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STUDY DESIGN: Clinical practice guideline development following the GRADE process. OBJECTIVES: Hemodynamic management is one of the only available treatment options that likely improves neurologic outcomes in patients with acute traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Augmenting mean arterial pressure (MAP) aims to improve blood perfusion and oxygen delivery to the injured spinal cord in order to minimize secondary ischemic damage to neural tissue. The objective of this guideline was to update the 2013 AANS/CNS recommendations on the hemodynamic management of patients with acute traumatic SCI, acknowledging that much has been published in this area since its publication. Specifically, we sought to make recommendations on 1. The range of mean arterial pressure (MAP) to be maintained by identifying an upper and lower MAP limit; 2. The duration of such MAP augmentation; and 3. The choice of vasopressor. Additionally, we sought to make a recommendation on spinal cord perfusion pressure (SCPP) targets. METHODS: A multidisciplinary guideline development group (GDG) was formed that included health care professionals from a wide range of clinical specialities, patient advocates, and individuals living with SCI. The GDG reviewed the 2013 AANS/CNS guidelines and voted on whether each recommendation should be endorsed or updated. A systematic review of the literature, following PRISMA standards and registered in PROSPERO, was conducted to inform the guideline development process and address the following key questions: (i) what are the effects of goal-directed interventions to optimize spinal cord perfusion on extent of neurological recovery and rates of adverse events at any time point of follow-up? and (ii) what are the effects of particular monitoring techniques, perfusion ranges, pharmacological agents, and durations of treatment on extent of neurological recovery and rates of adverse events at any time point of follow-up? The GDG combined the information from this systematic

STUDY DESIGN: Clinical practice guideline development following the GRADE process. OBJECTIVES: Hemodynamic management is one of the only available treatment options that likely improves neurologic outcomes in patients with acute traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Augmenting mean arterial pressure (MAP) aims to improve blood perfusion and oxygen delivery to the injured spinal cord in order to minimize secondary ischemic damage to neural tissue. The objective of this guideline was to update the 2013 AANS/CNS recommendations on the hemodynamic management of patients with acute traumatic SCI, acknowledging that much has been published in this area since its publication. Specifically, we sought to make recommendations on 1. The range of mean arterial pressure (MAP) to be maintained by identifying an upper and lower MAP limit; 2. The duration of such MAP augmentation; and 3. The choice of vasopressor. Additionally, we sought to make a recommendation on spinal cord perfusion pressure (SCPP) targets. METHODS: A multidisciplinary guideline development group (GDG) was formed that included health care professionals from a wide range of clinical specialities, patient advocates, and individuals living with SCI. The GDG reviewed the 2013 AANS/CNS guidelines and voted on whether each recommendation should be endorsed or updated. A systematic review of the literature, following PRISMA standards and registered in PROSPERO, was conducted to inform the guideline development process and address the following key questions: (i) what are the effects of goal-directed interventions to optimize spinal cord perfusion on extent of neurological recovery and rates of adverse events at any time point of follow-up? and (ii) what are the effects of particular monitoring techniques, perfusion ranges, pharmacological agents, and durations of treatment on extent of neurological recovery and rates of adverse events at any time point of follow-up? The GDG combined the information from this systematic

BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury is still an important health problem worldwide. Traumatic brain injury not only causes direct mechanical damage to the brain but also induces biochemical changes that lead to secondary nerve cell loss. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effect of milrinone after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in a rat model. METHODS: Forty male Wistar albino rats, were used. Rats were divided into 4 groups: 1) sham, 2) TBI, 3) TBI + Ringers, and 4) TBI + Milrinone. In group 1 (sham), only craniotomy was performed. In group 2 (TBI), TBI was performed after craniotomy. In group 3 (TBI + Ringer), TBI was performed after craniotomy and intraperitoneal Ringers solution was given immediately afterward. Group 4 (TBI + Milrinone), TBI was performed after craniotomy, and milrinone was given 1.0 mg/kg milrinone intraperito-neally directly (0.5 mg/kg milrinone intraperitoneally again 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours after trauma). Tests were performed for neurological and neurobehavioral functions. Immunohistochemistry and histopathology studies were performed. RESULTS: In group 4 compared with group 2 and group 3 groups, tests for neurological functions and neuro-behavioral functions were significantly better. In the mil-rinone treatment used in group 4, plasma and brain tissue tumor necrosis factor, 8-OH 2-deoxyguanosine , and inter-leukin 6 levels were significantly decreased, and increased plasma and tissue IL-10 levels were detected. Histopathological spinal cord injury and apoptotic index increased in groups 2 and 3, while significantly decreasing in group 4. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows for the first time that the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiapoptotic prop-erties of milrinone may be neuroprotective after TBI.

BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury is still an important health problem worldwide. Traumatic brain injury not only causes direct mechanical damage to the brain but also induces biochemical changes that lead to secondary nerve cell loss. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effect of milrinone after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in a rat model. METHODS: Forty male Wistar albino rats, were used. Rats were divided into 4 groups: 1) sham, 2) TBI, 3) TBI + Ringers, and 4) TBI + Milrinone. In group 1 (sham), only craniotomy was performed. In group 2 (TBI), TBI was performed after craniotomy. In group 3 (TBI + Ringer), TBI was performed after craniotomy and intraperitoneal Ringers solution was given immediately afterward. Group 4 (TBI + Milrinone), TBI was performed after craniotomy, and milrinone was given 1.0 mg/kg milrinone intraperito-neally directly (0.5 mg/kg milrinone intraperitoneally again 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours after trauma). Tests were performed for neurological and neurobehavioral functions. Immunohistochemistry and histopathology studies were performed. RESULTS: In group 4 compared with group 2 and group 3 groups, tests for neurological functions and neuro-behavioral functions were significantly better. In the mil-rinone treatment used in group 4, plasma and brain tissue tumor necrosis factor, 8-OH 2-deoxyguanosine , and inter-leukin 6 levels were significantly decreased, and increased plasma and tissue IL-10 levels were detected. Histopathological spinal cord injury and apoptotic index increased in groups 2 and 3, while significantly decreasing in group 4. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows for the first time that the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiapoptotic prop-erties of milrinone may be neuroprotective after TBI.

Introduction: In the management of medical emergencies, the integration of anesthesiology plays a central role in stabilizing and handling critical patients. From Rapid Sequence Intubation to hemodynamic control, including pain and anxiety management, anesthesiology addresses crucial aspects. This scientific article explores the relevance and practical applications of anesthesiology in emergencies, highlighting its essential contribution in interdisciplinary coordination. Development: In the development of the theoretical framework, fundamental aspects of emergency anesthesiology were examined. Rapid Sequence Intubation was highlighted, addressing inducing agents and advanced techniques. In hemodynamic control, vasoactive drugs, monitoring, and fluid management were explored. Pain and anxiety management focused on analgesics and anxiolytics, emphasizing multimodal approaches. Interdisciplinary coordination emerged as an essential pillar, underscoring specific roles and communication strategies. A solid foundation was established for future research and practical applications in the ongoing improvement of emergency care. Practical applications: Practical applications include optimizing RSI protocols, integrating technologies in hemodynamic control, and developing specific analgesics. Conclusions: Emergency anesthesiology highlights essential roles, from RSI to hemodynamic control, pain management, and interdisciplinary coordination. Current practical applications enhance protocols, technologies, and drugs. Future research focuses on coordination strategies and innovative technologies to optimize care., Introducción: En la atención de emergencias médicas, la integración de la anestesiología desempeña un papel central en la estabilización y el manejo de pacientes críticos. Desde la Rápida Secuencia de Intubación hasta el control hemodinámico, pasando por el manejo del dolor y la ansiedad, la anestesiología aborda aspectos cruciales. Este artículo científico explora la relevancia y las aplicaciones prácticas de la anestesiología en emergencias, destacando su contribución esencial en la coordinación interdisciplinaria Desarrollo: En el desarrollo del marco teórico, se examinaron aspectos fundamentales de la anestesiología en emergencias médicas. La Rápida Secuencia de Intubación se destacó, abordando agentes inductores y técnicas avanzadas. En el control hemodinámico, se exploraron fármacos vasoactivos, monitorización y manejo de fluidos. El manejo del dolor y la ansiedad se enfocó en analgésicos y ansiolíticos, resaltando enfoques multimodales. Aplicaciones prácticas: Las aplicaciones prácticas incluyen optimización de protocolos de RSI, integración de tecnologías en el control hemodinámico y desarrollo de analgésicos específicos. Conclusiones: La anestesiología en emergencias destaca roles esenciales, desde la RSI hasta el control hemodinámico, manejo del dolor y coordinación interdisciplinaria. Aplicaciones prácticas actuales mejoran protocolos, tecnologías y fármacos. Investigaciones futuras se centran en estrategias de coordinación y tecnologías innovadoras para optimizar la atención.

Background: Issues remain on the optimal management of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) patients once they are admitted to the referring center, before and after the aneurysm treatment. To address these issues, we created a consensus of experts endorsed by the Italian Society of Anesthesia and Intensive Care (SIAARTI). In this manuscript, we aim to provide a list of experts’ recommendations regarding the early management of SAH patients from hospital admission, in a center with neurosurgical/neuro-endovascular facilities, until securing of the bleeding aneurysm. Methods: A multidisciplinary consensus panel composed of 24 physicians selected for their established clinical and scientific expertise in the acute management of SAH patients with different background (anesthesia/intensive care, neurosurgery, and interventional neuroradiology) was created. A modified Delphi approach was adopted. Results: Among 19 statements discussed. The consensus was reached on 18 strong recommendations. In one case, consensus could not be agreed upon and no recommendation was provided. Conclusions: This consensus provides practical recommendations for the management of SAH patients in hospitals with neurosurgical/neuroendovascular facilities until aneurysm securing. It is intended to support clinician’s decision-making and not to mandate a standard of practice.

Initial feasibility of a novel closed-loop controller created by our group for closed-loop control of vasopressor infusions has been previously described. In clinical practice, vasopressor potency may be affected by a variety of factors including other pharmacologic agents, organ dysfunction, and vasoplegic states. The purpose of this study was therefore to evaluate the effectiveness of our controller in the face of large variations in drug potency, where 'effective' was defined as convergence on target pressure over time. We hypothesized that the controller would remain effective in the face up to a tenfold variability in drug response. To perform the robustness study, our physiologic simulator was used to create randomized simulated septic patients. 250 simulated patients were managed by the closed-loop in each of 7 norepinephrine responsiveness conditions: 0.1 ×, 0.2 ×, 0.5 ×, 1 ×, 2 ×, 5 ×, and 10 × expected population response to drug dose. Controller performance was evaluated for each level of norepinephrine response using Varvel's criteria as well as time-out-of-target. Median performance error and median absolute performance error were less than 5% in all response levels. Wobble was below 3% and divergence remained negative (i.e. the controller tended to converge towards the target over time) in all norepinephrine response levels, but at the highest response level of 10 × the value approached zero, suggesting the controller may be approaching instability. Response levels of 0.1 × and 0.2 × exhibited significantly higher time-out-of-target in the lower ranges (p < 0.001) compared to the 1 × response level as the controller was slower to correct the initial hypotension. In this simulation study, the closed-loop vasopressor controller remained effective in simulated patients exhibiting 0.1 to 10 × the expected population drug response.

Hemodynamic monitoring and optimization improve postoperative outcome during high-risk surgery. However, hemodynamic management practices among Chinese anesthesiologists are largely unknown. This study sought to evaluate the current intraoperative hemodynamic management practices for high-risk surgery patients in China. From September 2010 to November 2011, we surveyed anesthesiologists working in the operating rooms of 265 hospitals representing 28 Chinese provinces. All questionnaires were distributed to department chairs of anesthesiology or practicing anesthesiologists. Once completed, the 29-item questionnaires were collected and analyzed. Two hundred and 10 questionnaires from 265 hospitals in China were collected. We found that 91.4% of anesthesiologists monitored invasive arterial pressure, 82.9% monitored central venous pressure (CVP), 13.3% monitored cardiac output (CO), 10.5% monitored mixed venous saturation, and less than 2% monitored pulse pressure variation (PPV) or systolic pressure variation (SPV) during high-risk surgery. The majority (88%) of anesthesiologists relied on clinical experience as an indicator for volume expansion and more than 80% relied on blood pressure, CVP and urine output. Anesthesiologists in China do not own enough attention on hemodynamic parameters such as PPV, SPV and CO during fluid management in high-risk surgical patients. The lack of CO monitoring may be attributed largely to the limited access to technologies, the cost of the devices and the lack of education on how to use them. There is a need for improving access to these technologies as well as an opportunity to create guidelines and education for hemodynamic optimization in China.

Hemodynamic monitoring and optimization improve postoperative outcome during high-risk surgery. However, hemodynamic management practices among Chinese anesthesiologists are largely unknown. This study sought to evaluate the current intraoperative hemodynamic management practices for high-risk surgery patients in China. From September 2010 to November 2011, we surveyed anesthesiologists working in the operating rooms of 265 hospitals representing 28 Chinese provinces. All questionnaires were distributed to department chairs of anesthesiology or practicing anesthesiologists. Once completed, the 29-item questionnaires were collected and analyzed. Two hundred and 10 questionnaires from 265 hospitals in China were collected. We found that 91.4% of anesthesiologists monitored invasive arterial pressure, 82.9% monitored central venous pressure (CVP), 13.3% monitored cardiac output (CO), 10.5% monitored mixed venous saturation, and less than 2% monitored pulse pressure variation (PPV) or systolic pressure variation (SPV) during high-risk surgery. The majority (88%) of anesthesiologists relied on clinical experience as an indicator for volume expansion and more than 80% relied on blood pressure, CVP and urine output. Anesthesiologists in China do not own enough attention on hemodynamic parameters such as PPV, SPV and CO during fluid management in high-risk surgical patients. The lack of CO monitoring may be attributed largely to the limited access to technologies, the cost of the devices and the lack of education on how to use them. There is a need for improving access to these technologies as well as an opportunity to create guidelines and education for hemodynamic optimization in China.

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is associated with high mortality and morbidity. To date, there are no standardized protocols for the treatment of infants with this anomaly. However, protocols based on the literature and expert opinion might improve outcome. This paper is a consensus statement from the CDH EURO Consortium prepared with the aim of achieving standardized postnatal treatment in European countries. During a consensus meeting between high-volume centers with expertise in the treatment of CDH in Europe (CDH EURO Consortium), the most recent literature on CDH was discussed. Thereafter, 5 experts graded the studies according to the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) Criteria. Differences in opinion were discussed until full consensus was reached. The final consensus statement, therefore, represents the opinion of all consortium members. Multicenter randomized controlled trials on CDH are lacking. Use of a standardized protocol, however, may contribute to more valid comparisons of patient data in multicenter studies and identification of areas for further research.