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Background: Men’s violence against women, including human trafficking for sexual exploitation, is a severe threat to global health. Healthcare providers are uniquely positioned to identify and care for women subjected to human trafficking for sexual exploitation. They are among the few professionals the women interact with while being exposed to human trafficking for sexual exploitation. This study aims to describe healthcare workers’ experience of identifying and caring for women subjected to human trafficking for sexual exploitation seeking women’s healthcare. Method: A qualitative design was chosen and nine qualitative interviews with healthcare providers were conducted and analyzed using the content analysis method. Results: Three main categories were revealed: (1) the importance of being attentive, (2) the importance of providing safety, and (3) the importance of collaborating, followed by a number of subcategories: behavioral and physical signs, limited time to interact, security measures, value of confidence building, organizational collaboration, essential external network, and information transmission. Conclusions: As the women subjected to sex trafficking have limited time in healthcare, it is important for healthcare providers to be attentive and act immediately if suspecting human trafficking for sexual exploitation. It may be the only possibility for the healthcare providers to care for these women and reach them. They must endeavor to provide the women with safety due to their vulnerable position at the hospital. However, these women may leave the healthcare setting unidentified and unaided, which highlights the importance of collaboration on multiple levels. © The Author(s) 2024.

Background: Men’s violence against women, including human trafficking for sexual exploitation, is a severe threat to global health. Healthcare providers are uniquely positioned to identify and care for women subjected to human trafficking for sexual exploitation. They are among the few professionals the women interact with while being exposed to human trafficking for sexual exploitation. This study aims to describe healthcare workers’ experience of identifying and caring for women subjected to human trafficking for sexual exploitation seeking women’s healthcare. Method: A qualitative design was chosen and nine qualitative interviews with healthcare providers were conducted and analyzed using the content analysis method. Results: Three main categories were revealed: (1) the importance of being attentive, (2) the importance of providing safety, and (3) the importance of collaborating, followed by a number of subcategories: behavioral and physical signs, limited time to interact, security measures, value of confidence building, organizational collaboration, essential external network, and information transmission. Conclusions: As the women subjected to sex trafficking have limited time in healthcare, it is important for healthcare providers to be attentive and act immediately if suspecting human trafficking for sexual exploitation. It may be the only possibility for the healthcare providers to care for these women and reach them. They must endeavor to provide the women with safety due to their vulnerable position at the hospital. However, these women may leave the healthcare setting unidentified and unaided, which highlights the importance of collaboration on multiple levels. © The Author(s) 2024.

This research aims to investigate how socio-economic factors influence the vulnerability of women to engage in sexual services and potential trafficking in Gauteng, South Africa. This province is South Africa’s most prosperous one with an enormous flow of migrants and is therefore of interest to investigate. Moreover, it is certainly intriguing to examine more into South Africa's measures against human trafficking; additionally, it is interesting to investigate further here because of the signature by South Africa of the Palermo protocol and look further and deeper into if this signature has helped decrease the crime. This research seeks to untangle the complex web of factors contributing to vulnerability. By examining the socio-economic and potential other dimensions of human trafficking in South Africa, the aim is to gain a deeper understanding of how these factors interact, perpetuating a cycle of victimization and further raise crucial awareness of the subject. This research has adopted a abductive qualitative content-desk study to be most appropriate for the research and in order to do at least harm as possible to the victims by using already published documents and reports. Furthermore, theories and approaches such as Radical Feminist Theory, Rational Choice Theory, Human Rights-Based Approach and V-Dem Approach have been used in order to answer the objective as successfully as possible. The conclusion of this study points at the fact that women’s lower societal position, along with patriarchal influences, cultural practices and state corruption impact human trafficking and the vulnerability for women making them fall a victim of the crime. Recommendations that have been made in the paper are further studies on the subject and an idea of universal legislation regarding human trafficking, which could be similar to Agenda 2030 and finally some urgent measures in Gauteng.

SECTION 1. SURVIVORS OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE AND TRAFFICKING The first section was focused on migrant survivors of sexual violence and trafficking and contained three chapters. In chapter 2 we explored the nexus between labels of “trafficking in human beings” and “conflict-related sexual violence” from a psychological and legal point of view. We found a tension between psychological perspectives and legal standpoints on these labels. In chapter 3 we applied a person-centered approach to identify subgroups within sex trafficking experiences amongst a clinical sample of 337 women adult survivors. We found two subgroups of survivors: 1) those who were restricted in their movement (“locked up”) by a non-intimate perpetrator, and 2) those who were mainly emotionally coerced into sex trafficking within an intimate relationship. Finally, in chapter 4 we used a multimethod approach to examine the feasibility of a novel body-oriented module aimed at mitigating sexual revictimisation amongst 13 (forced) migrant survivors of sexual violence and trafficking.Patients and facilitators attributed changes to the module that were in line with the intended outcomes. We concluded that a body-oriented approach to sexual revictimisation risk mitigation was feasible, and that the module’s effectivity and further implementation are worthwhile to consider. SECTION 2. FORCED MIGRANTS In the second section, containing four chapters, we focused on the mental health of forced migrants, including those who survived sexual violence and trafficking. In chapter 5 we explored conceptualisations of “neglect” at the intersect of mental health, gender and protracted displacements. We concluded that “neglect” must be considered in the context of: i) differential (health) priorities; ii) discrepancies between overt socially disruptive distress and covert socially containable distress; and iii) containment strategies around sexual violence. In chapter 6 we introduced the protocol for an observational treatmen

Drawing on multi-method research, this article demonstrates that the risks of large-scale trafficking due to the war in Ukraine were mitigated by granting Ukrainians more extensive rights than typically afforded to refugees. This shows the advantages of rights-based approaches to migration and labour exploitation. We draw on Bakhtin’s and Žižek’s work on the carnivalesque to argue that mainstream anti-trafficking initiatives—which are depoliticised and able to win support and funding from across the political spectrum—often serve merely as theatrical and distracting sideshows diverting attention from more impactful activities and the normalised exploitation within capitalism. However, avoiding trafficking is insufficient if Ukrainian citizens and residents still endure exploitative conditions. A weakened legal framework for workers’ rights within Ukraine alongside inadequate labour protections across Europe have facilitated such exploitation. In contrast to the depoliticised stance of the anti-trafficking industry, this article concludes that more explicitly political actions supporting migrants’ rights, workers’ rights, and access to welfare and public services will not only more effectively challenge trafficking but also prevent other exploitation of migrants.

In this article, we discuss the experience of Victoria, a trans woman who was trafficked in the context of the criminal war in Mexico. Drawing on anthropological and feminist perspectives that privilege the dialogue of knowledge, Victoria’s experience allows us to problematise two central elements of the phenomenon of human trafficking in Mexico: first, the relationship between organised crime groups and human trafficking, and its effects on daily life in local contexts in Mexico, specifically in the experience of a trans woman. And second, the functioning of the Mexican anti-trafficking apparatus which, by focusing on the rescue of victims of sexual exploitation in places where independent sex work occurs, overlooks the identification of other forms of trafficking, such as trafficking for labour exploitation and servitude, both experienced by Victoria at the hands of organised crime groups., En este artículo recuperamos la experiencia de Victoria, una mujer trans que vivió un proceso de trata de personas en un contexto mexicano en el que se desarrolla una guerra criminal. A partir de una perspectiva antropológica y feminista que privilegia el diálogo de saberes, la experiencia de Victoria nos permite problematizar dos elementos centrales del fenómeno de la trata de personas en México: uno, la relación entre los grupos de crimen organizado con la trata de personas, y sus efectos en la vida cotidiana en contextos locales de México, específicamente en la experiencia de una mujer trans; y dos, la forma en la que opera el dispositivo antitrata mexicano, que por enfocarse en el rescate de víctimas de explotación sexual en sitios donde se realiza comercio sexual autónomo, omite la identificación de otras expresiones de la trata, como la trata laboral y de servicios forzados que experimentó Victoria por parte de grupos del crimen organizado.

Drawing on multi-method research, this article demonstrates that the risks of large-scale trafficking due to the war in Ukraine were mitigated by granting Ukrainians more extensive rights than typically afforded to refugees. This shows the advantages of rights-based approaches to migration and labour exploitation. We draw on Bakhtin’s and Žižek’s work on the carnivalesque to argue that mainstream anti-trafficking initiatives—which are depoliticised and able to win support and funding from across the political spectrum—often serve merely as theatrical and distracting sideshows diverting attention from more impactful activities and the normalised exploitation within capitalism. However, avoiding trafficking is insufficient if Ukrainian citizens and residents still endure exploitative conditions. A weakened legal framework for workers’ rights within Ukraine alongside inadequate labour protections across Europe have facilitated such exploitation. In contrast to the depoliticised stance of the anti-trafficking industry, this article concludes that more explicitly political actions supporting migrants’ rights, workers’ rights, and access to welfare and public services will not only more effectively challenge trafficking but also prevent other exploitation of migrants.

In this article, we discuss the experience of Victoria, a trans woman who was trafficked in the context of the criminal war in Mexico. Drawing on anthropological and feminist perspectives that privilege the dialogue of knowledge, Victoria’s experience allows us to problematise two central elements of the phenomenon of human trafficking in Mexico: first, the relationship between organised crime groups and human trafficking, and its effects on daily life in local contexts in Mexico, specifically in the experience of a trans woman. And second, the functioning of the Mexican anti-trafficking apparatus which, by focusing on the rescue of victims of sexual exploitation in places where independent sex work occurs, overlooks the identification of other forms of trafficking, such as trafficking for labour exploitation and servitude, both experienced by Victoria at the hands of organised crime groups., En este artículo recuperamos la experiencia de Victoria, una mujer trans que vivió un proceso de trata de personas en un contexto mexicano en el que se desarrolla una guerra criminal. A partir de una perspectiva antropológica y feminista que privilegia el diálogo de saberes, la experiencia de Victoria nos permite problematizar dos elementos centrales del fenómeno de la trata de personas en México: uno, la relación entre los grupos de crimen organizado con la trata de personas, y sus efectos en la vida cotidiana en contextos locales de México, específicamente en la experiencia de una mujer trans; y dos, la forma en la que opera el dispositivo antitrata mexicano, que por enfocarse en el rescate de víctimas de explotación sexual en sitios donde se realiza comercio sexual autónomo, omite la identificación de otras expresiones de la trata, como la trata laboral y de servicios forzados que experimentó Victoria por parte de grupos del crimen organizado.

Although organised criminal networks and non-state armed groups (NSAGs) have historically exploited conflict situations to commit various crimes, the extent of human trafficking by these entities in the Sahel has barely been interrogated in academic literature. In principle, while states have an obligation to criminalise trafficking in persons, problems arise where the state has lost parts of its territory to NSAGs or is facing ongoing conflicts with such groups. Boko Haram, for instance, controlled a large swath of territory in Northeast Nigeria from 2009 to 2015, with evidence of human trafficking. Therefore, this paper examines two specific aspects of human trafficking in the Sahel conflicts: trafficking by organised criminals and trafficking by NSAGs, especially terrorist organisations. It argues that while domestic laws may be useful in combating trafficking linked to organised criminal networks, the traditional state-centric approach to human rights protection makes human trafficking governance more complicated where NSAGs are involved, especially where they exercise territorial control. The paper unpacks these complexities and highlights the deficits in existing international law treaties. It argues that customary international law could provide a solution to the anti-trafficking governance challenge in the Sahel and makes a case for the adoption of an anti-trafficking Deed of Commitment within the Geneva Call mechanism.

Although organised criminal networks and non-state armed groups (NSAGs) have historically exploited conflict situations to commit various crimes, the extent of human trafficking by these entities in the Sahel has barely been interrogated in academic literature. In principle, while states have an obligation to criminalise trafficking in persons, problems arise where the state has lost parts of its territory to NSAGs or is facing ongoing conflicts with such groups. Boko Haram, for instance, controlled a large swath of territory in Northeast Nigeria from 2009 to 2015, with evidence of human trafficking. Therefore, this paper examines two specific aspects of human trafficking in the Sahel conflicts: trafficking by organised criminals and trafficking by NSAGs, especially terrorist organisations. It argues that while domestic laws may be useful in combating trafficking linked to organised criminal networks, the traditional state-centric approach to human rights protection makes human trafficking governance more complicated where NSAGs are involved, especially where they exercise territorial control. The paper unpacks these complexities and highlights the deficits in existing international law treaties. It argues that customary international law could provide a solution to the anti-trafficking governance challenge in the Sahel and makes a case for the adoption of an anti-trafficking Deed of Commitment within the Geneva Call mechanism.

In this article, we discuss the experience of Victoria, a trans woman who was trafficked in the context of the criminal war in Mexico. Drawing on anthropological and feminist perspectives that privilege the dialogue of knowledge, Victoria’s experience allows us to problematise two central elements of the phenomenon of human trafficking in Mexico: first, the relationship between organised crime groups and human trafficking, and its effects on daily life in local contexts in Mexico, specifically in the experience of a trans woman. And second, the functioning of the Mexican anti-trafficking apparatus which, by focusing on the rescue of victims of sexual exploitation in places where independent sex work occurs, overlooks the identification of other forms of trafficking, such as trafficking for labour exploitation and servitude, both experienced by Victoria at the hands of organised crime groups., En este artículo recuperamos la experiencia de Victoria, una mujer trans que vivió un proceso de trata de personas en un contexto mexicano en el que se desarrolla una guerra criminal. A partir de una perspectiva antropológica y feminista que privilegia el diálogo de saberes, la experiencia de Victoria nos permite problematizar dos elementos centrales del fenómeno de la trata de personas en México: uno, la relación entre los grupos de crimen organizado con la trata de personas, y sus efectos en la vida cotidiana en contextos locales de México, específicamente en la experiencia de una mujer trans; y dos, la forma en la que opera el dispositivo antitrata mexicano, que por enfocarse en el rescate de víctimas de explotación sexual en sitios donde se realiza comercio sexual autónomo, omite la identificación de otras expresiones de la trata, como la trata laboral y de servicios forzados que experimentó Victoria por parte de grupos del crimen organizado.

Drawing on multi-method research, this article demonstrates that the risks of large-scale trafficking due to the war in Ukraine were mitigated by granting Ukrainians more extensive rights than typically afforded to refugees. This shows the advantages of rights-based approaches to migration and labour exploitation. We draw on Bakhtin’s and Žižek’s work on the carnivalesque to argue that mainstream anti-trafficking initiatives—which are depoliticised and able to win support and funding from across the political spectrum—often serve merely as theatrical and distracting sideshows diverting attention from more impactful activities and the normalised exploitation within capitalism. However, avoiding trafficking is insufficient if Ukrainian citizens and residents still endure exploitative conditions. A weakened legal framework for workers’ rights within Ukraine alongside inadequate labour protections across Europe have facilitated such exploitation. In contrast to the depoliticised stance of the anti-trafficking industry, this article concludes that more explicitly political actions supporting migrants’ rights, workers’ rights, and access to welfare and public services will not only more effectively challenge trafficking but also prevent other exploitation of migrants.

It is crucial for the public and more specifically those who are a part of vulnerable populations to understand the dangers of both human and sex trafficking. One sub-group of vulnerable populations that are likely to encounter a trafficking situation are college students, as many of these students are unaware of trafficking’s prevalence. While there have been studies of specific populations with prior specialized knowledge, there is little information on the knowledge, perceptions, and awareness levels of the general college-aged population. This study will be quantitatively structured into a two-part survey, seeking to collect data from a sample size of 300 students on the campus of Catawba College. Catawba College’s student population provides a diverse sample of participants in terms of economic status, sex, gender identity, race, religion, age, and geographical location. Part one of this study will measure demographic information including gender, age, race, and socioeconomic status. Part two of this study will examine the knowledge and awareness levels of students on the topic of human trafficking. Questions will include identification of various trafficking forms, willingness to intervene, and awareness of trafficking’s prevalence. A measurement of student’s knowledge and awareness of human trafficking will provide future educational and legislative opportunities but will contribute to the dismantling and termination of human trafficking.

In this article, we discuss the experience of Victoria, a trans woman who was trafficked in the context of the criminal war in Mexico. Drawing on anthropological and feminist perspectives that privilege the dialogue of knowledge, Victoria’s experience allows us to problematise two central elements of the phenomenon of human trafficking in Mexico: first, the relationship between organised crime groups and human trafficking, and its effects on daily life in local contexts in Mexico, specifically in the experience of a trans woman. And second, the functioning of the Mexican anti-trafficking apparatus which, by focusing on the rescue of victims of sexual exploitation in places where independent sex work occurs, overlooks the identification of other forms of trafficking, such as trafficking for labour exploitation and servitude, both experienced by Victoria at the hands of organised crime groups., En este artículo recuperamos la experiencia de Victoria, una mujer trans que vivió un proceso de trata de personas en un contexto mexicano en el que se desarrolla una guerra criminal. A partir de una perspectiva antropológica y feminista que privilegia el diálogo de saberes, la experiencia de Victoria nos permite problematizar dos elementos centrales del fenómeno de la trata de personas en México: uno, la relación entre los grupos de crimen organizado con la trata de personas, y sus efectos en la vida cotidiana en contextos locales de México, específicamente en la experiencia de una mujer trans; y dos, la forma en la que opera el dispositivo antitrata mexicano, que por enfocarse en el rescate de víctimas de explotación sexual en sitios donde se realiza comercio sexual autónomo, omite la identificación de otras expresiones de la trata, como la trata laboral y de servicios forzados que experimentó Victoria por parte de grupos del crimen organizado.

Although organised criminal networks and non-state armed groups (NSAGs) have historically exploited conflict situations to commit various crimes, the extent of human trafficking by these entities in the Sahel has barely been interrogated in academic literature. In principle, while states have an obligation to criminalise trafficking in persons, problems arise where the state has lost parts of its territory to NSAGs or is facing ongoing conflicts with such groups. Boko Haram, for instance, controlled a large swath of territory in Northeast Nigeria from 2009 to 2015, with evidence of human trafficking. Therefore, this paper examines two specific aspects of human trafficking in the Sahel conflicts: trafficking by organised criminals and trafficking by NSAGs, especially terrorist organisations. It argues that while domestic laws may be useful in combating trafficking linked to organised criminal networks, the traditional state-centric approach to human rights protection makes human trafficking governance more complicated where NSAGs are involved, especially where they exercise territorial control. The paper unpacks these complexities and highlights the deficits in existing international law treaties. It argues that customary international law could provide a solution to the anti-trafficking governance challenge in the Sahel and makes a case for the adoption of an anti-trafficking Deed of Commitment within the Geneva Call mechanism.

Drawing on multi-method research, this article demonstrates that the risks of large-scale trafficking due to the war in Ukraine were mitigated by granting Ukrainians more extensive rights than typically afforded to refugees. This shows the advantages of rights-based approaches to migration and labour exploitation. We draw on Bakhtin’s and Žižek’s work on the carnivalesque to argue that mainstream anti-trafficking initiatives—which are depoliticised and able to win support and funding from across the political spectrum—often serve merely as theatrical and distracting sideshows diverting attention from more impactful activities and the normalised exploitation within capitalism. However, avoiding trafficking is insufficient if Ukrainian citizens and residents still endure exploitative conditions. A weakened legal framework for workers’ rights within Ukraine alongside inadequate labour protections across Europe have facilitated such exploitation. In contrast to the depoliticised stance of the anti-trafficking industry, this article concludes that more explicitly political actions supporting migrants’ rights, workers’ rights, and access to welfare and public services will not only more effectively challenge trafficking but also prevent other exploitation of migrants.

Background: Human trafficking is the use of force, fraud, or coercion to compel a person toprovide labor or sex, and has become a public health crisis. It occurs regardless of sex, gender identity, and race and is difficult to identify due to a multitude of complexities. Furthermore, it is suggested that a majority of human trafficking victims are seen by healthcare providers at some point during their captivity; however, there is a failure to recognize these victims. Despite these statistics, little research has been completed on how healthcare professionals assess human trafficking. Method: A qualitative descriptive method was used to answer the research question of howhuman trafficking is assessed. Healthcare professionals who worked in urgent care, family practice clinics, women’s health clinics, academic children’s hospitals, urban Indian health clinics, veteran’s affairs, and emergency departments participated in the study. Recruitment continued until saturation or a sufficient sample occurred. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and then analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: Seventeen participants enrolled in the study. This study found that the patient-providerinteraction is one of the most important pieces when assessing human trafficking victims and that the presentation of someone living through human trafficking may vary on how they present to healthcare facilities. Human trafficking assessment and institutional, community, and individual bounds include a lack of policies to assess human trafficking, underutilization of available screening tools, infrastructure that does not support resources for healthcare professionals and human trafficking victims, and a lack of healthcare professional knowledge and awareness of human trafficking. Conclusion: Currently, human trafficking is inconsistently being assessed by healthcare professionals. Much of this can be attributed to a lack of awareness and utilization of human trafficking scree

Syftet med uppsatsen var att undersöka hur prostitution, sexköpare och sexsäljare, framställs i tryckt media. I detta fall, i åtta nyhetsartiklar från Aftonbladet. Detta för att sedan kunna se hur eller om diskursen förändrats, före och efter #Metoo. Metoden som användes var en kvalitativ, kritisk diskursanalys, med grund i representationsteori och genusvetenskap. Med dessa teorier som utgångspunkt har flera skillnader kunnat visas, medan andra detaljer fortsatte att existera. Resultatet säger att prostituerade kvinnors historier sällan var beskrivna i artiklar innan #Metoo, vilket det i högre utsträckning var efter #Metoo. Sexköparnas historier däremot framkommer ofta innan, och allt mindre efter. Dessa beskrivs även som närhetssökande, ensamma män, medan de efter #Metoo alltmer framställs som förövare och torskar på gruppnivå. Aftonbladets problemformulering tycks också ha ändrats. Slutsatsen var att texterna innan uppropen fokuserade på männen, hur de gått tillväga och varför de köper sex. Efteråt beskrivs ett systematiskt samhällsproblem, som heter människohandel och prostitution., The purpose of this thesis was to examine how prostitution, sex buyers, and sex sellers are portrayed in print media. In this case, eight news articles from Aftonbladet were analyzed. This was done to see how or if the discourse has changed before and after #Metoo. The method used was a qualitative, critical discourse analysis, based on representation theory and gender studies. With these theories as a foundation, several differences have been identified, while other details continued to persist. The results indicate that the stories of prostituted women were rarely described in articles before #Metoo, but were more frequently covered after #Metoo. Conversely, the stories of sex buyers often appeared before and became less common afterward. Before #Metoo, sex buyers were depicted as men seeking closeness and being lonely, whereas after #Metoo they were increasingly portrayed as perpetrators and johns at a group level. Aftonbladet's problem formulation also seems to have changed. The conclusion was that the texts before the movement focused on the men, how they acted, and why they bought sex. Afterwards, a systematic social problem called human trafficking and prostitution is described.

Background: Men’s violence against women, including human trafficking for sexual exploitation, is a severe threat to global health. Healthcare providers are uniquely positioned to identify and care for women subjected to human trafficking for sexual exploitation. They are among the few professionals the women interact with while being exposed to human trafficking for sexual exploitation. This study aims to describe healthcare workers’ experience of identifying and caring for women subjected to human trafficking for sexual exploitation seeking women’s healthcare. Method: A qualitative design was chosen and nine qualitative interviews with healthcare providers were conducted and analyzed using the content analysis method. Results: Three main categories were revealed: (1) the importance of being attentive, (2) the importance of providing safety, and (3) the importance of collaborating, followed by a number of subcategories: behavioral and physical signs, limited time to interact, security measures, value of confidence building, organizational collaboration, essential external network, and information transmission. Conclusions: As the women subjected to sex trafficking have limited time in healthcare, it is important for healthcare providers to be attentive and act immediately if suspecting human trafficking for sexual exploitation. It may be the only possibility for the healthcare providers to care for these women and reach them. They must endeavor to provide the women with safety due to their vulnerable position at the hospital. However, these women may leave the healthcare setting unidentified and unaided, which highlights the importance of collaboration on multiple levels. © The Author(s) 2024.

Background: Men’s violence against women, including human trafficking for sexual exploitation, is a severe threat to global health. Healthcare providers are uniquely positioned to identify and care for women subjected to human trafficking for sexual exploitation. They are among the few professionals the women interact with while being exposed to human trafficking for sexual exploitation. This study aims to describe healthcare workers’ experience of identifying and caring for women subjected to human trafficking for sexual exploitation seeking women’s healthcare. Method: A qualitative design was chosen and nine qualitative interviews with healthcare providers were conducted and analyzed using the content analysis method. Results: Three main categories were revealed: (1) the importance of being attentive, (2) the importance of providing safety, and (3) the importance of collaborating, followed by a number of subcategories: behavioral and physical signs, limited time to interact, security measures, value of confidence building, organizational collaboration, essential external network, and information transmission. Conclusions: As the women subjected to sex trafficking have limited time in healthcare, it is important for healthcare providers to be attentive and act immediately if suspecting human trafficking for sexual exploitation. It may be the only possibility for the healthcare providers to care for these women and reach them. They must endeavor to provide the women with safety due to their vulnerable position at the hospital. However, these women may leave the healthcare setting unidentified and unaided, which highlights the importance of collaboration on multiple levels. © The Author(s) 2024.

Background: Men’s violence against women, including human trafficking for sexual exploitation, is a severe threat to global health. Healthcare providers are uniquely positioned to identify and care for women subjected to human trafficking for sexual exploitation. They are among the few professionals the women interact with while being exposed to human trafficking for sexual exploitation. This study aims to describe healthcare workers’ experience of identifying and caring for women subjected to human trafficking for sexual exploitation seeking women’s healthcare. Method: A qualitative design was chosen and nine qualitative interviews with healthcare providers were conducted and analyzed using the content analysis method. Results: Three main categories were revealed: (1) the importance of being attentive, (2) the importance of providing safety, and (3) the importance of collaborating, followed by a number of subcategories: behavioral and physical signs, limited time to interact, security measures, value of confidence building, organizational collaboration, essential external network, and information transmission. Conclusions: As the women subjected to sex trafficking have limited time in healthcare, it is important for healthcare providers to be attentive and act immediately if suspecting human trafficking for sexual exploitation. It may be the only possibility for the healthcare providers to care for these women and reach them. They must endeavor to provide the women with safety due to their vulnerable position at the hospital. However, these women may leave the healthcare setting unidentified and unaided, which highlights the importance of collaboration on multiple levels. © The Author(s) 2024.

This research aims to investigate how socio-economic factors influence the vulnerability of women to engage in sexual services and potential trafficking in Gauteng, South Africa. This province is South Africa’s most prosperous one with an enormous flow of migrants and is therefore of interest to investigate. Moreover, it is certainly intriguing to examine more into South Africa's measures against human trafficking; additionally, it is interesting to investigate further here because of the signature by South Africa of the Palermo protocol and look further and deeper into if this signature has helped decrease the crime. This research seeks to untangle the complex web of factors contributing to vulnerability. By examining the socio-economic and potential other dimensions of human trafficking in South Africa, the aim is to gain a deeper understanding of how these factors interact, perpetuating a cycle of victimization and further raise crucial awareness of the subject. This research has adopted a abductive qualitative content-desk study to be most appropriate for the research and in order to do at least harm as possible to the victims by using already published documents and reports. Furthermore, theories and approaches such as Radical Feminist Theory, Rational Choice Theory, Human Rights-Based Approach and V-Dem Approach have been used in order to answer the objective as successfully as possible. The conclusion of this study points at the fact that women’s lower societal position, along with patriarchal influences, cultural practices and state corruption impact human trafficking and the vulnerability for women making them fall a victim of the crime. Recommendations that have been made in the paper are further studies on the subject and an idea of universal legislation regarding human trafficking, which could be similar to Agenda 2030 and finally some urgent measures in Gauteng.

Background: Men’s violence against women, including human trafficking for sexual exploitation, is a severe threat to global health. Healthcare providers are uniquely positioned to identify and care for women subjected to human trafficking for sexual exploitation. They are among the few professionals the women interact with while being exposed to human trafficking for sexual exploitation. This study aims to describe healthcare workers’ experience of identifying and caring for women subjected to human trafficking for sexual exploitation seeking women’s healthcare. Method: A qualitative design was chosen and nine qualitative interviews with healthcare providers were conducted and analyzed using the content analysis method. Results: Three main categories were revealed: (1) the importance of being attentive, (2) the importance of providing safety, and (3) the importance of collaborating, followed by a number of subcategories: behavioral and physical signs, limited time to interact, security measures, value of confidence building, organizational collaboration, essential external network, and information transmission. Conclusions: As the women subjected to sex trafficking have limited time in healthcare, it is important for healthcare providers to be attentive and act immediately if suspecting human trafficking for sexual exploitation. It may be the only possibility for the healthcare providers to care for these women and reach them. They must endeavor to provide the women with safety due to their vulnerable position at the hospital. However, these women may leave the healthcare setting unidentified and unaided, which highlights the importance of collaboration on multiple levels. © The Author(s) 2024.

The purpose of this qualitative case study is to identify the need for specialized training in identifying and investigating human trafficking cases to be provided to law enforcement officers. Approximately 40 million people are victims of human trafficking, and the numbers continue to grow each year. Front-line officers are generally under-prepared to recognize and handle human trafficking cases which shows the need to provide effective and appropriate training to help identify victims and investigate human trafficking cases. Research to provide a solution is guided by a qualitative case study investigation for the purpose of developing and proposing actionable changes law enforcement agencies may take when training officers on human trafficking. A collective case study was used to answer two central research questions; What and how much training are law enforcement officers currently receiving on identifying and investigating human trafficking? What are the recommendations for training law enforcement officers in identifying and investigating human trafficking? Yin’s cross-case synthesis method of analysis is utilized.

Human Trafficking, also known as Trafficking in Persons, or Modern-Day Slavery, is a multibillion-dollar industry that consumes millions of individuals from diverse social, cultural, racial, national, or gender backgrounds. Human trafficking can take many forms: labor, organ, and sex trafficking. It is a crime where people are treated as objects, goods, and commodities, becoming subjects to mental and physical abuse. To this day, women and children are the ones receiving the most attention when talking about this crime, for men are neglected and overlooked due to socially constructed gender roles. However, male trafficking victims are often overlooked and under-researched but are just as subjected to physical, forced labor, sexual abuse, or any other form of trafficking as female human trafficking victims. Therefore, this paper aims to provide an introduction to male trafficking victims through the lenses of structural violence, masculinity, (mis-) recognition, and governance theories. Despite an existing focus on female trafficking victims, this study endeavors to draw upon the experiences of male trafficking victims. Lastly, acknowledging male trafficking victims could help raise awareness about the main issue and work towards its complete abolishment. Most importantly, it can help break down stereotypes that are circulating around human trafficking and gender roles.

Human Trafficking, also known as Trafficking in Persons, or Modern-Day Slavery, is a multibillion-dollar industry that consumes millions of individuals from diverse social, cultural, racial, national, or gender backgrounds. Human trafficking can take many forms: labor, organ, and sex trafficking. It is a crime where people are treated as objects, goods, and commodities, becoming subjects to mental and physical abuse. To this day, women and children are the ones receiving the most attention when talking about this crime, for men are neglected and overlooked due to socially constructed gender roles. However, male trafficking victims are often overlooked and under-researched but are just as subjected to physical, forced labor, sexual abuse, or any other form of trafficking as female human trafficking victims. Therefore, this paper aims to provide an introduction to male trafficking victims through the lenses of structural violence, masculinity, (mis-) recognition, and governance theories. Despite an existing focus on female trafficking victims, this study endeavors to draw upon the experiences of male trafficking victims. Lastly, acknowledging male trafficking victims could help raise awareness about the main issue and work towards its complete abolishment. Most importantly, it can help break down stereotypes that are circulating around human trafficking and gender roles.

In March 2023, the Independent Fact-Finding Mission on Libya found that crimes against humanity may have been committed since 2016 throughout Libya against migrants in the context of deprivation of liberty. As the International Criminal Court faces jurisdictional as well as practical obstacles to the investigation of such crimes, it turned to domestic authorities for the purpose of closing the impunity gap. This contribution will focus on three judgments issued in recent years in Italy against third country nationals. These judgments found the defendants guilty of, among others, human trafficking, enslavement, kidnapping for the purpose of extortion, and/or rape. Through the analysis of their findings, this contribution aims to draw lessons from such judgments for the purpose of better understanding the continuum between human trafficking and enslavement, particularly when committed against female migrants.

Foreign women residing in Spain present a profile of special vulnerability to violence due to a number of factors related to their own migratory project, so that they deserve a differentiated legal treatment in Spanish legislation, including the scope of Immigration Law and the International protection regime. The Spanish legislator has not always been aware of this need, but in recent years regulations with a gender perspective have been adopted in this field. They will be studied in this paper distinguishing three different scenarios: the European citizens regime, the general immigration regime and the international protection system. We will carry out a critical analysis of the most notable regulations aimed at protecting foreign women victims of violence, focusing the time period on the possible developments that have occurred in the last decade. The last epigraph will tackle the positive and negative assessment of the main solutions and some proposals for improvement., Las mujeres extranjeras residentes en España presentan un perfil de especial vulnerabilidad ante la violencia debido a una serie de factores relacionados con su propio proyecto migratorio, por lo que merecen un tratamiento legal diferenciado en la legislación española, incluyendo el ámbito de la extranjería y la protección internacional. El legislador español no fue siempre consciente de esta necesidad, pero en los últimos años se han adoptado normas con perspectiva de género en este campo, que se estudian en este trabajo diferenciando tres escenarios: el régimen de ciudadanos europeos, el régimen general de extranjería y el regulador de la protección internacional. Realizaremos un análisis crítico de las normas más destacables dirigidas a proteger a las mujeres extranjeras víctimas de violencias, centrando el periodo temporal en las posibles novedades acontecidas en la última década. Finalizaremos con una valoración en la que destacaremos las soluciones que se consideran posi-tivas, otras negativas y algunas propuestas de mejora.

Access to stable housing has a significant effect on the wellbeing of survivors of human trafficking and modern slavery. Safe and sustainable accommodation provides a crucial foundation for survivors beginning their recovery; however, it is often very difficult to source for support services assisting them. This paper presents the findings of research that analysed the eligibility, suitability, availability, and accessibility of short-term accommodation and long-term housing options to better understand the barriers to accommodating survivors in Australia. It demonstrates that survivors were not eligible for many options due to their immigration status or lack of income. Within the limited options, there is a shortage of suitable accommodation due to the absence of survivor-specific services, and due to rules and requirements imposed by accommodation providers that are not supportive of survivors’ unique needs. These include restrictions on survivors’ freedom of movement, on the use of alcohol and other drugs, and on accommodating men, children, and extended family, as well as requirements related to engaging in activities. These barriers negatively impact survivors’ recovery and may lead to homelessness whilst increasing the risk of re-trafficking or other harm. Collaboration and coordination between actors within anti-slavery and housing policy spheres is urgently required to mitigate these barriers and prevent such harms.

Since its national debut in 1987, Fresh Air with Terry Gross has been a highly acclaimed and much adored weekday magazine among public radio listeners. Each week, nearly 4.8 million people turn to Peabody Award-winning host Terry Gross for insightful conversations with the leading voices in contemporary arts and issues. The renowned program reaches a global audience, with over 620 public radio stations broadcasting Fresh Air, and 3 million podcast downloads each week. Fresh Air has broken the mold of 'talk show' by weaving together superior journalism and intimate storytelling from modern-day intellectuals, politicians and artists alike. Through probing questions and careful research, Gross's interviews are lauded for revealing a fresh perspective on cultural icons and trends. Her thorough conversations are often complemented by commentary from well-known contributors. Fresh Air is produced at WHYY-FM in Philadelphia and broadcast nationally by NPR., (1.) SAKET SONI [SOCK-it SOH-knee] is a labor organizer who works with workers who rebuild communities after weather disasters. He has a new book about hundreds of welders and pipefitters who were recruited to come from India to the American Gulf Coast in 2006 to repair oil rigs after Hurricane Katrina. They found themselves trapped in work camps with terrible living conditions and no prospect of the Green cards they were promised in return for the exorbitant fees they were charged by the labor brokers who brought them. Soni's new book about the human trafficking case that arose from the experience is The Great Escape: A True Story of Forced Labor and Immigrant Dreams in America. (THIS INTERVIEW CONTINUES INTO THE SECOND HALF OF THE SHOW). (2.) Rock critic KEN TUCKER reviews the debut album by Dazy titled Out of Body. Dazy is actually just one musician, Virginia-based James Goodson.

Exploitation and labor and sex trafficking of children and adolescents is a major public health problem in the United States and throughout the world. Significant numbers of US and non-US-born children and adolescents (including unaccompanied immigrant minors) are affected by this growing concern and may experience a range of serious physical and mental health problems associated with human trafficking and exploitation (T/E). Despite these considerations, there is limited information available for health care providers regarding the nature and scope of T/E and how providers may help recognize and protect children and adolescents. Knowledge of risk factors, recruitment practices, possible indicators of T/E, and common medical, mental, and emotional health problems experienced by affected individuals will assist health care providers in recognizing vulnerable children and adolescents and responding appropriately. A trauma-informed, rights-based, culturally sensitive approach helps providers identify and treat patients who have experienced or are at risk for T/E. As health care providers, educators, and leaders in child advocacy and development, pediatricians play an important role in addressing the public health issues faced by children and adolescents who experience exploitation and trafficking. Working across disciplines with professionals in the community, health care providers can offer evidence-based medical screening, treatment, and holistic services to individuals who have experienced T/E and assist vulnerable patients and families in recognizing signs of T/E.

Human trafficking is an ongoing, global human rights crisis and one of the largest illicit industries worldwide. Although there are thousands of victims identified each year within the United States, the true extent of this problem remains unknown due to the paucity of data. Many victims seek care in the emergency department (ED) while being trafficked but are often not identified by clinicians due to lack of knowledge or misconceptions about trafficking. We present a case of an ED patient being trafficked in Appalachia as an educational stimulus and discuss several unique aspects of trafficking in rural communities, including lack of awareness, prevalence of familial trafficking, high rates of poverty and substance use, cultural differences, and a complex highway network system. The lack of data, appropriate resources, and training for healthcare professionals also poses distinct issues. We propose an approach to identify and treat victims of human trafficking in the ED, with a focus on rural EDs. This approach includes improving data collection and availability on local patterns of trafficking, improving clinician training in identification, and care of victims using trauma-informed techniques. While this case illustrates unique features of human trafficking in the Appalachian region, many of these themes are common to rural areas across the US. Our recommendations emphasize strategies to adapt evidence-based protocols, largely designed in and for urban EDs, to rural settings where clinicians may be less familiar with human trafficking.

Human trafficking is a serious crime which restricts people's fundamental rights and privileges. Worldwide, human trafficking is controlled by organized communities including Sweden. It is a widespread problem that’s affecting a lot of people. The debate about human trafficking is being pushed out of the way by shootings and disposal of drugs. Gang crimes are being raised in many different types of contexts and you can read daily about new shootings and different kinds of promises from the politicians. But in the shadow of gang crime, we find people who’re forced into sexual exploitation. Worldwide, humans are being sold for sexual purposes, the statistics are unclear, but it is around 20.9 million people, this is a really serious problem that we have to overcome. The main purpose with this essay is to compare Socialdemokraterna, Sverigedemokraterna and Moderaternas plan of action to decrease human trafficking by using Bacchi’s WPR method - What's the problem represented to be? The study intends to apply the research from Sexuell människohandel - En fråga om tillgång och efterfrågan together with Expertstöd mot människohandel - kända fall 2021 maintained by Jämställdhetsmyndigheten. In this research we’re going to apply the theories Demand theory and Publicity of prostitution written by Thozama Mandisa and Mark Lanier. The essay is based on a triangulation and is based on motions, propositions and the parties' party programs and also a survey that we have sent out to members of the parties. In the result we did a parallel discussion of what kind of actions Socialdemokraterna, Sverigedemokraterna and Moderaterna talked about when it came down to the problem with human trafficking. This essay emphasizes that the parties Socialdemokraterna, Sverigedemokraterna and Moderaterna have a strong belief in restricting the legislation and a demand for increased resources. The problem is based on demands and the parties are considered to be in agreement. Despite that

The issue of human trafficking is, as stated by the EU, a crime that alters the fabric of our society and is a severe violation of human rights. However, the migration crisis within the EU has fueled a rise of the right across the continent. This rise reflects feelings of anxiety amongst citizens towards migration and resulting in hardening migration policies, increasing the vulnerability of migrants. It is this duality this study aims to understand by the introduction of ontological security. To understand the reality of victims, a qualitative content analysis revealed the ontological (in)securities of victims. Overall, they feel a lack of control and autonomy. This lack of control becomes highly visible in regards of obtaining a residence permit. The ontological (in)security felt by victims in this aspect, might be due to the ontological insecurity of the EU and its member states. The anxiety created by migration needs to be managed, resulting in an ambiguous policy. As found through a qualitative content analysis, the EU indicates a differentiation in EU victims and non-EU victims. This ambiguity is a result of the balancing act between the EU’s ontological security and the anxieties of its member states.

Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur livssituationen för brottsoffer utsatta för arbetskraftsexploatering i Sverige beskrivs samt vilket skydd och stöd som erbjuds av samhället. Urvalet har varit målstyrt och består av tre specifika rapporter vilket har granskats genom tematisering och analyserats genom intersektionell teori. Resultatet visar att brottsoffer osynliggörs och på så sätt inte få de stöd och skydd de har rätt till. Det kan förklaras genom brister i kunskap och resurser hos relevanta aktörer, därtill visar analysen att brottsoffers etnicitet, ålder, kön och klass kan vara förklaringar till att de inte får samhällets stöd., The purpose of this study is to illustrate how protection and support are offered to victims of labor exploitation. In addition, the study aims to explore the causes behind the discrepancy between Sweden’s international obligations, and the support and protection that are offered by society in practice today. The selection of sources has been goal-oriented and comprise three specific reports, which have been reviewed with the help of thematization and analyzed from the perspective of intersectional theory. The study shows that crime victims are rendered invisible and thereby do not receive the support and protection that they are entitled to. The causes behind this are, inter alia, a lack of knowledge and scarcity of resources with relevant actors. Furthermore, the study shows that crime victims’ ethnicity, age, sex, and class can be contributing factors to why they do not receive support from society.

The purpose of this mixed-methods study was to discover the knowledge of human trafficking of the pastors in the Baptist Convention of Maryland/Delaware churches and their responses to this crime. The guiding theory was the words of Jesus in Exodus: Chapter 3 concerning slavery and the tribulations of Israelites. A questionnaire provided enlightenment regarding the levels of knowledge in the church communities, how pastors viewed it, the methods by which they received the information, and how they responded to it. This study reflected a gap in the knowledge of pastors in their congregations. The data were collected through emails and phone calls. Two-hundred-forty emails were sent, and 17 were returned, yielding 15 useful responses. The rest was completed through phone calls to pastors. Descriptive statistical analyses were conducted using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS v 27.0) for the quantitative portion. A phenomenological design with an open-ended questionnaire was used for the qualitative study. The findings revealed that most pastor participants were aware of the problem of human trafficking, either by researching or seeing the local news. Still, they had not duly informed their congregants. The current study's main limitation was the lack of representative data from additional denominations and geographic areas. The findings and results were critical in forming recommendations for overseeing human trafficking and suggesting how further research should be completed. The study provides critical points that can show insights and make it helpful for leaders combating human trafficking.

Since the year 2000, 25 November has been observed as International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women to make the public aware of violence against women and girls (VAWG). Human Trafficking is one of the most brutal forms of VAWG. This brief communication in the form of an editorial discusses the despicable issues linked to human trafficking, calling for action research.

This research aims to demonstrate that the "mule" of drug trafficking is a victim within the crime of trafficking in persons for sexual purposes under certain parameters established in Ecuadorian legislation comparing it with Argentine legislation. Also, the crime of drug trafficking and its acquittals will be studied, showing that the ratios decided by the chambers are based on other concepts such as: the competence of indigenous jurisdiction, principle of favorability compared to the reduction of penalties for the crime of illicit trafficking of scheduled substances subject to control (hereinafter the crime of drug trafficking), poor practice of evidence, among others. Without leaving aside, the analysis of Argentine legislation is the same that has points in common with the Ecuadorian reality and is applicable under our legal system. It should be noted that the issue has not been studied in Ecuador in the last seven years. Rather, with the entry of the Organic Integral Penal Code (hereinafter COIP) a difference between the scales of drug trafficking was consolidated and discussion of Ecuadorian drug legislation was stopped. Indeed, it is necessary to visualize the lack of use of article 93 of the COIP on the principle of non-punishability of the victim of trafficking, which, being so broad, gives a valid argument to the defense of human drug mail by evidencing its quality as a victim. However, it is important to establish the requirements for this exemption from punishment to be assessed, such as evidence of exploitation, participation in drug trafficking as a product of abuse and consistent proportionality between the situation originated and the crime committed., El presente trabajo de investigación pretende demostrar que la ‘‘mula’’ del narcotráfico es una víctima dentro del delito de trata de personas con fines sexuales bajo ciertos parámetros establecidos en la normativa ecuatoriana comparándola con la legislación argentina. También, se procederá a estudiar el delito de narcotráfico y sus absoluciones evidenciando que las ratio deciden di de las salas se basa sobre otros conceptos como: la competencia de jurisdicción indígena, principio de favorabilidad en comparación a la disminución de penas del delito de tráfico ilícito de sustancias catalogadas sujetas a fiscalización ( en adelante delito de narcotráfico), mala práctica de pruebas, entre otras. Sin dejar de lado, el análisis a la legislación argentina la misma que tiene puntos en común con la realidad ecuatoriana y es aplicable bajo nuestro ordenamiento jurídico. Cabe destacar que el tema no ha sido estudiado en Ecuador en los últimos siete años. Más bien, con la entrada del Código Orgánico Integral Penal (en adelante COIP) se consolidó una diferencia entre las escalas de narcotráfico y se dejó de discutir sobre la legislación ecuatoriana referente a drogas. En efecto, es menester visualizar la falta de utilización del artículo 93 del COIP sobre el principio de no punibilidad de la víctima de trata, el mismo que al ser tan amplio da un argumento válido a la defensa del correo humano de droga al evidenciar su calidad de víctima. Pero, es importante establecer los requisitos para que pueda apreciarse esta eximente de pena como son evidenciar la explotación, su participación en el narcotráfico como producto del abuso y la proporcionalidad coherente entre la situación originada y el delito cometido.

The form of application is based on mistakes that are in accordance with legal elements and there is no reason for unlawful elimination, the element of intent by the perpetrator (dolus) so that there is no justification or reason for him/her to avoid punishment. Law enforcement efforts in the eradication of human trafficking are implemented through non-penal and penal approaches. Non-penal approaches are conducted through counseling, social education in order to develop the social responsibility of citizens who are aware of human trafficking crimes, legal counseling, resocialization, workshops, etc., especially in crime-prone environments. The penal approach is carried out through legal efforts so that perpetrators of human trafficking crimes are legally processed based on the provisions of laws and regulations up to the court level and execution in order to obtain criminal sanctions and guarantee legal certainty in society. The objective of this research is to analyze the application of criminal sanctions and law enforcement against human traffickers in the Police jurisdiction, North Sulawesi Regional District, Sangihe Islands Resort. This research used a case approach which aims to examine the application of legal norms or rules in legal practice. In addition, legislation is conducted by reviewing all laws and regulations that are related to the legal issues being addressed. The 1945 Constitution of the Republic Indonesia in one of its articles, Article 3, mentions the right not to be enslaved. Therefore, to realize the protection of this right, the Indonesian government needs to regulate human trafficking crimes separately.

info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

[EN] This paper explores the issue of human trafficking as one of the most severe violations of human rights nowadays, which continues to be a complex and pervasive issue despite the existence of several instruments that address it. First of all, the document begins by providing an overview of the theoretical aspects of this crime such as the definition, the elements, the different forms and the legal framework. In relation to that last point, it is analyzed whether human trafficking should be considered a crime against humanity, which would entail a higher level of protection by the ICC. After discussing various approaches proposed by different authors, it is demonstrated that the conventional system is not suitable to respond to a crime of this magnitude, due to the fact that the traditional methods are only based on criminal law and prosecution. Instead of that, the paper emphasizes the need to develop better prevention and protection measures. It mentions three countries that have successfully implemented this approach and it also explains a practical case of the ECtHR (Rantsev v. Cyprus and Russia) to illustrate the importance of applying such measures. In conclusion, this paper sheds light on the severity of human trafficking and highlights the need for a more effective victim-centered and human rights based approach to combat this crime.

Foreign women residing in Spain present a profile of special vulnerability to violence due to a number of factors related to their own migratory project, so that they deserve a differentiated legal treatment in Spanish legislation, including the scope of Immigration Law and the International protection regime. The Spanish legislator has not always been aware of this need, but in recent years regulations with a gender perspective have been adopted in this field. They will be studied in this paper distinguishing three different scenarios: the European citizens regime, the general immigration regime and the international protection system. We will carry out a critical analysis of the most notable regulations aimed at protecting foreign women victims of violence, focusing the time period on the possible developments that have occurred in the last decade. The last epigraph will tackle the positive and negative assessment of the main solutions and some proposals for improvement., Las mujeres extranjeras residentes en España presentan un perfil de especial vulnerabilidad ante la violencia debido a una serie de factores relacionados con su propio proyecto migratorio, por lo que merecen un tratamiento legal diferenciado en la legislación española, incluyendo el ámbito de la extranjería y la protección internacional. El legislador español no fue siempre consciente de esta necesidad, pero en los últimos años se han adoptado normas con perspectiva de género en este campo, que se estudian en este trabajo diferenciando tres escenarios: el régimen de ciudadanos europeos, el régimen general de extranjería y el regulador de la protección internacional. Realizaremos un análisis crítico de las normas más destacables dirigidas a proteger a las mujeres extranjeras víctimas de violencias, centrando el periodo temporal en las posibles novedades acontecidas en la última década. Finalizaremos con una valoración en la que destacaremos las soluciones que se consideran posi-tivas, otras negativas y algunas propuestas de mejora.

This paper objective to analyze the crime for child trafficking for purposes ilegal adoption and the consequences of the pratice in the institute of intercountry adoption. Therefore will be made the distinction of the institute intercountry adoption and international trafficking of children, as well as the age group protected in international and Brazilian legal documents. To do this, it is necessary to observe the progressive of the human rights in declarations and conventions as well the rule in brasilian legislation for protection of children and teenagers. Moreover, it is necessary to understand that international adoption background regular and legal proceeding, so that ceased uncertain approaches to the institute because of ilegal internatinal adoptions. Finally, we will analyze leading case-law in Brazilian about intercountry adoption., O artigo tem por objetivo analisar o crime de tráfico de crianças para fins de adoção ilegal e as consequências dessa prática no instituto da adoção internacional. Dessa forma, será realizada a distinção do instituto da adoção internacional e o tráfico internacional de crianças, bem como a faixa etária tutelada nos documentos jurídicos internacionais e do Brasil. Para tanto, é necessário observar a evolução dos direitos humanos em declarações e convenções, bem como quais as normas vigentes na legislação brasileira para a proteção de crianças e adolescentes. Além do mais, é necessário entender que a adoção internacional é proveniente de um processo jurídico regular formal, para que sejam cessadas as abordagens desacertadas acerca do instituto devido à prática das adoções internacionais ilegais. Por fim, analisaremos alguns precedentes jurisprudenciais para verificar como o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro tem abordado a matéria.

Human trafficking is a serious crime which restricts people's fundamental rights and privileges. Worldwide, human trafficking is controlled by organized communities including Sweden. It is a widespread problem that’s affecting a lot of people. The debate about human trafficking is being pushed out of the way by shootings and disposal of drugs. Gang crimes are being raised in many different types of contexts and you can read daily about new shootings and different kinds of promises from the politicians. But in the shadow of gang crime, we find people who’re forced into sexual exploitation. Worldwide, humans are being sold for sexual purposes, the statistics are unclear, but it is around 20.9 million people, this is a really serious problem that we have to overcome. The main purpose with this essay is to compare Socialdemokraterna, Sverigedemokraterna and Moderaternas plan of action to decrease human trafficking by using Bacchi’s WPR method - What's the problem represented to be? The study intends to apply the research from Sexuell människohandel - En fråga om tillgång och efterfrågan together with Expertstöd mot människohandel - kända fall 2021 maintained by Jämställdhetsmyndigheten. In this research we’re going to apply the theories Demand theory and Publicity of prostitution written by Thozama Mandisa and Mark Lanier. The essay is based on a triangulation and is based on motions, propositions and the parties' party programs and also a survey that we have sent out to members of the parties. In the result we did a parallel discussion of what kind of actions Socialdemokraterna, Sverigedemokraterna and Moderaterna talked about when it came down to the problem with human trafficking. This essay emphasizes that the parties Socialdemokraterna, Sverigedemokraterna and Moderaterna have a strong belief in restricting the legislation and a demand for increased resources. The problem is based on demands and the parties are considered to be in agreement. Despite that

Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur livssituationen för brottsoffer utsatta för arbetskraftsexploatering i Sverige beskrivs samt vilket skydd och stöd som erbjuds av samhället. Urvalet har varit målstyrt och består av tre specifika rapporter vilket har granskats genom tematisering och analyserats genom intersektionell teori. Resultatet visar att brottsoffer osynliggörs och på så sätt inte få de stöd och skydd de har rätt till. Det kan förklaras genom brister i kunskap och resurser hos relevanta aktörer, därtill visar analysen att brottsoffers etnicitet, ålder, kön och klass kan vara förklaringar till att de inte får samhällets stöd., The purpose of this study is to illustrate how protection and support are offered to victims of labor exploitation. In addition, the study aims to explore the causes behind the discrepancy between Sweden’s international obligations, and the support and protection that are offered by society in practice today. The selection of sources has been goal-oriented and comprise three specific reports, which have been reviewed with the help of thematization and analyzed from the perspective of intersectional theory. The study shows that crime victims are rendered invisible and thereby do not receive the support and protection that they are entitled to. The causes behind this are, inter alia, a lack of knowledge and scarcity of resources with relevant actors. Furthermore, the study shows that crime victims’ ethnicity, age, sex, and class can be contributing factors to why they do not receive support from society.

Human trafficking (HT) is a heinous crime that has gained international attention. Millions of people (specifically young girls and women) are affected by prostitution and sexual exploitation, the most common forms of human trafficking. Currently, anti-trafficking law enforcement agencies are struggling to respond to human trafficking due to the lack of data, the hidden nature of the crime, the current service providers, and the strategies of human trafficking task forces. The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study will be to understand better the challenges of law enforcement officers and the impact of law enforcement officers in combatting human trafficking. The goals of the study are threefold: (1) to illustrate the experiences in their own words, (2) to identify themes surrounding efforts to combat human trafficking, and (3) to better understand how law enforcement officers perceive the challenges they must endure. A transcendental phenomenology research design will be used to obtain a detailed description that provides the basis for the essences and meanings to emerge from the perspectives of the law enforcement officers. In this study, the researcher will conduct semi-structured open-ended interviews with ten local law enforcement officers in Alabama. The data will describe the lived experience of each of the ten officers. The transcendental phenomenological research design will also utilize Moustakas' processes: epoche, phenomenological reduction, imaginative variation, structural-textural, composite textural, and synthesis. The study’s findings will have implications for the criminal justice field and professional practice.

Despite the new wave of laws and victim advocate services implemented to treat all children involved in sex trafficking as victims, many law enforcement officers have some difficulty in identifying potential victims of child sex trafficking. The purpose of the study was to understand how law enforcement officers perceive child sex trafficking victims in South Carolina and how law enforcement officers respond to child sex trafficking victims in South Carolina based on those perceptions. The theory that guided the study was Becker’s (1963) labeling theory. This multiple case study investigated how law enforcement officers perceive child sex trafficking victims in South Carolina and how law enforcement officers respond to child sex trafficking victims in South Carolina based on those perceptions. The data collection method used for this study was individual interviews. Individual interviews were utilized to answer the three research questions. Data analysis occurred through a triangulation process consisting of analyzing logged data for consistent patterns and themes. Triangulation provided validity of the data analysis. The findings of this study showed that law enforcement is beginning to change their perceptions and how they respond to child sex trafficking victims in South Carolina. The participants viewed all potential victims as victims while a few viewed them as victims and offenders. The findings also showed that services are provided to potential victims, but victims are still hesitant to cooperate with law enforcement due to the fear of being prosecuted or retaliated against This study was guided by Becker’s (1963) labeling theory which correlated with existing research labeling young victims as offenders. This study also showed an increase in law enforcement treating child sex trafficking victims as victims.

Objective/context: The article aims to analyze child recruitment as a form of human trafficking. Beyond the theoretical perspectives that focus on security or rights, it addresses the topic as a form of unfree labor. By means of a case study focused on child recruitment by right-wing paramilitary groups in Colombia, the paper analyzes how children entered and exited illegal armed groups, the functions they performed, and the exploitation they endured. The research argues that child recruitment operates as a large-scale labor-market uptake in the wartime social order, where the “employers” are paramilitary groups, and the labor force, in part, consists of children and adolescents. Methodology: This case study relies on different sources of information: a database on child recruitment provided by the special Justice and Peace Unit of the Colombian Attorney General’s Office (989 cases between 1981 and 2005), sentences of Peace and Justice, testimonials given by victims in judicial processes, and semi-structured interviews with different actors. Conclusions: The paper shows that child recruitment as a form of trafficking is functional to wartime social order in contexts of poverty and inequality. There is demand and supply; thus, both girls and boys, who worked as soldiers, are not only victims but also agents that make decisions in challenging conditions. Therefore, if the socioeconomic options for these children, even after their demobilization from the armed group, are still a choice between bad and worse, joining a violent (no longer “armed” but “criminal”) group will remain a feasible alternative. Originality: The article contributes to the academic literature on a recent topic, such as the overlapping between child recruitment and human trafficking in armed conflict and post-conflict situations. It also contributes to the literature on “unfree labor,” as the study focuses on an actor (illegal armed groups) that has not been analyzed until now. Finally, the researc, Objetivo/contexto: o artigo propõe analisar o recrutamento de meninas, meninos e adolescentes como um tipo de tráfico de pessoas. Além das aproximações teóricas que enfatizam as dimensões de segurança ou de direitos, esse estudo aborda o assunto como uma forma de trabalho não livre. Através de um estudo de caso sobre as práticas de recrutamento por parte do paramilitarismo na Colômbia, o artigo foca a análise na entrada de crianças e adolescentes nos grupos armados, sua saída, as funções que realizaram e as formas de exploração às que foram submetidos. A pesquisa argumenta que o recrutamento na Colômbia opera sob as dinâmicas de um mercado de trabalho em escala ampla e numa ordem social de guerra, onde os “empregadores” são grupos paramilitares e a força de trabalho é composta, em parte, por crianças e adolescentes. Metodologia: a pesquisa consiste num estudo de caso baseado em diferentes fontes de informação: a base de dados de recrutamento ilícito disponibilizado pela Unidade Especial de Justiça e Paz da Procuradoria-Geral da Colômbia (989 casos de meninas e meninos recrutados entre 1981 e 2005); sentenças de Justiça e Paz, audiências de vítimas num processo na justiça e entrevistas semiestruturadas com diferentes atores. Conclusões: a pesquisa aponta que o recrutamento, como forma de tráfico, é funcional na ordem social de guerra em contextos de pobreza e desigualdade. Há uma oferta e uma demanda. Assim, meninas e meninos que “trabalharam” como soldados não são apenas vítimas, mas também agentes que tomaram decisões. Em consequência, o estudo salienta que, se as condições socioeconómicas dessas crianças continuarem se limitando a uma decisão entre “o ruim e o pior”, mesmo após a sua desvinculação, a sua incorporação num grupo armado ilegal, num contexto de guerra ou de criminalidade, continuará sendo uma opção viável. Originalidade: o artigo contribui para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa acadêmica sobre uma questão incipiente, tal como é a sobreposição entre tráfic, Objetivo/contexto: el artículo propone analizar el reclutamiento de niños, niñas y adolescentes como una forma de trata de personas. Más allá de las aproximaciones teóricas que enfatizan las dimensiones de seguridad o derechos, este estudio aborda el tema como una forma de trabajo no libre. Mediante un estudio de caso, centrado en las prácticas de reclutamiento por parte del paramilitarismo en Colombia, el artículo se enfoca en la entrada de los niños, niñas y adolescentes al grupo armado, la salida, las funciones que cumplieron y las formas de explotación a las que fueron sometidos. Esta investigación sostiene que el reclutamiento en Colombia opera como un mercado laboral a gran escala en un orden social de guerra, donde los “empleadores” son grupos paramilitares y la fuerza de trabajo está conformada, en parte, por niños, niñas y adolescentes. Metodología: el estudio de caso se basa en diferentes fuentes de información: la base de datos de reclutamiento ilícito facilitada por la unidad especial de Justicia y Paz de la Fiscalía General de Colombia (989 casos de niños y niñas reclutados entre 1981 y 2005), sentencias de Justicia y Paz, audiencias de las víctimas en el proceso judicial y entrevistas semiestructuradas a diferentes actores. Conclusiones: el artículo muestra que el reclutamiento, como forma de trata, es funcional al orden social de la guerra en contextos de pobreza y desigualdad. Existe una oferta y una demanda; así, los niños y niñas que “trabajaron” como soldados no sólo son víctimas sino también agentes que tomaron decisiones en contextos difíciles. Por tanto, si las condiciones socioeconómicas de estos niños y niñas, incluso tras su desvinculación, siguen ofreciendo una decisión entre “lo malo y lo peor”, su incorporación a un grupo violento (ya no “armado” sino “criminal”) seguirá una opción viable. Originalidad: el artículo contribuye a la literatura académica sobre un tema actual, como el solapamiento entre tráfico humano y reclutamiento infantil