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To oxidize trace concentrations of organic contaminants under conditions relevant to surface- and groundwater, air-diffusion cathodes were coupled to stainless-steel cathodes that convert atmospheric O2 into hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which then was activated to produce hydroxyl radicals (·OH). By separating H2O2 generation from its activation and employing a flow-through electrode consisting of stainless-steel fibers, the two processes could be operated efficiently in a manner that overcame mass-transfer limitations for O2, H2O2, and trace organic contaminants. The flexibility resulting from separate control of the two processes made it possible to avoid both the accumulation of excess H2O2 and the energy losses that take place after H2O2 has been depleted. The decrease in treatment efficacy occurring in the presence of natural organic matter was substantially lower than that typically observed in homogeneous advanced oxidation processes. Experiments conducted with ionized and neutral compounds indicated that electrostatic repulsion prevented negatively charged ·OH scavengers from interfering with the oxidation of neutral contaminants. Energy consumption by the dual-cathode system was lower than values reported for other technologies intended for small-scale drinking water treatment systems. The coordinated operation of these two cathodes has the potential to provide a practical, inexpensive way for point-of-use drinking water treatment.

Despite decades of intense research, the precise etiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains unclear. In this hypothesis, we present a new perspective on this matter by identifying carnitine palmitoyl transferase-2 (CPT2) as a central target in AD. CPT2 is an enzyme situated within the inner mitochondrial membrane, playing a crucial role in beta-oxidation of fatty acids. It exhibits high sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide. This sensitivity holds relevance for the etiology of AD, as all major risk factors for the disease share a commonality in producing an excess of hydrogen peroxide right at this very mitochondrial membrane. We will explain the high sensitivity of CPT2 to hydrogen peroxide and elucidate how the resulting inhibition of CPT2 can lead to the characteristic phenotype of AD, thus clarifying its central role in the disease’s etiology. This insight holds promise for the development of therapies for AD which can be implemented immediately.

Psoriatic arthritis mutilans (PAM) is the rarest and most severe form of psoriatic arthritis, characterized by erosions of the small joints and osteolysis leading to joint disruption. Despite its severity, the underlying mechanisms are unknown, and no susceptibility genes have hitherto been identified. We aimed to investigate the genetic basis of PAM by performing massive parallel sequencing in sixty-one patients from the PAM Nordic cohort. We found rare variants in the NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) in four patients. In silico predictions show that the identified variants are potentially damaging. NOXs are the only enzymes producing reactive oxygen species (ROS). NOX4 is specifically involved in the differentiation of osteoclasts, the cells implicated in bone resorption. Functional follow-up studies using cell culture, zebrafish models, and measurement of ROS in patients uncovered that these NOX4 variants increase ROS levels both in vitro and in vivo. We propose NOX4 as the first candidate susceptibility gene for PAM. Our study links high levels of ROS caused by NOX4 variants to the development of PAM, offering a potential therapeutic target.

Wheat starch was oxidized through a Fenton reaction by hydrogen peroxide and Iron II sulfate as a catalyst at various concentrations and reaction duration. The formation of carbonyl and carboxyl groups confirmed the starch oxidation as determined with Fourier -transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The degree of oxidation was estimated by carbonyl and carboxyl titration. The various oxidized wheat starches presented considerable variations in their oxidation level as a function of the catalyst concentration and oxidative process duration. The effect of the Fenton reaction parameters on the starch macromolecular chains and microstructure was evaluated by X-ray diffraction and amylose content estimation. Significant depolymerization of the starch macromolecules was observed, mainly in the starch amorphous phase, followed by a degradation of the crystalline phase at a higher oxidation level. SEM observations revealed changes in starch structure, which ranged from minor degradation of the starch granules to a more crosslinked morphology.

Antimicrobial Finishing prevents or inhibits the growth of microorganisms or microbes. Antimicrobials do not all work the same. The vast majority of antimicrobials work by leaching or moving from the surface on which they are appletinis is the mechanism used leaching antimicrobials to poison a microorganism. Such chemicals have been used for decades in agricultural applications with mixed results. Besides affecting durability and useful life, leaching technologies have potential to cause a variety of other problems when used in Garments. These include their negative effects because, they can contact the skin and potentially affect the normal skin bacteria, cross the skin barrier, and/or have the potential to cause rashes and other skin irritations. In this project Hydrogen Peroxide (Metal Complex) is mainly used for improving the anti-microbial finish. The product is cheaper than silver, zinc and silane. The testing of finished fabric was also carried out.

Trälim utgör en stor del av alla lim globalt och är avgörande för skapandet av träkompositmaterial, som många industrier och produkter är beroende av. Bland de vanligaste trälimmen använder flera formaldehyd som en väsentlig komponent i deras polymera struktur. Medan formaldehyd är ett allmänt använt, billigt och pålitligt material, är det också giftigt och har generellt ursprung från petroleumkällor. Ett ersättningsmaterial med di- eller polyaldehydisk funktionalitet av grönt ursprung är därför önskvärt för framtida trälimkemi. En potentiell lösning involverar att oxidera polysackarider såsom stärkelse och dextrin för att funktionalisera de upprepande glukosenheterna med aldehyder, ketoner och karboxylsyror. Här visas att Fenton-liknande förhållanden, med väteperoxid som oxidationsmedel och järn som katalysator, kan användas för att utföra reaktionen effektivt under atmosfäriska förhållanden, vilket producerar minimala biprodukter såsom vätgas, vatten och järnkomplex. Betydande funktionalisering observerades i en lågmolekylviktsfraktion som frigörs från polysackariden vid oxidation, en fraktion som traditionellt förloras under upparbetning via centrifugering. Detta arbete antyder att retention av denna lågmolekylviktsfraktion i produktblandningen kan förbättra framtida limegenskaper vid låg grad av oxidation i material med hög polymerisationsgrad, även om kvarhållande av depolymeriserade fraktioner från material med lägre polymeriseringsgrad, såsom dextrin, kanske inte ger de önskade polyaldehydiska produkterna i tillräckliga koncentrationer. Kvarhållandet av lågmolekylviktsfraktionen antyder också att stora mängder oxidationsmedel och katalysator bör undvikas, eftersom högre oxidationsgrad kan resultera i oönskade monofunktionella molekyler på grund av hög depolymerisation., Wood adhesives comprise a large part of all adhesives globally and are essential in creation of wood composite materials, which many industries and products are entirely reliant on. Amongst the most common wood adhesives, several utilize formaldehyde as an essential component of their polymeric structure. While formaldehyde is a widely used, cheap and reliable material, it is also toxic, and generally derived from petroleum sources. A replacement with di- or poly-aldehydic functionality of green origin is therefore desirable for future wood adhesive chemistry. One potential solution involves oxidizing polysaccharides such as starch and dextrin, to functionalize the repeating glucose units with aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids. Herein, it is demonstrated that Fenton-type conditions, using hydrogen peroxide as oxidant and iron as catalyst, can be used to perform the reaction efficiently in atmospheric conditions, producing minimal byproducts such as hydrogen gas, water, and iron complexes. Significant functionalization was observed in a small molecular weight fraction released from the polysaccharide upon oxidation, a fraction which is traditionally lost during workup via centrifugation. This work suggests that retention of this small molecular weight fraction in the product mixture may enhance future adhesive properties at low degrees of oxidation in materials with high degrees of polymerization, though retention of depolymerized fractions of lower chain length materials such as dextrin may not provide the targeted poly-aldehydic products in sufficient concentrations. The retention of the small molecular weight fraction also suggests that large amounts of oxidant and catalyst should be avoided, as higher degree of oxidation may result in undesired mono-functional molecules due to higher degrees depolymerization.

Ett av de första målen för Förenade Nationernas globala mål är rent vatten och sanitet för alla.Det ska ha uppnåtts innan 2030. Trots att mer än hälften av perioden har passerat har Indienendast kontroll över en tredjedel av deras dagliga avloppsvatten. Att ha tillgång till rent vattenoch sanitet är grunden bakom människors hälsa. Krissituationer kan ställa till det ordentligt.Översvämning i Dubai tvingade invånare att vandra till köpcentrum för att kunna gå påtoaletten. Långa köer bildas eftersom tusentals delar på samma toalett. De som inte orkar hållasig gräver gropar och utför sina behov. Sverige ligger i framkanten med Agenda 30, men ävendär kan oväntade klimatförändringar komplicera saker och ting.Kungsleden på fjället i Sverige anses enligt många vara världens vackraste led. Fjällstugornalängs leden ägs av Svenska turistföreningen. För att uträtta sina behov finns utedasstillgängliga vid fjällstationerna. För handhygien finns en station med handtvål. För att få ettvattenflöde används en kåsa som används för att föra över vatten från en hink till en plåtburkmed ett hål i. Under 2023 ledde ett hällregn till översvämning av Kebnekaise Fjällstationspumphus. Avloppssystemet förstördes och toaletter och duschar fungerade inte längre. Utedassblev uppkörda med helikopter och blev alternativ för toaletter.Strax efter översvämningen utbröt Svenska turistföreningens första magsjukeutbrott. Först vidKebnekaise Fjällstation, som sedan spred sig vidare mot stugorna längs norra Kungsleden.Över 100 gäster flydde med helikopter för att slippa att bli smittade. För att få kontroll översituationen använde STF sig av avgränsning och sanerade ytor med alkoholbaserad handsprit.Syftet med denna vetenskapliga rapport är att identifiera möjliga alternativ att moderniserafjällstugorna längs Kungsleden för att förhindra spridning av patogener. Med dessa lösningarväcks nya tillvägagångssätt på hur det går att lösa så att alla har fungerande sanitet.Genom intervjuer med STF och med Kebne, Goal six of the Sustainable Development Goals by the United Nations state that everyoneowns the right to have clean water and working sanitation. The UN gave the deadline of theyear 2030 to have reached all goals. Today, more than half of that period has passed and Indiastill only has one third of their sewage water under control. In India there are tens of thousandsof tons of sewage water used everyday. Access to clean water and sanitation is necessary forlife. Situations of crisis can disrupt countries who normally have working sanitation.The record-breaking rain in Dubai led to flooding and malfunctioning of building’s access totoilets. Sweden is on the forefront of the 2030 Agenda. But a crisis of climate change quicklychanged that fact.The King’s trial between Abisko and Nikkaluokta is considered one of the most breathtakingtrails in the world. The cabins along the trail are owned by the Swedish Tourist Association.Within the mountain stations there are outhouses available and stations to wash the hands. It isvery old school.In 2023 a rainstorm led to the flooding of Kebnekaise Mountain station’s pumping plant.Toilets and showers stopped working and STA imported outhouses with helicopters.Just a month later Caliciviridae started spreading in Kebnekaise. It quickly spread towards thenorth part of the King’s trail. Over a hundred people fled the scene with helicopters and thesituation got under control after STA shut down and limited the numbers of hikers atKebnekaise. They used hand sanitizer to clean surfaces contaminated by the Caliciviridae.The purpose of this rapport is to find sustainable solutions to prevent the spreading ofpathogens. The rapport will use the winter vomiting disease epidemic as a case study to shovelight on the global problem of sanitation.Through interviews with STA and using Kebnekaise Mountain station as a template numeroussolutions were found. One of them being to install a flush toilet and sewage treatment to takecare of the sewage wa

The implementation of nitrate-free emulsions in Boliden's blasting operations prompted an in-depth investigation into the accumulation of drill cuttings following drilling activities. This master's thesis aimed to understand the contributing factors and quantify drill cuttings, particularly in view of the planned introduction of a new explosive compound. The focal points of the study were the Boliden Kankberg and Garpenberg mines, where a rich variety of data sources were harnessed. The research encompassed a thorough literature review highlighting enduring challenges in drilling and factors that influenced cuttings transport. The study delved into the complex relationships between drilling parameters, including drilling angle, rate of penetration, lithology, and other variables, examining their role in drill cuttings generation and hole evenness. This thesis was a response to the planned introduction of nitrate-free emulsions in Boliden's blasting operations, catalyzed by concerning observations at the Kankberg mine. These observations revealed a significant presence of residual drill cuttings, which raised concerns about their potential impact on blasting effectiveness. The primary focus was on the Kankberg and Garpenberg mines, allowing for a comprehensive exploration of data mainly obtained by filming the drill holes after drilling. A noteworthy aspect of the study was the development and application of a MATLAB-based image processing code to estimate the volume of residual drill cuttings in drill holes. This quantitative approach served as a robust foundation for the investigation. One key finding of the investigation was the disparity in drill cuttings accumulation between the investigated holes in Garpenberg and Kankberg. The "Working from Backwards" approach, employed at the Kankberg mine, underscored the critical importance of controlled drilling angle and rate of penetration in mitigating drill cuttings and achieving uniform drilling outcomes. While this r, Successful

Wheat starch was oxidized through a Fenton reaction by hydrogen peroxide and Iron II sulfate as a catalyst at various concentrations and reaction duration. The formation of carbonyl and carboxyl groups confirmed the starch oxidation as determined with Fourier -transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The degree of oxidation was estimated by carbonyl and carboxyl titration. The various oxidized wheat starches presented considerable variations in their oxidation level as a function of the catalyst concentration and oxidative process duration. The effect of the Fenton reaction parameters on the starch macromolecular chains and microstructure was evaluated by X-ray diffraction and amylose content estimation. Significant depolymerization of the starch macromolecules was observed, mainly in the starch amorphous phase, followed by a degradation of the crystalline phase at a higher oxidation level. SEM observations revealed changes in starch structure, which ranged from minor degradation of the starch granules to a more crosslinked morphology.

Wheat starch was oxidized through a Fenton reaction by hydrogen peroxide and Iron II sulfate as a catalyst at various concentrations and reaction duration. The formation of carbonyl and carboxyl groups confirmed the starch oxidation as determined with Fourier -transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The degree of oxidation was estimated by carbonyl and carboxyl titration. The various oxidized wheat starches presented considerable variations in their oxidation level as a function of the catalyst concentration and oxidative process duration. The effect of the Fenton reaction parameters on the starch macromolecular chains and microstructure was evaluated by X-ray diffraction and amylose content estimation. Significant depolymerization of the starch macromolecules was observed, mainly in the starch amorphous phase, followed by a degradation of the crystalline phase at a higher oxidation level. SEM observations revealed changes in starch structure, which ranged from minor degradation of the starch granules to a more crosslinked morphology.

Wheat starch was oxidized through a Fenton reaction by hydrogen peroxide and Iron II sulfate as a catalyst at various concentrations and reaction duration. The formation of carbonyl and carboxyl groups confirmed the starch oxidation as determined with Fourier -transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The degree of oxidation was estimated by carbonyl and carboxyl titration. The various oxidized wheat starches presented considerable variations in their oxidation level as a function of the catalyst concentration and oxidative process duration. The effect of the Fenton reaction parameters on the starch macromolecular chains and microstructure was evaluated by X-ray diffraction and amylose content estimation. Significant depolymerization of the starch macromolecules was observed, mainly in the starch amorphous phase, followed by a degradation of the crystalline phase at a higher oxidation level. SEM observations revealed changes in starch structure, which ranged from minor degradation of the starch granules to a more crosslinked morphology.

Psoriatic arthritis mutilans (PAM) is the rarest and most severe form of psoriatic arthritis, characterized by erosions of the small joints and osteolysis leading to joint disruption. Despite its severity, the underlying mechanisms are unknown, and no susceptibility genes have hitherto been identified. We aimed to investigate the genetic basis of PAM by performing massive parallel sequencing in sixty-one patients from the PAM Nordic cohort. We found rare variants in the NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) in four patients. In silico predictions show that the identified variants are potentially damaging. NOXs are the only enzymes producing reactive oxygen species (ROS). NOX4 is specifically involved in the differentiation of osteoclasts, the cells implicated in bone resorption. Functional follow-up studies using cell culture, zebrafish models, and measurement of ROS in patients uncovered that these NOX4 variants increase ROS levels both in vitro and in vivo. We propose NOX4 as the first candidate susceptibility gene for PAM. Our study links high levels of ROS caused by NOX4 variants to the development of PAM, offering a potential therapeutic target.

Psoriatic arthritis mutilans (PAM) is the rarest and most severe form of psoriatic arthritis, characterized by erosions of the small joints and osteolysis leading to joint disruption. Despite its severity, the underlying mechanisms are unknown, and no susceptibility genes have hitherto been identified. We aimed to investigate the genetic basis of PAM by performing massive parallel sequencing in sixty-one patients from the PAM Nordic cohort. We found rare variants in the NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) in four patients. In silico predictions show that the identified variants are potentially damaging. NOXs are the only enzymes producing reactive oxygen species (ROS). NOX4 is specifically involved in the differentiation of osteoclasts, the cells implicated in bone resorption. Functional follow-up studies using cell culture, zebrafish models, and measurement of ROS in patients uncovered that these NOX4 variants increase ROS levels both in vitro and in vivo. We propose NOX4 as the first candidate susceptibility gene for PAM. Our study links high levels of ROS caused by NOX4 variants to the development of PAM, offering a potential therapeutic target.

Wheat starch was oxidized through a Fenton reaction by hydrogen peroxide and Iron II sulfate as a catalyst at various concentrations and reaction duration. The formation of carbonyl and carboxyl groups confirmed the starch oxidation as determined with Fourier -transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The degree of oxidation was estimated by carbonyl and carboxyl titration. The various oxidized wheat starches presented considerable variations in their oxidation level as a function of the catalyst concentration and oxidative process duration. The effect of the Fenton reaction parameters on the starch macromolecular chains and microstructure was evaluated by X-ray diffraction and amylose content estimation. Significant depolymerization of the starch macromolecules was observed, mainly in the starch amorphous phase, followed by a degradation of the crystalline phase at a higher oxidation level. SEM observations revealed changes in starch structure, which ranged from minor degradation of the starch granules to a more crosslinked morphology.

Psoriatic arthritis mutilans (PAM) is the rarest and most severe form of psoriatic arthritis, characterized by erosions of the small joints and osteolysis leading to joint disruption. Despite its severity, the underlying mechanisms are unknown, and no susceptibility genes have hitherto been identified. We aimed to investigate the genetic basis of PAM by performing massive parallel sequencing in sixty-one patients from the PAM Nordic cohort. We found rare variants in the NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) in four patients. In silico predictions show that the identified variants are potentially damaging. NOXs are the only enzymes producing reactive oxygen species (ROS). NOX4 is specifically involved in the differentiation of osteoclasts, the cells implicated in bone resorption. Functional follow-up studies using cell culture, zebrafish models, and measurement of ROS in patients uncovered that these NOX4 variants increase ROS levels both in vitro and in vivo. We propose NOX4 as the first candidate susceptibility gene for PAM. Our study links high levels of ROS caused by NOX4 variants to the development of PAM, offering a potential therapeutic target.

Ett av de första målen för Förenade Nationernas globala mål är rent vatten och sanitet för alla.Det ska ha uppnåtts innan 2030. Trots att mer än hälften av perioden har passerat har Indienendast kontroll över en tredjedel av deras dagliga avloppsvatten. Att ha tillgång till rent vattenoch sanitet är grunden bakom människors hälsa. Krissituationer kan ställa till det ordentligt.Översvämning i Dubai tvingade invånare att vandra till köpcentrum för att kunna gå påtoaletten. Långa köer bildas eftersom tusentals delar på samma toalett. De som inte orkar hållasig gräver gropar och utför sina behov. Sverige ligger i framkanten med Agenda 30, men ävendär kan oväntade klimatförändringar komplicera saker och ting.Kungsleden på fjället i Sverige anses enligt många vara världens vackraste led. Fjällstugornalängs leden ägs av Svenska turistföreningen. För att uträtta sina behov finns utedasstillgängliga vid fjällstationerna. För handhygien finns en station med handtvål. För att få ettvattenflöde används en kåsa som används för att föra över vatten från en hink till en plåtburkmed ett hål i. Under 2023 ledde ett hällregn till översvämning av Kebnekaise Fjällstationspumphus. Avloppssystemet förstördes och toaletter och duschar fungerade inte längre. Utedassblev uppkörda med helikopter och blev alternativ för toaletter.Strax efter översvämningen utbröt Svenska turistföreningens första magsjukeutbrott. Först vidKebnekaise Fjällstation, som sedan spred sig vidare mot stugorna längs norra Kungsleden.Över 100 gäster flydde med helikopter för att slippa att bli smittade. För att få kontroll översituationen använde STF sig av avgränsning och sanerade ytor med alkoholbaserad handsprit.Syftet med denna vetenskapliga rapport är att identifiera möjliga alternativ att moderniserafjällstugorna längs Kungsleden för att förhindra spridning av patogener. Med dessa lösningarväcks nya tillvägagångssätt på hur det går att lösa så att alla har fungerande sanitet.Genom intervjuer med STF och med Kebne, Goal six of the Sustainable Development Goals by the United Nations state that everyoneowns the right to have clean water and working sanitation. The UN gave the deadline of theyear 2030 to have reached all goals. Today, more than half of that period has passed and Indiastill only has one third of their sewage water under control. In India there are tens of thousandsof tons of sewage water used everyday. Access to clean water and sanitation is necessary forlife. Situations of crisis can disrupt countries who normally have working sanitation.The record-breaking rain in Dubai led to flooding and malfunctioning of building’s access totoilets. Sweden is on the forefront of the 2030 Agenda. But a crisis of climate change quicklychanged that fact.The King’s trial between Abisko and Nikkaluokta is considered one of the most breathtakingtrails in the world. The cabins along the trail are owned by the Swedish Tourist Association.Within the mountain stations there are outhouses available and stations to wash the hands. It isvery old school.In 2023 a rainstorm led to the flooding of Kebnekaise Mountain station’s pumping plant.Toilets and showers stopped working and STA imported outhouses with helicopters.Just a month later Caliciviridae started spreading in Kebnekaise. It quickly spread towards thenorth part of the King’s trail. Over a hundred people fled the scene with helicopters and thesituation got under control after STA shut down and limited the numbers of hikers atKebnekaise. They used hand sanitizer to clean surfaces contaminated by the Caliciviridae.The purpose of this rapport is to find sustainable solutions to prevent the spreading ofpathogens. The rapport will use the winter vomiting disease epidemic as a case study to shovelight on the global problem of sanitation.Through interviews with STA and using Kebnekaise Mountain station as a template numeroussolutions were found. One of them being to install a flush toilet and sewage treatment to takecare of the sewage wa

Introduction: Within the field of periodontology, there has been a proposal for the utilization of noninvasive laser therapy as a potential treatment for persistent periodontitis. The Laser-Assisted New Attachment Procedure (LANAP) employs an Nd:YAG laser as a specific technique. Through its interaction with endogenous chromophores, the Nd: YAG laser exhibits a selective effect on the evaporation of granulation tissue, therefore establishing a correlation with reduced bleeding. The study also examined Oxygen High-Level Laser Therapy (OHLLT). The OHLLT technique employs a high-power diode laser in combination with hydrogen peroxide solutions to facilitate the liberation of singlet oxygen, which possesses antibacterial attributes, within the periodontal pockets. The existing literature indicates their potential to promote the regeneration of tooth support tissues. Objective: The aim of this study is to assess the subjective pain levels reported by patients who have undergone surgery using the OHLLT protocol versus those who have undergone surgery using the LANAP technique. Methods: A total of 20 individuals with a stage III-IV periodontitis diagnosis were recruited for the study. The participants were randomly divided into two groups, each consisting of 10 individuals: Group 1, comprising patients treated according to the LANAP protocol, and Group 2, comprising patients treated according to the OHLLT protocol. After their initial session of nonsurgical periodontal therapy, individuals provided feedback regarding their level of pain, utilizing a Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) comprising time intervals of 0 h (T0), 6 h (T1), 12 h (T2), 24 h (T3), 48 h (T4), and 7 days (T5). The Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney statistical test was employed to assess the variations in NRS scores between Group 1 and Group 2 at each recording period. (p <= 0.05). In addition, a microbiological assessment of the bacterial load in the periodontal region was conducted on all subjects using real-time PC

Critically ill patients sometimes require tandem application of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) which is easier and cheaper. We aimed to transform the kidney membrane into a lung membrane by adding hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to the dialysate as the oxygen source. A solution containing H2O2 and a dialysate fluid mixture was used as the final dialysate. Starting with 100% H2O2 solution and gradually reducing the volume of H2O2, respectively: 50%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, and 1%. PRISMAFLEX system, Prismaflex M60 set and a bag of packed red blood cells (pRBCs) were the prototype. blood flow rate was about 40 ml/minute and the dialysis rate was about 200 ml/m2/minute/1.73 m2. blood sampling times were; at the beginning (T0), at 15th (T1), 30th (T2), 60th (T3) minutes. Amongst eight attempts H2O2 concentration that increased the partial oxygen pressure (pO2) level significantly in a reasonable period, without any bubbles, was 3%. Methemoglobinemia was not observed in any trial. After the test with 3%, H2O2 in the dialysate fluid decreased progressively without any H2O2 detection at post-membrane blood. Three percent H2O2 solution is sufficient and safe for oxygenation in CRRT systems. With this new oxy-dialysate solution, both pulmonary and renal replacement can be possible via a single membrane in a simpler manner. Copyright © 2024 ASAIO.

Trälim utgör en stor del av alla lim globalt och är avgörande för skapandet av träkompositmaterial, som många industrier och produkter är beroende av. Bland de vanligaste trälimmen använder flera formaldehyd som en väsentlig komponent i deras polymera struktur. Medan formaldehyd är ett allmänt använt, billigt och pålitligt material, är det också giftigt och har generellt ursprung från petroleumkällor. Ett ersättningsmaterial med di- eller polyaldehydisk funktionalitet av grönt ursprung är därför önskvärt för framtida trälimkemi. En potentiell lösning involverar att oxidera polysackarider såsom stärkelse och dextrin för att funktionalisera de upprepande glukosenheterna med aldehyder, ketoner och karboxylsyror. Här visas att Fenton-liknande förhållanden, med väteperoxid som oxidationsmedel och järn som katalysator, kan användas för att utföra reaktionen effektivt under atmosfäriska förhållanden, vilket producerar minimala biprodukter såsom vätgas, vatten och järnkomplex. Betydande funktionalisering observerades i en lågmolekylviktsfraktion som frigörs från polysackariden vid oxidation, en fraktion som traditionellt förloras under upparbetning via centrifugering. Detta arbete antyder att retention av denna lågmolekylviktsfraktion i produktblandningen kan förbättra framtida limegenskaper vid låg grad av oxidation i material med hög polymerisationsgrad, även om kvarhållande av depolymeriserade fraktioner från material med lägre polymeriseringsgrad, såsom dextrin, kanske inte ger de önskade polyaldehydiska produkterna i tillräckliga koncentrationer. Kvarhållandet av lågmolekylviktsfraktionen antyder också att stora mängder oxidationsmedel och katalysator bör undvikas, eftersom högre oxidationsgrad kan resultera i oönskade monofunktionella molekyler på grund av hög depolymerisation., Wood adhesives comprise a large part of all adhesives globally and are essential in creation of wood composite materials, which many industries and products are entirely reliant on. Amongst the most common wood adhesives, several utilize formaldehyde as an essential component of their polymeric structure. While formaldehyde is a widely used, cheap and reliable material, it is also toxic, and generally derived from petroleum sources. A replacement with di- or poly-aldehydic functionality of green origin is therefore desirable for future wood adhesive chemistry. One potential solution involves oxidizing polysaccharides such as starch and dextrin, to functionalize the repeating glucose units with aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids. Herein, it is demonstrated that Fenton-type conditions, using hydrogen peroxide as oxidant and iron as catalyst, can be used to perform the reaction efficiently in atmospheric conditions, producing minimal byproducts such as hydrogen gas, water, and iron complexes. Significant functionalization was observed in a small molecular weight fraction released from the polysaccharide upon oxidation, a fraction which is traditionally lost during workup via centrifugation. This work suggests that retention of this small molecular weight fraction in the product mixture may enhance future adhesive properties at low degrees of oxidation in materials with high degrees of polymerization, though retention of depolymerized fractions of lower chain length materials such as dextrin may not provide the targeted poly-aldehydic products in sufficient concentrations. The retention of the small molecular weight fraction also suggests that large amounts of oxidant and catalyst should be avoided, as higher degree of oxidation may result in undesired mono-functional molecules due to higher degrees depolymerization.

The implementation of nitrate-free emulsions in Boliden's blasting operations prompted an in-depth investigation into the accumulation of drill cuttings following drilling activities. This master's thesis aimed to understand the contributing factors and quantify drill cuttings, particularly in view of the planned introduction of a new explosive compound. The focal points of the study were the Boliden Kankberg and Garpenberg mines, where a rich variety of data sources were harnessed. The research encompassed a thorough literature review highlighting enduring challenges in drilling and factors that influenced cuttings transport. The study delved into the complex relationships between drilling parameters, including drilling angle, rate of penetration, lithology, and other variables, examining their role in drill cuttings generation and hole evenness. This thesis was a response to the planned introduction of nitrate-free emulsions in Boliden's blasting operations, catalyzed by concerning observations at the Kankberg mine. These observations revealed a significant presence of residual drill cuttings, which raised concerns about their potential impact on blasting effectiveness. The primary focus was on the Kankberg and Garpenberg mines, allowing for a comprehensive exploration of data mainly obtained by filming the drill holes after drilling. A noteworthy aspect of the study was the development and application of a MATLAB-based image processing code to estimate the volume of residual drill cuttings in drill holes. This quantitative approach served as a robust foundation for the investigation. One key finding of the investigation was the disparity in drill cuttings accumulation between the investigated holes in Garpenberg and Kankberg. The "Working from Backwards" approach, employed at the Kankberg mine, underscored the critical importance of controlled drilling angle and rate of penetration in mitigating drill cuttings and achieving uniform drilling outcomes. While this r, Successful

Psoriatic arthritis mutilans (PAM) is the rarest and most severe form of psoriatic arthritis, characterized by erosions of the small joints and osteolysis leading to joint disruption. Despite its severity, the underlying mechanisms are unknown, and no susceptibility genes have hitherto been identified. We aimed to investigate the genetic basis of PAM by performing massive parallel sequencing in sixty-one patients from the PAM Nordic cohort. We found rare variants in the NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) in four patients. In silico predictions show that the identified variants are potentially damaging. NOXs are the only enzymes producing reactive oxygen species (ROS). NOX4 is specifically involved in the differentiation of osteoclasts, the cells implicated in bone resorption. Functional follow-up studies using cell culture, zebrafish models, and measurement of ROS in patients uncovered that these NOX4 variants increase ROS levels both in vitro and in vivo. We propose NOX4 as the first candidate susceptibility gene for PAM. Our study links high levels of ROS caused by NOX4 variants to the development of PAM, offering a potential therapeutic target.

Cryogenic and semi-cryogenic propellants are the most commonly used liquid propellants for applications in medium-lift launch vehicles. Despite their high performance, the storage requirements for these propellants often lead to complex, heavy, and voluminous structures. The only storable propellant used in medium-lift launch vehicles, UDMH/NTO, comes with its own problems of high toxicity and reduced performance. A promising alternative to this could be storable fuels with highly concentrated hydrogen peroxide (HTP) as an oxidiser. Despite a shorter history of dedicated development, HTP has proved itself an effective oxidiser for in-space applications and small-lift launch vehicles. Therefore, the question could be raised towards the potential of this oxidiser for applications in medium-lift launch vehicles. In this study, the application potential of an HTP-based storable bi-propellant for medium-lift expendable launch vehicles was investigated. To this extent, a large selection of green storable fuels was considered to find the most suitable propellant for this application. Both the integration and compatibility potential of the propellants and the propulsive and mass performance potential were investigated. The integration and compatibility potential were evaluated through a qualitative assessment based on non-performance-related propellant characteristics. Furthermore, eight fuels were subjected to a more detailed assessment covering the criteria of handling toxicity, environmental toxicity, material compatibility, handling and storage, development level, and coolant qualities. RP-1 was found to be the most suitable fuel with respect to the specific criteria, while ethanol, methanol, isooctane, and isopropanol were also found to be promising alternatives. A launch vehicle model was created to evaluate the propulsive and mass potential of twelve fuels proposed based on earlier findings. This model included a propulsion model, a mass and sizing model, an, Aerospace Engineering

Hydrogen peroxide plays a key role in many environmental and industrial chemical processes. We performed classical Molecular Dynamics and Continuous Fractional Component Monte Carlo simulations to calculate thermodynamic properties of H2O2 in aqueous solutions. The quality of the available force fields for H2O2 developed by Orabi and English (2018) [67], and by Cordeiro (2014) [69] was systematically evaluated. To assess which water force field is suitable for predicting properties of H2O2 in aqueous solutions, four widely used water force fields were used, namely the TIP3P, TIP4P/2005, TIP5P-E, and a modified TIP3P force field. While the computed densities of pure H2O2 in the temperature range of 253 - 353 K using the force field by Orabi & English are in excellent agreement with experimental results, the densities using the force field by Cordeiro are underestimated by 3%. The TIP4P/2005 force field in combination with the H2O2 force field developed by Orabi & English can predict the densities of H2O2 aqueous solution for the whole range of H2O2 mole fractions in very good agreement with experimental results. The TIP4P/2005 force field in combination with either of the H2O2 force fields can predict the viscosities of H2O2 aqueous solutions for the whole range of H2O2 mole fractions in reasonably good agreement with experimental results. The computed diffusion coefficients for H2O2 and water molecules using the TIP4P/2005 force field with either of the H2O2 force fields are almost constant for the whole range of H2O2 mole fractions. Hydrogen bond analysis showed a steady increase in the number of hydrogen bonds with the solute concentrations in H2O2 aq, Engineering Thermodynamics

Hydrogen peroxide plays a key role in many environmental and industrial chemical processes. We performed classical Molecular Dynamics and Continuous Fractional Component Monte Carlo simulations to calculate thermodynamic properties of H2O2 in aqueous solutions. The quality of the available force fields for H2O2 developed by Orabi and English (2018) [67], and by Cordeiro (2014) [69] was systematically evaluated. To assess which water force field is suitable for predicting properties of H2O2 in aqueous solutions, four widely used water force fields were used, namely the TIP3P, TIP4P/2005, TIP5P-E, and a modified TIP3P force field. While the computed densities of pure H2O2 in the temperature range of 253 - 353 K using the force field by Orabi & English are in excellent agreement with experimental results, the densities using the force field by Cordeiro are underestimated by 3%. The TIP4P/2005 force field in combination with the H2O2 force field developed by Orabi & English can predict the densities of H2O2 aqueous solution for the whole range of H2O2 mole fractions in very good agreement with experimental results. The TIP4P/2005 force field in combination with either of the H2O2 force fields can predict the viscosities of H2O2 aqueous solutions for the whole range of H2O2 mole fractions in reasonably good agreement with experimental results. The computed diffusion coefficients for H2O2 and water molecules using the TIP4P/2005 force field with either of the H2O2 force fields are almost constant for the whole range of H2O2 mole fractions. Hydrogen bond analysis showed a steady increase in the number of hydrogen bonds with the solute concentrations in H2O2 aqueous solutions for all combinations except for the Cordeiro-TIP5P-E and Orabi-TIP5P-E systems, which showed a minimum at intermediate concentrations. The Cordeiro force field for H2O2 in combination with either of the water force fields can predict the Henry coefficients of H2O2 in water in better agreement w

Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are copper enzymes that oxidatively cleave the strong C–H bonds in recalcitrant polysaccharide substrates, thereby playing a crucial role in biomass degradation. Recently, LPMOs have also been shown to be important for several pathogens. It is well established that the Cu(II) resting state of LPMOs is inactive, and the electronic structure of the active site needs to be altered to transform the enzyme into an active form. Whether this transformation occurs due to substrate binding or due to a unique priming reduction has remained speculative. Starting from four different crystal structures of the LPMO LsAA9A with well-defined oxidation states, we use a frontier molecular orbital approach to elucidate the initial steps of the LPMO reaction. We give an explanation for the requirement of the unique priming reduction and analyse electronic structure changes upon substrate binding. We further investigate how the presence of the substrate could facilitate an electron transfer from the copper active site to an H2O2 co-substrate. Our findings could help to control experimental LPMO reactions., Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are copper enzymes that oxidatively cleave the strong C-H bonds in recalcitrant polysaccharide substrates, thereby playing a crucial role in biomass degradation. Recently, LPMOs have also been shown to be important for several pathogens. It is well established that the Cu(II) resting state of LPMOs is inactive, and the electronic structure of the active site needs to be altered to transform the enzyme into an active form. Whether this transformation occurs due to substrate binding or due to a unique priming reduction has remained speculative. Starting from four different crystal structures of the LPMO LsAA9A with well-defined oxidation states, we use a frontier molecular orbital approach to elucidate the initial steps of the LPMO reaction. We give an explanation for the requirement of the unique priming reduction and analyse electronic structure changes upon substrate binding. We further investigate how the presence of the substrate could facilitate an electron transfer from the copper active site to an H2O2 co-substrate. Our findings could help to control experimental LPMO reactions.

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a key cellular enzyme, with major roles in both glycolysis, and ‘moonlighting’ activities in the nucleus (uracil DNA glycosylase activity, nuclear protein nitrosylation), as a regulator of mRNA stability, a transferrin receptor, and as an antimicrobial agent. These activities are dependent, at least in part, on the integrity of an active site Cys residue, and a second neighboring Cys. These residues are differentially sensitive to oxidation, and determine both its catalytic activity and the redox signaling capacity of the protein. Such Cys modification is critical to cellular adaptation to oxidative environments by re-routing metabolic pathways to favor NADPH generation and antioxidant defenses. Despite the susceptibility of GAPDH to oxidation, it remains a puzzle as to how this enzyme acts as a redox signaling hub for oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the presence of high concentrations of specialized high-efficiency peroxide-removing enzymes. One possibility is that crowded environments, such as the cell cytosol, alter the oxidation pathways of GAPDH. In this study, we investigated the role of crowding (induced by dextran) on H2O2- and SIN-1-induced GAPDH oxidation, with data for crowded and dilute conditions compared. LC-MS/MS data revealed a lower extent of modification of the catalytic Cys under crowded conditions (i.e. less monomer units modified), but enhanced formation of the sulfonic acid resulting from hyper-oxidation. This effect was not observed with SIN-1. These data indicate that molecular crowding can modulate the oxidation pathways of GAPDH and its extent of oxidation and inactivation.

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a key cellular enzyme, with major roles in both glycolysis, and ‘moonlighting’ activities in the nucleus (uracil DNA glycosylase activity, nuclear protein nitrosylation), as a regulator of mRNA stability, a transferrin receptor, and as an antimicrobial agent. These activities are dependent, at least in part, on the integrity of an active site Cys residue, and a second neighboring Cys. These residues are differentially sensitive to oxidation, and determine both its catalytic activity and the redox signaling capacity of the protein. Such Cys modification is critical to cellular adaptation to oxidative environments by re-routing metabolic pathways to favor NADPH generation and antioxidant defenses. Despite the susceptibility of GAPDH to oxidation, it remains a puzzle as to how this enzyme acts as a redox signaling hub for oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the presence of high concentrations of specialized high-efficiency peroxide-removing enzymes. One possibility is that crowded environments, such as the cell cytosol, alter the oxidation pathways of GAPDH. In this study, we investigated the role of crowding (induced by dextran) on H2O2- and SIN-1-induced GAPDH oxidation, with data for crowded and dilute conditions compared. LC-MS/MS data revealed a lower extent of modification of the catalytic Cys under crowded conditions (i.e. less monomer units modified), but enhanced formation of the sulfonic acid resulting from hyper-oxidation. This effect was not observed with SIN-1. These data indicate that molecular crowding can modulate the oxidation pathways of GAPDH and its extent of oxidation and inactivation.

Se examinaron las actividades de barrido de radicales libres y antioxidantes de un extracto estandarizado de Hypericum perforatum (HP) para la inhibición de la peroxidación lipídica, para la actividad de barrido de radicales hidroxilo y la interacción con el radical libre estable 1,1-difenil-2-picrilhidrazilo (DPPH). Las concentraciones entre 1 y 50 microg/ml de HP inhibieron eficazmente la peroxidación lipídica de las mitocondrias de la corteza cerebral de rata inducida por el sistema Fe2+/ascorbato o NADPH. Los resultados mostraron que el HP eliminó el radical DPPH de una manera dependiente de la dosis y también presentó efectos inhibitorios sobre la actividad de la xantina oxidasa. Por el contrario, el barrido del radical hidroxilo se produce a dosis elevadas. El efecto protector del extracto estandarizado frente al daño oxidativo inducido por H2O2 en la línea celular de feocromocitoma PC12 se investigó midiendo la viabilidad celular mediante bromuro de 3-(4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-il)-2,5-difeniltetrazolio (MTT), ensayos de lactato deshidrogenasa (LDH), actividad de la enzima caspasa-3 y acumulación de especies reactivas de oxígeno [ensayo de 2',7'-diclorofluorescina (DCF)]. Tras 8 h de exposición celular al H2O2 (300 microM), se observó una marcada reducción de la supervivencia celular, que se evitó significativamente con HP (preincubado durante 24 h) a 1-100 microg/ml. En otro experimento, diferentes concentraciones del extracto estandarizado (0,1-100 microg/ml) también atenuaron el aumento de la actividad de la caspasa-3 y suprimieron la generación de especies reactivas del oxígeno inducida por el H2O2. En conjunto, estos resultados sugieren que el HP muestra una actividad antioxidante relevante tanto in vitro como en un sistema celular, mediante la inhibición de la generación de radicales libres y la peroxidación lipídica., Free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities of a standardized extract of Hypericum perforatum (SHP) were examined for inhibition of lipid peroxidation, for hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and interaction with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl stable free radical (DPPH). Concentrations between 1 and 50 microg/ml of SHP effectively inhibited lipid peroxidation of rat brain cortex mitochondria induced by Fe2+/ascorbate or NADPH system. The results showed that SHP scavenged DPPH radical in a dose-dependent manner and also presented inhibitory effects on the activity of xanthine oxidase. In contrast, hydroxyl radical scavenging occurs at high doses. The protective effect of the standardized extract against H2O2-induced oxidative damage on the pheochromocytoma cell line PC 12 was investigated by measuring cell viability via 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays, caspase-3-enzyme activity and accumulation of reactive oxygen species [2',7'-dichlorofluorescin (DCF) assay]. Following 8-h cell exposure to H2O2 (300 microM), a marked reduction in cell survival was observed, which was significantly prevented by SHP (pre-incubated for 24 h) at 1-100 microg/ml. In a separate experiment, different concentrations of the standardized extract (0.1-100 microg/ml) also attenuated the increase in caspase-3 activity and suppressed the H2O2 -induced reactive oxygen species generation. Taken together, these results suggest that SHP shows relevant antioxidant activity both in vitro and in a cell system, by means of inhibiting free radical generation and lipid peroxidation., Depto. de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Fac. de Farmacia, TRUE, pub

The performance of Photo-Fenton treatments is reported to heavily rely on how hydrogen peroxide is supplied. Rigorously optimizing the dosage profile of hydrogen profile is a challenge that has been hardly addressed. Although some model-based approaches have been explored, solutions of practical significance have not been produced. However, model-based approaches can be used to explore new dosage schemes and identify practical sub-optimal improvements. This work addressed the photo-Fenton degradation of Paracetamol (PCT) in an annular photoreactor, and used a kinetic model including variable H 2 O 2 dosage previously fit and reported for simulating new dosage schemes for unexplored operational conditions. Preliminary results allowed understanding trends and proposing new simulations, which in turn allowed identifying promising operation alternatives. Finally, experimental validation confirmed that significant reduction of TOC levels (20 percent points, beyond 80%) are possible. Furthermore, alternatives that could reach total mineralization were also identified for larger processing times (beyond 20 h). Thus, the work has once again demonstrated that model exploitation allows producing significant practical outcomes with a much-reduced experimental effort, and has produced unexplored hydrogen peroxide dosage schemes that increase the process performance reported previously and indicates the way to total mineralization., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Analyses for organic “fingerprints” on fossilized plant cuticles and pollen hold valuable chemotaxonomic and palaeoclimatic information, and are thus becoming more utilized by palaeobotanists. Plant cuticle and pollen composition are generally analyzed after standard treatments with several chemical reagents for mineral and mesophyll removal. However, the potential alterations on the fossil composition caused by the different cleaning reagents used are still poorly understood. We tested the effects of commonly used palaeobotanical processing methods on the spectra of fossilized cuticles from successions of Late Triassic to Early Jurassic age, including the gymnosperms Lepidopteris, Ginkgoites, Podozamites, Ptilozamites and Pterophyllum astartense. Our study shows that standard chemical processing caused chemical alterations that might lead to erroneous interpretation of the infrared (IR) spectra. The difference in pH caused by HCl induces changes in the proportion between the two bands at ~1720 and 1600 cm 1 (carboxylate and C-C stretch of aromatic compounds) indicating that the band at ~1610 cm 1 at least partially corresponds to carboxylate instead of C-C stretch of aromatic compounds. Interestingly, despite being used in high concentration, HF did not cause changes in the chemical composition of the cuticles. The most alarming changes were caused by the use of Schulze ’s solution, which resulted in the addition of both NO2 and (O)NO2 compounds in the cuticle. Consequently, a new protocol using H2CO3, HF, and H2O2 for preparing fossil plant cuticles aimed for chemical analyses is proposed, which provides an effective substitute to the conventional methods. In particular, a less aggressive and more sustainable alternative to Schulze’s solution is shown to be hydrogen peroxide, which causes only minor alteration of the fossil cuticle ’s chemical composition. Future work should carefully follow protocols, having in mind the impacts of different solutions used to trea

Analyses for organic “fingerprints” on fossilized plant cuticles and pollen hold valuable chemotaxonomic and palaeoclimatic information, and are thus becoming more utilized by palaeobotanists. Plant cuticle and pollen composition are generally analyzed after standard treatments with several chemical reagents for mineral and mesophyll removal. However, the potential alterations on the fossil composition caused by the different cleaning reagents used are still poorly understood. We tested the effects of commonly used palaeobotanical processing methods on the spectra of fossilized cuticles from successions of Late Triassic to Early Jurassic age, including the gymnosperms Lepidopteris, Ginkgoites, Podozamites, Ptilozamites and Pterophyllum astartense. Our study shows that standard chemical processing caused chemical alterations that might lead to erroneous interpretation of the infrared (IR) spectra. The difference in pH caused by HCl induces changes in the proportion between the two bands at ~1720 and 1600 cm 1 (carboxylate and C-C stretch of aromatic compounds) indicating that the band at ~1610 cm 1 at least partially corresponds to carboxylate instead of C-C stretch of aromatic compounds. Interestingly, despite being used in high concentration, HF did not cause changes in the chemical composition of the cuticles. The most alarming changes were caused by the use of Schulze ’s solution, which resulted in the addition of both NO2 and (O)NO2 compounds in the cuticle. Consequently, a new protocol using H2CO3, HF, and H2O2 for preparing fossil plant cuticles aimed for chemical analyses is proposed, which provides an effective substitute to the conventional methods. In particular, a less aggressive and more sustainable alternative to Schulze’s solution is shown to be hydrogen peroxide, which causes only minor alteration of the fossil cuticle ’s chemical composition. Future work should carefully follow protocols, having in mind the impacts of different solutions used to trea

Hydrogen peroxide is commonly used as a low-toxicity liquid rocket propellant (oxidizer). Hydrodynamic bearings lubricated by this propellant may be applicable in rocket engine pumps. In this paper, a hydrodynamic tilting-pad journal bearing lubricated by highly concentrated (87wt%) hydrogen peroxide was proposed. Furthermore, an experimental validation of the performance of this bearing with pads made of PEEK material (polyetheretherketone) was carried out on the developed high-speed measuring device. To verify the endurance of this bearing, measurements were performed at different peroxide flow rates from 100% to 20% of the nominal flow rate. The tests were also conducted under excessive vibrations induced by the misalignment of the test rotor with the drive connected by a flexible coupling. In addition to vibration measurement, the wear of the bearing sliding surfaces and lubricant temperature variations were evaluated. The measured results were compared with the calculated data. For this purpose, a two-dimensional computational model based on the thermo-elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication theory was presented. To improve the solution convergence, Newton's method was used to calculate the equilibrium tilt of the pads. The involved bearings operated smoothly at the mentioned misalignment even at 20% peroxide flow, only slight foaming occurred at the outlet.

Photocatalytic generation of hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, has gained increasing attention in recent years, with applications ranging from solar energy conversion to biophysical research. While semiconducting solid-state materials are normally regarded as the workhorse for photogeneration of H2O2, an intriguing alternative for on-demand H2O2 is the use of photocatalytic organic dyes. Herein we report the use of water-soluble dyes based on perylene diimide molecules which behave as true molecular catalysts for the light-induced conversion of dissolved oxygen to hydrogen peroxide. In particular, we address how to obtain visible-light photocatalysts which are stable with respect to aggregation and photochemical degradation. We report on the factors affecting efficiency and stability, including variable electron donors, oxygen partial pressure, pH, and molecular catalyst structure. The result is a perylene diimide derivative with unprecedented peroxide evolution performance using a broad range of organic donor molecules and operating in a wide pH range.

The development of artificial small-scale robotic swarms with nature-mimicking collective behaviors represents the frontier of research in robotics. While microrobot swarming under magnetic manipulation has been extensively explored, light-induced self-organization of micro- and nanorobots is still challenging. This study demonstrates the interaction-controlled, reconfigurable, reversible, and active self-assembly of TiO2/-Fe2O3 microrobots, consisting of peanut-shaped -Fe2O3 (hematite) microparticles synthesized by a hydrothermal method and covered with a thin layer of TiO2 by atomic layer deposition (ALD). Due to their photocatalytic and ferromagnetic properties, microrobots autonomously move in water under light irradiation, while a magnetic field precisely controls their direction. In the presence of H2O2 fuel, concentration gradients around the illuminated microrobots result in mutual attraction by phoretic interactions, inducing their spontaneous organization into self-propelled clusters. In the dark, clusters reversibly reconfigure into microchains where microrobots are aligned due to magnetic dipole-dipole interactions. Microrobots’ active motion and photocatalytic properties were investigated for water remediation from pesticides, obtaining the rapid degradation of the extensively used, persistent, and hazardous herbicide 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4D). This study potentially impacts the realization of future intelligent adaptive metamachines and the application of light-powered self-propelled micro- and nanomotors toward the degradation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) or micro- and nanoplastics

Purpose: Aquatic bacteria of the genus Vibrio include animal and human pathogens. The occurrence of Vibrio-related diseases has been associated with the current climate change-driven increase of sea surface temperature. Vibrio spp. can enter into the viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state, as a consequence of starvation in seawater at low temperatures. In such physiological state, Vibrio cells are no longer culturable on standard media agar plates but can resuscitate if incubated at 30 °C prior to plating, retaining virulence. Since limited information is available on regards to this topic, in this work, we characterized the phenotypic changes of four Vibrio spp. strains (one laboratory strain and three environmental isolates) in cold seawater microcosms, investigating the relationship between resuscitation and a hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress. Methods: Cell phenotypic changes and the effect of hydrogen peroxide and/or catalase addition to the medium were studied on VBNC and resuscitated cells by flow cytometry in microcosm experiments, paralleled by culturability experiments by plating. Results: The cells of all the Vibrio strains changed their phenotype upon the induction of the VBNC state resulting in cell dwarfing and decrease in DNA quantity, losing the ability to grow on solid media. These features were partially or totally reverted when the cells were treated for resuscitation. Hydrogen peroxide at concentrations as low as 0.007 mM prevented resuscitation and a prolonged exposure to hydrogen peroxide at concentrations far under those inhibiting the growth of log-phase cells permanently damaged VBNC cells, which could not be resuscitated. However, the potential of culturability of VBNC cells could be preserved, at least for a part of the population, by plating the cells in the presence of catalase. The study also showed that during the resuscitation process, the cells gradually increased their resistance to hydrogen peroxide. Conclusions: The timin

Biosensors are in principle fabricated by immobilized biomaterials on a detector membrane and combining them with electrochemical equipment. The applications of enzyme-based biosensors can be explored such as in the process of gas detection, medicine, pathogen detection and detection of toxic levels of substances before and after bioremediation. In this study, H2O2 detection was performed using HRP/PANI, HRP/PPY, HRP/PT and HRP/PT/PPY/PANI layers. The HRP/PANI layer from Variable Pressure Scanning Electron Microscopy (VPSEM) image exhibited a dry surface. The HRP/PPY layer exhibited a surface with agglomerate molecules. The HRP/PT layer, on the hand, exhibited a layer surface with almost the same molecular size. This is confirmed by the higher surface roughness value for HRP/PPY compared to other layers obtained via characterization with Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The increasing current response for all three layers was arranged in HRP/PANI> HRP/PT> HRP/PPY. VPSEM and AFM images exhibited surfaces with molecules being in an agglomeration state after the H2O2 detection process. In terms of current response, the response rate of H2O2 on the surface of the HRP/PT/PPY/PANI electrode caused the current response obtained to be fast. The roughness value increased with time due to the reaction that took place between the surface of the HRP/PT/PPY/PANI layer with H2O2. The day-based current response showed that day 1 to day 14 exhibited a uniform graph pattern but from day 21 to day 30 there was a change in the graph pattern due to the HRP/PT/PPY/PANI layer undergoing degradation. The activity of the HRP enzyme was studied by looking at its absorption effect for 30 days. From day 1 to day 14, there was a difference in the overall rate of absorption. However, from day 21 to day 30, the rate of absorption remained constant which explains the slowing down of HRP activity &nbsp

NADPH oxidase (Nox), a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), is involved in neurodegeneration after injury and disease. Nox is expressed in both neuronal and non-neuronal cells and contributes to an elevated ROS level after injury. Contrary to the well-known damaging effect of Nox-derived ROS in neurodegeneration, recently a physiological role of Nox in nervous system development including neurogenesis, neuronal polarity, and axonal growth has been revealed. Here, we tested a role for neuronal Nox in neurite regeneration following mechanical transection in cultured Aplysia bag cell neurons. Using a novel hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-sensing dye, 5′-(p-borophenyl)-2′-pyridylthiazole pinacol ester (BPPT), we found that H2O2 levels are elevated in regenerating growth cones following injury. Redistribution of Nox2 and p40phox in the growth cone central domain suggests Nox2 activation after injury. Inhibiting Nox with the pan-Nox inhibitor celastrol reduced neurite regeneration rate. Pharmacological inhibition of Nox is correlated with reduced activation of Src2 tyrosine kinase and F-actin content in the growth cone. Taken together, these findings suggest that Nox-derived ROS regulate neurite regeneration following injury through Src2-mediated regulation of actin organization in Aplysia growth cones.

Demyelinating disorders affect many people around the globe and are characterized by loss of myelin sheaths and oligodendrocyte death, ultimately compromising neuronal signal transmission across the Central Nervous System (CNS). Adult Neural Stem Cells (NSC) are multipotent stem cells with the ability to differentiate into the three types of CNS cells: oligodendrocytes, neurons and astrocytes. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an inflammatory mediator, often present in demyelinating events, commonly associated with oxidative stress and cell death. However, H2O2 also plays a major role as an intracellular signaling molecule. It has been seen that NSC exposed to H2O2 revealed an increase in proliferation and oligodendrogenesis. In this project, we tried to understand how oligodendrogenesis is modulated at a transcriptional level by H2O2. We have identified the genes Hes1, Foxo1, Nrf2 and Prdx6 as being downregulated in the presence of H2O2 when compared to the non-exposed controls. In order to understand if the differential gene expression is involved in the H2O2-induced oligodendrogenesis, we silenced the genes through siRNA transfection (mimicking the downregulation observed after H2O2 exposure) and analyzed the effects on the transcriptome of NSCs and the impact on cell proliferation and differentiation. Our findings indicate that Foxo1 silencing induced the greatest increase in cell proliferation and that Nrf2 silencing revealed the greatest impact on oligodendrogenesis. While not very significant, Foxo1 silencing seems to induce oligodendrogenesis, and Prdx6 silencing seems to inhibit it. The results obtained give important hints on the role that these genes play in NSCs differentiation and fate determination when exposed to oxidative stress and might allow a better understanding of this complex system.

Demyelinating disorders affect many people around the globe and are characterized by loss of myelin sheaths and oligodendrocyte death, ultimately compromising neuronal signal transmission across the Central Nervous System (CNS). Adult Neural Stem Cells (NSC) are multipotent stem cells with the ability to differentiate into the three types of CNS cells: oligodendrocytes, neurons and astrocytes. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an inflammatory mediator, often present in demyelinating events, commonly associated with oxidative stress and cell death. However, H2O2 also plays a major role as an intracellular signaling molecule. It has been seen that NSC exposed to H2O2 revealed an increase in proliferation and oligodendrogenesis. In this project, we tried to understand how oligodendrogenesis is modulated at a transcriptional level by H2O2. We have identified the genes Hes1, Foxo1, Nrf2 and Prdx6 as being downregulated in the presence of H2O2 when compared to the non-exposed controls. In order to understand if the differential gene expression is involved in the H2O2-induced oligodendrogenesis, we silenced the genes through siRNA transfection (mimicking the downregulation observed after H2O2 exposure) and analyzed the effects on the transcriptome of NSCs and the impact on cell proliferation and differentiation. Our findings indicate that Foxo1 silencing induced the greatest increase in cell proliferation and that Nrf2 silencing revealed the greatest impact on oligodendrogenesis. While not very significant, Foxo1 silencing seems to induce oligodendrogenesis, and Prdx6 silencing seems to inhibit it. The results obtained give important hints on the role that these genes play in NSCs differentiation and fate determination when exposed to oxidative stress and might allow a better understanding of this complex system.

INTRODUCTION: Large bone defects are challenging for surgeons. Available reimplanted bone substitutes can't properly restore optimal function along and long term osteointegration of the bone graft. Bone substitute based on the perfusion-decellularization technique seem to be interesting in order to overcome these limitations. We present here an evaluation of the biomechanics of the bones thus obtained. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two decellularization protocols were chosen for this study. One using Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) (D1) and one using NaOH and H2O2 (D2). The decellularization was performed on porcine forearms. We then carried out compression, three-point bending, indentation and screw pull-out tests on each sample. Once these tests were completed, we compared the results obtained between the different decellularization protocols and with samples left native. RESULTS: The difference in the means was similar between the tests performed on bones decellularized with the SDS protocol and native bones for pull-out test: +1.4% (CI95% [-10.5%- 12.4%]) of mean differences when comparing Native vs D1, compression -14.9% (CI95% [-42.7%- 12.5%]), 3-point bending -5.7% (CI95% [-22.5%- 11.1%]) and indentation -10.8% (CI95% [-19.5%- 4.6%]). Bones decellularized with the NaOH protocol showed different results from those obtained with the SDS protocol or native bones during the pull-out screw +40.7% (CI95% [24.3%- 57%]) for Native vs D2 protocol and 3-point bending tests +39.2% (CI95% [13.7%- 64.6%]) for Native vs D2 protocol. The other tests, compression and indentation, gave similar results for all our samples. CONCLUSION: Vascularized decellularized grafts seem to be an interesting means for bone reconstruction. Our study shows that the decellularization method affects the mechanical results of our specimens. Some methods seem to limit these alterations and could be used in the future for bone decellularization.

Hydrogen peroxide is commonly used as a low-toxicity liquid rocket propellant (oxidizer). Hydrodynamic bearings lubricated by this propellant may be applicable in rocket engine pumps. In this paper, a hydrodynamic tilting-pad journal bearing lubricated by highly concentrated (87wt%) hydrogen peroxide was proposed. Furthermore, an experimental validation of the performance of this bearing with pads made of PEEK material (polyetheretherketone) was carried out on the developed high-speed measuring device. To verify the endurance of this bearing, measurements were performed at different peroxide flow rates from 100% to 20% of the nominal flow rate. The tests were also conducted under excessive vibrations induced by the misalignment of the test rotor with the drive connected by a flexible coupling. In addition to vibration measurement, the wear of the bearing sliding surfaces and lubricant temperature variations were evaluated. The measured results were compared with the calculated data. For this purpose, a two-dimensional computational model based on the thermo-elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication theory was presented. To improve the solution convergence, Newton's method was used to calculate the equilibrium tilt of the pads. The involved bearings operated smoothly at the mentioned misalignment even at 20% peroxide flow, only slight foaming occurred at the outlet.

Human myoglobin (hMb) possesses a cysteine (Cys) residue which is rare among mammalian Mbs. To investigate the effects of this unique Cys residue at the amino acid position 110 (Cys110) on hMb reactions, we studied the reactions of wild type (WT) methMb and its alanine mutant at Cys110 (C110A) with H2O2, particularly in the presence of reduced glutathione (GSH) which is well known as a reducing agent. The formation rates of the ferryloxo (Fe(IV) = O) species by H2O2 under air were about the same for WT and C110A methMbs, whereas the protein decomposed more in the case of WT than C110A hMb. With the addition of GSH, hMb consumed H2O2 faster and decomposition of the protein decreased, where the effects were more prominent in WT than C110A hMb. The radicals produced by the reaction with H2O2 decreased significantly due to the addition of 1 mM GSH in the case of WT hMb, but not in the case of C110A hMb. These results show that GSH reduces H2O2-induced protein decomposition due to reduction of the C110-thiyl radical in WT hMb by electron transfer.

Hydrogen peroxide is commonly used as a low-toxicity liquid rocket propellant (oxidizer). Hydrodynamic bearings lubricated by this propellant may be applicable in rocket engine pumps. In this paper, a hydrodynamic tilting-pad journal bearing lubricated by highly concentrated (87wt%) hydrogen peroxide was proposed. Furthermore, an experimental validation of the performance of this bearing with pads made of PEEK material (polyetheretherketone) was carried out on the developed high-speed measuring device. To verify the endurance of this bearing, measurements were performed at different peroxide flow rates from 100% to 20% of the nominal flow rate. The tests were also conducted under excessive vibrations induced by the misalignment of the test rotor with the drive connected by a flexible coupling. In addition to vibration measurement, the wear of the bearing sliding surfaces and lubricant temperature variations were evaluated. The measured results were compared with the calculated data. For this purpose, a two-dimensional computational model based on the thermo-elasto-hydrodynamic lubrication theory was presented. To improve the solution convergence, Newton's method was used to calculate the equilibrium tilt of the pads. The involved bearings operated smoothly at the mentioned misalignment even at 20% peroxide flow, only slight foaming occurred at the outlet.

The development of photo/electroactive catalysts sustainably producing hydrogen from water splitting and selectively hydrogen peroxide is of paramount importance to alleviate climate change effects. Herein, an anionic cobalt porphyrin (CoP) derivative is electrostatically interfaced with a positively charged modified molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), forming CoP/MoS2, which is accordingly employed as nonprecious photo/electrocatalyst for water oxidation reaction (WOR) and selective H2O2 production. According to the results, CoP/MoS2 shows remarkable bifunctional photo/electrocatalytic performance for WOR and 2e− pathway O2 reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline electrolyte. Upon visible light irradiation, electrochemical measurements on a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass electrode reveal an onset potential of 0.595 mV (ORR) and 1.575 mV (WOR) vs. reversible hydrogen electrode, being improved by approximately 80 mV, in both cases, compared to the dark conditions. Notably, the use of the FTO set-up not only enabled us to evaluate the photo/electrocatalytic activity of the CoP/MoS2 nanoensemble but also mimics the practical conditions in photo/electrochemical devices. The outstanding bifunctional photo/electrocatalytic performance of CoP/MoS2 is attributed to (a) the use of CoP as versatile single-atom molecular catalyst and photosensitizer (b) the strong ion-pair interactions between cationic modified MoS2 and the anionic CoP derivative, which prevent aggregation, ensuring better accessibility of the reactants to cobalt active sites, and (c) the co-existence of 1T and 2H phase at modified MoS2, offering improved electrical conductivity and intrinsic electrocatalytic activity along with enhanced intraensemble electronic interactions upon illumination. This work is expected to inspire the design of advanced and low-cost materials for the sustainable production of renewable fuels.

The development of photo/electroactive catalysts sustainably producing hydrogen from water splitting and selectively hydrogen peroxide is of paramount importance to alleviate climate change effects. Herein, an anionic cobalt porphyrin (CoP) derivative is electrostatically interfaced with a positively charged modified molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), forming CoP/MoS2, which is accordingly employed as nonprecious photo/electrocatalyst for water oxidation reaction (WOR) and selective H2O2 production. According to the results, CoP/MoS2 shows remarkable bifunctional photo/electrocatalytic performance for WOR and 2e− pathway O2 reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline electrolyte. Upon visible light irradiation, electrochemical measurements on a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass electrode reveal an onset potential of 0.595 mV (ORR) and 1.575 mV (WOR) vs. reversible hydrogen electrode, being improved by approximately 80 mV, in both cases, compared to the dark conditions. Notably, the use of the FTO set-up not only enabled us to evaluate the photo/electrocatalytic activity of the CoP/MoS2 nanoensemble but also mimics the practical conditions in photo/electrochemical devices. The outstanding bifunctional photo/electrocatalytic performance of CoP/MoS2 is attributed to (a) the use of CoP as versatile single-atom molecular catalyst and photosensitizer (b) the strong ion-pair interactions between cationic modified MoS2 and the anionic CoP derivative, which prevent aggregation, ensuring better accessibility of the reactants to cobalt active sites, and (c) the co-existence of 1T and 2H phase at modified MoS2, offering improved electrical conductivity and intrinsic electrocatalytic activity along with enhanced intraensemble electronic interactions upon illumination. This work is expected to inspire the design of advanced and low-cost materials for the sustainable production of renewable fuels.

The development of photo/electroactive catalysts sustainably producing hydrogen from water splitting and selectively hydrogen peroxide is of paramount importance to alleviate climate change effects. Herein, an anionic cobalt porphyrin (CoP) derivative is electrostatically interfaced with a positively charged modified molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), forming CoP/MoS2, which is accordingly employed as nonprecious photo/electrocatalyst for water oxidation reaction (WOR) and selective H2O2 production. According to the results, CoP/MoS2 shows remarkable bifunctional photo/electrocatalytic performance for WOR and 2e− pathway O2 reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline electrolyte. Upon visible light irradiation, electrochemical measurements on a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) coated glass electrode reveal an onset potential of 0.595 mV (ORR) and 1.575 mV (WOR) vs. reversible hydrogen electrode, being improved by approximately 80 mV, in both cases, compared to the dark conditions. Notably, the use of the FTO set-up not only enabled us to evaluate the photo/electrocatalytic activity of the CoP/MoS2 nanoensemble but also mimics the practical conditions in photo/electrochemical devices. The outstanding bifunctional photo/electrocatalytic performance of CoP/MoS2 is attributed to (a) the use of CoP as versatile single-atom molecular catalyst and photosensitizer (b) the strong ion-pair interactions between cationic modified MoS2 and the anionic CoP derivative, which prevent aggregation, ensuring better accessibility of the reactants to cobalt active sites, and (c) the co-existence of 1T and 2H phase at modified MoS2, offering improved electrical conductivity and intrinsic electrocatalytic activity along with enhanced intraensemble electronic interactions upon illumination. This work is expected to inspire the design of advanced and low-cost materials for the sustainable production of renewable fuels.

Analyses for organic fingerprints on fossilized plant cuticles and pollen hold valuable chemotaxonomic and palaeoclimatic information, and are thus becoming more utilized by palaeobotanists. Plant cuticle and pollen composition are generally analyzed after standard treatments with several chemical reagents for mineral and mesophyll removal. However, the potential alterations on the fossil composition caused by the different cleaning reagents used are still poorly understood. We tested the effects of commonly used palaeobotanical processing methods on the spectra of fossilized cuticles from successions of Late Triassic to Early Jurassic age, including the gymnosperms Lepidopteris , Ginkgoites , Podozamites , Ptilozamites and Pterophyllum astartense. Our study shows that standard chemical processing caused chemical alterations that might lead to erroneous interpretation of the infrared (IR) spectra. The difference in pH caused by HCl induces changes in the proportion between the two bands at similar to 1720 and 1600 cm(-1) (carboxylate and C-C stretch of aromatic compounds) indicating that the band at similar to 1610 cm(-1) at least partially corresponds to carboxylate instead of C-C stretch of aromatic compounds. Interestingly, despite being used in high concentration, HF did not cause changes in the chemical composition of the cuticles. The most alarming changes were caused by the use of Schulze's solution, which resulted in the addition of both NO2 and (O)NO2 compounds in the cuticle. Consequently, a new protocol using H2CO3 , HF, and H2O2 for preparing fossil plant cuticles aimed for chemical analyses is proposed, which provides an effective substitute to the conventional methods. In particular, a less aggressive and more sustainable alternative to Schulze's solution is shown to be hydrogen peroxide, which causes only minor alteration of the fossil cuticle's chemical composition. Future work should carefully follow protocols, having in mind the impacts of differen

UDP-glucose (UDPG) pyrophosphorylase (UGPase) catalyzes a reversible reaction, producing UDPG, which serves as an essential precursor for hundreds of glycosyltransferases in all organisms. In this study, activities of purified UGPases from sugarcane and barley were found to be reversibly redox modulated in vitro through oxidation by hydrogen peroxide or oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and through reduction by dithiothreitol or glutathione. Generally, while oxidative treatment decreased UGPase activity, a subsequent reduction restored the activity. The oxidized enzyme had increased Km values with substrates, especially pyrophosphate. The increased Km values were also observed, regardless of redox status, for UGPase cysteine mutants (Cys102Ser and Cys99Ser for sugarcane and barley UGPases, respectively). However, activities and substrate affinities (Kms) of sugarcane Cys102Ser mutant, but not barley Cys99Ser, were still prone to redox modulation. The data suggest that plant UGPase is subject to redox control primarily via changes in the redox status of a single cysteine. Other cysteines may also, to some extent, contribute to UGPase redox status, as seen for sugarcane enzymes. The results are discussed with respect to earlier reported details of redox modulation of eukaryotic UGPases and regarding the structure/function properties of these proteins.

Aseptic packaging solutions enable long time storage without refrigeration and are an important part of securing food supply globally. The package material consists of multiple layers: A paperboard for robustness, polymers for adhesion as well as shielding the board from liquid, and a barrier protecting the product. This thesis consists of two parts regarding in-plane wetting into the paperboard. The first part is investigating the current test method evaluating in-plane wetting by the raw edges due to the aseptic hydrogen peroxide bath during production. In the aseptic process of the filling machine, packaging material is exposed to sterilizing hydrogen peroxide which can penetrate the raw edges of the material where the paperboard is exposed. If this is extensive enough, breakage of the material can lead to the need to halt production for cleaning the machines. Later in the filling process, residual water can also cause soaking of the material by the edges or where the cap is to be attached (around the pre-laminated hole) if defects are present in the décor layer. The second part of the thesis aims to investigate a possible correlation between the amount of in-plane wetting around the pre-laminated hole and the amount of force needed for cap detachment. For the investigation regarding in-plane wetting around the raw edges due to the hydrogen peroxide bath, promising results that eventually might lead to a chemical exchange were obtained and observations regarding how the existing test set-up could be optimized were made. For the second part of the thesis, the results indicate that there exists a correlation between the amount of in-plane wetting around the pre-laminated hole and cap detachment force when measuring on material with board still soaked. The force needed decreases for increasing amount of wetting which somewhat correlates with the expectations. For material that had been dried before cap application, no clear trends were found., Sedan papperförpackningens entré under 50-talet har Tetra Pak varit en självklarhet i många kylar världen över. En stor del av de Tetra Pak-förpackningar som produceras behöver dock inte stå kylt eftersom de är gjorda på en speciell sorts material med en barriär som skyddar den förvarade produkten även i rumstemperatur. Denna typ av förpackningar kallas för aseptiska och de gör transport och förvaring enklare och är därför en avgörande del av att kunna säkra livsmedelsförsörjningen världen över bade idag och i framtiden. För att gå från förpackningsmaterial till fylld förpackning används fyllmaskiner. I denna maskin så exponeras materialet för ett steriliserande väteperoxidbad för att se till att inga bakterier finns när produkten som ska förvaras i den färdiga förpackningen hälls i. Vätskan i det här badet kan absorberas av kanterna på förpackningmaterialet där det inte finns någon skyddande plast. Om materialet blir lämnat i det steriliserande badet under en längre period än tänkt om produktionen stannar av, så finns det risk att materialet går av vilket gör att man måste stänga ner maskinen för att fästa om banan av material och kanske även städa maskinen. För att testa hur bra ett visst förpackningsmaterial skulle klara av att vara i väteperoxidbadet en längre stund finns det en utvärderingmetod som använder just väteperoxid för att härma badet i fyllmaskinen. Väteperoxid är en läskig kemikalie som kan vara både brandfarlig och hälsoskadlig i för höga koncentrationer och Tetra Pak vill därför sluta använda väteperoxid i utvärderingsmetoden för hur mycket vätska som sugs upp i materialet. Som en del av det här examensarbetet har jag genomfört tester för att ta reda på hur temperatur, koncentration och exponeringstid påverkar hur mycket vätska som sugs upp vid kanterna av materialet och det visade sig att temperaturen var det som påverkade mest. Det är därför möjligt att det skulle fungera att byta ut väteperoxiden mot vatten om vi höjer temperaturen lite och det