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Siendo parte del patrimonio catalán y una pieza importante de la historia ferroviaria de España, la Estació de França fue construida en 1929. Su característica arquitectónica principal, la nave metálica de la plataforma, fue la última de su tipo en ser construida en España y también puede incluirse entre las pocas naves curvas de tren en el mundo. A pesar de su importancia patrimonial, la estación se ha enfrentado desafíos en los últimos años y se está discutiendo un cambio de uso. Mientras su futuro no está definido, la estación se está dejando en estado de abandono, ya que las obras de reparación se detuvieron. Estas obras también estaban reemplazando las tejas faltantes, que hoy empeoran el estado de corrosión de la estructura. Por los hechos mencionados, se propuso un análisis estructural de la estructura metálica de la nave de la plataforma para comprender sus condiciones de seguridad. Se realizó una comparación entre el estándar utilizado en el diseño original y los criterios de carga actuales de los Eurocódigos. Se desarrolló un modelo en SAP2000 utilizando información encontrada en los planos originales, datos recolectados con el uso de escaneo láser terrestre y en la memoria de cálculo. Como se evaluó, algunos elementos de la estructura no cumplen con los códigos actuales, ya que su coeficiente de carga es mayor que 1. Aunque se recomienda el refuerzo, el modelo debe actualizarse para que refleje mejor la realidad. Se realizó una evaluación preliminar de la corrosión. La manifestación patológica ha sido extrapolada de una revisión bibliográfica y se podría implementar en algunos de los elementos en el modelo SAP2000. El estado de corrosión podría no presentar un riesgo importante, pero se encuentra principalmente en los elementos que ya están sobrecargados en el análisis del código actual. Las limitaciones en la evaluación de las condiciones presentes de la estructura desempeñan un papel importante para reflejar la realidad en esta tesis., A Catalan heritage and an important piece of the railway history of Spain, Estació de França was built in 1929. Its main architectural feature, the metallic platform shed was the last of its kind to be built in Spain (as a monumental station) and can also be listed with the very few curved train sheds in the world. Despite its heritage importance, the station is facing challenges over the past years and a change of use is being discussed. While its future is not defined, the station is being left in a state of abandonment as the repairing works were stopped. These works were also replacing the missing tiles, that today worsen the corrosion state of the mild steel shed structure. Therefore, a structural analysis of the metallic structure of the platform shed was proposed to understand its safety conditions. A comparison was made between the standard used on the original design and current Eurocodes loading criteria. To analyze the shed, a SAP2000 model was developed using information found in the original plans, data collected with the use of a terrestrial laser scan, and in the calculations packet. As it was evaluated, some elements of the structure do not comply with current codes, as their design ratio is bigger than 1. Although, even if reinforcement is advised, the model needs to be updated with a thorough assessment of the structure’s elements and current corroded conditions so it could reflect better the reality. Preliminary assessment of the corrosion was performed. The pathological manifestation was extrapolated from literature review and implemented in some of the elements in the SAP2000 model. The corrosion state might not present a huge risk, but it Is located mainly in the elements that are already overstressed under the current code analysis, making them even more vulnerable. The limitations on evaluating the present conditions of the structure plays an important role to reflect the reality in this thesis.

This Master thesis was carried out within the research project PONT3 (Anticipating failure propagation of ageing bridges through a cost-effective interdisciplinary approach, reference PID2021-124236OB-C32) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and the State Research Agency, El projecte de recerca es centra en avaluar i caracteritzar ponts d'arc de maçoneria històrics de ferrocarril mitjançant mètodes de proves no destructives (NDT). L'objectiu és preservar i conservar aquestes estructures com a part del patrimoni històric. L'estudi es centra en un pont de maçoneria de principis del segle XX situat prop de Barcelona. El projecte comença amb una revisió del comportament estructural, les tècniques de construcció i els materials comúnment emprats en els ponts d'arc de maçoneria de ferrocarril. S'examinen diverses guies per avaluar els ponts d'arc de maçoneria per a l'avaluació del pont d'estudi. Una revisió bibliogràfica explora mètodes de proves no destructives i proves destructives menors per avaluar la condició general i les propietats mecàniques del pont. La investigació inclou un estudi detallat d'escriptori, investigant la informació històrica del pont, intervencions prèvies, construcció i geometria. A continuació, es realitza una investigació de camp i una campanya experimental que involucra la inspecció visual per identificar danys i avaluar la condició general del pont. Les dades recopilades permeten la creació d'un model geomètric 3D que mostra l'exterior i l'interior del pont. La campanya experimental utilitza proves no destructives com la velocitat de pols ultrasònica (UPV) i la termografia infraroja, així com proves destructives menors com el penetròmetre Windsor (PPT) i el martell de rebuig Schmidt (HRT). A més, es realitzen proves destructives al laboratori per determinar la resistència a compressió de la maçoneria. En general, el projecte té com a objectiu promoure l'ús de tècniques no destructives en la caracterització d'estructures de maçoneria històriques, contribuint a la base de dades experimentals i a la preservació d'aquests importants actius patrimonials., El proyecto de investigación se centra en evaluar y caracterizar puentes de arco de mampostería históricos de ferrocarril mediante métodos de pruebas no destructivas (NDT). El objetivo es preservar y conservar estas estructuras como parte del patrimonio histórico. El estudio se centra en un puente de mampostería de principios del siglo XX ubicado cerca de Barcelona. El proyecto comienza con una revisión del comportamiento estructural, las técnicas de construcción y los materiales comúnmente utilizados en puentes de arco de mampostería de ferrocarril. Se examinan varias guías para evaluar puentes de arco de mampostería para evaluar el puente de estudio. Una revisión bibliográfica explora métodos de pruebas no destructivas y pruebas destructivas menores para evaluar la condición general y las propiedades mecánicas del puente. La investigación incluye un estudio detallado de escritorio, investigando la información histórica del puente, intervenciones previas, construcción y geometría. A continuación, se llevó a cabo una investigación de campo y una campaña experimental que involucra la inspección visual para identificar daños y evaluar la condición general del puente. Los datos recopilados permitieron la creación de un modelo geométrico 3D indicando el exterior e interior del puente. La campaña experimental utiliza pruebas no destructivas como la velocidad de pulso ultrasónico (UPV) y la termografía infrarroja, así como pruebas destructivas menores como el penetrómetro Windsor (PPT) y el martillo de rebote Schmidt (HRT). Además, se realizan pruebas destructivas en el laboratorio para determinar la resistencia a compresión del ladrillo. En general, el proyecto tiene como objetivo promover el uso de técnicas no destructivas en la caracterización de estructuras de mampostería históricas, contribuyendo a la base de datos experimentales y a la preservación de estos importantes activos patrimoniales., The research project focuses on assessing and characterizing historical masonry railway arch bridges through non-destructive testing (NDT) methods. The objective is to preserve and conserve these structures as part of the historical heritage. The study centers around an early 20th-century masonry bridge located near Barcelona. The project begins with a review of the structural behavior, construction techniques, and materials commonly employed in railway masonry arch bridges. Various guidelines for assessing masonry arch bridges are examined to evaluate the case study bridge. A literature review explores non-destructive and minor destructive test methods for assessing the bridge's overall condition and mechanical properties. The research includes a thorough desk study, investigating the bridge's historical information, previous interventions, construction, and geometry. A site investigation and experimental campaign follow, involving visual inspection to identify damages and assess the overall condition. The gathered data enables the creation of a 3D geometrical model showcasing the bridge's exterior and interior. The experimental campaign employs non-destructive tests such as Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) and Infrared Thermography, as well as minor destructive tests like the Windsor Pin Penetrometer (PPT) and Schmidt Hammer Rebound (HRT). Additionally, destructive tests are conducted in the laboratory to determine compressive strength. Overall, the project aims to promote the use of non-destructive techniques in characterizing historical masonry structures, contributing to the field's experimental database and the preservation of these important heritage assets.

This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis Group in International Journal of Architectural Heritage on 2022, available online at: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/15583058.2022.2096513, This paper presents the historical development of the vertical extensions of unreinforced masonry buildings in the Eixample district of Barcelona and their impact on the seismic behaviour. Existing masonry buildings of Eixample present significant seismic risk because, despite the low to moderate seismic hazard of Barcelona, they show a marked vulnerability given their average height of six storeys and the substantial slenderness of the walls. Between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the vertical extensions, known as remuntes in Catalan, were a common solution to the increasing demographic demand of the city. In their majority, these vertical extensions add a structural irregularity that represents a potential vulnerability factor not yet investigated. The present study focuses on Eixample’s remuntes, including their historical development, the description of their structural features, and the identification of their most representative configurations in the existing building stock. A seismic analysis based on the Finite Element Method is presented on a reference model without extensions and three others with the most recurrent configurations of remuntes. The seismic response is investigated through pushover analysis. The results provide a better understanding of the negative impact of the vertical extensions on the seismic performance., This work was supported by the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities of the Spanish Government (MCIU) [RTI2018-099589-B-I00], the State Agency of Research (AEI) [RTI2018-099589-B-I00] and the European Regional Development Fund [RTI2018-099589-B-I00]; through the project SEVERUS (Multilevel evaluation of seismic vulnerability and risk mitigation of masonry buildings in resilient historical urban centres [RTI2018-099589-B-I00]; Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca; MSc SAHC Consortium scholarship; Sapienza University of Rome., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

Durante el siglo XVIII en la Península Ibérica las bóvedas tabicadas permiten cubrir con rapidez espacios amplios requeridos por la liturgia de la Contrarreforma (1545-1648). Para determinar el comportamiento de las anomalías geométricas se ha estudiado la iglesia de Sant Miquel de Batea (1764-1800) (España), proyectada por un arquitecto académico, Fray Atanasio Aznar, conocedor del debate profesional sobre sobre el empuje de las bóvedas tabicadas. Para su evaluación se utiliza una metodología que combina el análisis en 2D y 3D en base una nube de puntos del edificio con técnica escáner láser terrestre (MDCT), pudiendo contrastar estos resultados con el estudio de la ejecución de la obra a través de las Capitulaciones (1764). La conclusión demuestra que pese a la buena práctica constructiva exigida y seguida en el contrato existen anomalías geométricas en la fábrica provocadas como consecuencia de los empujes producidos por la cúpula, el cimborrio y la fachada.

An integrated investigation of engineering archaeometry was carried out using dynamic identification, dynamic monitoring and Infra-Red (IR) thermography for the study of the dynamic behavior of Mallorca cathedral in Spain. The cathedral is a large historical masonry structure built during 14-16th c. Dynamic identification and monitoring allowed the capturing of eight natural frequencies of the cathedral. IR thermography was used as a complementary inspection technique in the context of a continuous monitoring. Usually, IR thermography is used punctually for the inspection of a part of an inspected structure. Here an alternative was tried as the IR camera was installed for two two-weeks periods in the winter and in the summer of 2011 to monitor the stone surface temperature of a large portion of the cathedral. The correlation between the cathedral natural frequencies and the stone surface temperature of some selected structural elements was investigated and compared with the correlation with the external and the internal temperatures. It was found that the correlation with stone surface temperature was lower than that with external temperature. The study allowed a better understanding of the influence of temperature changes on the structure’s dynamic behavior., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Assessment of seismic safety of historical structures is a challenging task because the information available about the assessed structure is usually limited. Therefore, it is often necessary to exploit a number of integrated investigation activities to increase the level of knowledge about the historical structure under consideration. Thus, in the case of any need for providing the structure with strengthening intervention, this intervention will be a minimal and any unnecessary strengthening operations will be avoided. This paper presents a literature review carried out to cover the current state-of-the-art of a number of investigation activities carried out integrally for the seismic safety assessment of historical structures. It is presented in two parts. In this first part, the covered topic is the dynamic investigation of historical structures which includes the dynamic identification tests, the dynamic monitoring, and the modal parameters identification methods with the classical and the advanced techniques like the peak picking and the stochastic subspace identification., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

This paper represents a continuation of a review on the seismic safety assessment of historical structures using some selected integrated investigation activities. In the first part of this review the dynamic investigation was presented. Here a focus is made on the updating of the numerical models used in the assessment phase and the used techniques in the seismic evaluation., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

La identidad arquitectónica corresponde a la prioridad que se le da a diario dentro de ciertas edificaciones a conservar todas aquellas estructuras que fueron parte de nuestra cultura e historia. Al realizar el análisis del municipio de Garagoa – Boyacá, se identifica como problemática la pérdida de identidad en él la arquitectura presente en las edificaciones tradicionales, esto se presenta por causa del deterioro de los inmuebles patrimoniales y las nuevas construcciones que se desarrollan actualmente en donde no se logra una relación con el entorno. El objetivo del proyecto es desarrollar una agrupación de viviendas, implementando algunos elementos arquitectónicos presentes en la arquitectura tradicional que contienen la identidad y el valor de la arquitectura local. Esta propuesta se logró desarrollar bajo una metodología de análisis documental, registro fotográfico, visita de campo y diseño de las viviendas que serían acorde al proyecto. Tras la ejecución de los objetivos específicos se determinó cuál era la propuesta que sería más viable para dar solución a la problemática de vivienda y así mismo cual era la manera factible en la que las propuestas mantuvieran presente las propiedades arquitectónicas. Como resultado a ello se presenta una idea de vivienda por manzanas cumpliendo cada parámetro establecido en el que se compromete todas las estructuras principales que hacen parte de la arquitectura del municipio, preservando así por más tiempo su identidad., The architectural identity corresponds to the priority given to a newspaper within certain buildings to conserve all the structures that were part of our culture and history. When analyzing the Garaga - Boyacá municipality, it is identified as problematic the loss of identity in the current architecture in traditional buildings, this is due to the deterioration of patrimonial assets and the new constructions that are currently developed where No A relationship with the environment is achieved. The objective of the project is to develop a housing group, implementing some architectural elements in the traditional architecture that contains the identity and value of the local architecture. This proposal is based on a methodology of documentary analysis, a photographic record, a field visit and a design of the houses that are executed in the project. After the implementation of the specific objectives was determined the time was the proposal that was more viable to solve the housing problem and likewise which was the feasible way in which the proposals kept the architectural properties present. As a result, it is an idea of housing by blocks fulfilling each established parameter in which it compromises all the main structures that are part of the architecture of the municipality, thus preserving its identity for longer.

La identidad arquitectónica corresponde a la prioridad que se le da a diario dentro de ciertas edificaciones a conservar todas aquellas estructuras que fueron parte de nuestra cultura e historia. Al realizar el análisis del municipio de Garagoa – Boyacá, se identifica como problemática la pérdida de identidad en él la arquitectura presente en las edificaciones tradicionales, esto se presenta por causa del deterioro de los inmuebles patrimoniales y las nuevas construcciones que se desarrollan actualmente en donde no se logra una relación con el entorno. El objetivo del proyecto es desarrollar una agrupación de viviendas, implementando algunos elementos arquitectónicos presentes en la arquitectura tradicional que contienen la identidad y el valor de la arquitectura local. Esta propuesta se logró desarrollar bajo una metodología de análisis documental, registro fotográfico, visita de campo y diseño de las viviendas que serían acorde al proyecto. Tras la ejecución de los objetivos específicos se determinó cuál era la propuesta que sería más viable para dar solución a la problemática de vivienda y así mismo cual era la manera factible en la que las propuestas mantuvieran presente las propiedades arquitectónicas. Como resultado a ello se presenta una idea de vivienda por manzanas cumpliendo cada parámetro establecido en el que se compromete todas las estructuras principales que hacen parte de la arquitectura del municipio, preservando así por más tiempo su identidad., The architectural identity corresponds to the priority given to a newspaper within certain buildings to conserve all the structures that were part of our culture and history. When analyzing the Garaga - Boyacá municipality, it is identified as problematic the loss of identity in the current architecture in traditional buildings, this is due to the deterioration of patrimonial assets and the new constructions that are currently developed where No A relationship with the environment is achieved. The objective of the project is to develop a housing group, implementing some architectural elements in the traditional architecture that contains the identity and value of the local architecture. This proposal is based on a methodology of documentary analysis, a photographic record, a field visit and a design of the houses that are executed in the project. After the implementation of the specific objectives was determined the time was the proposal that was more viable to solve the housing problem and likewise which was the feasible way in which the proposals kept the architectural properties present. As a result, it is an idea of housing by blocks fulfilling each established parameter in which it compromises all the main structures that are part of the architecture of the municipality, thus preserving its identity for longer.

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: [Elyamani, A., Caselles, O., Roca, P., and Clapes, J. ( 2017) Dynamic investigation of a large historical cathedral, Struct. Control Health Monit., 24: e1885. doi: 10.1002/stc.1885. ], which has been published in final form at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/stc.1885. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving., The presented research aimed at studying the dynamic behavior of Mallorca cathedral (Mallorca Island, Spain) under ambient sources of vibration and seismic events. The cathedral is one of the greatest built masonry structures worldwide. It is characterized for its audacious dimensions and slender structural members. Because of it, the study of its dynamic behavior is a clear concern. The cathedral dynamic properties were firstly identified using ambient vibration testing. Afterwards, a dynamic monitoring system was implemented to continuously measure, record, and wirelessly transfer the acceleration records without having to set up an activating threshold. This monitoring type was implemented because of the low seismic intensity of Mallorca Island with a basic ground acceleration of only 0.04 g according to the Spanish seismic standard. The continuous monitoring allowed for capturing some seismic events and some drops in the natural frequencies were noticed because of a breathing crack effect. Using both ambient vibration testing and continuous monitoring system, global modes could be more accurately identified than more local ones. The identification of the global modes was more attainable than in the case of more local ones. The temperature was a more influential environmental parameter than humidity and wind for all of the identified modes except for one more directly depended on wind., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

Because of the incomplete knowledge we have of the mechanical characteristics and of the history of loading of historical structures, these are often advantageously analyzed by means of graphic statics, e.g. using thrust lines as possible load paths within masonry arches to demonstrate their stability. In this context, theory of plasticity provides a powerful theoretical framework for the limit state analysis of structures, in particular for those in masonry on condition of several key assumptions: infinite strength in compression but zero in traction; no sliding failure. Starting with the analysis of a simple trussed framework and to basic bended structures, this paper emphasizes that limit analyses implying graphic statics can lead to similar conclusions about the collapse load factor that the ones obtained using the Principle of Virtual Works. Then it states a way to adapt this methodology to ancient masonry structures and presents results obtained for a simple arch analysis.

Cultural heritage buildings are special structures and must be protected from natural disasters preserving at the same time their authenticity. In the seismic areas, one of the building classes that is consistently exposed to seismic risk is the one constituting the architectural heritage of the region. To minimize further destruction under future seismic activity it is necessary to reinforce the existing structures that are more vulnerable. As a consequence, new technological systems are needed, able to provide solution not only to specific structural or architectural problems, but also aiming at improving the global performance of the construction. Similarly, great attention is paid not only to reliability and durability of intervention methods, but also to the possibility to be easily monitored and removed if required, according to the widely shared policy, aiming at the safeguard of existing buildings, in particular in case of historical and monumental works, from inappropriate restoration operations.This study aims to represent innovative technologies and strategies to preserve the cultural heritage structures against earthquake effect. In particular, the application of fibre reinforced polymers and structural control systems are explained. Suitability of the strategies to architectural, historical and structural features and reversibility aspects are evaluated. As a case study the application of these strategies to a historical building in Istanbul is discussed.

The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/s11527-015-0654-y, An experimental campaign involving the compressive testing of a brick masonry pillar extracted from a historical building is presented in this paper. The test procedure and the instrumentation are designed in order to determine, in addition to the compressive strength and global Young's modulus of the structure, the behavior in different parts of the pillar. Material samples, representative of the external leaf and the infill, are extracted from the pillar and tested in compression. Differences in strength and elasticity of the two components are critically presented and their influence on the maximum load and failure mode of the pillar are discussed. Finally, a simple analytical model is employed in order to quantify the effect of the mismatch of Young's modulus of the two components of the pillar. Analogies between the studied pillar and three-leaf wall masonry are drawn., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

This research is focused on the experimental characterisation of the compressive behaviour of masonry in existing buildings. The proposed technique is based on in situ core drilling of masonry members. Two walls were built making use of terracotta handmade bricks and lime mortar, without cement, to reproduce a low-strength historical masonry. Core samples were extracted from the walls and then regularized to perform a non-standard compression test in the laboratory. Stack-bonded prisms were also tested under compression. A direct comparison is made between the results from the proposed non-standard tests on core samples and the tests suggested by the available standards on prismatic samples. The proposed minor destructive technique shows to be effective for the mechanical characterisation of existing masonry structures, including historical ones., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Nowadays, the preservation of the architectural heritage is a fundamental aspect in the cultural development of modern cities. This heritage has to be preserved and different technical analysis are usually necessary to ensure its proper preservation. The main problem is that the greatest difficulty for the analytical analysis of kind of buildings is the high level of uncertainty associated with many factors. For example, slight modifications of the geometry or the mechanical properties of the structural materials can be the cause of great differences between the results obtained from an analytical analysis and others estimated experimentally. Due to this fact, before performing these analysis, non-destructive techniques are usually an indispensable tool to provide information about the current geometry and the structural behaviour of the building. Thus, the use of photogrammetric techniques and ambient vibration tests allows the right definition of the current geometry and the dynamic characterization of the building, respectively.

One of the first difficulties that can be detected in finite element models of historical buildings is the high level of uncertainty associated with many factors affecting the actual behaviour of the structure. Often the inaccuracies in this model will arise because of poorly known boundary conditions, unknown material properties or simplification in the modelling. These uncertainties in the modelling process cause the predicted dynamics of a structure to be different from the measured dynamics of the real structure. If accurate measured data is available, then this data could be used to improve the numerical model in general and some uncertain parameters of the model in particular. Thus, among the Operational Modal Analysis method, the finite element model updating from the dynamic structural parameters identified experimentally, allows the adjustment of these models in order to obtain a more accurate estimation of behaviour of the structure.

Nowadays, the preservation of the architectural heritage is a fundamental aspect in the cultural development of modern cities. This heritage has to be preserved and different technical analysis are usually necessary to ensure its proper preservation. The main problem is that the greatest difficulty for the analytical analysis of kind of buildings is the high level of uncertainty associated with many factors. For example, slight modifications of the geometry or the mechanical properties of the structural materials can be the cause of great differences between the results obtained from an analytical analysis and others estimated experimentally. Due to this fact, before performing these analysis, non-destructive techniques are usually an indispensable tool to provide information about the current geometry and the structural behaviour of the building. Thus, the use of photogrammetric techniques and ambient vibration tests allows the right definition of the current geometry and the dynamic characterization of the building, respectively.

One of the first difficulties that can be detected in finite element models of historical buildings is the high level of uncertainty associated with many factors affecting the actual behaviour of the structure. Often the inaccuracies in this model will arise because of poorly known boundary conditions, unknown material properties or simplification in the modelling. These uncertainties in the modelling process cause the predicted dynamics of a structure to be different from the measured dynamics of the real structure. If accurate measured data is available, then this data could be used to improve the numerical model in general and some uncertain parameters of the model in particular. Thus, among the Operational Modal Analysis method, the finite element model updating from the dynamic structural parameters identified experimentally, allows the adjustment of these models in order to obtain a more accurate estimation of behaviour of the structure.

Unreinforced masonry is one of the oldest construction materials and main component of historical buildings. Masonry is a heterogeneous material with an anisotropic behavior and may fail quasi-brittle during earthquakes. This paper describes the main components and arrangements of historical masonry, seismic vulnerability and existing retrofitting techniques, especially prestressing. Based on the evolution of prestressing, it is developed a future perspective about the use of this technique on cultural heritage. Especial attention may be taken into account when using this technique because the compressive strength may be exceeded, leading to an explosive brittle failure. The correct application of prestressing requires the designing of a compatible device and optimal post-tensioning force that improves strength and ductility without endangering the structure., Se describen los principales componentes y arreglos de mampostería histórica, vulnerabilidad sísmica y técnicas existentes de refuerzo, principalmente presfuerzo. Tomando como base la evolución del presfuerzo, se presenta una perspectiva futura sobre su uso en la herencia cultural. Se requiere atención especial al usar esta técnica, ya que la resistencia a compresión puede ser excedida, presentando una falla frágil y explosiva. La aplicación correcta requiere el diseño de un dispositivo compatible con fuerza

Unreinforced masonry is one of the oldest construction materials and main component of historical buildings. Masonry is a heterogeneous material with an anisotropic behavior and may fail quasi-brittle during earthquakes. This paper describes the main components and arrangements of historical masonry, seismic vulnerability and existing retrofitting techniques, especially prestressing. Based on the evolution of prestressing, it is developed a future perspective about the use of this technique on cultural heritage. Especial attention may be taken into account when using this technique because the compressive strength may be exceeded, leading to an explosive brittle failure. The correct application of prestressing requires the designing of a compatible device and optimal post-tensioning force that improves strength and ductility without endangering the structure., Se describen los principales componentes y arreglos de mampostería histórica, vulnerabilidad sísmica y técnicas existentes de refuerzo, principalmente presfuerzo. Tomando como base la evolución del presfuerzo, se presenta una perspectiva futura sobre su uso en la herencia cultural. Se requiere atención especial al usar esta técnica, ya que la resistencia a compresión puede ser excedida, presentando una falla frágil y explosiva. La aplicación correcta requiere el diseño de un dispositivo compatible con fuerza

Nowadays, the preservation of the architectural heritage is a fundamental aspect in the cultural development of modern cities. This heritage has to be preserved and different technical analysis are usually necessary to ensure its proper preservation. The main problem is that the greatest difficulty for the analytical analysis of kind of buildings is the high level of uncertainty associated with many factors. For example, slight modifications of the geometry or the mechanical properties of the structural materials can be the cause of great differences between the results obtained from an analytical analysis and others estimated experimentally. Due to this fact, before performing these analysis, non-destructive techniques are usually an indispensable tool to provide information about the current geometry and the structural behaviour of the building. Thus, the use of photogrammetric techniques and ambient vibration tests allows the right definition of the current geometry and the dynamic characterization of the building, respectively.

One of the first difficulties that can be detected in finite element models of historical buildings is the high level of uncertainty associated with many factors affecting the actual behaviour of the structure. Often the inaccuracies in this model will arise because of poorly known boundary conditions, unknown material properties or simplification in the modelling. These uncertainties in the modelling process cause the predicted dynamics of a structure to be different from the measured dynamics of the real structure. If accurate measured data is available, then this data could be used to improve the numerical model in general and some uncertain parameters of the model in particular. Thus, among the Operational Modal Analysis method, the finite element model updating from the dynamic structural parameters identified experimentally, allows the adjustment of these models in order to obtain a more accurate estimation of behaviour of the structure.

Unreinforced masonry is one of the oldest construction materials and main component of historical buildings. Masonry is a heterogeneous material with an anisotropic behavior and may fail quasi-brittle during earthquakes. This paper describes the main components and arrangements of historical masonry, seismic vulnerability and existing retrofitting techniques, especially prestressing. Based on the evolution of prestressing, it is developed a future perspective about the use of this technique on cultural heritage. Especial attention may be taken into account when using this technique because the compressive strength may be exceeded, leading to an explosive brittle failure. The correct application of prestressing requires the designing of a compatible device and optimal post-tensioning force that improves strength and ductility without endangering the structure., Se describen los principales componentes y arreglos de mampostería histórica, vulnerabilidad sísmica y técnicas existentes de refuerzo, principalmente presfuerzo. Tomando como base la evolución del presfuerzo, se presenta una perspectiva futura sobre su uso en la herencia cultural. Se requiere atención especial al usar esta técnica, ya que la resistencia a compresión puede ser excedida, presentando una falla frágil y explosiva. La aplicación correcta requiere el diseño de un dispositivo compatible con fuerza

This paper presents the dynamic characterization of a group of historical buildings located over the Roman Theatre of Cadiz (Spain), a piece of heritage that has been buried for centuries under the historical town. In 2010, an intervention began in order to excavate it, while respecting the buildings over it. The control of this intervention is being done by means of topographic control points and ambient vibration tests. On the basis of the results obtained from the dynamic tests, a finite element model was updated and subsequently used to check the current works and foresee the final behaviour of the complex. A brief description of the Roman theatre and the works to recover it, the methodology followed to control such works and the results obtained are the main goals of this paper.

Nowadays, the preservation of the architectural heritage is a fundamental aspect in the cultural development of modern cities. This heritage has to be preserved and different technical analysis are usually necessary to ensure its proper preservation. The main problem is that the greatest difficulty for the analytical analysis of kind of buildings is the high level of uncertainty associated with many factors. For example, slight modifications of the geometry or the mechanical properties of the structural materials can be the cause of great differences between the results obtained from an analytical analysis and others estimated experimentally. Due to this fact, before performing these analysis, non-destructive techniques are usually an indispensable tool to provide information about the current geometry and the structural behaviour of the building. Thus, the use of photogrammetric techniques and ambient vibration tests allows the right definition of the current geometry and the dynamic characterization of the building, respectively.

This paper presents the dynamic characterization of a group of historical buildings located over the Roman Theatre of Cadiz (Spain), a piece of heritage that has been buried for centuries under the historical town. In 2010, an intervention began in order to excavate it, while respecting the buildings over it. The control of this intervention is being done by means of topographic control points and ambient vibration tests. On the basis of the results obtained from the dynamic tests, a finite element model was updated and subsequently used to check the current works and foresee the final behaviour of the complex. A brief description of the Roman theatre and the works to recover it, the methodology followed to control such works and the results obtained are the main goals of this paper.

One of the first difficulties that can be detected in finite element models of historical buildings is the high level of uncertainty associated with many factors affecting the actual behaviour of the structure. Often the inaccuracies in this model will arise because of poorly known boundary conditions, unknown material properties or simplification in the modelling. These uncertainties in the modelling process cause the predicted dynamics of a structure to be different from the measured dynamics of the real structure. If accurate measured data is available, then this data could be used to improve the numerical model in general and some uncertain parameters of the model in particular. Thus, among the Operational Modal Analysis method, the finite element model updating from the dynamic structural parameters identified experimentally, allows the adjustment of these models in order to obtain a more accurate estimation of behaviour of the structure.

Nowadays, the preservation of the architectural heritage is a fundamental aspect in the cultural development of modern cities. This heritage has to be preserved and different technical analysis are usually necessary to ensure its proper preservation. The main problem is that the greatest difficulty for the analytical analysis of kind of buildings is the high level of uncertainty associated with many factors. For example, slight modifications of the geometry or the mechanical properties of the structural materials can be the cause of great differences between the results obtained from an analytical analysis and others estimated experimentally. Due to this fact, before performing these analysis, non-destructive techniques are usually an indispensable tool to provide information about the current geometry and the structural behaviour of the building. Thus, the use of photogrammetric techniques and ambient vibration tests allows the right definition of the current geometry and the dynamic characterization of the building, respectively.

One of the first difficulties that can be detected in finite element models of historical buildings is the high level of uncertainty associated with many factors affecting the actual behaviour of the structure. Often the inaccuracies in this model will arise because of poorly known boundary conditions, unknown material properties or simplification in the modelling. These uncertainties in the modelling process cause the predicted dynamics of a structure to be different from the measured dynamics of the real structure. If accurate measured data is available, then this data could be used to improve the numerical model in general and some uncertain parameters of the model in particular. Thus, among the Operational Modal Analysis method, the finite element model updating from the dynamic structural parameters identified experimentally, allows the adjustment of these models in order to obtain a more accurate estimation of behaviour of the structure.

Unreinforced masonry is one of the oldest construction materials and main component of historical buildings. Masonry is a heterogeneous material with an anisotropic behavior and may fail quasi-brittle during earthquakes. This paper describes the main components and arrangements of historical masonry, seismic vulnerability and existing retrofitting techniques, especially prestressing. Based on the evolution of prestressing, it is developed a future perspective about the use of this technique on cultural heritage. Especial attention may be taken into account when using this technique because the compressive strength may be exceeded, leading to an explosive brittle failure. The correct application of prestressing requires the designing of a compatible device and optimal post-tensioning force that improves strength and ductility without endangering the structure., Se describen los principales componentes y arreglos de mampostería histórica, vulnerabilidad sísmica y técnicas existentes de refuerzo, principalmente presfuerzo. Tomando como base la evolución del presfuerzo, se presenta una perspectiva futura sobre su uso en la herencia cultural. Se requiere atención especial al usar esta técnica, ya que la resistencia a compresión puede ser excedida, presentando una falla frágil y explosiva. La aplicación correcta requiere el diseño de un dispositivo compatible con fuerza

Nowadays, the preservation of the architectural heritage is a fundamental aspect in the cultural development of modern cities. This heritage has to be preserved and different technical analysis are usually necessary to ensure its proper preservation. The main problem is that the greatest difficulty for the analytical analysis of kind of buildings is the high level of uncertainty associated with many factors. For example, slight modifications of the geometry or the mechanical properties of the structural materials can be the cause of great differences between the results obtained from an analytical analysis and others estimated experimentally. Due to this fact, before performing these analysis, non-destructive techniques are usually an indispensable tool to provide information about the current geometry and the structural behaviour of the building. Thus, the use of photogrammetric techniques and ambient vibration tests allows the right definition of the current geometry and the dynamic characterization of the building, respectively.

p. 710-722, The paper presents two examples of creative application of structural concrete from the beginnings of 20th century. Fascinating time of industrial development, emergence of new trends in the art and social changes opened new opportunities for architectural design. While some former tendencies remained still influential, new forms appeared, determined mostly by their structural system.

p. 710-722, The paper presents two examples of creative application of structural concrete from the beginnings of 20th century. Fascinating time of industrial development, emergence of new trends in the art and social changes opened new opportunities for architectural design. While some former tendencies remained still influential, new forms appeared, determined mostly by their structural system.

V teoretických kapitolách bakalářské práce je shrnut historický vývoj železobetonového stavitelství, včetně vlastností jednotlivých složek betonu. Dále je zpracována problematika hodnocení historicky cenných konstrukcí a používané diagnostické metody. V praktické kapitole je zpracován diagnostický průzkum vybrané historické konstrukce včetně ideového návrhu sanace., In the theoretical chapters of the bachelor thesis is summary of the historical development of reinforced concrete construction, including individual components of concrete. Furthermore, the issue of the evaluation of historically valuable structures and used diagnostic methods is processed. In the practical chapter there is a diagnostic survey of the selected historical structure including the conceptual design of rescue.

V teoretických kapitolách bakalářské práce je shrnut historický vývoj železobetonového stavitelství, včetně vlastností jednotlivých složek betonu. Dále je zpracována problematika hodnocení historicky cenných konstrukcí a používané diagnostické metody. V praktické kapitole je zpracován diagnostický průzkum vybrané historické konstrukce včetně ideového návrhu sanace., In the theoretical chapters of the bachelor thesis is summary of the historical development of reinforced concrete construction, including individual components of concrete. Furthermore, the issue of the evaluation of historically valuable structures and used diagnostic methods is processed. In the practical chapter there is a diagnostic survey of the selected historical structure including the conceptual design of rescue.

V teoretických kapitolách bakalářské práce je shrnut historický vývoj železobetonového stavitelství, včetně vlastností jednotlivých složek betonu. Dále je zpracována problematika hodnocení historicky cenných konstrukcí a používané diagnostické metody. V praktické kapitole je zpracován diagnostický průzkum vybrané historické konstrukce včetně ideového návrhu sanace., In the theoretical chapters of the bachelor thesis is summary of the historical development of reinforced concrete construction, including individual components of concrete. Furthermore, the issue of the evaluation of historically valuable structures and used diagnostic methods is processed. In the practical chapter there is a diagnostic survey of the selected historical structure including the conceptual design of rescue.

V teoretických kapitolách bakalářské práce je shrnut historický vývoj železobetonového stavitelství, včetně vlastností jednotlivých složek betonu. Dále je zpracována problematika hodnocení historicky cenných konstrukcí a používané diagnostické metody. V praktické kapitole je zpracován diagnostický průzkum vybrané historické konstrukce včetně ideového návrhu sanace., In the theoretical chapters of the bachelor thesis is summary of the historical development of reinforced concrete construction, including individual components of concrete. Furthermore, the issue of the evaluation of historically valuable structures and used diagnostic methods is processed. In the practical chapter there is a diagnostic survey of the selected historical structure including the conceptual design of rescue.