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We study CP violations in the B_s-> K+K- and Bs->K0K0 decays in order to find the contribution of the supersymmetry, which comes from the gluino-squark mediated flavor changing current. We obtain the allowed region of the squark flavor mixing parameters by putting the experimental data, the mass difference Delta M_Bs, the CP violating phase phi_s in Bs to J/psi phi decay and the b to s gamma branching ratio. In addition to these data, we take into account the constraint from the asymmetry of B0->K+pi because the Bs->K+K- decay is related with the B0->K+pi- decay by replacing the spectator s with d. Under these constraints, we predict the magnitudes of the CP violation in the Bs->K+K- and Bs->K0K0 decays. The predicted region of the CP violation C_{K+K-} is strongly cut from the direct CP violation of barB0 to K-pi+, therefore, the deviation from the SM prediction of C_{K+K-} is not found. On the other hand, the CP violation S_{K+K-} is possibly deviated from the SM prediction considerably, in the region of 0.1- 0.5. Since the standard model predictions of C_{K0bar K0} and S_{K0bar K0} are very small, the squark contribution can be detectable in C_{K0bar K0} and S_{K0bar K0}. These magnitudes are expected in the region C_{K0bar K0}=-0.06-0.06 and S_{K0bar K0}=-0.5-0.3. More precise data of these CP violations provide us a crucial test for the gluino-squark mediated flavor changing current., Comment: 20 pages, 10 figures, discussions added, references added. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1307.0374

We study CP violations in the B_s-> K+K- and Bs->K0K0 decays in order to find the contribution of the supersymmetry, which comes from the gluino-squark mediated flavor changing current. We obtain the allowed region of the squark flavor mixing parameters by putting the experimental data, the mass difference Delta M_Bs, the CP violating phase phi_s in Bs to J/psi phi decay and the b to s gamma branching ratio. In addition to these data, we take into account the constraint from the asymmetry of B0->K+pi because the Bs->K+K- decay is related with the B0->K+pi- decay by replacing the spectator s with d. Under these constraints, we predict the magnitudes of the CP violation in the Bs->K+K- and Bs->K0K0 decays. The predicted region of the CP violation C_{K+K-} is strongly cut from the direct CP violation of barB0 to K-pi+, therefore, the deviation from the SM prediction of C_{K+K-} is not found. On the other hand, the CP violation S_{K+K-} is possibly deviated from the SM prediction considerably, in the region of 0.1- 0.5. Since the standard model predictions of C_{K0bar K0} and S_{K0bar K0} are very small, the squark contribution can be detectable in C_{K0bar K0} and S_{K0bar K0}. These magnitudes are expected in the region C_{K0bar K0}=-0.06-0.06 and S_{K0bar K0}=-0.5-0.3. More precise data of these CP violations provide us a crucial test for the gluino-squark mediated flavor changing current., Comment: 20 pages, 10 figures, discussions added, references added. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1307.0374

To investigate the factors controlling nitrate-nitrogen (NO_[3]^[-]-N) dynamics during snowmelt season and rainfall events, this study was conducted in three adjacent headwater stream watersheds with coupled land use and topography characteristics in eastern Hokkaido, Japan. The agriculture-dominated watershed (AW) had flat topography in agricultural area, the forest-dominated watershed (FW) was characterized by a steep slope in forest area, and the mixed agriculture-forested watershed (AFW) had flat topography in the agricultural area and steep topography in the forest area. Results showed that the timing of NO_[3]^[-]-N export is different between the forested and steep watershed FW and the agricultural and flat watershed AW. The NO_[3]^[-]-N export peaked before discharge peak with quick subsurface flow during snowmelt and rainfall events in the AW, while after discharge peak with slow subsurface flow in the FW. The difference in the timing of NO_[3]^[-]-N export is attributed to the subsurface flow which is regulated by the coupled characteristics of topography and land use. The fast release of NO_[3]^[-]-N in the FW was attributed to the "flushing mechanism", which was driven by the rapid response of the subsurface flow due to the macropores in the forest soil and the steep slope. The AW showed a consistent "prolonged flush" of NO_[3]^[-]-N, where NO_[3]^[-]-N concentrations peaked after the peak of discharge, which might be attributed to the slow occurrence of subsurface flow because of the flat slope and the low hydraulic conductivity of the pasture. In the AFW, the NO_[3]^[-]-N concentration peaked before the discharge peak during the snowmelt season but after the discharge peak during the rainfall events, indicating other factor such as the macropores related to the freeze/thaw cycles replaced of the coupled characteristics of topography and land use controlling the timing of NO[3]^[-]-N export in the mixed watershed.

Riparian forest soils have a high denitrification potential (DP), but the effect of their spatial distribution on DP within a catchment has rarely been assessed. To provide insights into this effect, we evaluated the spatial distribution of DP and its control factors in the Shibetsu River Catchment (SRC), eastern Hokkaido, Japan. Soil samples from August 2008 were used in the lab to determine the DP (using the acetylene inhibition method) of grassland, windbreak forest, and riparian forest soils in the SRC. Soil DP ranged from 0.001 to 64 mg N kg soil^[-1] d^[-1] and followed a log-normal distribution. Soil DP was highest in the surface peat soil of a low-elevation riparian forest. The land-use type and soil depth both significantly affected soil DP, with higher DP in riparian forests and surface soils. Soil DP increased with increasing soil moisture content and water-extractable soil organic carbon (WESOC). The clay, moisture, and WESOC contents in the surface soils decreased significantly with increasing elevation, resulting in increased soil DP in low-elevation riparian forests. The stream NO3- concentration was significantly correlated with the upland (grassland and cropland) proportion (%) of the catchment's area, and the ratio of stream NO3- concentration to this proportion tended to be lower in low-elevation areas, indicating higher NO3- denitrification. We conclude that low-elevation riparian forest soils have a higher DP due to the higher moisture, clay, and WESOC contents of their soils, and that these factors control riverine NO3- export in the SRC.

The CP violation of the neutral $B$ meson is the important phenomenon to search for the new physics. The like-sign dimuon charge asymmetry observed by the D$\O$ Collaboration indicates the CP-violating new physics in the $B_s-\bar B_s$ mixing. On the other hand, LHCb observed the CP-violating asymmetry in $B_s^0\to J/\psi \phi$ and $B_s^0\to J/\psi f_0(980)$, which is consistent with the SM prediction. However, there is still room for new physics of the CP violation. The CKMfitter has presented the allowed region of the new physics parameters taking account of the LHCb data. Based on these results, we discuss the effect of the squark flavor mixing on the CP violation in the $B_d$ and $B_s$ mesons. We predict asymmetries in the non-leptonic decays $B_d^0\to \phi K_S$, $B_d^0\to \eta 'K^0$, $B_s^0\to \phi \phi$ and $B_s^0\to \phi \eta '$., Comment: 16 pages, 14 figures, 2 figures are added, minor modifications

Riparian forest soils have a high denitrification potential (DP), but the effect of their spatial distribution on DP within a catchment has rarely been assessed. To provide insights into this effect, we evaluated the spatial distribution of DP and its control factors in the Shibetsu River Catchment (SRC), eastern Hokkaido, Japan. Soil samples from August 2008 were used in the lab to determine the DP (using the acetylene inhibition method) of grassland, windbreak forest, and riparian forest soils in the SRC. Soil DP ranged from 0.001 to 64 mg N kg soil^[-1] d^[-1] and followed a log-normal distribution. Soil DP was highest in the surface peat soil of a low-elevation riparian forest. The land-use type and soil depth both significantly affected soil DP, with higher DP in riparian forests and surface soils. Soil DP increased with increasing soil moisture content and water-extractable soil organic carbon (WESOC). The clay, moisture, and WESOC contents in the surface soils decreased significantly with increasing elevation, resulting in increased soil DP in low-elevation riparian forests. The stream NO3- concentration was significantly correlated with the upland (grassland and cropland) proportion (%) of the catchment's area, and the ratio of stream NO3- concentration to this proportion tended to be lower in low-elevation areas, indicating higher NO3- denitrification. We conclude that low-elevation riparian forest soils have a higher DP due to the higher moisture, clay, and WESOC contents of their soils, and that these factors control riverine NO3- export in the SRC.

To investigate the factors controlling nitrate-nitrogen (NO_[3]^[-]-N) dynamics during snowmelt season and rainfall events, this study was conducted in three adjacent headwater stream watersheds with coupled land use and topography characteristics in eastern Hokkaido, Japan. The agriculture-dominated watershed (AW) had flat topography in agricultural area, the forest-dominated watershed (FW) was characterized by a steep slope in forest area, and the mixed agriculture-forested watershed (AFW) had flat topography in the agricultural area and steep topography in the forest area. Results showed that the timing of NO_[3]^[-]-N export is different between the forested and steep watershed FW and the agricultural and flat watershed AW. The NO_[3]^[-]-N export peaked before discharge peak with quick subsurface flow during snowmelt and rainfall events in the AW, while after discharge peak with slow subsurface flow in the FW. The difference in the timing of NO_[3]^[-]-N export is attributed to the subsurface flow which is regulated by the coupled characteristics of topography and land use. The fast release of NO_[3]^[-]-N in the FW was attributed to the "flushing mechanism", which was driven by the rapid response of the subsurface flow due to the macropores in the forest soil and the steep slope. The AW showed a consistent "prolonged flush" of NO_[3]^[-]-N, where NO_[3]^[-]-N concentrations peaked after the peak of discharge, which might be attributed to the slow occurrence of subsurface flow because of the flat slope and the low hydraulic conductivity of the pasture. In the AFW, the NO_[3]^[-]-N concentration peaked before the discharge peak during the snowmelt season but after the discharge peak during the rainfall events, indicating other factor such as the macropores related to the freeze/thaw cycles replaced of the coupled characteristics of topography and land use controlling the timing of NO[3]^[-]-N export in the mixed watershed.

Riparian forest soils have a high denitrification potential (DP), but the effect of their spatial distribution on DP within a catchment has rarely been assessed. To provide insights into this effect, we evaluated the spatial distribution of DP and its control factors in the Shibetsu River Catchment (SRC), eastern Hokkaido, Japan. Soil samples from August 2008 were used in the lab to determine the DP (using the acetylene inhibition method) of grassland, windbreak forest, and riparian forest soils in the SRC. Soil DP ranged from 0.001 to 64 mg N kg soil^[-1] d^[-1] and followed a log-normal distribution. Soil DP was highest in the surface peat soil of a low-elevation riparian forest. The land-use type and soil depth both significantly affected soil DP, with higher DP in riparian forests and surface soils. Soil DP increased with increasing soil moisture content and water-extractable soil organic carbon (WESOC). The clay, moisture, and WESOC contents in the surface soils decreased significantly with increasing elevation, resulting in increased soil DP in low-elevation riparian forests. The stream NO3- concentration was significantly correlated with the upland (grassland and cropland) proportion (%) of the catchment's area, and the ratio of stream NO3- concentration to this proportion tended to be lower in low-elevation areas, indicating higher NO3- denitrification. We conclude that low-elevation riparian forest soils have a higher DP due to the higher moisture, clay, and WESOC contents of their soils, and that these factors control riverine NO3- export in the SRC.

The dynamic characteristics of nitrogen (N) and suspended solids (SS) were investigated in stream water during four storm events in 2003 at the Shibetsu watershed, eastern Hokkaido, Japan. Analysis showed that total nitrogen (TN), nitrate-N (NO^[-]_[3] -N), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), particulate nitrogen (PN), and SS concentrations all peaked sharply during the rising limb of the discharge hydrograph, but peaks in PN and SS were more significant than that of dissolved N. PN and SS consistently displayed clockwise hysteresis with higher concentrations during rising flows, whereas NO^[-]_[3]-N and DON showed different patterns among storms depending on the antecedent soil moisture. An M (V) curve, defined as the nutrient mass distribution vs. the volume of discharge, showed that a "first flush" of PN, NO^[-]_[3]-N, DON and SS was observed, however, the distribution of nutrient loads in the discharge was different. PN and SS had a shorter flushing characteristic time constant (t_[1/e], defined as the time interval required for a decline in nutrient concentrations in discharge water to e^[-1] (37%) of their initial concentrations) but contributed 80% of fluxes during the first 50% of the discharge, while longer flush time (t_[1/e]) of NO^[-]_[3]-N and DON with slowly decreased concentrations led to half loads during the recession of the discharge. These data indicate that the flush mechanisms might be distinguished between particulate nutrients and dissolved N. Analysis showed that the concentrations of PN and SS derived from soil erosion were related to surface runoff. In contrast, NO^[-]_[3]-N originated from the near-surface soil layer associated with the rising shallow ground water table and mainly flushed with subsurface runoff. Different flushing mechanisms implied that different watershed best management practices should be undertaken for effectively mitigating water quality degradation.

The dynamic characteristics of nitrogen (N) and suspended solids (SS) were investigated in stream water during four storm events in 2003 at the Shibetsu watershed, eastern Hokkaido, Japan. Analysis showed that total nitrogen (TN), nitrate-N (NO^[-]_[3] -N), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), particulate nitrogen (PN), and SS concentrations all peaked sharply during the rising limb of the discharge hydrograph, but peaks in PN and SS were more significant than that of dissolved N. PN and SS consistently displayed clockwise hysteresis with higher concentrations during rising flows, whereas NO^[-]_[3]-N and DON showed different patterns among storms depending on the antecedent soil moisture. An M (V) curve, defined as the nutrient mass distribution vs. the volume of discharge, showed that a "first flush" of PN, NO^[-]_[3]-N, DON and SS was observed, however, the distribution of nutrient loads in the discharge was different. PN and SS had a shorter flushing characteristic time constant (t_[1/e], defined as the time interval required for a decline in nutrient concentrations in discharge water to e^[-1] (37%) of their initial concentrations) but contributed 80% of fluxes during the first 50% of the discharge, while longer flush time (t_[1/e]) of NO^[-]_[3]-N and DON with slowly decreased concentrations led to half loads during the recession of the discharge. These data indicate that the flush mechanisms might be distinguished between particulate nutrients and dissolved N. Analysis showed that the concentrations of PN and SS derived from soil erosion were related to surface runoff. In contrast, NO^[-]_[3]-N originated from the near-surface soil layer associated with the rising shallow ground water table and mainly flushed with subsurface runoff. Different flushing mechanisms implied that different watershed best management practices should be undertaken for effectively mitigating water quality degradation.

The dynamic characteristics of nitrogen (N) and suspended solids (SS) were investigated in stream water during four storm events in 2003 at the Shibetsu watershed, eastern Hokkaido, Japan. Analysis showed that total nitrogen (TN), nitrate-N (NO^[-]_[3] -N), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), particulate nitrogen (PN), and SS concentrations all peaked sharply during the rising limb of the discharge hydrograph, but peaks in PN and SS were more significant than that of dissolved N. PN and SS consistently displayed clockwise hysteresis with higher concentrations during rising flows, whereas NO^[-]_[3]-N and DON showed different patterns among storms depending on the antecedent soil moisture. An M (V) curve, defined as the nutrient mass distribution vs. the volume of discharge, showed that a "first flush" of PN, NO^[-]_[3]-N, DON and SS was observed, however, the distribution of nutrient loads in the discharge was different. PN and SS had a shorter flushing characteristic time constant (t_[1/e], defined as the time interval required for a decline in nutrient concentrations in discharge water to e^[-1] (37%) of their initial concentrations) but contributed 80% of fluxes during the first 50% of the discharge, while longer flush time (t_[1/e]) of NO^[-]_[3]-N and DON with slowly decreased concentrations led to half loads during the recession of the discharge. These data indicate that the flush mechanisms might be distinguished between particulate nutrients and dissolved N. Analysis showed that the concentrations of PN and SS derived from soil erosion were related to surface runoff. In contrast, NO^[-]_[3]-N originated from the near-surface soil layer associated with the rising shallow ground water table and mainly flushed with subsurface runoff. Different flushing mechanisms implied that different watershed best management practices should be undertaken for effectively mitigating water quality degradation.

We have studied the contribution of higher order corrections of the flavor symmetry breaking in the $A_4$ seesaw model with the supersymmetry. Taking account of possible higher dimensional mass operators, we predict the deviation from the tri-bimaximal lepton mixing for both normal hierarchy and inverted hierarchy of neutrino masses. We have found that the value of $\sin^2 2\theta_{23}$ is larger than 0.96 and the upper bound of $\sin^2\theta_{13}$ is 0.01. We have also examined the flavor changing neutral current of leptons from the soft SUSY breaking in slepton masses and A-terms within the framework of supergravity theory. Those magnitudes are enough suppressed to be consistent with experimental constraints., Comment: 15 pages, 8 figures, revised version

We estimated the phosphorus (P) budgets for all 212 cities, towns and villages of Hokkaido, Japan. We also carried out water sampling from all major rivers flowing in the respective areas during the snowmelt season and measured total P (TP) concentration. Surplus P in the agricultural land was estimated by subtracting the amount of crop uptake from the input sources, such as the amount of chemical and compost fertilizers, crop residues, rainfall and irrigation. The livestock excreta P not utilized on farmland was assumed to be disposed P. Total P concentrations in most of the river water ranged from undetectable to 1 mg L-1, rarely reaching up to 2.32 mg L-1, and the areas surrounding the Funka Bay had comparatively higher concentrations. More than two-thirds of the areas had surplus P in farmland ranging from negative values to 30 kg ha-1 of farmland, and areas with mixed farmland and livestock husbandry had higher surplus values ranging from 31 to 72 kg ha-1, indicating that the source of the residual P was applied chemical and manure fertilizers. Total P concentration in river water was not correlated with the proportion of upland field and urban area or with the farmland surplus P resulting from the P cycling and the municipal waste P that mixes into the river water. However, TP concentration was positively correlated with the proportion of Andisol area occupied by farmlands (r = 0.25, P < 0.01). The TP concentration was also correlated with the topographic factors in areas (r = 0.49, P < 0.01) that possess more than 50% Andisols in farmlands. Multiple regression analysis showed that TP concentration was best explained by a combination of disposed excreta, the Andisol area occupied by farmland, the application rate of chemical fertilizers and topographic factors (r2 = 0.21, P < 0.001). Thus, P losses from farmlands to river water during the snowmelt season could mainly be attributed to fertilizer management and soil type along with the topographic condition of t

River water quality was evaluated with respect to eutrophication and land use during spring snowmelt and summer base flow periods in Abashiri (mixed cropland–livestock farming) and Okoppe (grassland-based dairy cattle farming), eastern Hokkaido, Japan. Water from rivers and tributaries was sampled during snowmelt and summer base flow periods in 2005, and river flow was measured. Total N (TN), NO3-N, and Si concentrations were determined using standard methods. Total catchment and upland areas for each sampling site were determined with ArcGIS hydrology modeling software and 1:25 000-scale digital topographic maps. Specific discharge was significantly higher during snowmelt than during base flow. In both areas, TN concentrations increased, whereas Si concentrations decreased, with increased specific discharge, and were significantly higher during snowmelt. The Si:TN mole ratio decreased to below or close to the threshold value for eutrophication (2.7) in one-third of sites during snowmelt. River NO3-N concentrations during base flow were significantly and positively correlated with the proportion of upland fields in the catchment in both the Abashiri (r = 0.88, P < 0.001) and Okoppe (r = 0.43, P < 0.01) areas. However, the regression slope, defined as the impact factor (IF) of water quality, was much higher in Abashiri (0.025) than in Okoppe (0.0094). The correlations were also significantly positive during snowmelt in both areas, but IF was four to eight times higher during snowmelt than during base flow. Higher discharge of N from upland fields and grasslands during snowmelt and the resulting eutrophication in estuaries suggest that nutrient discharge during snowmelt should be taken into account when assessing and monitoring the annual loss of nutrients from agricultural fields.

We estimated the phosphorus (P) budgets for all 212 cities, towns and villages of Hokkaido, Japan. We also carried out water sampling from all major rivers flowing in the respective areas during the snowmelt season and measured total P (TP) concentration. Surplus P in the agricultural land was estimated by subtracting the amount of crop uptake from the input sources, such as the amount of chemical and compost fertilizers, crop residues, rainfall and irrigation. The livestock excreta P not utilized on farmland was assumed to be disposed P. Total P concentrations in most of the river water ranged from undetectable to 1 mg L-1, rarely reaching up to 2.32 mg L-1, and the areas surrounding the Funka Bay had comparatively higher concentrations. More than two-thirds of the areas had surplus P in farmland ranging from negative values to 30 kg ha-1 of farmland, and areas with mixed farmland and livestock husbandry had higher surplus values ranging from 31 to 72 kg ha-1, indicating that the source of the residual P was applied chemical and manure fertilizers. Total P concentration in river water was not correlated with the proportion of upland field and urban area or with the farmland surplus P resulting from the P cycling and the municipal waste P that mixes into the river water. However, TP concentration was positively correlated with the proportion of Andisol area occupied by farmlands (r = 0.25, P < 0.01). The TP concentration was also correlated with the topographic factors in areas (r = 0.49, P < 0.01) that possess more than 50% Andisols in farmlands. Multiple regression analysis showed that TP concentration was best explained by a combination of disposed excreta, the Andisol area occupied by farmland, the application rate of chemical fertilizers and topographic factors (r2 = 0.21, P < 0.001). Thus, P losses from farmlands to river water during the snowmelt season could mainly be attributed to fertilizer management and soil type along with the topographic condi

River water quality was evaluated with respect to eutrophication and land use during spring snowmelt and summer base flow periods in Abashiri (mixed cropland–livestock farming) and Okoppe (grassland-based dairy cattle farming), eastern Hokkaido, Japan. Water from rivers and tributaries was sampled during snowmelt and summer base flow periods in 2005, and river flow was measured. Total N (TN), NO3-N, and Si concentrations were determined using standard methods. Total catchment and upland areas for each sampling site were determined with ArcGIS hydrology modeling software and 1:25 000-scale digital topographic maps. Specific discharge was significantly higher during snowmelt than during base flow. In both areas, TN concentrations increased, whereas Si concentrations decreased, with increased specific discharge, and were significantly higher during snowmelt. The Si:TN mole ratio decreased to below or close to the threshold value for eutrophication (2.7) in one-third of sites during snowmelt. River NO3-N concentrations during base flow were significantly and positively correlated with the proportion of upland fields in the catchment in both the Abashiri (r = 0.88, P < 0.001) and Okoppe (r = 0.43, P < 0.01) areas. However, the regression slope, defined as the impact factor (IF) of water quality, was much higher in Abashiri (0.025) than in Okoppe (0.0094). The correlations were also significantly positive during snowmelt in both areas, but IF was four to eight times higher during snowmelt than during base flow. Higher discharge of N from upland fields and grasslands during snowmelt and the resulting eutrophication in estuaries suggest that nutrient discharge during snowmelt should be taken into account when assessing and monitoring the annual loss of nutrients from agricultural fields.

River water quality was evaluated with respect to eutrophication and land use during spring snowmelt and summer base flow periods in Abashiri (mixed cropland–livestock farming) and Okoppe (grassland-based dairy cattle farming), eastern Hokkaido, Japan. Water from rivers and tributaries was sampled during snowmelt and summer base flow periods in 2005, and river flow was measured. Total N (TN), NO3-N, and Si concentrations were determined using standard methods. Total catchment and upland areas for each sampling site were determined with ArcGIS hydrology modeling software and 1:25 000-scale digital topographic maps. Specific discharge was significantly higher during snowmelt than during base flow. In both areas, TN concentrations increased, whereas Si concentrations decreased, with increased specific discharge, and were significantly higher during snowmelt. The Si:TN mole ratio decreased to below or close to the threshold value for eutrophication (2.7) in one-third of sites during snowmelt. River NO3-N concentrations during base flow were significantly and positively correlated with the proportion of upland fields in the catchment in both the Abashiri (r = 0.88, P < 0.001) and Okoppe (r = 0.43, P < 0.01) areas. However, the regression slope, defined as the impact factor (IF) of water quality, was much higher in Abashiri (0.025) than in Okoppe (0.0094). The correlations were also significantly positive during snowmelt in both areas, but IF was four to eight times higher during snowmelt than during base flow. Higher discharge of N from upland fields and grasslands during snowmelt and the resulting eutrophication in estuaries suggest that nutrient discharge during snowmelt should be taken into account when assessing and monitoring the annual loss of nutrients from agricultural fields.

We estimated the phosphorus (P) budgets for all 212 cities, towns and villages of Hokkaido, Japan. We also carried out water sampling from all major rivers flowing in the respective areas during the snowmelt season and measured total P (TP) concentration. Surplus P in the agricultural land was estimated by subtracting the amount of crop uptake from the input sources, such as the amount of chemical and compost fertilizers, crop residues, rainfall and irrigation. The livestock excreta P not utilized on farmland was assumed to be disposed P. Total P concentrations in most of the river water ranged from undetectable to 1 mg L-1, rarely reaching up to 2.32 mg L-1, and the areas surrounding the Funka Bay had comparatively higher concentrations. More than two-thirds of the areas had surplus P in farmland ranging from negative values to 30 kg ha-1 of farmland, and areas with mixed farmland and livestock husbandry had higher surplus values ranging from 31 to 72 kg ha-1, indicating that the source of the residual P was applied chemical and manure fertilizers. Total P concentration in river water was not correlated with the proportion of upland field and urban area or with the farmland surplus P resulting from the P cycling and the municipal waste P that mixes into the river water. However, TP concentration was positively correlated with the proportion of Andisol area occupied by farmlands (r = 0.25, P < 0.01). The TP concentration was also correlated with the topographic factors in areas (r = 0.49, P < 0.01) that possess more than 50% Andisols in farmlands. Multiple regression analysis showed that TP concentration was best explained by a combination of disposed excreta, the Andisol area occupied by farmland, the application rate of chemical fertilizers and topographic factors (r2 = 0.21, P < 0.001). Thus, P losses from farmlands to river water during the snowmelt season could mainly be attributed to fertilizer management and soil type along with the topographic condition of t