Luco, Raminosoa, Tiana Mirana, Kabore, Leon Parfait, Sampo, Emmanuel, Teferi, Mekonnen, Yeshitela, Biruk, El Tayeb, Muna Ahmed, Sooka, Arvinda, Meyer, Christian G., Krumkamp, Ralf, Dekker, Denise Myriam, Jaeger, Anna, Poppert, Sven, Tall, Adama, Niang, Aissatou, Bjerregaard-Andersen, Morten, Lofberg, Sandra Valborg, Seo, Hye Jin, Jeon, Hyon Jin, Deerin, Jessica Fung, Park, Jinkyung, Konings, Frank, Ali, Mohammad, Clemens, John D., Hughes, Peter, Sendagala, Juliet Nsimire, Vudriko, Tobias, Downing, Robert, Ikumapayi, Usman N., Mackenzie, Grant A., Obaro, Stephen, Argimon, Silvia, Aanensen, David M., Page, Andrew, Keane, Jacqueline A., Duchene, Sebastian, Dyson, Zoe, Holt, Kathryn E., Dougan, Gordon, Marks, Florian, Baker, Stephen, Park, Se Eun, Boinett, Christine, Wong, Vanessa K., Pak, Gi Deok, Panzner, Ursula, Espinoza, Ligia Maria Cruz, von Kalckreuth, Vera, Im, Justin, Schuett-Gerowitt, Heidi, Crump, John A., Breiman, Robert F., Adu-Sarkodie, Yaw, Owusu-Dabo, Ellis, Rakotozandrindrainy, Raphael, Soura, Abdramane Bassiahi, Aseffa, Abraham, Gasmelseed, Nagla, Keddy, Karen H., May, Juergen, Sow, Amy Gassama, Aaby, Peter, Biggs, Holly M., Hertz, Julian T., Montgomery, Joel M., Cosmas, Leonard, Olack, Beatrice, Fields, Barry, Sarpong, Nimako, Razafindrabe, Tsiriniaina Jean Luco, Raminosoa, Tiana Mirana, Kabore, Leon Parfait, Sampo, Emmanuel, Teferi, Mekonnen, Yeshitela, Biruk, El Tayeb, Muna Ahmed, Sooka, Arvinda, Meyer, Christian G., Krumkamp, Ralf, Dekker, Denise Myriam, Jaeger, Anna, Poppert, Sven, Tall, Adama, Niang, Aissatou, Bjerregaard-Andersen, Morten, Lofberg, Sandra Valborg, Seo, Hye Jin, Jeon, Hyon Jin, Deerin, Jessica Fung, Park, Jinkyung, Konings, Frank, Ali, Mohammad, Clemens, John D., Hughes, Peter, Sendagala, Juliet Nsimire, Vudriko, Tobias, Downing, Robert, Ikumapayi, Usman N., Mackenzie, Grant A., Obaro, Stephen, Argimon, Silvia, Aanensen, David M., Page, Andrew, Keane, Jacqueline A., Duchene, Sebastian, Dyson, Zoe, Holt, Kathryn E., Dougan, Gordon, Marks, Florian, and Baker, Stephen

Abstract

There is paucity of data regarding the geographical distribution, incidence, and phylogenetics of multi-drug resistant (MDR) Salmonella Typhi in sub-Saharan Africa. Here we present a phylogenetic reconstruction of whole genome sequenced 249 contemporaneous S. Typhi isolated between 2008-2015 in 11 sub-Saharan African countries, in context of the 2,057 global S. Typhi genomic framework. Despite the broad genetic diversity, the majority of organisms (225/249; 90%) belong to only three genotypes, 4.3.1 (H58) (99/249; 40%), 3.1.1 (97/249; 39%), and 2.3.2 (29/249; 12%). Genotypes 4.3.1 and 3.1.1 are confined within East and West Africa, respectively. MDR phenotype is found in over 50% of organisms restricted within these dominant genotypes. High incidences of MDR S. Typhi are calculated in locations with a high burden of typhoid, specifically in children aged <15 years. Antimicrobial stewardship, MDR surveillance, and the introduction of typhoid conjugate vaccines will be critical for the control of MDR typhoid in Africa.

Published
2018

3. Diarrhea in young children from low-income countries leads to large-scale alterations in intestinal microbiota composition

Author

Pop, Mihai, Pop, Mihai, Walker, Alan W, Paulson, Joseph, Lindsay, Brianna, Antonio, Martin, Hossain, M Anowar, Oundo, Joseph, Tamboura, Boubou, Mai, Volker, Astrovskaya, Irina, Bravo, Hector Corrada, Rance, Richard, Stares, Mark, Levine, Myron M, Panchalingam, Sandra, Kotloff, Karen, Ikumapayi, Usman N, Ebruke, Chinelo, Adeyemi, Mitchell, Ahmed, Dilruba, Ahmed, Firoz, Alam, Meer Taifur, Amin, Ruhul, Siddiqui, Sabbir, Ochieng, John B, Ouma, Emmanuel, Juma, Jane, Mailu, Euince, Omore, Richard, Morris, J Glenn, Breiman, Robert F, Saha, Debasish, Parkhill, Julian, Nataro, James P, Stine, O Colin, Pop, Mihai, Pop, Mihai, Walker, Alan W, Paulson, Joseph, Lindsay, Brianna, Antonio, Martin, Hossain, M Anowar, Oundo, Joseph, Tamboura, Boubou, Mai, Volker, Astrovskaya, Irina, Bravo, Hector Corrada, Rance, Richard, Stares, Mark, Levine, Myron M, Panchalingam, Sandra, Kotloff, Karen, Ikumapayi, Usman N, Ebruke, Chinelo, Adeyemi, Mitchell, Ahmed, Dilruba, Ahmed, Firoz, Alam, Meer Taifur, Amin, Ruhul, Siddiqui, Sabbir, Ochieng, John B, Ouma, Emmanuel, Juma, Jane, Mailu, Euince, Omore, Richard, Morris, J Glenn, Breiman, Robert F, Saha, Debasish, Parkhill, Julian, Nataro, James P, and Stine, O Colin

Abstract

Diarrheal diseases continue to contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality in infants and young children in developing countries. There is an urgent need to better understand the contributions of novel, potentially uncultured, diarrheal pathogens to severe diarrheal disease, as well as distortions in normal gut microbiota composition that might facilitate severe disease. We use high throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing to compare fecal microbiota composition in children under five years of age who have been diagnosed with moderate to severe diarrhea (MSD) with the microbiota from diarrhea-free controls. Our study includes 992 children from four low-income countries in West and East Africa, and Southeast Asia. Known pathogens, as well as bacteria currently not considered as important diarrhea-causing pathogens, are positively associated with MSD, and these include Escherichia/Shigella, and Granulicatella species, and Streptococcus mitis/pneumoniae groups. In both cases and controls, there tend to be distinct negative correlations between facultative anaerobic lineages and obligate anaerobic lineages. Overall genus-level microbiota composition exhibit a shift in controls from low to high levels of Prevotella and in MSD cases from high to low levels of Escherichia/Shigella in younger versus older children; however, there was significant variation among many genera by both site and age. Our findings expand the current understanding of microbiota-associated diarrhea pathogenicity in young children from developing countries. Our findings are necessarily based on correlative analyses and must be further validated through epidemiological and molecular techniques.

Published
2014

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