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341 p., La tesis reconstruye el programa de reparación colectiva regulado en Colombia mediante la ley1448 de 2011 desde una perspectiva histórica, etnográfica e institucional con la finalidad de presentar las continuidades y discontinuidades de los programas de atención y gestión de la vulnerabilidad en Colombia. La vida vulnerable y la institucionalidad creada para gestionarla,siempre cambiantes y dependientes de coyunturas históricas y de la praxis de los sujetos,constituyen el estado humanitario como una forma de gobierno social que habilita ciertas formas de reconocimiento y permite ciertas formas de identidad para millones de personas excluidas de los estatutos fuertes de la ciudadanía, la inclusión y el bienestar material. La tesis se desarrolla a partir de una parte histórica y una parte etnográfica, cuya conjunción permite reconstruir los mundos de vida que se generan en las formas contemporáneas de gestión de la vulnerabilidad.

Introduction: Punitive populism maintains a dichotomous position, it is expressed as a trend that obtains citizen approval, through the toughening of penalties, while political discourse positions it as an efficient solution to social problems such as crime and insecurity. Development: The research explains the background of punitive populism and at the same time identifies whether this trend operates as a solution to citizen problems or acts as a simple social placebo. The present study is carried out in light of the comparative method and the doctrinal legal review. in order to respond to this dilemma. Practical applications or future lines of research: It is necessary for governments to lean their actions towards the generation and execution of crime prevention programs and the improvement of the penal system, in line with the principles of gradualness and justice. Conclusions: Finally, it is evident that punitive populism constitutes a strong discursive tool used by the political class in the region, which achieves citizen approval based on subjectivism but is far from solving social problems., Introducción: El populismo punitivo mantiene una posición dicotómica, se expresa como una tendencia que obtiene la aprobación ciudadana, mediante el endurecimiento de penas, mientras que el discurso político lo posesiona como una solución eficiente a problemas sociales como la delincuencia y la inseguridad. Desarrollo: La investigación explica los antecedentes del populismo punitivo y a la par identifica si dicha tendencia opera como una solución a las problemáticas ciudadanas o actúa como un simple placebo social, el presente estudio se realiza a la luz del método comparativo y la revisión jurídica doctrinaria a fin de dar respuesta a esta disyuntiva. Aplicaciones prácticas o futuras líneas de investigación: Es preciso que los gobiernos inclinen su accionar hacia la generación y ejecución de programas de prevención del delito y de mejoramiento del sistema penal, en consonancia con los principios de gradualidad y justicia. Conclusiones: Finalmente se evidencia que el populismo punitivo constituye una fuerte herramienta discursiva utilizada por la clase política en la región, que consigue la aprobación ciudadana en base al subjetivismo pero que está lejos de solucionar los problemas sociales.

The rule of law risks gradual and intergenerational decline due to the negative impact on human rights that results from the international community’s failure to mitigate and adapt to adverse climate change. It is not uncommonly argued that the concept of the rule of law also includes a human rights dimension. How States impact human rights therefore also risks impacting the rule of law. Adverse climate change and insufficient State measures impact the real enjoyment of human rights and, by extension, eventually also the rule of law. That detrimental impact can travel across generations and increase over time. This is supported by contemporary case law and State practice from the area of climate change litigation.

The rule of law risks gradual and intergenerational decline due to the negative impact on human rights that results from the international community’s failure to mitigate and adapt to adverse climate change. It is not uncommonly argued that the concept of the rule of law also includes a human rights dimension. How States impact human rights therefore also risks impacting the rule of law. Adverse climate change and insufficient State measures impact the real enjoyment of human rights and, by extension, eventually also the rule of law. That detrimental impact can travel across generations and increase over time. This is supported by contemporary case law and State practice from the area of climate change litigation.

The rule of law risks gradual and intergenerational decline due to the negative impact on human rights that results from the international community’s failure to mitigate and adapt to adverse climate change. It is not uncommonly argued that the concept of the rule of law also includes a human rights dimension. How States impact human rights therefore also risks impacting the rule of law. Adverse climate change and insufficient State measures impact the real enjoyment of human rights and, by extension, eventually also the rule of law. That detrimental impact can travel across generations and increase over time. This is supported by contemporary case law and State practice from the area of climate change litigation.

The rule of law risks gradual and intergenerational decline due to the negative impact on human rights that results from the international community’s failure to mitigate and adapt to adverse climate change. It is not uncommonly argued that the concept of the rule of law also includes a human rights dimension. How States impact human rights therefore also risks impacting the rule of law. Adverse climate change and insufficient State measures impact the real enjoyment of human rights and, by extension, eventually also the rule of law. That detrimental impact can travel across generations and increase over time. This is supported by contemporary case law and State practice from the area of climate change litigation.

Dignity, a multifaceted and contestable concept, is a critical concept in the realisation of human rights. It holds particular significance within healthcare, equity, and disability research and practice, where it supports the rights of vulnerable populations. Research has established the far-reaching benefits of dignity for people with and without disability, encompassing improved physical and mental health, end-user satisfaction, person-centred care, and optimisation of services and experiences. However, dignity presents a paradox for the more than 1 billion people globally living with disability. Namely, why do some people easily and universally experience dignity and human rights, while others are consistently faced with its deprivation and denial? The resulting inequity is deeply rooted in a complex societal context, characterised by structural inequalities, institutional discrimination, and an enduring legacy of oppression. Despite the acknowledged importance of dignity for people with disability, substantial gaps in understanding and practical implementation remain, particularly within mainstream systems like healthcare and public transport, where stigma and the medical model of disability are well entrenched and embedded. Existing dominant theoretical conceptualisations of dignity - inherent and contingent dignity - are problematic for people with disability, as they are based on criteria for who is included and receives dignity and who is excluded. These criteria are often rooted in ableist assumptions about what it means to be human or autonomous. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to understand dignity in the context of disability, using Critical Disability Theory (CDT). The outcome of the thesis is the development of a model that integrates the definitions and experiences of dignity for people with disability with practical recommendations and relevant literature. The model is designed for integration into research and the design and delivery of mainst, Thesis (PhD Doctorate), Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), School of Health Sci & Soc Wrk, Griffith Health, Full Text

The constitutional amendment of June 6, 2011 implied the modification of the relativity of the judgment of amparo, according to which it only protects the part that obtained the favorable resolution but without the effects about third parties unrelated to the dispute. The implementation of the declaration of unconstitutionality was due to necessary modification of the principle of relativity was deemed unpostponable in order to avoid the violation of constitutional supremacy, equality and other inconveniences. In this paper analyzes the development of the principle of relativity of the judgment of amparo; then, is valued the suitability of the general declaration of unconstitutionality to resolve the problems raised by the principle of relativity of the amparo judgment is assessed; and, finally, we propose move to new general declaration of unconstitutionality with two components: the protection of human rights and his compatibility with the current system of control of constitutionality., La reforma a la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos del 6 de junio de 2011 significó la modificación del principio de relatividad de la sentencia que rige en el juicio de amparo, según el cual esta solo protege a la parte que obtuvo la resolución favorable a su interés sin que los efectos pudiesen extenderse en beneficio de terceros ajenos a la controversia. La implementación de la declaratoria de inconstitucionalidad obedeció a que, en un momento, se estimó inaplazable la modificación del principio de relatividad a fin de evitar la vulneración a la supremacía constitucional e igualdad ante la ley, entre otros inconvenientes. En el presente estudio se analiza el desarrollo del principio de relatividad de la sentencia en el juicio de amparo; posteriormente, se valora la idoneidad de la declaratoria general de inconstitucionalidad para resolver los problemas que planteó el principio de relatividad; y, finalmente, se plantea la necesidad de transitar hacia una nueva declaratoria general de inconstitucionalidad en que se considere su función dentro del actual sistema de control de constitucionalidad y el modelo de protección de derechos humanos.

The Mexican Environmental Liability Federal Act establishes a legal process, known as the “judicial procedure for environmental liability”, granting the Federal Attorney’s Office for Environmental Protection (Profepa) the authority to initiate legal actions for the repair of environmental damage. However, Profepa has shown reluctance in pursuing such lawsuits. This paper advocates for increased engagement from this government entity in defending the environment through this judicial procedure. The significance of Profepa’s role as a plaintiff in environmental trials is highlighted, especially considering its limited involvement as the prosecuting party thus far. The paper concludes by proposing potential solutions to enhance its active participation, La Ley Federal de Responsabilidad Ambiental en México establece un juicio, llamado “procedimiento judicial de responsabilidad ambiental”, en el que la Procuraduría Federal de Protección al Ambiente (Profepa) cuenta con legitimación activa, es decir, puede demandar la reparación del daño al medio ambiente. Sin embargo, la Procuraduría Federal de Protección al Ambiente ha sido poco dinámica en tal juicio. En este artículo se propugna por que este órgano estatal defienda al medio ambiente en dichos procesos. Para ello, se busca demostrar la importancia en que dicha procuraduría disponga de su facultad de demandar en esta vía ambiental, dada la escasa actividad que ha tenido como parte actora. Por último, se plantean las bases para posibles soluciones.

This article considers the Community Court of Justice (CCJ) of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and its linkage with the African Charter of Human and People’s Rights (ACHPR). No doubt when ECOWAS was established in 1975, the main objective was the economic integration of the sub-regional body. At the beginning, the CCJ was listed as one of the mandates of the economic bloc, but it was not until 1991 that the first Protocol which created the CCJ and which gives its composition and its functioning was adopted. The Revised Treaty of 1993 also provided for the establishment of the CCJ in its Article 15. The Protocol now makes references to the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights (ACHPR) of the African Union (AU). Not only this, the Protocol also made reference to other international human rights instruments. The main objective of this work is to bring to fore that the jurisdiction of the CCJ is expansive and broad, and that the CCJ failed to utilise the expansive jurisdiction in the matter of the late President of Chad, Hissene Habre, against the Republic of Senegal, by ruling that the Senegalese court could not try him because this will violate the principle of non-retroactivity of penal law. This ruling led to the establishment of the Extraordinary African Chambers (a special criminal tribunal) that later tried Habre. Also, where it is appropriate and desirable, a comparison between, on the one hand, the CCJ and, on the other hand, African sub-regional courts and courts of international organisations will be made. It is also the contention of this article that the CCJ ought to have an Appeal Chambers, as a core international best practice. This work will adopt the doctrinal methodology and the data collection method is content analysis.

The current presidential election system has a threshold that must be met before being nominated as president and vice president. In Indonesia, the implementation of the presidential threshold concept began following the amendment of the 1945 Constitution, in which the President and Vice President are directly elected through public elections. This research aims to identify the implementation of the Presidential Threshold in Indonesia and the guarantee to fulfill human rights in its implementation. This research applies a normative juridical research method that discusses issues regarding the implementation of the presidential threshold and the extent to which human rights contribute to the presidential threshold in Indonesia. The findings of this research suggest that the implementation of the presidential threshold in the presidential and vice presidential elections is not considered a violation of human rights. Since human rights applied in Indonesia are not absolute human rights, the objective of implementing presidential thresholds in Indonesia is to generate leaders who receive majority political support to strengthen the presidential system. As a result, the government system is not prone to change.

L’épuisement des ressources naturelles, la pandémie, le numérique et les désagrégations politiques se présentent comme défis communs pour les États et leurs enjeux de coopération. L’auteure avance l’hypothèse que la logique dominante de la coopération pour le développement durable ne suit pas toujours des pistes efficaces, adoptant une approche des besoins parfois formulée au mépris de certains droits fondamentaux des personnes. Par leur valeur transversale, en tant que fins et moyens, l’approche des droits humains permet une meilleure réalisation des objectifs du développement durable, tout en renforçant leur interdépendance. Pour garantir leur performance, une méthode originale d’évaluation systémique avec des indicateurs d’interconnexion est proposée.

Still at the beginning of the last quarter of the 20th century, the integrative model in Latin American constitutionalism was fully in force, whereby indigenous communities were recognized as simple ethnic minorities. From then on, an increasingly pluralistic conception, sympathetic to the effects of multiculturalism inherent in the 1982 Constitution of Canada, and also to the text of the 1989 ILO Convention 169, led Latin American constitutionalism to adopt progressively more multicultural profiles, as shown by the 1991 Constitution of Colombia. The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007) gave rise to the new plurinational constitutions of Ecuador (2008) and Bolivia (2009). The recognition of indigenous communities, sometimes as peoples and sometimes as communities or nations, entails the acceptance of indigenous customary law and indigenous jurisdiction, as well as the corresponding conflict resolution procedures. The complex articulation of state and indigenous or communal rights has sparked intense debates around issues as fundamental as the scope of indigenous law, the determination of indigenous community borders, the relevance of cultural exceptions, and those relating to the problematic coexistence of human rights and cultural rights., Todavía a comienzos del último cuarto del siglo xx se hallaba plenamente vigente el modelo integracionista en el constitucionalismo latinoamericano, merced al cual los colectivos indígenas eran reconocidos como simples minorías étnicas. A partir de entonces, una concepción cada vez más pluralista, condescendiente con los efectos del multiculturalismo inscrito en la Constitución de Canadá de 1982, y también con el texto del Convenio 169 de la OIT de 1989, condujo al constitucionalismo latinoamericano a la adopción de perfiles progresivamente más pluriculturales, como muestra la Constitución de Colombia de 1991. La Declaración de la ONU sobre los derechos de los pueblos indígenas (2007) dará pábulo a las nuevas constituciones plurinacionales de Ecuador (2008) y de Bolivia (2009). El reconocimiento de los colectivos indígenas, unas veces como pueblos y otras como comunidades o naciones, conlleva la aceptación de un derecho consuetudinario indígena y una jurisdicción indígena, así como de los correspondientes procedimientos de resolución de conflictos. La articulación compleja de los derechos estatales y los indígenas o comunitarios ha suscitado intensos debates, en torno a cuestiones tan fundamentales como las del ámbito de aplicación del derecho indígena, la determinación de las fronteras de los colectivos indígenas, la pertinencia de la excepción cultural y las relativas a la problemática convivencia de los derechos humanos y los derechos culturales.

In this article I analyze the content of the book Freiheti, published anonymously in 1791 and recently attributed to the writer Elise Reimarus (1735-1803). It is a fundamental work of the Enlightenment period, which, however, has not yet received sufficient attention from scholars. In addition to providing a presentation of the text, examining the state of the art and offering an analysis of the book's content, I include the first Spanish translation of the text. My aim is to show that in fulfilling her goal of defining what freedom is, Reimarus conveys a double message. On the one hand, the philosopher praises the Hamburg constitution and calls upon her fellow citizens to obey the laws that make true freedom possible. On the other hand, she addresses the princes of Europe to call on them to introduce reforms in their political structures that guarantee human rights, equality and justice, as well as defending the legitimacy of political revolution, the need to adopt a democratic form of government and freedom of thought and expression. For all these reasons, and taking into account the way in which scholars define it, I believe that Elise Reimarus can be considered as an exponent of what is known as the radical Enlightenment., En este artículo analizo el contenido del libro Freiheti, publicado anónimo en 1791 y recientemente atribuido a la escritora Elise Reimarus (1735-1803). Se trata de una obra fundamental del periodo de la ilustración que, sin embargo, no ha recibido todavía suficiente atención por parte de los especialistas. Además de ofrecer una presentación del texto, examinar el estado de la cuestión y ofrecer un análisis del contenido del libro, incluyo la primera traducción al español del texto. Mi objetivo es mostrar que al cumplir con su objetivo de definir qué es la libertad, Reimarus transmite un doble mensaje. Por un lado, la filósofa elogia la constitución de Hamburgo y llama a sus conciudadanos a obedecer las leyes que hacen posible la auténtica libertad. Por otro lado, se dirige a los príncipes de Europa para exhortarlos a introducir reformas en sus estructuras políticas que garanticen los derechos humanos, la igualdad y la justicia, además de defender la legitimidad de la revolución política, la necesidad de adoptar una forma democrática de gobierno y la libertad de pensamiento y expresión. Por todo ello, y teniendo en cuenta la manera en que los especialistas la definen, sostengo que Elise Reimarus puede ser considerada como una exponente de lo que se conoce como la Ilustración radical.

Women’s rights advocacy is as multifaceted and as intricate as women’s position in society. Their fundamental human rights are frequently challenged in the name of religion and culture. In this paper I explore how women’s rights advocates are seeking to find footing between endorsing sovereignty and religious rights within today’s multicultural societies within the theories of universalism and cultural relativism. For many, it is out of the question to separate religious- and women’s rights, therefore navigating between the two, and hence, the two theoretical standpoints become a fundamental principle for those who work within that space. Through qualitative semi-structured interviews, this thesis analyses the main navigational strategies and negotiations of the global movement Musawah to further explore the tensions of the two theories and ways in which to work within them. Musawah is a global movement for justice and peace initiated by the Malaysian based organization Sisters in Islam (SIS). It aims to promote an egalitarian Islam, with a focus on women’s rights within the Global South, by reforming Muslim family law and advocating for Islamic feminist voices. This research paper identifies the challenges and navigational strategies of Musawah’s advocacy within both a Muslim and non- Muslim context. It also aims to pinpoint the theories’ main influence within the challenges and strategies of Musawah’s work. I conclude that their advocacy is influenced by both theories as their knowledge-building is founded on a universalist standpoint, and its distribution is based on a cultural relativist stance.

The Guantanamo Bay detention facility has long been subject of controversy, particularly concerning the treatment of detainees and the balance between human rights considerations and national security. This thesis explores what role human rights concerns are given in the rhetoric of Presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama in the context of Guantanamo Bay. Specifically, it examines to what extent their rhetoric aligns with Rule of Law versus Realism argumentation. Through a qualitative content analysis, the research illustrates how the alignment to the different theoretical frameworks either prioritizes or neglects human rights concerns. The analysis shows that Obama´s rhetoric places a consistent emphasis on the Rule of Law principles, giving human rights concerns a more balanced role, whereas Bush had a stronger emphasis on Realism principles, giving less weight to human rights. The thesis suggests that future research could explore the implicit meanings embedded in presidential rhetoric and the possible consequences of the priorities they signal.

This study aimed to examine the implementation of the Human Rights Based Approach (HRBA) in the project “Improved WASH Services in WAU and WAR Districts”, focusing on sustainable water and sanitation in Sierra Leone. Through a content analysis of the project evaluation report, the integration of HRBA principles in planning, implementation and results was examined. The results showed that HRBA was applied to some extent in the project, in particular by involving local people in decision-making and emphasizing their rights to water and sanitation. This inclusive methodology increased participation and ownership among the communities. However, it also identified challenges, such as a lack of resources and training, which hindered a more complete integration of HRBA. The analysis highlighted the importance of continuing to work on strengthening HRBA in development projects and addressing the challenges that hinder its effective application. Despite progress in promoting human rights through HRBA, there is still a need to overcome obstacles that can undermine its effectiveness. The conclusion highlighted that HRBA has the potential to be a powerful method for advancing human rights in development, but that its success depends on careful mainstreaming and monitoring., Denna studie syftade till att undersöka implementeringen av Human Rights Based Approach (HRBA) i projektet "Improved WASH Services in WAU and WAR Districts", med fokus på hållbar vatten och sanitet i Sierra Leone. Genom en innehållsanalys av utvärderingsrapporten för projektet granskades integrationen av HRBA-principer i planering, genomförande och resultat. Resultaten visade att HRBA tillämpades i viss utsträckning i projektet, särskilt genom att involvera lokalbefolkningen i beslutsfattandet och betona deras rättigheter till vatten och sanitet. Denna inkluderande metodik ökade deltagandet och äganderätten bland gemenskaperna. Dock identifierades också utmaningar, såsom bristande resurser och utbildning, som hindrade en mer fullständig integration av HRBA. Analysen betonade vikten av att fortsätta arbeta med att stärka HRBA i utvecklingsprojekt och adressera de utmaningar som hindrar dess effektiva tillämpning. Trots framsteg i att främja mänskliga rättigheter genom HRBA, finns det fortfarande behov av att övervinna hinder som kan underminera dess effektivitet. Slutsatsen framhävde att HRBA har potential att vara en kraftfull metod för att främja mänskliga rättigheter i utvecklingsarbetet, men att dess framgång är beroende av en noggrann integrering och övervakning.

This thesis aims to analyse the Central Intelligence Agency’s (CIA) potential violation of the right to a fair trial in placing alleged terrorists on the infamous ‘kill list’ without due process. The CIA has operated a targeted killing program using Armed Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (AUAV) over ‘areas outside active hostilities’, such as Yemen, since 2002. Due process is inherent to modern democratic societies and shapes their rule of law. The doctrinal legal analysis makes use of the key principles of due process to analyse the relevant Presidential Policy Guidance, its compliance with International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) Art. 14, and a case study. These key principles and analyses will result in a clear overview of the program’s violations of the right to a fair trial. Concluding that the CIA’s AUAV program for targeted killing, particularly in Yemen, constitute extrajudicial executions.

The purpose of this essay is to examine how human rights are implemented in a municipal context. The essay is based on a case study of the City of Malmö and analyzes the work of the city office, the high school and adult education administration and the service administration in incorporating the city’s human rights policy into their respective operations. To analyze the administrations’ work with human rights, central concepts from neo-institutionalism, Lennart Lundquist’s three aspects for successful implementation and Michael Lipsky’s theory of street-level bureaucrats have been applied to the collected material. The collected material mostly consists of regulatory documents such as budget and operational plans, publications from SKR, public documents and previous research and literature on human rights in public administration. In addition, five interviews with civil servants from the various administrations have been conducted. The results show that the committees’ budgets contain political guidelines which are then concretized into focus goals and evaluated using indicators. The goals are specified in relation to indicators that make out an increase compared to previous years. Based on municipal council goals and goals set for the operation, the administrations make various contributions in the form of activities. Based on the interviews it emerged that there was a lack of understanding about how to work rights-based. At the same time, the human rights work was prioritized. With that in mind, my conclusion is that there is a certain inertia within the administrations. Due to reasons such as high workload and a lack of resources the human rights policy has not been able to be fully implemented in the investigated administrations, which reasonably indicates that a de-coupling from higher to lower levels of governance has occurred., Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur man i en kommunal kontext implementerar mänskliga rättigheter. Uppsatsen baseras på en enfallsstudie av Malmö stad och analyserar stadskontoret, gymnasie- och vuxenutbildningsförvaltningen och serviceförvaltningens arbete med att införliva stadens policy för mänskliga rättigheter i sina respektive verksamheter. För att analysera förvaltningarnas arbete med mänskliga rättigheter har centrala begrepp från nyinstitutionalismen, Lennart Lundquists tre aspekter för lyckad implementering och Michael Lipskys teori om gräsrotsbyråkrater applicerats på det insamlade materialet. Det insamlade materialet består till största del av styrdokument såsom budget- och verksamhetsplaner, publikationer från SKR, offentliga dokument samt tidigare forskning och litteratur om mänskliga rättigheter i offentlig förvaltning. Till detta har fem intervjuer med tjänstepersoner från de olika förvaltningarna genomförts. Resultatet visar att nämndernas budgetar innehåller politiska riktlinjer som sedan konkretiseras i inriktningsmål och utvärderas med hjälp av indikatorer. Målen specificeras i förhållande till indikatorer som handlar om en ökning jämfört med tidigare år. Utifrån kommunfullmäktigemål och mål satta för verksamheten gör förvaltningarna olika insatser i form av aktiviteter. Utifrån intervjuerna framkom att det fanns en avsaknad för förståelse kring hur man arbetar rättighetsbaserat. Samtidigt prioriterades MR-arbetet. Mot bakgrund av detta är min slutsats att det finns en viss tröghet inom förvaltningarna. På grund av anledningar såsom hög arbetsbelastning och en avsaknad av resurser har inte policyn för mänskliga rättigheter kunnat implementeras fullt ut i de undersökta verksamheterna, vilket någorlunda tyder på att en särkoppling från högre till lägre styrningsnivåer skett.

This research examines the impacts and implications of the Philippine labor export migration policy on the human rights conditions of Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) in Kuwait, Hungary, and Poland with the specific objectives of determining the adequacy of legal protections provided by the policy. Through the use of a mixed-methods approach, which included qualitative field interviews and quantitative analysis, along with policy examination and an interdisciplinary approach, this research has uncovered alarming patterns of “alienation” and “systematic precarization” of migrant workers. This has resulted in the deterioration of the employment conditions of OFWs. The study, as extensively discussed in Chapters 6 and 7, has shown that the precarization of migrant workers is continuously occurring in Central Europe, specifically in Hungary and Poland. Meanwhile, OFWs in both contexts, Kuwait and Central Europe, have been subjected to highly exploitative and oppressive working conditions comparable to historical servitude and state-induced debt bondage. Notwithstanding the Philippine labor export migration law (RA 10022) designed to protect OFWs, this study has found that it falls short of providing complete protective measures, especially with regard to abusive treatment, systematic alienation, and precarization of migrant workers. The study also shows that OFWs are trapped in a vicious cycle, where the breakdown of employee-employer relationships and enslavement-like treatment result in a violent crackdown on their fundamental rights, leading to their unfortunate fate. Therefore, there is an urgent need for policy reforms to improve the legal dimension of OFWs’ protection abroad. This calls for reconsidering the Philippine labor export migration policy absorbed toward the promotion of just, fair, and inclusive international and national labor migration regulation to meet the challenges posed by neoliberal policies.

Do peace agreements have an effect on police misconduct? This thesis researches the impact of peace agreements on police misconduct in post-conflict settings, focusing specifically on the occurrence of police misconduct following the 2016 peace agreement between the Colombian government and FARC-EP. The study aims to determine whether peace agreements can lead to a reduction in police misconduct due to their transformative potential in reshaping police practices towards a human rights-aligned framework. By employing a large-n quantitative analysis on an original dataset, this research examines the relationship between peace agreements and police misconduct through various regression models. Findings suggest that the implementation of peace agreements correlates with a reduction in police misconduct, supporting the hypothesis that such agreements extend beyond the formal ending of the conflict by catalyzing a realignment of policing practices towards a more human rights-aligned framework. I argue this transformation, combined with strengthened accountability and oversight mechanisms, results in a shift in police conduct. This study fills a critical gap in the literature on post-conflict settings and offers empirical evidence on the broader implications of peace agreements on state institutions, particularly policing bodies.

This paper seeks to establish and assess the link between microplastics and human rights. An empirical understanding of the topic is constructed through the collection and presentation of emerging research on the impact of microplastic pollution on the environment, health, well-being, and reproduction. A sociological and environmental justice perspective and understanding of the topic is established through a presentation of previous cases of pollution and issues of global health. These theoretical and empirical perspectives are then explored through the lens of a human rights framework to establish an understanding of the potential threat posed to human rights by the issue of microplastic pollution.

In the spring of 2024, a new regulation was introduced in Sweden that makes it possible to establish security zones, previously referred to as stop and search zones. This thesis examines the compatibility of security zones with key principles of the rule of law and human rights in light of the prevalence of racial/ethnic profiling. The study sheds light on both the legal and societal consequences that security zones and racial/ethnic profiling may entail. The paper applies a legal method, combined with two theories concerning structural racism and stigma. The interdisciplinary approach has proven crucial to enable a contextual analysis of security zones and racial/ethnic profiling, as well as to achieve a deeper understanding of the legal issues involved. The study identifies a gap in addressing racist actions in Sweden, resulting in weak protection against discrimination, particularly in the context of police law enforcement. Failure to acknowledge and take action against racial/ethnic profiling contravenes Sweden's international human rights obligations. Furthermore, a limited ability to address racism risks legitimizing serious restrictions on human rights and the rule of law, with the regulation of security zones serving as an example. The thesis suggests an increased interdisciplinary approach within the field of law, a well-balanced proportionality assessment, and a more comprehensive focus on the potential consequences of human rights restrictions. It also proposes an extension of the Swedish Discrimination Act to include protection against discriminatory actions by the police, and the establishment of an independent body to oversee the Police Authority.

This study investigates the South Sudanese government’s policy titled South Sudan National Action Plan 2015–2020 on UNSCR 1325 to identify the discourses in the policy document and examine whether they can be linked to the concepts of power and agency. The thesis uses the feminist theory of power and agency with Carol Bacchi’s What’s the Problem Represented to be? (WPR) framework as a method to answer the research objectives. The thesis finds that the South Sudanese government justice system is represented as the dominant “problem” representation because the government is represented as lacking the political will to change its formal and customary laws that have harmful consequences for women in South Sudan. The Ministry of Gender, Child, and Social Welfare (MGCSW), via the SSNAP, is blaming the government for the overall challenges that South Sudanese women endure, which in turn works contrary to the policy objectives since the government oversees allocating financial resources and enacting legislation. Further, the empowerment and agency of women in South Sudan are also undermined since they are portrayed as powerless and dependent on the change in formal and customary laws by the government.

This thesis investigates the impact of traditional societal norms on LGBTQ+ hate crimes in Armenia. Grounded in anthropological and human rights theories, it employs a qualitative methodology, utilizing semi-structured interviews and secondary sources such as human rights reports and academic literature. The research reveals that deeply entrenched societal norms and institutional barriers significantly contribute to the prevalence of hate crimes against LGBTQ+ individuals. Findings indicate that while LGBTQ+ organizations provide essential support and advocacy, their efforts are often hindered by legal and societal challenges. This study concludes that comprehensive legal reforms and increased societal awareness are crucial for improving the safety and rights of LGBTQ+ individuals in Armenia.

This study draws on the theories of pluralism and solidarism from the English School to analyze the approaches of Security Council members towards the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) in Libya and Syria. Using Stephen Toulmin's model of argumentation analysis, the study also provides a normative critique of these arguments. The study illuminates the divergent positions taken by the permanent members of the UN Security Council in the context of R2P during the crises in Syria and Libya. The analysis uncovers two starkly different approaches. On one side, representatives from Great Britain, France, and the United States advocate for the protection of human rights, democracy, and freedom. On the other side, representatives from Russia and China prioritize state sovereignty and the maintenance of order and stability. This stark contrast underscores the complexity and challenges inherent in implementing R2P. The study also highlights the concrete arguments and approaches taken by the Security Council’s permanent members. This provides a detailed understanding of how these differences manifest in practice and how they affect decision-making in the Security Council. Based on the normative analysis, The study found that the normative frameworks of pluralism and solidarism offer distinct perspectives on human rights and state sovereignty, influencing the strength of the permanent members' arguments. Pluralism emphasizes state sovereignty and non-intervention, showing skepticism towards R2P, while solidarism highlights the protection of human rights and supports international interventions, aligning with R2P principles. In practice, examples like Libya and Syria have demonstrated the complexity and challenges of implementing R2P. In the case of Libya, NATO's intervention led to significant loss of life and destabilization, questioning the legitimacy and effectiveness of the actions. This situation has underscored the difficulty of balancing the protection of human rights with

The International Criminal Justice System (ICJS) has received criticism for lacking a nuanced understanding of culture. This has presented itself as interpretational issues and ignored socio-cultural norms and beliefs about justice. Through the lens of Recognition theory, this thesis takes on a single case study approach of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR). Through a qualitative content analysis of the trial transcripts, the thesis investigates the tension between two types of recognition within the ICTR to uncover how the court has managed to recognise the distinctiveness of Rwandan culture in its proceedings as well as the genocide itself as a form of radical non-recognition that needs to be comprehensively addressed. The thesis concludes that, on the one hand, the ICTR succeeded in recognising the distinct aspects of Rwandan culture and language, the formation of distinct identities in Rwanda, and the victims of the genocide. It also succeeded in recognising the genocide itself as a form of radical non-recognition in its proceedings and legal interpretations. However, on the other hand, the lack of clarity and detail in some of the court’s explanation of its consideration might leave it open for criticism in terms of ensuring the equal legal worth of all people, especially in terms of its evaluation of cultural differences and whether some of the observations are misinterpreted as inferiorities or simply assumptions of individual judge.

In India, the law does not consider marital rape as a criminal offence. This means that the legal provisions do not acknowledge that a husband can be held accountable for raping his wife. The reasons for this are numerous and can be found in a range of reports from the Law Commission, Parliamentary debates, and judicial decisions. There are various reasons for this, including the desire to uphold the importance of marriage as an institution and the availability of other legal solutions. Given the ongoing debate surrounding the criminalization of marital rape in India, it is important to thoroughly examine the potential consequences of such a move. In order to achieve this goal, the current research will gather information from a diverse range of secondary sources, such as books, journals, articles, and reports that are relevant to the topic being investigated. The research will also gather primary data from respondents to obtain firsthand perspectives on this matter. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the perspectives presented by different scholars regarding the criminalization of marital rape in India. In contrast to the responses obtained from the respondents for this study, the majority of them suggest that marital rape should not be criminalized. In addition, the paper delves into the approach taken by the Indian judiciary regarding the criminalization of marital rape. This study aims to provide valuable insights for leaders, scholars, and academics to better understand the advantages and disadvantages of criminalizing marital rape in India.

While human rights are promoted as inherent to all, various categories of migrants frequently face formidable resistance in their recognition. The Lepean work migrants belong to this category, who instead of obtaining reciprocal protection for their pivotal role in sustaining a sector crucial for Spain and the EU, are relegated to the margins of Spanish society. Drawing on Arendt’s ‘right to have rights’ and intersectionality, this thesis strives to explore the correlation and extent to which the denial of universal human rights among third-country migrant agricultural workers in Lepe can be attributed to the social markers of gender, race and migrant status, and their intersection. The objective is to achieve this by examining the migrant workers’ perceived access to the right to adequate housing, labour rights and the right to security of person, and through answering the research questions (1) To what extent do third-country agricultural migrant workers in Lepe perceive they get to enjoy the right to adequate housing, labour rights and the right to security of person?, (2) In what ways do third-country agricultural migrant workers in Lepe perceive the fulfilment of the right to adequate housing, labour rights and the right to security of person is determined by gender, race and migration status?, (3) In what ways do third-country agricultural migrant workers in Lepe perceive that the intersection of gender, race and migrant status determine the fulfilment of the right to adequate housing, labour rights and the right to security of person? The study was designed as a case study using abductive reasoning. The primary data consisted of semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis was used to interpret the empirical data. The findings elucidate that the migrants experienced a near-total denial of the rights relevant to this study and that this can largely be attributed to gender, race, migrant status, and their intersection, with regular status being a preconditi

This thesis refers to several different themes, including democracy, human rights, and the water scarcity that is occurring in Pakistan. While simultaneously protecting democratic values and human rights, the thesis offers an investigation into viable solutions to the pressing water crisis that the country is now experiencing which is further exacerbating with time. This research uses qualitative methodology with a primary focus on policy analysis along with content analysis and document analysis with the application of the Capability Theory to analyze how the lack of water impacts the capacities and well-being of people. In this thesis, the social, economic, and environmental variables that contribute to Pakistan's water scarcity are investigated based on their respective contributions. The study proposes that democratic governance and human rights frameworks can play a viable role in improving water governance, equality, and access to clean water for all communities in Pakistan. Furthermore, it provides avenues for future research to ensure effective water management in Pakistan.

Kränkningar av mänskliga rättigheter är ett återkommande problem inom den psykiatriska vården. Detta för att människor som söker vård inom psykiatrin ofta har nedsatt möjlighet att föra fram sina åsikter, vilket gör det svårt att involvera dem i vården. Syftet med studien är att undersöka patienters upplevelser av den psykiatriska vården i förhållande till värden i mänskliga rättigheter. Det empiriska materialet har samlats in genom 5 kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med individer som har erfarenhet av psykisk ohälsa och psykiatrisk vård. Materialet har analyserats utifrån en tematisk analys med hjälp av värdena värdighet och empowerment, jämlikhet och icke-diskriminering, delaktighet och inkludering samt transparens och ansvarstagande. Dessa värden har även legat till grund för de teoretiska utgångspunkter som har använts för att analysera materialet. Resultatet visar att det finns både positiva och negativa erfarenheter av den psykiatriska vården. Något som framgår som positivt var att ett gott bemötande från personal som präglas av lyhördhet och bekräftande är något som stärker individens självkänsla och tillit till psykiatrin. Det som beskrivs som negativt är bland annat långa väntetider, brist på kunskap och kompetens hos personal och att inte bli tagen på allvar. Detta bidrar till minskad tillit till psykiatrin och dess personal samtidigt som det sänker individens självkänsla och förmåga att fatta självständiga beslut angående sin egen vård. Utifrån studiens resultat och tidigare forskning krävs ytterligare forskning kring hur det rättighetsbaserade förhållningssättet ska implementeras i praktiken och att det ställer krav på ökade resurser samt kunskap och kompetens hos psykiatrins personal., Violations of human rights are a recurring problem in psychiatric care. This is because people who seek medical care psychiatry often have reduced opportunities to express their opinions, which makes it difficult to involve them in their own care. The purpose of the study is to examine patients' experiences of psychiatric care in relation to human rights values. The empirical material has been collected through 5 qualitative semi-structured interviews with individuals who have experience of mental illness and psychiatric care. The material has been analyzed based on a thematic analysis using the values of dignity and empowerment, equality and non-discrimination, participation and inclusion as well as transparency and responsibility. These values have also been the basis for the theoretical starting points that have been used to analyze the material. The results show that there are both positive and negative experiences of psychiatric care. Something that appears to be positive is that good treatment from staff that is characterized by responsiveness and confirmation is something that strengthens the individual's self-esteem and trust in psychiatry. What is described as negative are, among other things, long waiting times, lack of knowledge and competence among staff and not being taken seriously. This contributes to reduced trust in psychiatry and its staff at the same time as it lowers the individual's self-esteem and ability to make independent decisions regarding their own care. Based on the results of the study and previous research, further research is required on how the human rights-based approach should be implemented in practice and that it requires increased resources as well as knowledge and competence of the psychiatric staff.

Climate change is one of the most important issues in today's world. Its effect reaches beyond geographical borders and deeply connects to human welfare, rights, and possibilities. Climate change affects the climate and all other sectors of development in the world. The complexity of climate justice lies in its ability to recognize and confront the injustice and unfairness of climate change (Schapper, 2018). As a result of the consequences of climate change, water scarcity is becoming an increasingly serious issue in many places of the world today. In our global community, about 2 billion people do not have reliable access to safe drinking water, and 3.6 billion lack proper sanitation services. Additionally, 2.3 billion individuals do not have basic handwashing facilities. These challenges arise from uneven access to water and sanitation, increasing populations, development practices that use a lot of water, unpredictable changes in rainfall, and pollution. Moreover, a staggering 2.3 billion individuals face the absence of fundamental handwashing facilities (World Bank, 2023). To obtain two viewpoints on the concerns, we focused the study on India and Somalia, two countries facing water scarcity. Although they differ in many other aspects, they face comparable water scarcity and climate change challenges. Furthermore, the urgent issue of climate change is important to study as it could worsen tensions, create more conflicts, and hurt the most vulnerable groups. Examining this matter is crucial for creating frameworks and policies to increase resilience, safeguard vulnerable communities, and protect human rights. The definition of human rights is basic entitlements for everyone, no matter race, gender, sexuality, or who they are. We follow the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) definition. The theory is that regardless of where they are from or who they are, they are treated daily and have the same opportunities (United Nations, 2023). This research aims to

This research delves into the intricate relationship between human rights and criminal justice, elucidating the challenges encountered and proposing navigational strategies. As pillars of democracy, human rights are integral to ensuring fairness and equality within criminal justice systems. However, various hurdles impede their implementation, including pretrial detention abuses, police misconduct, discrimination, and inadequate prison conditions. To address these challenges, the article advocates for legal reforms, enhanced training, diversity promotion, and investment in alternatives to incarceration. By prioritizing human rights principles, stakeholders can foster a more equitable and effective criminal justice system, thereby advancing justice for all individuals.

Maternal, newborn, and child mortality and morbidity are declining globally with persisting regional disparities in survival. India accounts for a high burden of maternal and child deaths with the highest perinatal and early child mortality rates in Uttar Pradesh (UP). Decreasing mortality rates in India have been largely attributed to increased facility-based delivery. The rapid rise of facility deliveries worldwide, however, has revealed poor quality of care and widespread mistreatment of women during childbirth, particularly among marginalized, subaltern women. Obstetric violence is significantly associated with maternal complications, suffering, and trauma. Using a critical theory lens and ethnographic approach, this study examined the structural context and dynamics of obstetric violence and complications of childbirth – postpartum haemorrhage, birth asphyxia, and anemia – in public hospitals and community health centres in two districts in UP. The study drew on datasets from a larger hospital ethnography evaluation of a maternal and newborn initiative in UP. Multistage analyses of direct patient case observations, interviews, and hospital records data were centred on birth stories of twenty-two women patients to understand experiences and interactions of institutional actors. Obstetric and epistemic violence were pervasive across the continuum of intrapartum and immediate postpartum care including: physical/verbal abuse; neglect; erasure; non-consented interventions; and substandard care. Obstetric violence and birth complications were deeply entangled in complex assemblages of birth. Social and biomedical processes underlying obstetric care within contexts of scarcity contributed to systems of dysfunction and precarity. Violence emerged as relational and structured harms, mediated by biomedicalized, gendered, classed relations of power, synergistic with caste, religion, and age. Violence functioned as reproductive governance through routine disciplining, forc

This article presents the analysis of the barriers that trans women face when they do not have access to the right to gender identity, name change, education, family, health and work. The consequence of this lack of human rights is discussed, which leads to widening the gender gap that exists in society, becoming a vulnerable population discriminated against by stereotypes, social roles and prejudices that result in institutional and gender violence and sometimes in death. Actions are proposed in search of equal conditions and full dignity, which are embodied in the Yogyakarta Principles, international treaties, federal and local laws where the right of Trans women is recognized and guaranteed. The most recent publications in national and local press are recovered for analysis and contrast under the grounded theory method that provides us with elements to buy and analyze from a documentary and journalistic approach., Este artículo presenta el análisis de las barreras que enfrentan las mujeres trans al no tener acceso al derecho de la identidad de género, cambio de nombre, educación, familia, salud y trabajo. Se discute la consecuencia de esta falta de derechos humanos que las dirige hacía el ensanchamiento de la brecha de género que existe en la sociedad, convirtiéndose en una población vulnerable y discriminada, por los estereotipos, roles sociales y prejuicios que deriva en violencia institucional, violencia de género y en ocasiones la muerte. Se proponen acciones en búsqueda de la igualdad de condiciones y una dignidad plena, que se encuentran plasmada en los Principios de Yogyakarta, tratados internacionales, las leyes federales y locales donde se reconoce, garantiza el derecho de la mujer Trans. Se recuperan las publicaciones más recientes en prensa nacional y local para su análisis y contraste bajo el método de la teoría fundamentada que nos da elementos para comprar y analizar desde un enfoque documental y hemerográfico.

Equal access to architectural heritage is a right and a challenge in conservation. The articulated application of new technologies to solve accessibility can contribute in this line, particularly for people with visual disabilities. In this sense, a pilot experience was carried out at the Victoria Ocampo Cultural Center in Mar del Plata, with a support system made up of an Accessible Multimedia Guide and a haptic model as the final product. Here are reflections based on the first results of this participatory and interdisciplinary work, financed by MINCYT., A igualdade de acesso ao patrimônio arquitetônico é um direito e um desafio na conservação. A aplicação articulada de novas tecnologias para solucionar a acessibilidade pode contribuir nessa linha, principalmente para pessoas com deficiência visual. Nesse sentido, foi realizada uma experiência piloto no Centro Cultural Victoria Ocampo em Mar del Plata, com um sistema de suporte composto por um Guia Multimídia Acessível e um modelo háptico como produto final. Aqui estão as reflexões com base nos primeiros resultados deste trabalho participativo e interdisciplinar, financiado pelo MINCYT., El acceso igualitario al patrimonio arquitectónico es un derecho y un desafío en la conservación. La aplicación articulada de nuevas tecnologías para resolver la accesibilidad puede contribuir en esa línea, particularmente para las personas con discapacidad visual. En este sentido, se realizó una experiencia piloto en el Centro Cultural Victoria Ocampo de Mar del Plata, con un sistema de apoyos compuesto por una Guía Multimedia Accesible y una maqueta háptica como producto final. Aquí se presentan reflexiones basadas en los primeros resultados de este trabajo participativo e interdisciplinar, financiado por el MINCYT.

The intensification of violence and the violation of human rights in migratory crises is currently a centraltheme in the experimentation of graphic narratives, which have given rise to the hybrid and critical genrerepresented by the graphic chronicle and the graphic novel of migration. The verbo-visual treatmentis analyzed in the series of twelve graphic chronicles of migration “My life as an immigrant in Chile”(2018) of Sábado Magazine, in the newspaper El Mercurio, an agent of public discourse that has consolidatedstereotypes and prejudices about the migrant population. Through qualitative content analysis ofthe image-text articulation, the verb-visual strategies of the graphic chronicle of journalistic and literarytone are examined. The elements that confer authenticity, reliability and veracity to the chronicle wereestablished according to the use of testimony, portraits of the protagonists and contextual data. Likewise,literary elements were determined such as the staging of vulnerability, enhancement of the culturalfabric, multiple narrative voices and the recreation of resilient resistance, which together allude to thehuman rights perspective. The graphic chronicle intensifies the use of the testimonial voice and omitsthe author (witness), but the latter appears in the verb-visual articulation in biases and introduction ofthe ambiguity of migration experiences, and in the relationship with the “distant near”. The graphicchronicle of migration can be significantly modulated by the mediatized public discourse, weakening itscritical reading of reality., La intensificación de la violencia y la violación a los derechos humanos en las crisis migratorias es en la actualidad una temática central en la experimentación de las narrativas gráficas, las que han originado el género híbrido representado por la crónica gráfica y la novela gráfica de migración. La exploración de narrativas que intentan oponerse al discurso público polarizado sobre la migración posee una producción híbrida desde la interdisciplina que enlaza y superpone relatos periodísticos, históricos, imágenes y diversas técnicas pictóricas, incursionando en la la intermedialidad. Se analiza el tratamiento verbo-visual en las crónicas gráficas de migración “Mi vida como inmigrante en Chile” creadas por la empresa periodística El Mercurio, agente del discurso público que ha consolidado estereotipos y prejuicios sobre la población migrante. A través de análisis de contenido cualitativo se examinan las estrategias verbo-visuales de la crónica gráfica de tono periodístico y literario para establecer los elementos que confieren autenticidad, fiabilidad y veracidad a la crónica (Weber y Rall 2017), y luego identificar los elementos literarios que relevan la perspectiva de derechos humanos, como la puesta en escena de la vulnerabilidad, realce de la trama cultural, del testimonio y la recreación de la resistencia resilente (Nayar 2021). El caso revela los matices o “pliegues” de la memorialización que emprende la crónica gráfica como práctica significante modulada por el discurso dominante mediatizado, el que habitualmente se considera que cuestiona.

The Turi Rehabilitation Center in Ecuador faces significant challenges related to the violation of the human rights and dignity of persons deprived of liberty, especially those incarcerated for issues related to alimony. This article addresses this issue, examining the legal context and living conditions in the center, as well as the implications for the physical and psychological well-being of detainees. The objective of this article is to investigate and analyze the conditions of persons deprived of liberty for failure to pay alimony at the Turi Rehabilitation Center, Ecuador, and to evaluate the impact of these situations on their human rights and dignity. In addition, it seeks to identify the main causes of these problems and propose recommendations to improve the treatment and protection of human rights in the center. A comprehensive methodology combining semi-structured interviews, documentary and statistical analysis was used. The interviews were conducted with persons deprived of liberty in the center, while the documentary analysis focused on relevant legislation and prison regulations. Statistical data were collected on cases of alimony and rights violations at the facility. The results reveal precarious living conditions in the Turi Rehabilitation Center, with extreme overcrowding, lack of basic services and frequent human rights violations. A high incidence of detainees incarcerated for alimony debts was found, raising questions about the effectiveness of this measure. In addition, a significant correlation was identified between overcrowding and the incidence of rights violations. This article highlights the urgent need for structural reforms in the Ecuadorian prison system to ensure respect for the human rights and dignity of all persons deprived of liberty. Recommendations are proposed to improve oversight and enforcement, address the underlying causes of alimony-related crime, and reduce overcrowding in the facility. These measures are fundamental to, O Centro de Reabilitação Turi, no Equador, enfrenta desafios significativos relacionados à violação dos direitos humanos e da dignidade das pessoas privadas de liberdade, especialmente aquelas presas por questões relacionadas à pensão alimentícia. Este artigo aborda essa questão, examinando o contexto jurídico e as condições de vida no centro, bem como as implicações para o bem-estar físico e psicológico dos detentos. O objetivo deste artigo é investigar e analisar as condições das pessoas privadas de liberdade por falta de pagamento de pensão alimentícia no Centro de Reabilitação de Turi, Equador, e avaliar o impacto dessas situações em seus direitos humanos e dignidade. Também busca identificar as principais causas desses problemas e propor recomendações para melhorar o tratamento e a proteção dos direitos humanos no centro. Foi utilizada uma metodologia abrangente que combina entrevistas semiestruturadas, análise documental e estatística. As entrevistas foram conduzidas com pessoas privadas de liberdade no centro, enquanto a análise documental se concentrou na legislação e nos regulamentos prisionais relevantes. Foram coletados dados estatísticos sobre casos de pensão alimentícia e violações de direitos no centro. Os resultados revelam condições de vida precárias no Centro de Reabilitação Turi, com superlotação extrema, falta de serviços básicos e frequentes violações de direitos humanos. Foi encontrada uma alta incidência de detentos encarcerados por dívidas de pensão alimentícia, levantando dúvidas sobre a eficácia dessa medida. Além disso, foi identificada uma correlação significativa entre a superlotação e a incidência de violações de direitos. Este artigo destaca a necessidade urgente de reformas estruturais no sistema prisional equatoriano para garantir o respeito aos direitos humanos e à dignidade de todas as pessoas privadas de liberdade. São propostas recomendações para melhorar o monitoramento e a aplicação da legislação, abordar as causas subjacentes d, El Centro de Rehabilitación de Turi en Ecuador enfrenta desafíos significativos relacionados con la violación de los derechos humanos y la dignidad de las personas privadas de libertad, especialmente aquellas encarceladas por cuestiones relacionadas con pensiones alimenticias. Este artículo aborda esta problemática, examinando el contexto jurídico y las condiciones de vida en el centro, así como las implicaciones para el bienestar físico y psicológico de los detenidos. El objetivo de este artículo es investigar y analizar las condiciones de las personas privadas de libertad por incumplimiento de pensiones alimenticias en el Centro de Rehabilitación de Turi, Ecuador, y evaluar el impacto de estas situaciones en sus derechos humanos y dignidad. Además, se busca identificar las principales causas de estas problemáticas y proponer recomendaciones para mejorar el tratamiento y la protección de los derechos humanos en el centro. Se utilizó una metodología integral que combinó entrevistas semiestructuradas, análisis documental y estadístico. Las entrevistas se realizaron a personas privadas de libertad en el centro, mientras que el análisis documental se centró en la legislación pertinente y las regulaciones carcelarias. Los datos estadísticos se recopilaron sobre casos de pensiones alimenticias y violaciones de derechos en el centro. Los resultados revelan condiciones precarias de vida en el Centro de Rehabilitación de Turi, con hacinamiento extremo, falta de servicios básicos y violaciones frecuentes de los derechos humanos. Se encontró una alta incidencia de detenidos encarcelados por deudas de pensiones alimenticias, lo que plantea interrogantes sobre la eficacia de esta medida. Además, se identificó una correlación significativa entre el hacinamiento y la incidencia de violaciones de derechos. Este artículo destaca la necesidad urgente de reformas estructurales en el sistema penitenciario ecuatoriano para garantizar el respeto de los derechos humanos y la dignidad de

Genocide is several things at the same time: 1) a crime codified in the United Nations Convention of 1948; 2) an analytical term developed by scholars in different disciplines; and, 3) a vernacularized concept adopted, inhabited and deployed in various ways by individuals, groups of victims and political actors. In the uses of the term nestles a paradox that I intend to unravel in this article. On the one hand, it allows those who suffered violence to recognize, name and understand themselves as part of a common history. It facilitates the visibility and articulation of demands for justice and reparation to the group that has been the object of persecution. On the other, to the extent that the crime of genocide necessarily entails the designation of a perpetrator group and a victim group, its memory naturalizes and perpetuates in time the arbitrary demarcations created or exacerbated by the ideologues and executors of violence (for example: «Germans» and «Jews,» «Hutus» and «Tutsis,» Serbs» and «Bosnians»). This essay introduces the history of the concept and explores its effects on subjectivities, intergenerational transmission and inter-group relations., Genocidio es varias cosas al mismo tiempo: 1) un crimen codificado en la Convención de Naciones Unidas de 1948; 2) un término analítico desarrollado por académicos en distintas disciplinas; y, 3) un concepto vernacularizado que adoptan, habitan y despliegan de diversas formas individuos, grupos de víctimas y actores políticos. En los usos del término anida siempre una paradoja que me propongo desgranar en este artículo. Por un lado, permite que quienes sufrieron la violencia se reconozcan, nombren, y se entiendan como parte de una historia común. Facilita la visibilización y articulación de demandas de justicia y reparación al grupo que ha sido objeto de persecución. Sin embargo, en la medida que el crimen genocida conlleva necesariamente la designación de un grupo perpetrador y un grupo víctima, su recuerdo naturaliza y perpetúa en el tiempo las arbitrarias demarcaciones creadas o exacerbadas por los ideólogos y ejecutores de la violencia (por ejemplo: «alemanes» y «judíos, «hutus» y «tutsis», «serbios» y «bosnios»). Este ensayo introduce la historia del concepto y explora sus efectos sobre subjetividades, la transmisión intergeneracional y las relaciones inter-grupales.

Currently, the work of universities for gender equality and inclusion is recognized as a necessity. The diversity of the university community, the need to advance in gender and the presence of various manifestations of violence are evident. The aim of this work is to analyze the main achievements, obstacles and challenges in the promotion of gender equality in higher education institutions in the south-southeast of Mexico. The meetings and disagreements when working on social inclusion and the challenges that joint work brings with it are highlighted. The methodology is phenomenology. The techniques were: semi-structured interviews with 5 institutional gender equality representatives from different mexican universities. Additionally, a content analysis of various institutional documents was developed. Various advances in gender equality are evident. The main challenges are linked to the need to ensure progress to mainstream and institutionalize the gender perspective. In relation to inclusion, it is evident that the advances are very incipient. The work has focused on attention to gender violence due to its severity and magnitude. Working on inclusion within universities, under the framework of human rights, is a relatively recent task.The conceptual deficiencies in relation to inclusion, the difficulties in meeting the needs and for the operability in the face of the diversity of problems to be addressed are discussed. Some challenges are posed to favor a comprehensive approach promoting the construction of spaces for reflection, analysis and decision-making., En la actualidad, el trabajo de las universidades en materia de igualdad de género y de inclusión se reconoce como una necesidad ante la diversidad que caracteriza a la comunidad universitaria, ante la importancia de seguir avanzando en materia de género y ante la presencia de diversas manifestaciones de violencia. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los principales logros, obstáculos y retos en la promoción de la igualdad de género en IES del sur-sureste mexicano, destacando los encuentros y desencuentros al trabajar la inclusión social y los retos que el trabajo conjunto trae consigo. La metodología es de corte fenomenológico con técnicas de entrevistas semiestructuradas a 5 responsables institucionales en materia de igualdad de género, de diferentes universidades de la Región sur-sureste mexicano. Adicionalmente, se desarrolló un análisis de contenido de diversos documentos institucionales. Se evidencian avances diversos en materia de igualdad de género, los retos principales se vinculan a la necesidad de asegurar avances para transversalizar e institucionalizar la perspectiva de género. Por su parte, en relación con la inclusión se evidencia que los avances son muy incipientes, debido a que el trabajo se ha centrado en la atención a la violencia de género por su gravedad y magnitud. Trabajar en la inclusión en las universidades, bajo el marco de los derechos humanos, es una labor relativamente reciente. Se discuten las carencias conceptuales en relación con la inclusión, las dificultades para la atención de las necesidades y para la operatividad ante la amplia gama de problemáticas a abordar. Se plantean algunas propuestas para favorecer un abordaje integral, promoviendo la construcción de espacios para la reflexión, el análisis y la toma de decisiones.

Human rights are a fundamental element for the development of societies. In the case of the Mexican state, it has granted them a consti-tutional and conventional character and, yet, official figures, academic and popular publica-tions, as well as different media outlets, report that, for example, in Matamoros, Tamaulip-as, there are serious violations of these rights. This article is a non-experimental, exploratory and descriptive research, in which, through a non-probabilistic, typical, and intentional sam-pling by convenience, it is aimed at identifying the observance of human rights in said locality, based on the perception of its Legal Operators. The results obtained show that in this locality there is an observance of more than 73 % of the human rights evaluated, an aspect that contrasts with the high official indicators on violations of this type of rights., Los derechos humanos son un elemento fundamental para el desarrollo de las sociedades. En el caso del Estado mexicano, les ha otorgado un carácter constitucional y convencional y, sin embargo, cifras oficiales, publicaciones académicas y de divulgación, así como distintos medios de comunicación, refieren que, por ejemplo, en Matamoros, Tamaulipas, se presentan graves violaciones a estos derechos. Este artículo es una investigación de tipo no experimental, exploratoria y descriptiva, en la cual, a través de un muestreo no probabilístico, típico, e intencional por conveniencia, se orienta a identificar la observancia de los derechos humanos en dicha localidad, a partir de la percepción de sus operadores jurídicos. Los resultados obtenidos reflejan que en esa localidad se presenta una observancia superior a 73 % de los derechos humanos evaluados, aspecto que contrasta con los elevados indicadores oficiales sobre violaciones a este tipo de derechos.

This article includes a contextualization of the current state of sociopolitical and economic crisis that we are experiencing globally, generated as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic and the armed conflicts that are currently being experienced in Eastern Europe and the Gaza Strip. These tensions are the culmination of various milestones, such as globalization or the incessant technological development that, since the beginning of the 21stcentury, have been directing us without restraint towards space-time tensions in different areas of our life (social, political, economic), and to an increasingly unsustainable situation. The carried out review aims to establish a set of master lines for an educational change that prioritizes a new type of formation based on education for global citizenship, which through communication and dialogue can favor a global change towards improvement. The research method used rests on the analysis of the content of a diversity of secondary sources- mainly research articles, reports from international organizations and press news-through which we have reached the establishment of the bases to enable this change of social and educational course. Our recommendations are included both in the topics submitted for discussion and in the conclusions and proposals for improvement that are formulated; through which a redirection towards a necessary humanism is demanded, guided by parameters of a pedagogical, emancipatory and transformative nature, which can direct us as a society towards a new social revolution that will save us from, or at least manage to stop, an announced extinction., Este artículo incluye una contextualización del actual estado de crisis sociopolítica y económica que estamos viviendo a nivel global, generado a consecuencia de la pandemia del Covid-19y de los enfrentamientos bélicos que actualmente se viven en el este de Europa y en la franja de Gaza. Estas tensiones son el culmen de diversos hitos, como la globalización o el incesante desarrollo tecnológico que, desde los inicios del siglo XXI, nos han ido dirigiendo sin freno hacia un tensionamiento espacio-temporal en diferentes ámbitos de nuestra vida (social, político, económico),y a una situación cada vez mayor de insostenibilidad. La revisión realizada tiene como objetivo establecer un conjunto de líneas maestras para un cambio educativo que priorice un nuevo tipo deformación basada en la educación para una ciudadanía de índole global, que desde la comunicación y el diálogo pueda favorecer un cambio global hacia la mejora. El método de investigación utilizado descansa sobre el análisis del contenido de diversidad de fuentes secundarias, principalmente artículos de investigación, informes de organizaciones internacionales y noticias de prensa, mediante los cuales hemos llegado al establecimiento de las bases para posibilitar este cambio de rumbo social y educativo. Nuestras recomendaciones son incluidas tanto en los temas sometidos a discusión como en las conclusiones y propuestas de mejora que se formulan, a través de las cuales se exige un redireccionamiento hacia un necesario humanismo guiado por parámetros de carácter pedagógico, emancipador y transformador; estos últimos que puedan dirigirnos como sociedad hacia una nueva revolución social que nos salve de, o al menos logre frenar, una anunciada extinción., Este artigo inclui uma contextualização do atual estado de crise sociopolítica e económica que vivemos a nível global, gerada em consequência da pandemia da Covid-19 e dos conflitos bélicos que atualmente se vivem na Europa de Leste e na Faixade Gaza. Estas tensões são o culminar de vários marcos, como a globalização ou o incessante desenvolvimento tecnológico que, desde o início do século XXI, nos tem digerido sem restrições para uma tensão espaço-temporal em diferentes áreas da nossa vida (social, política, económico) e a uma situação cada vez mais insustentável. A revisão realizada visa estabelecer um conjunto de linhas mestras para uma mudança educativa que priorize um novo tipo de formação baseada na educação para a cidadania global, que através da comunicação e do diálogo possa favorecer uma mudança global no sentido da melhoria. O método de pesquisa utilizado repousa na análise do conteúdo da diversidade de fontes secundárias, principalmente artigos de pesquisa, relatórios de organismos internacionais e notícias da imprensa, através das quais chegamos ao estabelecimento das bases para possibilitar esta mudança de rumo social e educacional. As nossas recomendações constam tanto dos temas submetidos à discussão como das conclusões e propostas de melhoria que se formulam, através das quais se exige um redirecionamento para um humanismo necessário, orientado por parâmetros de carácter pedagógico, emancipatório e transformador, que nos possam orientar como sociedade rumo a uma nova revolução social que nos salvará de, ou pelo menos conseguirá impedir, uma extinção anunciada.

The article presents the reflections on Social Work training carried out by teachers, students and graduates of the Social Work program of the Corporación Universitaria Rafael Núñez, Cartagena and Barranquilla campus, in the process developed by the Commission for Training Update Criteria in Social Work of the National Council for Education in Social Work (conets) and in the framework of the participatory construction at the local, regional, and national level of guidelines for professional training developed between 2020 to 2022. To do so is presented the historical and union background of the conets, the conceptual references and trends in Latin America that support plurality in professional training, the process of developing curricular guidelines for training in Social Work in Colombia and the methodology developed at the Corporación Universitaria Rafael Núñez. Also, we engage the contributions referred to the training process based on the formulation of three guiding questions aligned with: the appropriate central topics in professional training, its relevance in relation to the actual context, and the profession and training in Social Work besides other relevant topics., O artigo apresenta as reflexões sobre a formação em Serviço Social realizada por professores, alunos e graduados do programa de Serviço Social da Corporaçión Universitária Rafael Núñez, campus Cartagena e Barranquilla, no processo desenvolvido pela Comissão de Atualização de Critérios de Formação em Serviço Social da Conselho Nacional de Educação em Serviço Social (conets, pela sigla em espanhol), no âmbito da construção participativa a nível local, regional e nacional de diretrizes para a formação profissional desenvolvidas entre 2020 a 2022 Para tanto, serão considerados os antecedentes históricos e sindicais do conets , as referências conceituais e tendências do Serviço Social latino-americano que sustentam a pluralidade na formação profissional, o processo de desenvolvimento de diretrizes curriculares para a formação em Serviço Social na Colômbia e a metodologia desenvolvida na Corporação Universitária Rafael Núñez. Além disso, as contribuições referidas ao processo formativo a partir da formulação de três questões norteadoras a partir dos temas centrais apropriados na formação profissional, a relevância dos temas abordados em relação ao contexto atual, o profissão e formação em Serviço Social e demais temas desenvolvidos na formação em Serviço Social., El artículo presenta las reflexiones sobre la formación en Trabajo Social realizadas por docentes, estudiantes y egresados del programa de Trabajo Social de la Corporación Universitaria Rafael Núñez, campus Cartagena y Barranquilla, a la luz del proceso desarrollado por la Comisión de Actualización de Criterios de Formación en Trabajo Social del Consejo Nacional para la Educación en Trabajo Social (Conets) y en el marco de la construcción participativa local, regional y nacional de lineamientos para la formación profesional, desarrollada entre 2020 a 2022. Se presentan para ello los antecedentes históricos y gremiales del Conets, los referentes conceptuales y las tendencias en Latinoamérica que sustentan la pluralidad en la formación profesional, el proceso de elaboración de lineamientos curriculares para la formación en Trabajo Social en Colombia y la metodología desarrollada en la Corporación Universitaria Rafael Núñez. Además, se abordan los aportes referidos al proceso de formación a partir del planteamiento de tres preguntas orientadoras de acuerdo con los temas centrales apropiados en la formación profesional, su pertinencia en relación con el contexto actual, la profesión y la formación en Trabajo Social, además de otras temáticas conexas.