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Achieving a zero-emission future depends greatly on how steel production is decarbonized within a limited time frame. Here we show that the production of zero-emission steel is possible but that the quantity and quality of steel may be limited by scrap downcycling. Using Japan as a case study, our analysis shows that most steel scrap is currently downcycled into construction materials, thereby limiting scrap-based steel to only 20% of the total steel used for automobiles, compared to 60% for buildings. Under a strict carbon budget, such downcycling practices could limit the production of steel used for automobiles to ~40% of current levels by 2050, even if production technology progresses according to the roadmap. The results indicate that steel users should not take the current level of steel supply for granted in a zero-emission future. Decarbonizing the steel sector, therefore, will depend not only on stand-alone efforts by the steel industry but on joint action with steel users to enable scrap upcycling and service provision with less steel use.

Decarbonization strategies for the cement and concrete sector have relied heavily on supply-side technologies, including carbon capture and storage (CCS), masking opportunities for demand-side intervention. Here we show that cross-cutting strategies involving both the supply and demand sides can achieve net-zero emissions by 2050 across the entire Japanese cement and concrete cycle without resorting to mass deployment of CCS. Our analysis shows that a series of mitigation efforts on the supply side can reduce 2050 CO2 emissions by up to 80% from baseline levels and that the remaining 20% mitigation gap can be fully bridged by the efficient use of cement and concrete in the built environment. However, this decarbonization pathway is dependent on how CO2 uptake by carbonation and carbon capture and utilization is accounted for in the inventory. Our analysis underscores the importance of including demand-side interventions at the heart of decarbonization strategies and highlights the urgent need to discuss how to account for CO2 uptake in national inventories under the Paris Agreement.

Decarbonization strategies for the cement and concrete sector have relied heavily on supply-side technologies, including carbon capture and storage (CCS), masking opportunities for demand-side intervention. Here we show that cross-cutting strategies involving both the supply and demand sides can achieve net-zero emissions by 2050 across the entire Japanese cement and concrete cycle without resorting to mass deployment of CCS. Our analysis shows that a series of mitigation efforts on the supply side can reduce 2050 CO2 emissions by up to 80% from baseline levels and that the remaining 20% mitigation gap can be fully bridged by the efficient use of cement and concrete in the built environment. However, this decarbonization pathway is dependent on how CO2 uptake by carbonation and carbon capture and utilization is accounted for in the inventory. Our analysis underscores the importance of including demand-side interventions at the heart of decarbonization strategies and highlights the urgent need to discuss how to account for CO2 uptake in national inventories under the Paris Agreement.

Decarbonization strategies for the cement and concrete sector have relied heavily on supply-side technologies, including carbon capture and storage (CCS), masking opportunities for demand-side intervention. Here we show that cross-cutting strategies involving both the supply and demand sides can achieve net-zero emissions by 2050 across the entire Japanese cement and concrete cycle without resorting to mass deployment of CCS. Our analysis shows that a series of mitigation efforts on the supply side can reduce 2050 CO2 emissions by up to 80% from baseline levels and that the remaining 20% mitigation gap can be fully bridged by the efficient use of cement and concrete in the built environment. However, this decarbonization pathway is dependent on how CO2 uptake by carbonation and carbon capture and utilization is accounted for in the inventory. Our analysis underscores the importance of including demand-side interventions at the heart of decarbonization strategies and highlights the urgent need to discuss how to account for CO2 uptake in national inventories under the Paris Agreement.

Decarbonization strategies for the cement and concrete sector have relied heavily on supply-side technologies, including carbon capture and storage (CCS), masking opportunities for demand-side intervention. Here we show that cross-cutting strategies involving both the supply and demand sides can achieve net-zero emissions by 2050 across the entire Japanese cement and concrete cycle without resorting to mass deployment of CCS. Our analysis shows that a series of mitigation efforts on the supply side can reduce 2050 CO2 emissions by up to 80% from baseline levels and that the remaining 20% mitigation gap can be fully bridged by the efficient use of cement and concrete in the built environment. However, this decarbonization pathway is dependent on how CO2 uptake by carbonation and carbon capture and utilization is accounted for in the inventory. Our analysis underscores the importance of including demand-side interventions at the heart of decarbonization strategies and highlights the urgent need to discuss how to account for CO2 uptake in national inventories under the Paris Agreement.

Moving towards a 1.5 °C world could fundamentally alter the future copper cycle through two key drivers: the implementation of decarbonization technologies and the imposition of an emissions budget on production activities. This study explores the impact of these drivers on the global copper cycle using a dynamic material flow analysis, coupled with an optimization technique. The results show that global final demand for copper could increase by a factor of 2.5 between 2015 and 2050, reaching 62 million metric tons, with approximately 4% of the increase coming from copper used in renewable energy-based power plants and 14% coming from electric vehicles. While there are sufficient resources to meet this growing demand, the greenhouse gas emissions of the copper cycle could account for approximately 2.7% of the total emissions budget by 2050, up from 0.3% today. Assessment of possible mitigation efforts by the copper industry shows that this can be halved, but will still be 35% short of the emissions budget target based on proportional responsibility, i.e., applying the same mitigation rate to all sectors. Rather, collective action is required by all stakeholders interacting with the copper cycle to bridge the mitigation gap, including through efforts to drive advanced sorting, higher fabrication yields, extended product lifetimes, and increased service efficiency of in-use copper stock.

Moving towards a 1.5 °C world could fundamentally alter the future copper cycle through two key drivers: the implementation of decarbonization technologies and the imposition of an emissions budget on production activities. This study explores the impact of these drivers on the global copper cycle using a dynamic material flow analysis, coupled with an optimization technique. The results show that global final demand for copper could increase by a factor of 2.5 between 2015 and 2050, reaching 62 million metric tons, with approximately 4% of the increase coming from copper used in renewable energy-based power plants and 14% coming from electric vehicles. While there are sufficient resources to meet this growing demand, the greenhouse gas emissions of the copper cycle could account for approximately 2.7% of the total emissions budget by 2050, up from 0.3% today. Assessment of possible mitigation efforts by the copper industry shows that this can be halved, but will still be 35% short of the emissions budget target based on proportional responsibility, i.e., applying the same mitigation rate to all sectors. Rather, collective action is required by all stakeholders interacting with the copper cycle to bridge the mitigation gap, including through efforts to drive advanced sorting, higher fabrication yields, extended product lifetimes, and increased service efficiency of in-use copper stock.

Moving towards a 1.5 °C world could fundamentally alter the future copper cycle through two key drivers: the implementation of decarbonization technologies and the imposition of an emissions budget on production activities. This study explores the impact of these drivers on the global copper cycle using a dynamic material flow analysis, coupled with an optimization technique. The results show that global final demand for copper could increase by a factor of 2.5 between 2015 and 2050, reaching 62 million metric tons, with approximately 4% of the increase coming from copper used in renewable energy-based power plants and 14% coming from electric vehicles. While there are sufficient resources to meet this growing demand, the greenhouse gas emissions of the copper cycle could account for approximately 2.7% of the total emissions budget by 2050, up from 0.3% today. Assessment of possible mitigation efforts by the copper industry shows that this can be halved, but will still be 35% short of the emissions budget target based on proportional responsibility, i.e., applying the same mitigation rate to all sectors. Rather, collective action is required by all stakeholders interacting with the copper cycle to bridge the mitigation gap, including through efforts to drive advanced sorting, higher fabrication yields, extended product lifetimes, and increased service efficiency of in-use copper stock.

The synthesis of platinum silicide at a Pt/SiOx interface by photon irradiation was investigated using transmission electron microscopy. A platinum silicide, Pt₂Si, was successfully formed at the Pt/SiOx interface by irradiation with 680 and 140 eV photons, but not by irradiation with 80 eV photons. Silicide formation was also induced by irradiation with electrons of energy 75 keV. The amount of silicide formed by photon irradiation was lower than the amount obtained by electron irradiation. Silicide formation by both photon and electron irradiation was accompanied by Si depletion in amorphous SiOx. The experimental results indicate that silicide formation is induced by electronic excitation. A possible mechanism for silicide formation is proposed on the basis of the results.

The synthesis of platinum silicide at a Pt/SiOx interface by photon irradiation was investigated using transmission electron microscopy. A platinum silicide, Pt₂Si, was successfully formed at the Pt/SiOx interface by irradiation with 680 and 140 eV photons, but not by irradiation with 80 eV photons. Silicide formation was also induced by irradiation with electrons of energy 75 keV. The amount of silicide formed by photon irradiation was lower than the amount obtained by electron irradiation. Silicide formation by both photon and electron irradiation was accompanied by Si depletion in amorphous SiOx. The experimental results indicate that silicide formation is induced by electronic excitation. A possible mechanism for silicide formation is proposed on the basis of the results.

Background Alcadeinα (Alcα) is a neuronal membrane protein that colocalizes with the Alzheimer's amyloid-β precursor protein (APP). Successive cleavage of APP by β- and γ-secretases generates the aggregatable amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), while cleavage of APP or Alcα by α- and γ-secretases generates non-aggregatable p3 or p3-Alcα peptides. Aβ and p3-Alcα can be recovered from human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We have previously reported alternative processing of APP and Alcα in the CSF of some patients with sporadic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD (SAD). Results Using the sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system that detects total p3-Alcα, we determined levels of total p3-Alcα in CSF from subjects in one of four diagnostic categories (elderly controls, MCI, SAD, or other neurological disease) derived from three independent cohorts. Levels of Aβ40 correlated with levels of total p3-Alcα in all cohorts. Conclusions We confirm that Aβ40 is the most abundant Aβ species, and we propose a model in which CSF p3-Alcα can serve as a either (1) a nonaggregatable surrogate marker for γ-secretase activity; (2) as a marker for clearance of transmembrane domain peptides derived from integral protein catabolism; or (3) both. We propose the specification of an MCI/SAD endophenotype characterized by co-elevation of levels of both CSF p3-Alcα and Aβ40, and we propose that subjects in this category might be especially responsive to therapeutics aimed at modulation of γ-secretase function and/or transmembrane domain peptide clearance. These peptides may also be used to monitor the efficacy of therapeutics that target these steps in Aβ metabolis

Soil compaction is one of the most effective methods for soil stabilization and is performed in most earthworks of earth dams and road embankments, etc. However, because its quality control depends upon tests performed at only several points in the fields to estimate such factors as the dry density, water content and C.B.R., misjudgement can occur when judging the degree of soil compaction required., This article is from 'Proceedings of the International Conference on the Performance of Off-Road Vehicles and Machines (8th). Volume 2. Held at Cambridge, England on August 5-11, 1984,' AD-A148 635, p691-705.

A frictional work of each tyre has been calculated by means of rigorous mathematical analysis and practical approximate method at cornering site. To estimate a wear life of each tyre, a relation between amount of wear and frictional work has been investigated for some period, and then another relation between residual depth of tread and operation time has been measured in-situ for several tyres of a capacity 45 tons heavy dump truck., This article is from 'Proceedings of the International Conference on the Performance of Off-Road Vehicles and Machines (8th). Volume 3. Held at Cambridge England, on August 5-11, 1984,' AD-A150 653, p1089-1104.

The analytical solution for strain softening behaviour of rock around a circular opening is derived from the strain energy theorem employing Coulomb's yield criterion. Using a simplified stress-strain relation, it is possible to obtain uniquely the magnitudes of stress, strain and displacement in elastic, softening and flow states by using only 10 input data. Case studies are reported., The analytical solution for strain softening behaviour of rock around a circular opening is derived from the strain energy theorem employing Coulomb's yield criterion. Using a simplified stress-strain relation, it is possible to obtain uniquely the magnitudes of stress, strain and displacement in elastic, softening and flow states by using only 10 input data. Case studies are reported.

The synthesis of platinum silicide at a Pt/SiOx interface by photon irradiation was investigated using transmission electron microscopy. A platinum silicide, Pt₂Si, was successfully formed at the Pt/SiOx interface by irradiation with 680 and 140 eV photons, but not by irradiation with 80 eV photons. Silicide formation was also induced by irradiation with electrons of energy 75 keV. The amount of silicide formed by photon irradiation was lower than the amount obtained by electron irradiation. Silicide formation by both photon and electron irradiation was accompanied by Si depletion in amorphous SiOx. The experimental results indicate that silicide formation is induced by electronic excitation. A possible mechanism for silicide formation is proposed on the basis of the results.

The synthesis of platinum silicide at a Pt/SiOx interface by photon irradiation was investigated using transmission electron microscopy. A platinum silicide, Pt₂Si, was successfully formed at the Pt/SiOx interface by irradiation with 680 and 140 eV photons, but not by irradiation with 80 eV photons. Silicide formation was also induced by irradiation with electrons of energy 75 keV. The amount of silicide formed by photon irradiation was lower than the amount obtained by electron irradiation. Silicide formation by both photon and electron irradiation was accompanied by Si depletion in amorphous SiOx. The experimental results indicate that silicide formation is induced by electronic excitation. A possible mechanism for silicide formation is proposed on the basis of the results.