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1. Characterization of carbon thin films as an overcoating candidate material for the optics of NewATHENA

Author

O'Dell, Stephen L., Gaskin, Jessica A., Pareschi, Giovanni, Spiga, Daniele, Paredes-Sanz, D., Svendsen, S., Massahi, S., Ferreira, D. D.M., Gellert, N. C., Jegers, A. S., Henriksen, P. L., Landgraf, B., Thete, A., Ferreira, I., Bavdaz, M., Collon, M., Krumrey, M., Skroblin, D., Christensen, F. E., O'Dell, Stephen L., Gaskin, Jessica A., Pareschi, Giovanni, Spiga, Daniele, Paredes-Sanz, D., Svendsen, S., Massahi, S., Ferreira, D. D.M., Gellert, N. C., Jegers, A. S., Henriksen, P. L., Landgraf, B., Thete, A., Ferreira, I., Bavdaz, M., Collon, M., Krumrey, M., Skroblin, D., and Christensen, F. E.

Published
2023

2. Conceptual design of BabyIAXO, the intermediate stage towards the International Axion Observatory

Author

Abeln, A., Altenmüller, K., Arguedas Cuendis, S., Armengaud, E., Attié, D., Aune, S., Basso, S., Bergé, L., Biasuzzi, B., Borges De Sousa, P. T. C., Brun, P., Bykovskiy, N., Calvet, D., Carmona, J. M., Castel, J. F., Cebrián, S., Chernov, V., Christensen, F. E., Civitani, M. M., Cogollos, C., Dafní, T., Derbin, A., Desch, K., Díez, D., Dinter, M., Döbrich, B., Drachnev, I., Dudarev, A., Dumoulin, L., Ferreira, D. D. M., Ferrer-Ribas, E., Fleck, I., Galán, J., Gascón, D., Gastaldo, L., Giannotti, M., Giomataris, Y., Giuliani, A., Gninenko, S., Golm, J., Golubev, N., Hagge, L., Hahn, J., Hailey, C. J., Hengstler, D., Henriksen, P. L., Houdy, T., Iglesias-Marzoa, R., Iguaz, F. J., Irastorza, I. G., Iñiguez, C., Jakovčić, K., Kaminski, J., Kanoute, B., Karstensen, S., Kravchuk, L., Lakić, B., Lasserre, T., Laurent, P., Limousin, O., Lindner, A., Loidl, M., Lomskaya, I., López-Alegre, G., Lubsandorzhiev, B., Ludwig, K., Luzón, G., Malbrunot, C., Margalejo, C., Marin-Franch, A., Marnieros, S., Marutzky, F., Mauricio, J., Menesguen, Y., Mentink, M., Mertens, S., Mescia, F., Miralda-Escudé, J., Mirallas, H., Mols, J. P., Muratova, V., Navick, X. F., Nones, C., Notari, A., Nozik, A., Obis, L., Oriol, C., Orsini, F., Ortiz de Solórzano, A., Oster, S., Pais Da Silva, H. P., Pantuev, V., Papaevangelou, T., Pareschi, G., Perez, K., Pérez, O., Picatoste, E., Pivovaroff, M. J., Poda, D. V., Redondo, J., Ringwald, A., Rodrigues, M., Rueda-Teruel, F., Rueda-Teruel, S., Ruiz-Choliz, E., Ruz, J., Saemann, E. O., Salvado, J., Schiffer, T., Schmidt, S., Schneekloth, U., Schott, M., Segui, L., Tavecchio, F., ten Kate, H. H. J., Tkachev, I., Troitsky, S., Unger, D., Unzhakov, E., Ushakov, N., Vogel, J. K., Voronin, D., Weltman, A., Werthenbach, U., Wuensch, W., Yanes-Díaz, A., collaboration, The IAXO, Abeln, A., Altenmüller, K., Arguedas Cuendis, S., Armengaud, E., Attié, D., Aune, S., Basso, S., Bergé, L., Biasuzzi, B., Borges De Sousa, P. T. C., Brun, P., Bykovskiy, N., Calvet, D., Carmona, J. M., Castel, J. F., Cebrián, S., Chernov, V., Christensen, F. E., Civitani, M. M., Cogollos, C., Dafní, T., Derbin, A., Desch, K., Díez, D., Dinter, M., Döbrich, B., Drachnev, I., Dudarev, A., Dumoulin, L., Ferreira, D. D. M., Ferrer-Ribas, E., Fleck, I., Galán, J., Gascón, D., Gastaldo, L., Giannotti, M., Giomataris, Y., Giuliani, A., Gninenko, S., Golm, J., Golubev, N., Hagge, L., Hahn, J., Hailey, C. J., Hengstler, D., Henriksen, P. L., Houdy, T., Iglesias-Marzoa, R., Iguaz, F. J., Irastorza, I. G., Iñiguez, C., Jakovčić, K., Kaminski, J., Kanoute, B., Karstensen, S., Kravchuk, L., Lakić, B., Lasserre, T., Laurent, P., Limousin, O., Lindner, A., Loidl, M., Lomskaya, I., López-Alegre, G., Lubsandorzhiev, B., Ludwig, K., Luzón, G., Malbrunot, C., Margalejo, C., Marin-Franch, A., Marnieros, S., Marutzky, F., Mauricio, J., Menesguen, Y., Mentink, M., Mertens, S., Mescia, F., Miralda-Escudé, J., Mirallas, H., Mols, J. P., Muratova, V., Navick, X. F., Nones, C., Notari, A., Nozik, A., Obis, L., Oriol, C., Orsini, F., Ortiz de Solórzano, A., Oster, S., Pais Da Silva, H. P., Pantuev, V., Papaevangelou, T., Pareschi, G., Perez, K., Pérez, O., Picatoste, E., Pivovaroff, M. J., Poda, D. V., Redondo, J., Ringwald, A., Rodrigues, M., Rueda-Teruel, F., Rueda-Teruel, S., Ruiz-Choliz, E., Ruz, J., Saemann, E. O., Salvado, J., Schiffer, T., Schmidt, S., Schneekloth, U., Schott, M., Segui, L., Tavecchio, F., ten Kate, H. H. J., Tkachev, I., Troitsky, S., Unger, D., Unzhakov, E., Ushakov, N., Vogel, J. K., Voronin, D., Weltman, A., Werthenbach, U., Wuensch, W., Yanes-Díaz, A., and collaboration, The IAXO

Published
2021

3. Axion search with BabyIAXO in view of IAXO

Author

Galan, Javier, Abeln, A., Altenmüller, K., Arguedas Cuendis, S., Armengaud, E., Attié, D., Aune, S., Basso, S., Bergé, L., Biasuzzi, B., Borges De Sousa, P. T. C., Brun, P., Bykovskiy, N., Calvet, D., Carmona, J. M., Castel, J. F., Cebrian, S., Chernov, V., Christensen, F. E., Civitani, M.M., Cogollos, C., Dafni, T., Derbin, A., Desch, K., Díez, D., Dinter, M., Dobrich, B., Drachnev, I., Dudarev, A., Dumoulin, L., Ferreira, D. D. M., Ferrer-Ribas, E., Fleck, I., Gascon, D., Gastaldo, L., Giannotti, M., Giomataris, Y., Giuliani, A., Gninenko, S., Golm, J., Golubev, N., Hagge, L., Hahn, J., Hailey, C. J., Hengstler, D., Henriksen, P. L., Iglesias-Marzoa, R., Iguaz-Gutierrez, F. J., Irastorza, I. G., Iñiguez, C., Jakovčić, K., Kaminski, J., Kanoute, B., Karstensen, S., Kravchuk, L., Lakić, B., Lasserre, T., Laurent, P., Limousin, O., Lindner, A., Loidl, M., Lomskaya, I., López-Alegre, G., Lubsandorzhiev, B., Ludwig, K., Luzon, G., Malbrunot, C., Margalejo, C., Marin-Franch, A., Marnieros, S., Marutzky, F., Mauricio, J., Menesguen, Y., Mentink, M., Mescia, F., Miralda-Escudé, J., Mirallas, H., Mols, J. P., Muratova, V., Navick, X. F., Nones, C., Notari, A., Nozik, A., Obis, L., Oriol, C., Orsini, F., Ortiz de Solórzano, A., Oster, S., Pais Da Silva, H. P., Pantuev, V., Papaevangelou, T., Pareschi, G., Perez, K., Pérez, O., Picatoste, E., Pivovaroff, M. J., Poda, D. V., Redondo, J., Ringwald, A., Rodrigues, M. R.D., Rueda-Teruel, F., Rueda-Teruel, S., Ruiz-Choliz, E., Ruz, J., Saemann, E. O., Salvado, J., Schiffer, T., Schmidt, S., Schneekloth, U., Schott, M., Segui, L., Tavecchio, F., ten Kate, H. H. J., Tkachev, I., Troitsky, S., Unger, D., Unzhakov, E., Ushakov, N., Vogel, J. K., Voronin, D., Weltman, A., Werthenbach, U., Wuensch, W., Yanes-Díaz, A., Galan, Javier, Abeln, A., Altenmüller, K., Arguedas Cuendis, S., Armengaud, E., Attié, D., Aune, S., Basso, S., Bergé, L., Biasuzzi, B., Borges De Sousa, P. T. C., Brun, P., Bykovskiy, N., Calvet, D., Carmona, J. M., Castel, J. F., Cebrian, S., Chernov, V., Christensen, F. E., Civitani, M.M., Cogollos, C., Dafni, T., Derbin, A., Desch, K., Díez, D., Dinter, M., Dobrich, B., Drachnev, I., Dudarev, A., Dumoulin, L., Ferreira, D. D. M., Ferrer-Ribas, E., Fleck, I., Gascon, D., Gastaldo, L., Giannotti, M., Giomataris, Y., Giuliani, A., Gninenko, S., Golm, J., Golubev, N., Hagge, L., Hahn, J., Hailey, C. J., Hengstler, D., Henriksen, P. L., Iglesias-Marzoa, R., Iguaz-Gutierrez, F. J., Irastorza, I. G., Iñiguez, C., Jakovčić, K., Kaminski, J., Kanoute, B., Karstensen, S., Kravchuk, L., Lakić, B., Lasserre, T., Laurent, P., Limousin, O., Lindner, A., Loidl, M., Lomskaya, I., López-Alegre, G., Lubsandorzhiev, B., Ludwig, K., Luzon, G., Malbrunot, C., Margalejo, C., Marin-Franch, A., Marnieros, S., Marutzky, F., Mauricio, J., Menesguen, Y., Mentink, M., Mescia, F., Miralda-Escudé, J., Mirallas, H., Mols, J. P., Muratova, V., Navick, X. F., Nones, C., Notari, A., Nozik, A., Obis, L., Oriol, C., Orsini, F., Ortiz de Solórzano, A., Oster, S., Pais Da Silva, H. P., Pantuev, V., Papaevangelou, T., Pareschi, G., Perez, K., Pérez, O., Picatoste, E., Pivovaroff, M. J., Poda, D. V., Redondo, J., Ringwald, A., Rodrigues, M. R.D., Rueda-Teruel, F., Rueda-Teruel, S., Ruiz-Choliz, E., Ruz, J., Saemann, E. O., Salvado, J., Schiffer, T., Schmidt, S., Schneekloth, U., Schott, M., Segui, L., Tavecchio, F., ten Kate, H. H. J., Tkachev, I., Troitsky, S., Unger, D., Unzhakov, E., Ushakov, N., Vogel, J. K., Voronin, D., Weltman, A., Werthenbach, U., Wuensch, W., and Yanes-Díaz, A.

Abstract

Axions are a natural consequence of the Peccei-Quinn mechanism, the most compelling solution to the strong-CP problem. Similar axion-like particles (ALPs) also appear in a number of possible extensions of the Standard Model, notably in string theories. Both axions and ALPs are very well motivated candidates for Dark Matter, and in addition, they would be copiously produced at the sun’s core. A relevant effort during the last decade has been the CAST experiment at CERN, the most sensitive axion helioscope to-date. The International Axion Observatory (IAXO) is a large-scale 4th generation helioscope. As its primary physics goal, IAXO will look for solar axions or ALPs with a signal to background ratio of about 5 orders of magnitude higher than CAST. Recently the IAXO collaboration has proposed and intermediate experimental stage, BabyIAXO, conceived to test all IAXO subsystems (magnet, optics, detectors and sun-tracking systems) at a relevant scale for the final system and thus serve as pathfinder for IAXO but at the same time as a fully-fledged helioscope with record and relevant physics reach in itself with potential for discovery. BabyIAXO was endorsed by the Physics Review committee of DESY last May 2019. Here we will review the status and prospects of BabyIAXO and its potential to probe the most physics motivated regions of the axion & ALPs parameter space.

Published
2021

4. The effect of deposition process parameters on thin film coatings for the Athena X-ray optics

Author

O'Dell, Stephen L., Gaskin, Jessica A., Pareschi, Giovanni, Massahi, S., Ferreira, D. D. M., Christensen, F. E., Gellert, N., Svendsen, S., Henriksen, P. L., S'jegers, A., Collon, M., Landgraf, B., Girou, D., Thete, A., Shortt, B., Ferreira, I., Bavdaz, M., Schönberger, W., Langer, A., O'Dell, Stephen L., Gaskin, Jessica A., Pareschi, Giovanni, Massahi, S., Ferreira, D. D. M., Christensen, F. E., Gellert, N., Svendsen, S., Henriksen, P. L., S'jegers, A., Collon, M., Landgraf, B., Girou, D., Thete, A., Shortt, B., Ferreira, I., Bavdaz, M., Schönberger, W., and Langer, A.

Abstract

The thin film coating technology for the European Space Agency mission, Advanced Telescope for High-Energy Astrophysics (Athena) has been established. The X-ray optics of the Athena telescope is based on Silicon Pore Optics (SPO) technology which is enhanced by the thin film coatings deposited on the reflective surface of the SPO plates. In this work, we present a literature study of the coating process parameter space and provide an overview of the thin film properties with a focus on micro roughness, chemical composition and wear resistance when deposited under various process conditions. We determined, that the thin film density depends strongly on the mobility of the adatoms on the substrate surface. Some coating process parameters, which have a significant impact on the adatom mobility are the discharge voltage, the working gas pressure and the substrate temperature.

Published
2021

5. Compatibility of iridium thin films with the silicon pore optics technology for Athena

Author

O'Dell, Stephen L., Gaskin, Jessica A., Pareschi, Giovanni, Svendsen, S., Ferreira, D. D.M., Massahi, S., Henriksen, P. L., Gellert, N. C., S'jegers, A., Christensen, F. E., Landgraf, B., Thete, A., Collon, M., Ferreira, I., Shortt, B., Bavdaz, M., O'Dell, Stephen L., Gaskin, Jessica A., Pareschi, Giovanni, Svendsen, S., Ferreira, D. D.M., Massahi, S., Henriksen, P. L., Gellert, N. C., S'jegers, A., Christensen, F. E., Landgraf, B., Thete, A., Collon, M., Ferreira, I., Shortt, B., and Bavdaz, M.

Abstract

The development of high-quality thin film coatings for the Athena X-ray optics is progressing, following the commissioning of an industrial scale coating facility. The assembly of silicon pore optics into mirror modules for the Athena telescope requires wet-chemical exposure of coated mirror plates to prepare bonding areas for stacking, as well as an annealing step to improve bond strength. It is therefore critical to evaluate how these post-coating processes could affect the mirror coating performance and stability. We present X-ray reflectometry characterization of iridium thin films deposited on photoresist patterned Silicon Pore Optics plates to investigate the compatibility with the stacking process steps for the manufacturing of the Athena optics.

Published
2021

6. Hands-on project aimed at technical education:Realizing a DC magnetron sputtering system

Author

Hahlweg, Cornelius F., Mulley, Joseph R., Massahi, S., Ferreira, D. D.M., Avngaard, Michael H., Christensen, A. B., Haugbølle, D. T., Jensen, K. W., Mejnertz, I. F., Selsner, J. S., Westermann, M. J., Fléron, R., Christensen, F. E., Gellert, N., Svendsen, S., Henriksen, P. L., Jegers, A., Hahlweg, Cornelius F., Mulley, Joseph R., Massahi, S., Ferreira, D. D.M., Avngaard, Michael H., Christensen, A. B., Haugbølle, D. T., Jensen, K. W., Mejnertz, I. F., Selsner, J. S., Westermann, M. J., Fléron, R., Christensen, F. E., Gellert, N., Svendsen, S., Henriksen, P. L., and Jegers, A.

Abstract

We present a teaching concept which combines theory, experimental work, project management and organization. As part of the Earth and Space Physics and Engineering education at DTU Space, a group of first year undergraduate students were given the task to design, build and test a DC magnetron sputtering system within a very limited budget and time frame. The teaching concept is designed to promote the students' autonomous learning, and a major part of the project was to teach the students how to develop group dynamics successfully. The students successfully managed to build a direct current magnetron sputtering system wherein a plasma glow was produced. The system can be used for depositing thin film coatings, an enabling technology for numerous applications.

Published
2021

7. Impact of annealing on performance of X-ray mirror coatings for Athena

Author

O'Dell, Stephen L., Gaskin, Jessica A., Pareschi, Giovanni, Henriksen, P. L., Ferreira, D. D.M., Massahi, S., Svendsen, S., Gellert, N., Christensen, F. E., Jegers, A. S., Landgraf, B., Thete, A., Collon, M., Handick, E., Cibik, L., Krumrey, M., Gollwitzer, C., Ferreira, I., Shortt, B., Bavdaz, M., O'Dell, Stephen L., Gaskin, Jessica A., Pareschi, Giovanni, Henriksen, P. L., Ferreira, D. D.M., Massahi, S., Svendsen, S., Gellert, N., Christensen, F. E., Jegers, A. S., Landgraf, B., Thete, A., Collon, M., Handick, E., Cibik, L., Krumrey, M., Gollwitzer, C., Ferreira, I., Shortt, B., and Bavdaz, M.

Abstract

As part of the manufacturing process of mirror modules for the Athena X-ray telescope, Silicon Pore Optics plates are assembled into mirror module stacks. The plates that form each stack are held together by direct bonding, relying on van der Waals forces and covalent bonds for adhesion. One way to increase the strength of the covalent bonds is through annealing of the mirror stacks. It is of critical importance to the mission to ensure compatibility between the reflective coating and any post-coating processing of the plates. We present our findings of the impact of annealing on the X-ray re ectance of coated mirrors relevant for the Athena mission. These are Ir single layers, as well as Ir/B4C, Ir/SiC, and Ir/C bilayers. We investigate the effect on the performance of the coatings after annealing at atmospheric pressure and at a low vacuum using X-ray reflectometry. B4C is found to suffer degradation from annealing under atmospheric conditions but not when annealed in vacuum. All other materials investigated are robust to atmospheric annealing.

Published
2021

8. Conceptual Design of BabyIAXO, the intermediate stage towards the International Axion Observatory

Author

Abeln, A., Altenmüller, K., Cuendis, S. Arguedas, Armengaud, E., Attié, D., Aune, S., Basso, S., Bergé, L., Biasuzzi, B., De Sousa, P. T. C. Borges, Brun, P., Bykovskiy, N., Calvet, D., Carmona, J. M., Castel, J. F., Cebrián, S., Chernov, V., Christensen, F. E., Civitani, M. M., Cogollos, C., Dafní, T., Derbin, A., Desch, K., Díez, D., Dinter, M., Döbrich, B., Drachnev, I., Dudarev, A., Dumoulin, L., Ferreira, D. D. M., Ferrer-Ribas, E., Fleck, I., Galán, J., Gascón, D., Gastaldo, L., Giannotti, M., Giomataris, Y., Giuliani, A., Gninenko, S., Golm, J., Golubev, N., Hagge, L., Hahn, J., Hailey, C. J., Hengstler, D., Henriksen, P. L., Houdy, T., Iglesias-Marzoa, R., Iguaz, F. J., Irastorza, I. G., Iñiguez, C., Jakovcic, K., Kaminski, J., Kanoute, B., Karstensen, S., Kravchuk, L., Lakic, B., Lasserre, T., Laurent, P., Limousin, O., Lindner, A., Loidl, M., Lomskaya, I., López-Alegre, G., Lubsandorzhiev, B., Ludwig, K., Luzón, G., Malbrunot, C., Margalejo, C., Marin-Franch, A., Marnieros, S., Marutzky, F., Mauricio, J., Menesguen, Y., Mentink, M., Mertens, S., Mescia, F., Miralda-Escudé, J., Mirallas, H., Mols, J. P., Muratova, V., Navick, X. F., Nones, C., Notari, A., Nozik, A., Obis, L., Oriol, C., Orsini, F., de Solórzano, A. Ortiz, Oster, S., Da Silva, H. P. Pais, Pantuev, V., Papaevangelou, T., Pareschi, G., Perez, K., Pérez, O., Picatoste, E., Pivovaroff, M. J., Poda, D. V., Redondo, J., Ringwald, A., Rodrigues, M., Rueda-Teruel, F., Rueda-Teruel, S., Ruiz-Choliz, E., Ruz, J., Saemann, E. O., Salvado, J., Schiffer, T., Schmidt, S., Schneekloth, U., Schott, M., Segui, L., Tavecchio, F., Kate, H. H. J. ten, Tkachev, I., Troitsky, S., Unger, D., Unzhakov, E., Ushakov, N., Vogel, J. K., Voronin, D., Weltman, A., Werthenbach, U., Wuensch, W., Yanes-Díaz, A., Abeln, A., Altenmüller, K., Cuendis, S. Arguedas, Armengaud, E., Attié, D., Aune, S., Basso, S., Bergé, L., Biasuzzi, B., De Sousa, P. T. C. Borges, Brun, P., Bykovskiy, N., Calvet, D., Carmona, J. M., Castel, J. F., Cebrián, S., Chernov, V., Christensen, F. E., Civitani, M. M., Cogollos, C., Dafní, T., Derbin, A., Desch, K., Díez, D., Dinter, M., Döbrich, B., Drachnev, I., Dudarev, A., Dumoulin, L., Ferreira, D. D. M., Ferrer-Ribas, E., Fleck, I., Galán, J., Gascón, D., Gastaldo, L., Giannotti, M., Giomataris, Y., Giuliani, A., Gninenko, S., Golm, J., Golubev, N., Hagge, L., Hahn, J., Hailey, C. J., Hengstler, D., Henriksen, P. L., Houdy, T., Iglesias-Marzoa, R., Iguaz, F. J., Irastorza, I. G., Iñiguez, C., Jakovcic, K., Kaminski, J., Kanoute, B., Karstensen, S., Kravchuk, L., Lakic, B., Lasserre, T., Laurent, P., Limousin, O., Lindner, A., Loidl, M., Lomskaya, I., López-Alegre, G., Lubsandorzhiev, B., Ludwig, K., Luzón, G., Malbrunot, C., Margalejo, C., Marin-Franch, A., Marnieros, S., Marutzky, F., Mauricio, J., Menesguen, Y., Mentink, M., Mertens, S., Mescia, F., Miralda-Escudé, J., Mirallas, H., Mols, J. P., Muratova, V., Navick, X. F., Nones, C., Notari, A., Nozik, A., Obis, L., Oriol, C., Orsini, F., de Solórzano, A. Ortiz, Oster, S., Da Silva, H. P. Pais, Pantuev, V., Papaevangelou, T., Pareschi, G., Perez, K., Pérez, O., Picatoste, E., Pivovaroff, M. J., Poda, D. V., Redondo, J., Ringwald, A., Rodrigues, M., Rueda-Teruel, F., Rueda-Teruel, S., Ruiz-Choliz, E., Ruz, J., Saemann, E. O., Salvado, J., Schiffer, T., Schmidt, S., Schneekloth, U., Schott, M., Segui, L., Tavecchio, F., Kate, H. H. J. ten, Tkachev, I., Troitsky, S., Unger, D., Unzhakov, E., Ushakov, N., Vogel, J. K., Voronin, D., Weltman, A., Werthenbach, U., Wuensch, W., and Yanes-Díaz, A.

Abstract

This article describes BabyIAXO, an intermediate experimental stage of the International Axion Observatory (IAXO), proposed to be sited at DESY. IAXO is a large-scale axion helioscope that will look for axions and axion-like particles (ALPs), produced in the Sun, with unprecedented sensitivity. BabyIAXO is conceived to test all IAXO subsystems (magnet, optics and detectors) at a relevant scale for the final system and thus serve as prototype for IAXO, but at the same time as a fully-fledged helioscope with relevant physics reach itself, and with potential for discovery. The BabyIAXO magnet will feature two 10 m long, 70 cm diameter bores, and will host two detection lines (optics and detector) of dimensions similar to the final ones foreseen for IAXO. BabyIAXO will detect or reject solar axions or ALPs with axion-photon couplings down to $g_{a\gamma} \sim 1.5 \times 10^{-11}$ GeV$^{-1}$, and masses up to $m_a\sim 0.25$ eV. BabyIAXO will offer additional opportunities for axion research in view of IAXO, like the development of precision x-ray detectors to identify particular spectral features in the solar axion spectrum, and the implementation of radiofrequency-cavity-based axion dark matter setups., Comment: 77 pages, 49 figures. Prepared for submission to JHEP. Third version after referees comments

Published
2020

9. Conceptual Design of BabyIAXO, the intermediate stage towards the International Axion Observatory

Author

Abeln, A., Altenmüller, K., Cuendis, S. Arguedas, Armengaud, E., Attié, D., Aune, S., Basso, S., Bergé, L., Biasuzzi, B., De Sousa, P. T. C. Borges, Brun, P., Bykovskiy, N., Calvet, D., Carmona, J. M., Castel, J. F., Cebrián, S., Chernov, V., Christensen, F. E., Civitani, M. M., Cogollos, C., Dafní, T., Derbin, A., Desch, K., Díez, D., Dinter, M., Döbrich, B., Drachnev, I., Dudarev, A., Dumoulin, L., Ferreira, D. D. M., Ferrer-Ribas, E., Fleck, I., Galán, J., Gascón, D., Gastaldo, L., Giannotti, M., Giomataris, Y., Giuliani, A., Gninenko, S., Golm, J., Golubev, N., Hagge, L., Hahn, J., Hailey, C. J., Hengstler, D., Henriksen, P. L., Houdy, T., Iglesias-Marzoa, R., Iguaz, F. J., Irastorza, I. G., Iñiguez, C., Jakovcic, K., Kaminski, J., Kanoute, B., Karstensen, S., Kravchuk, L., Lakic, B., Lasserre, T., Laurent, P., Limousin, O., Lindner, A., Loidl, M., Lomskaya, I., López-Alegre, G., Lubsandorzhiev, B., Ludwig, K., Luzón, G., Malbrunot, C., Margalejo, C., Marin-Franch, A., Marnieros, S., Marutzky, F., Mauricio, J., Menesguen, Y., Mentink, M., Mertens, S., Mescia, F., Miralda-Escudé, J., Mirallas, H., Mols, J. P., Muratova, V., Navick, X. F., Nones, C., Notari, A., Nozik, A., Obis, L., Oriol, C., Orsini, F., de Solórzano, A. Ortiz, Oster, S., Da Silva, H. P. Pais, Pantuev, V., Papaevangelou, T., Pareschi, G., Perez, K., Pérez, O., Picatoste, E., Pivovaroff, M. J., Poda, D. V., Redondo, J., Ringwald, A., Rodrigues, M., Rueda-Teruel, F., Rueda-Teruel, S., Ruiz-Choliz, E., Ruz, J., Saemann, E. O., Salvado, J., Schiffer, T., Schmidt, S., Schneekloth, U., Schott, M., Segui, L., Tavecchio, F., Kate, H. H. J. ten, Tkachev, I., Troitsky, S., Unger, D., Unzhakov, E., Ushakov, N., Vogel, J. K., Voronin, D., Weltman, A., Werthenbach, U., Wuensch, W., Yanes-Díaz, A., Abeln, A., Altenmüller, K., Cuendis, S. Arguedas, Armengaud, E., Attié, D., Aune, S., Basso, S., Bergé, L., Biasuzzi, B., De Sousa, P. T. C. Borges, Brun, P., Bykovskiy, N., Calvet, D., Carmona, J. M., Castel, J. F., Cebrián, S., Chernov, V., Christensen, F. E., Civitani, M. M., Cogollos, C., Dafní, T., Derbin, A., Desch, K., Díez, D., Dinter, M., Döbrich, B., Drachnev, I., Dudarev, A., Dumoulin, L., Ferreira, D. D. M., Ferrer-Ribas, E., Fleck, I., Galán, J., Gascón, D., Gastaldo, L., Giannotti, M., Giomataris, Y., Giuliani, A., Gninenko, S., Golm, J., Golubev, N., Hagge, L., Hahn, J., Hailey, C. J., Hengstler, D., Henriksen, P. L., Houdy, T., Iglesias-Marzoa, R., Iguaz, F. J., Irastorza, I. G., Iñiguez, C., Jakovcic, K., Kaminski, J., Kanoute, B., Karstensen, S., Kravchuk, L., Lakic, B., Lasserre, T., Laurent, P., Limousin, O., Lindner, A., Loidl, M., Lomskaya, I., López-Alegre, G., Lubsandorzhiev, B., Ludwig, K., Luzón, G., Malbrunot, C., Margalejo, C., Marin-Franch, A., Marnieros, S., Marutzky, F., Mauricio, J., Menesguen, Y., Mentink, M., Mertens, S., Mescia, F., Miralda-Escudé, J., Mirallas, H., Mols, J. P., Muratova, V., Navick, X. F., Nones, C., Notari, A., Nozik, A., Obis, L., Oriol, C., Orsini, F., de Solórzano, A. Ortiz, Oster, S., Da Silva, H. P. Pais, Pantuev, V., Papaevangelou, T., Pareschi, G., Perez, K., Pérez, O., Picatoste, E., Pivovaroff, M. J., Poda, D. V., Redondo, J., Ringwald, A., Rodrigues, M., Rueda-Teruel, F., Rueda-Teruel, S., Ruiz-Choliz, E., Ruz, J., Saemann, E. O., Salvado, J., Schiffer, T., Schmidt, S., Schneekloth, U., Schott, M., Segui, L., Tavecchio, F., Kate, H. H. J. ten, Tkachev, I., Troitsky, S., Unger, D., Unzhakov, E., Ushakov, N., Vogel, J. K., Voronin, D., Weltman, A., Werthenbach, U., Wuensch, W., and Yanes-Díaz, A.

Abstract

This article describes BabyIAXO, an intermediate experimental stage of the International Axion Observatory (IAXO), proposed to be sited at DESY. IAXO is a large-scale axion helioscope that will look for axions and axion-like particles (ALPs), produced in the Sun, with unprecedented sensitivity. BabyIAXO is conceived to test all IAXO subsystems (magnet, optics and detectors) at a relevant scale for the final system and thus serve as prototype for IAXO, but at the same time as a fully-fledged helioscope with relevant physics reach itself, and with potential for discovery. The BabyIAXO magnet will feature two 10 m long, 70 cm diameter bores, and will host two detection lines (optics and detector) of dimensions similar to the final ones foreseen for IAXO. BabyIAXO will detect or reject solar axions or ALPs with axion-photon couplings down to $g_{a\gamma} \sim 1.5 \times 10^{-11}$ GeV$^{-1}$, and masses up to $m_a\sim 0.25$ eV. BabyIAXO will offer additional opportunities for axion research in view of IAXO, like the development of precision x-ray detectors to identify particular spectral features in the solar axion spectrum, and the implementation of radiofrequency-cavity-based axion dark matter setups., Comment: 77 pages, 49 figures. Prepared for submission to JHEP. Third version after referees comments

Published
2020

10. Status of the Ir and Ir/SiC coating development for the Athena optics

Author

Svendsen, S., Ferreira, D. D. M., Massahi, S., Jafari, A., Henriksen, P. L., Gellert, N. C., Vu, L. M., Christensen, F. E., Shortt, B., Landgraf, B., Girou, D. A., Collon, M., Cibik, L., Handick, E., Krumrey, M., Svendsen, S., Ferreira, D. D. M., Massahi, S., Jafari, A., Henriksen, P. L., Gellert, N. C., Vu, L. M., Christensen, F. E., Shortt, B., Landgraf, B., Girou, D. A., Collon, M., Cibik, L., Handick, E., and Krumrey, M.

Abstract

The Advanced Telescope for High ENergy Astrophysics (Athena) is a Cosmic Vision L-class mission of the European Space Agency selected for launch in the early 2030s1. The observatory features a single X-ray telescope with a 12 m focal length. The focusing Wolter-I optics is based on Silicon Pore Optics (SPO) technology2. The Athena science objectives require a high performance in the 0.3-12 keV range which is obtained with X-ray reflective thin films.

Published
2020

11. Example telescope simulations with the AstroX telescope toolbox for McXtrace

Author

Knudsen, E. B., Svendsen, S., Henriksen, P. L., Willendrup, P. K., Ferreira, D. D. M., Knudsen, E. B., Svendsen, S., Henriksen, P. L., Willendrup, P. K., and Ferreira, D. D. M.

Abstract

We present a number of example studies of telescope optics using the latest version of the AstroX add on toolbox for McXtrace. Among which are first, a benchmark study of effective area and vignetting for the Chandra X-ray Observatory. Second, a convenient way of building a telescope model (in this case NuSTAR) with many similar optical elements scripted using a python module. This lends itself well to be included in online notebooks and/or for teaching. Third, we show a new AstroX module for lobster eye optics, and fourth, a study of the proposed solar axion telescope BabyIAXO.

Published
2020

12. Investigation of boron carbide and iridium thin films, an enabling technology for future x-ray telescopes

Author

Massahi, S., Christensen, F. E., Ferreira, D. D. M., Svendsen, S., Henriksen, P. L., Vu, L. M., Gellert, N. C., Jegers, A. S, Shortt, B., Bavdaz, M., Ferreira, I., Collon, M., Landgraf, B., Girou, David Alain, Sokolov, A., Schoenberger, W., Massahi, S., Christensen, F. E., Ferreira, D. D. M., Svendsen, S., Henriksen, P. L., Vu, L. M., Gellert, N. C., Jegers, A. S, Shortt, B., Bavdaz, M., Ferreira, I., Collon, M., Landgraf, B., Girou, David Alain, Sokolov, A., and Schoenberger, W.

Abstract

We present an experimental examination of iridium and boron carbide thin-film coatings for the purpose of fabricating x-ray optics. We use a combination of x-ray reflectometry and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to model the structure, composition, density, thickness, and micro-roughness of the thin films. We demonstrate in our analyses how the two characterization techniques are complementary, and from this we derive that an overlayer originating from atmospheric contamination with a thickness between 1.0–1.6 nm is present on the surface. The magnetron sputtered iridium films are measured to have a density of 22.4g/cm3. The boron carbide film exhibits a change in chemical composition in the top ∼2nm of the film surface when exposed to the ambient atmosphere. The chemical reaction occurring on the surface is due to an incorporation of oxygen and hydrogen present in the ambient atmosphere. Lastly, we present a correlation between the absorption edges and the emission lines exhibited by the thin films in an energy range from 50–800 eV and the impact on the reflectivity performance due to contamination in thin films.

Published
2020

13. Balancing of residual stress in thin film iridium by utilizing chromium as an underlayer

Author

den Herder, Jan-Willem A., Nikzad, Shouleh, Nakazawa, Kazuhiro, Massahi, S., Vu, L. M., Ferreira, D. D.M., Christensen, F. E., Gellert, N., Henriksen, P. L., Svendsen, S., Jegers, A. S., Collon, M., Landgraf, B., Girou, D., Thete, A., Shortt, B., Ferreira, I., Bavdaz, M., den Herder, Jan-Willem A., Nikzad, Shouleh, Nakazawa, Kazuhiro, Massahi, S., Vu, L. M., Ferreira, D. D.M., Christensen, F. E., Gellert, N., Henriksen, P. L., Svendsen, S., Jegers, A. S., Collon, M., Landgraf, B., Girou, D., Thete, A., Shortt, B., Ferreira, I., and Bavdaz, M.

Abstract

As part of the thin film development for the Athena X-ray telescope and X-ray optics in general, we investigated the residual stress in iridium and chromium thin films deposited using direct current magnetron sputtering. Residual stresses in thin films can affect the performance and adhesion properties of the fabricated thin film coated X-ray optics. We characterized the thin films using X-ray reflectometry to determine the thin film thicknesses and stylus profilometry to determine the residual film stresses. To counterbalance the compressive stress identified in the iridium thin films, we introduced a chromium thin film layer for which the residual stress is tensile beneath the iridium film. However, chromium thin films are known to exhibit a grainy growth resulting in a high surface roughness which was also observed in this work. In this paper, we evaluated the effect on the iridium surface roughness when introducing a chromium underlayer and discussed the effect on the X-ray optics performance.

Published
2020

14. Balancing of residual stress in thin film iridium by utilizing chromium as an underlayer

Author

Massahi, S., Vu, L. M., Ferreira, D. D.M., Christensen, F. E., Gellert, N., Henriksen, P. L., Svendsen, S., Jegers, A. S., Collon, M., Landgraf, B., Girou, D., Thete, A., Shortt, B., Ferreira, I., Bavdaz, M., Massahi, S., Vu, L. M., Ferreira, D. D.M., Christensen, F. E., Gellert, N., Henriksen, P. L., Svendsen, S., Jegers, A. S., Collon, M., Landgraf, B., Girou, D., Thete, A., Shortt, B., Ferreira, I., and Bavdaz, M.

Abstract

The demand for X-ray optics increases and so do their performance requirements. Iridium (Ir) thin film coatings have proven to be very robust and exhibit excellent reflective properties within the X-ray regime. However, the residual stress in Ir thin films is high and studies show that thin film Ir coatings with a thickness of 10–30 nm exhibit residual compressive stress1 as illustrated in Figure 1.

Published
2020

15. Qualification and performance of the Low-Energy X-ray Reflectometer (LEXR)

Author

Henriksen, P. L., Christensen, F. E., Massahi, S., Ferreira, D. D.M., Svendsen, S., Gellert, N., Vu, L. M., Jegers, A. S., Shortt, B., Henriksen, P. L., Christensen, F. E., Massahi, S., Ferreira, D. D.M., Svendsen, S., Gellert, N., Vu, L. M., Jegers, A. S., and Shortt, B.

Abstract

With a number of upcoming spaceborne and ground-based observatories equipped with X-ray telescopes that rely on high throughput at low energies, it is crucial to characterize these optics at the relevant energies to obtain a detailed understanding of their behavior and performance. DTU Space has commissioned a state-of-the-art Low-Energy X-ray Reflectometer (LEXR) with the purpose of studying thin-film performance of especially low-Z X-ray coatings.

Published
2020

16. Qualification and performance of the Low-Energy X-ray Reflectometer (LEXR)

Author

den Herder, Jan-Willem A., Nikzad, Shouleh, Nakazawa, Kazuhiro, Henriksen, P. L., Christensen, F. E., Massahi, S., Ferreira, D. D.M., Svendsen, S., Gellert, N., Vu, L. M., Jegers, A. S., Shortt, B., den Herder, Jan-Willem A., Nikzad, Shouleh, Nakazawa, Kazuhiro, Henriksen, P. L., Christensen, F. E., Massahi, S., Ferreira, D. D.M., Svendsen, S., Gellert, N., Vu, L. M., Jegers, A. S., and Shortt, B.

Abstract

A state-of-the-art Low-Energy X-ray Reflectometer (LEXR) is in operation at DTU Space with the main purpose of characterizing coatings for the Advanced Telescope for High-ENergy Astrophysics (ATHENA), a selected Lclass ESA mission. In particular, soft materials are difficult to characterize at higher energies so the 1.487 keV beamline compliments our existing 8.048 keV reflectometer, allowing for a more complete understanding of thinfilm X-ray characteristics. Documenting and qualifying the as-deposited coatings for X-ray telescope optics is of crucial importance, both to ensure that the effective area requirements are met, but also to quantify any temporal evolution in coating characteristics as well as the impact of manufacturing process parameters on mirror performance. It is notably relevant in the case of ATHENA, as there is a desire to enhance the low-energy performance by using a low-Z material overcoating on top of the Ir coating. We report on the commissioning and qualify the performance of the as-built 1.487 keV reflectometer as well as discuss measurement repeatability and system limitations

Published
2020

17. Installation and commissioning of the silicon pore optics coating facility for the ATHENA mission

Author

O'Dell, Stephen L., Pareschi, Giovanni, Massahi, S., Christensen, F. E., Ferreira, D. D. MDella Monica F, Jafari, A., Svendsen, S., Henriksen, P. L., Shortt, B., Ferreira, I., Bavdaz, M., Collon, M., Landgraf, B., Girou, D.A., Langer, A., Schönberger, W., Wellner, T., Krumrey, M., Cibik, L., O'Dell, Stephen L., Pareschi, Giovanni, Massahi, S., Christensen, F. E., Ferreira, D. D. MDella Monica F, Jafari, A., Svendsen, S., Henriksen, P. L., Shortt, B., Ferreira, I., Bavdaz, M., Collon, M., Landgraf, B., Girou, D.A., Langer, A., Schönberger, W., Wellner, T., Krumrey, M., and Cibik, L.

Published
2019

18. X-ray reflectometry of a platinum coating as reference sample for the ATHENA coating development

Author

Stephen L. O'Dell, Giovanni Pareschi, Jafari, A., Christensen, F. E., Massahi, S., Svendsen, S., Vu, L. M., Henriksen, P. L., Shortt, B., Krumrey, M., Cibik, L., Handick, E., Ferreira, D. D. M., Stephen L. O'Dell, Giovanni Pareschi, Jafari, A., Christensen, F. E., Massahi, S., Svendsen, S., Vu, L. M., Henriksen, P. L., Shortt, B., Krumrey, M., Cibik, L., Handick, E., and Ferreira, D. D. M.

Abstract

X-ray reflectivity (XRR) characterization of X-ray mirrors is an essential step for designing space telescopes and instruments. We report on production and characterization of platinum thin films coated onto a at thick glass substrate for evaluating measurement results obtained using several XRR systems. The main objective of this study is to compare the XRR results measured using facilities at the Technical University of Denmark, DTU Space, and BESSY II for the Advanced Telescope for High-ENergy Astrophysics (ATHENA) mission funded by the European Space Agency, ESA. This sample will be used as a reference sample for testing and calibrating similar measurements at relevant X-ray facilities. This information demonstrates the stable performance of the platinum mirror as a reference sample. Also, the overlayer effect on mirror performance is investigated.

Published
2019

19. LEXR: A low-energy X-ray reflectometer for characterization of ATHENA mirror coatings

Author

O'Dell, Stephen L., Pareschi, Giovanni, Henriksen, P. L., Christensen, F. E., Massahi, S., Ferreira, D. D. M., Svendsen, S., Jafari, A., Shortt, B., O'Dell, Stephen L., Pareschi, Giovanni, Henriksen, P. L., Christensen, F. E., Massahi, S., Ferreira, D. D. M., Svendsen, S., Jafari, A., and Shortt, B.

Abstract

Qualification of coating performance at the low-energy range of the Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics (ATHENA) is important to ensure that the mirror coatings satisfy the performance criteria required to meet ATHENA's science objectives. We report on the design, implementation, and expected performance of a state-of-the-art Low-Energy X-ray Reflectometer (LEXR) acquired with the purpose of qualifying the soft energy X-ray performance of mirror coatings for ATHENA. The reflectometer components are housed in a vacuum chamber and utilizes a microfocus Al source with custom made Kirkpatrick-Baez mirrors and W/Si monochromator to produce a collimated beam of 1.487 keV photons. The system has been designed with source interchangeability, allowing reconfiguration to an 8.048 keV reflectometer using a Cu source or other energies with sources such as Fe, Mg, etc. Several mirror samples can be mounted on a motorized stage, and a 2D CCD camera is used to obtain spatially resolved detection.

Published
2019

20. Performance and time stability of Ir/SiC X-ray mirror coatings for ATHENA

Author

O'Dell, Stephen L., Pareschi, Giovanni, Svendsen, S., Massahi, S., Ferreira, D. D. M., Christensen, F. E., Jafari, A., Henriksen, P. L., Collon, M., Landgraf, B., Girou, D., Krumrey, M., Cibik, L., Schubert, A., Handick, E., Shortt, B., O'Dell, Stephen L., Pareschi, Giovanni, Svendsen, S., Massahi, S., Ferreira, D. D. M., Christensen, F. E., Jafari, A., Henriksen, P. L., Collon, M., Landgraf, B., Girou, D., Krumrey, M., Cibik, L., Schubert, A., Handick, E., and Shortt, B.

Abstract

Excellent X-ray reflective mirror coatings are key in order to meet the performance requirements of the ATHENA telescope. The baseline coating design of ATHENA was initially formed by Ir/B4C but extensive studies have identified critical issues with the stability of the B4C top layer which shows strong evolution over time and appears incompatible with the industrialization processes required for the production of mirror modules. Motivated by the need for a compatible top layer material to improve the telescope performance at low energies and based on simulated performance, a SiC top layer has been selected as the best substitute to B4C. We report the latest development of Ir/SiC bilayer coatings optimized for ATHENA and the characterization of coating performance and stability.

Published
2019

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