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Laporan praktik kerja ini berjudul “Penerjemahan Buku Profil Pariwisata Surakarta Berbahasa Mandarin di Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Kota Surakarta”. Praktik kerja ini dilaksanakan mulai 1 September 2023 sampai 29 Februari 2024. Tujuan dari praktik kerja ini untuk menyediakan Buku Profil Pariwisata Surakarta Berbahasa Mandarin di Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Kota Surakarta menggunakan metode penerjemahan komunikatif agar pengunjung berbahasa Mandarin dapat memahami informasi yang disajikan dengan mudah. Latar belakang pelaksanaan praktik kerja ini adalah adanya wisatawan asing berbahasa Mandarin yang berkunjung ke Kota Surakarta, namun tidak adanya informasi pariwisata surakarta berbahasa Mandarin. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan yakni metode observasi, metode wawancara, metode studi pustaka, dan metode jelajah internet. Penulis menggunakan metode penerjemahan komunikatif dan teknik penerjemahan deskripsi dalam proses penerjemahan buku profil pariwisata Surakarta, karena dokumen hasil terjemahan sesuai dengan tata bahasa bahasa sasaran. Hasil terjemahan tersebut diserahkan kepada pihak Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Kota Surakarta. Melalui hasil terjemahan tersebut dapat membantu wisatawan asing berbahasa Mandarin yang akan berkunjung ke Kota Surakarta agar lebih mudah mendapatkan informasi berbahasa Mandarin mengenai tempat wisata yang ada di Kota Surakarta.

Nilam (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) merupakan salah satu tanaman penghasil minyak atsiri teratas yang diperjualbelikan di pasar dunia. Nilam memiliki keragaman yang sempit karena sifatnya yang jarang berbunga dan menghasilkan biji, sehingga varietas baru tidak dapat diperoleh melalui persilangan. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan penerapan teknik mutasi menggunakan iradiasi UV-C untuk mendapatkan karakter unggul nilam yang baru. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui LD20 dan LD50 penyinaran UV-C, memperoleh putatif mutan nilam yang memiliki hasil minyak tinggi, dan tahan terhadap penyakit layu bakteri Ralstonia solanacearum. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dari Januari – Mei 2024 di Laboratorium Kultur Jaringan dan Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Fakultas Pertanian, Laboratorium Patologi Anatomi Fakultas Kedokteran, serta Laboratorium Sentral Universitas Andalas, Padang. Percobaan ini memiliki 10 taraf perlakuan dan 3 kelompok. Perlakuan berupa durasi paparan UV-C, yaitu 0 (wild type), 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, dan 270 menit dengan jarak 30 cm. Percobaan ini terdiri dari beberapa tahapan, yaitu induksi mutasi planlet nilam, induksi tunas dan akar secara in vitro, aklimatisasi, dan seleksi menggunakan 20 ml suspensi bakteri dengan kepadatan 106 sel/ml. Data masing-masing nilam per variabel pengamatan disajikan dalam bentuk nilai rata-rata, ragam, dan standar deviasi serta dianalisis menggunakan unpaired t-test. Hasil penelitian tidak menemukan nilai LD20 dan LD50 diantara paparan UV-C selama 0 – 270 menit. Namun, melalui persamaan regresi y = -0.0002x2 + 0.082x + 1.7332 juga tidak dapat diperkirakan waktu paparan yang diperlukan untuk mencapai LD20 dan LD50 karena tidak ada nilai x yang memenuhi syarat LD20 dan LD50. Paparan UV-C selama 90 menit menghasilkan putatif mutan nilam dengan 38.00 kelenjar minyak, menunjukkan peningkatan kandungan minyak dibandingkan dengan wild type yang hanya memiliki 14.00 kelenjar minyak. Selain itu, paparan UV-C selama 30 menit memiliki pe

Nilam (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) merupakan salah satu tanaman penghasil minyak atsiri teratas yang diperjualbelikan di pasar dunia. Nilam memiliki keragaman yang sempit karena sifatnya yang jarang berbunga dan menghasilkan biji, sehingga varietas baru tidak dapat diperoleh melalui persilangan. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan penerapan teknik mutasi menggunakan iradiasi UV-C untuk mendapatkan karakter unggul nilam yang baru. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui LD20 dan LD50 penyinaran UV-C, memperoleh putatif mutan nilam yang memiliki hasil minyak tinggi, dan tahan terhadap penyakit layu bakteri Ralstonia solanacearum. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dari Januari – Mei 2024 di Laboratorium Kultur Jaringan dan Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Fakultas Pertanian, Laboratorium Patologi Anatomi Fakultas Kedokteran, serta Laboratorium Sentral Universitas Andalas, Padang. Percobaan ini memiliki 10 taraf perlakuan dan 3 kelompok. Perlakuan berupa durasi paparan UV-C, yaitu 0 (wild type), 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, dan 270 menit dengan jarak 30 cm. Percobaan ini terdiri dari beberapa tahapan, yaitu induksi mutasi planlet nilam, induksi tunas dan akar secara in vitro, aklimatisasi, dan seleksi menggunakan 20 ml suspensi bakteri dengan kepadatan 106 sel/ml. Data masing-masing nilam per variabel pengamatan disajikan dalam bentuk nilai rata-rata, ragam, dan standar deviasi serta dianalisis menggunakan unpaired t-test. Hasil penelitian tidak menemukan nilai LD20 dan LD50 diantara paparan UV-C selama 0 – 270 menit. Namun, melalui persamaan regresi y = -0.0002x2 + 0.082x + 1.7332 juga tidak dapat diperkirakan waktu paparan yang diperlukan untuk mencapai LD20 dan LD50 karena tidak ada nilai x yang memenuhi syarat LD20 dan LD50. Paparan UV-C selama 90 menit menghasilkan putatif mutan nilam dengan 38.00 kelenjar minyak, menunjukkan peningkatan kandungan minyak dibandingkan dengan wild type yang hanya memiliki 14.00 kelenjar minyak. Selain itu, paparan UV-C selama 30 menit memiliki pe

Nilam (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) merupakan salah satu tanaman penghasil minyak atsiri teratas yang diperjualbelikan di pasar dunia. Nilam memiliki keragaman yang sempit karena sifatnya yang jarang berbunga dan menghasilkan biji, sehingga varietas baru tidak dapat diperoleh melalui persilangan. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan penerapan teknik mutasi menggunakan iradiasi UV-C untuk mendapatkan karakter unggul nilam yang baru. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui LD20 dan LD50 penyinaran UV-C, memperoleh putatif mutan nilam yang memiliki hasil minyak tinggi, dan tahan terhadap penyakit layu bakteri Ralstonia solanacearum. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dari Januari – Mei 2024 di Laboratorium Kultur Jaringan dan Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Fakultas Pertanian, Laboratorium Patologi Anatomi Fakultas Kedokteran, serta Laboratorium Sentral Universitas Andalas, Padang. Percobaan ini memiliki 10 taraf perlakuan dan 3 kelompok. Perlakuan berupa durasi paparan UV-C, yaitu 0 (wild type), 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, dan 270 menit dengan jarak 30 cm. Percobaan ini terdiri dari beberapa tahapan, yaitu induksi mutasi planlet nilam, induksi tunas dan akar secara in vitro, aklimatisasi, dan seleksi menggunakan 20 ml suspensi bakteri dengan kepadatan 106 sel/ml. Data masing-masing nilam per variabel pengamatan disajikan dalam bentuk nilai rata-rata, ragam, dan standar deviasi serta dianalisis menggunakan unpaired t-test. Hasil penelitian tidak menemukan nilai LD20 dan LD50 diantara paparan UV-C selama 0 – 270 menit. Namun, melalui persamaan regresi y = -0.0002x2 + 0.082x + 1.7332 juga tidak dapat diperkirakan waktu paparan yang diperlukan untuk mencapai LD20 dan LD50 karena tidak ada nilai x yang memenuhi syarat LD20 dan LD50. Paparan UV-C selama 90 menit menghasilkan putatif mutan nilam dengan 38.00 kelenjar minyak, menunjukkan peningkatan kandungan minyak dibandingkan dengan wild type yang hanya memiliki 14.00 kelenjar minyak. Selain itu, paparan UV-C selama 30 menit memiliki pe

Nilam (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) merupakan salah satu tanaman penghasil minyak atsiri teratas yang diperjualbelikan di pasar dunia. Nilam memiliki keragaman yang sempit karena sifatnya yang jarang berbunga dan menghasilkan biji, sehingga varietas baru tidak dapat diperoleh melalui persilangan. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan penerapan teknik mutasi menggunakan iradiasi UV-C untuk mendapatkan karakter unggul nilam yang baru. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui LD20 dan LD50 penyinaran UV-C, memperoleh putatif mutan nilam yang memiliki hasil minyak tinggi, dan tahan terhadap penyakit layu bakteri Ralstonia solanacearum. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dari Januari – Mei 2024 di Laboratorium Kultur Jaringan dan Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Fakultas Pertanian, Laboratorium Patologi Anatomi Fakultas Kedokteran, serta Laboratorium Sentral Universitas Andalas, Padang. Percobaan ini memiliki 10 taraf perlakuan dan 3 kelompok. Perlakuan berupa durasi paparan UV-C, yaitu 0 (wild type), 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, dan 270 menit dengan jarak 30 cm. Percobaan ini terdiri dari beberapa tahapan, yaitu induksi mutasi planlet nilam, induksi tunas dan akar secara in vitro, aklimatisasi, dan seleksi menggunakan 20 ml suspensi bakteri dengan kepadatan 106 sel/ml. Data masing-masing nilam per variabel pengamatan disajikan dalam bentuk nilai rata-rata, ragam, dan standar deviasi serta dianalisis menggunakan unpaired t-test. Hasil penelitian tidak menemukan nilai LD20 dan LD50 diantara paparan UV-C selama 0 – 270 menit. Namun, melalui persamaan regresi y = -0.0002x2 + 0.082x + 1.7332 juga tidak dapat diperkirakan waktu paparan yang diperlukan untuk mencapai LD20 dan LD50 karena tidak ada nilai x yang memenuhi syarat LD20 dan LD50. Paparan UV-C selama 90 menit menghasilkan putatif mutan nilam dengan 38.00 kelenjar minyak, menunjukkan peningkatan kandungan minyak dibandingkan dengan wild type yang hanya memiliki 14.00 kelenjar minyak. Selain itu, paparan UV-C selama 30 menit memiliki pe

Laporan praktik kerja ini berjudul “Penerjemahan Buku Profil Pariwisata Surakarta Berbahasa Mandarin di Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Kota Surakarta”. Praktik kerja ini dilaksanakan mulai 1 September 2023 sampai 29 Februari 2024. Tujuan dari praktik kerja ini untuk menyediakan Buku Profil Pariwisata Surakarta Berbahasa Mandarin di Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Kota Surakarta menggunakan metode penerjemahan komunikatif agar pengunjung berbahasa Mandarin dapat memahami informasi yang disajikan dengan mudah. Latar belakang pelaksanaan praktik kerja ini adalah adanya wisatawan asing berbahasa Mandarin yang berkunjung ke Kota Surakarta, namun tidak adanya informasi pariwisata surakarta berbahasa Mandarin. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan yakni metode observasi, metode wawancara, metode studi pustaka, dan metode jelajah internet. Penulis menggunakan metode penerjemahan komunikatif dan teknik penerjemahan deskripsi dalam proses penerjemahan buku profil pariwisata Surakarta, karena dokumen hasil terjemahan sesuai dengan tata bahasa bahasa sasaran. Hasil terjemahan tersebut diserahkan kepada pihak Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Kota Surakarta. Melalui hasil terjemahan tersebut dapat membantu wisatawan asing berbahasa Mandarin yang akan berkunjung ke Kota Surakarta agar lebih mudah mendapatkan informasi berbahasa Mandarin mengenai tempat wisata yang ada di Kota Surakarta.

Objective: The limitations of coastal communities are an obstacle to fulfilling passive voting rights in elections. It needs a concept to answer these problems. The purpose of this article is to give birth to the concept of fulfilling the passive voting rights of coastal communities as candidates for regional legislatures. Method: this normative legal research uses legal, principled, and conceptual approaches. Data are sourced from primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal materials which are analyzed in a qualitative descriptive manner. Result: the guarantee of universal suffrage is regulated in Article 27 of the Indonesian Constitution, Constitutional Court Decision Number 011-017/PUU-I/2003 and Article 2 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which guarantees respect for human rights without discrimination. The limited social life of coastal communities, which are classified as marginalized groups, is not a reason for not being able to fulfil their rights to become candidates for legislative members. Affirmative policies are needed to obtain equal opportunities to achieve equality and justice in the fulfilment of their rights. Conclusion: The presence of law is needed to help the process of changing society towards renewal. Three things are needed to fulfil the passive voting rights of coastal communities, namely the provision of affirmative policies, the pattern of cooperation of all stakeholders, and the improvement of human resources., RESUMO Objetivo: Las limitaciones de las comunidades costeras son un obstáculo para el cumplimiento del derecho al voto pasivo en las elecciones. Necesita un concepto que responda a estos problemas. El propósito de este artículo es dar origen al concepto de cumplimiento pasivo del derecho al voto de las comunidades costeras como candidatas a las legislaturas regionales. Método: esta investigación jurídica normativa utiliza enfoques jurídicos, de principios y conceptuales. Los datos provienen de materiales jurídicos primarios, materiales jurídicos secundarios, materiales jurídicos terciarios que se analizan de forma cualitativa y descriptiva. Resultado:  la  garantía del sufragio universal está regulada en el artículo 27 de la Constitución de Indonesia, en la decisión del Tribunal Constitucional Nº 011-017/PUU-I/2003 y  en el artículo 2 de la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos, que garantiza el respeto de los derechos humanos sin discriminación. La limitada vida social de las comunidades costeras, que son clasificadas como grupos marginados, no es una razón para no poder ejercer su derecho a ser candidatos a miembros legislativos. Se necesitan políticas afirmativas  para obtener igualdad de oportunidades para lograr la igualdad y la justicia en el cumplimiento de sus derechos. Conclusão:  la presencia del derecho es necesaria para ayudar al proceso de cambio de la sociedad hacia la renovación. Se necesitan tres cosas en un esfuerzo por hacer efectivos los derechos de voto pasivo de las comunidades costeras, a saber, la aplicación de políticas afirmativas, el modelo de cooperación de todas las partes interesadas y la mejora de los recursos humanos. Palavras-chave: sufragio pasivo, comunidades costeras, elecciones legislativas

For developing nations to meet the demand for skills in the twenty-first century, TVET is essential. The TVET institution actively creates a skilled workforce to meet the needs of the nation's labour market to meet those demands. As a result, efforts are being made to improve the existing TVET institutions. This study looked into the difficulties faced by TVET institution managers when handling their relationships with collaboration. The quantitative approach used in this study was the survey design approach. The right respondents are chosen for this study using purposeful sampling techniques. A total of 53 directors of TVET institutions in Malaysia and 30 representatives from industry were chosen as respondents for this study. The Rasch measurement model was used to analyze the data. This study identified managerial skills and common barriers as the two main obstacles to the collaboration between Malaysian TVET institutions and industries. Technical, human, and conceptual skills are the three categories used to categorize managerial skill barriers. Technically, directors are unable to put knowledge into practice because they lack computer proficiency, managerial knowledge and experience, and methods and techniques for performance monitoring tools. Conceptually, directors struggle to plan long-term objectives, articulate strategies and comprehend the organizational structure of their industry. Finally, directors lack the ability to manage relationships between organizations and the drive to launch partnerships with the sector. While this was going on, the common TVET institution-industry collaboration barriers were grouped into four categories: governance issues, funding and financial issues, management issues in collaboration, and industry-institution culture issues

Pada era digital dan banjir informasi seperti saat ini semua lini kehidupan manusia mengalami perubahan, manusia mengalami disrupsi informasi dan berhadapan dengan perubahan yang bergejolak tanpa kepastian. Dalam hal ini maka ilmu komunikasi memiliki peran strategis dan sangat penting. Ilmu Komunikasi adalah upaya sistematis, merumuskan asas-asas penyampaian informasi, pembentukan pendapat dan sikap. Buku Pengantar Ilmu Komunikasi berisi tentang konsep ilmu komunikasi, sejarah perkembangan ilmu komunikasi, proses komunikasi antarmanusia, model model komunikasi, teknik komunikasi, konsep informasi, pesan dan makna, komunikasi nonverbal, komunikasi antar-pribadi, primordialisme dalam etika komunikasi, efektifitas dan hambatan dalam berkomunikasi, komunikasi digital dan media.

Pada era digital dan banjir informasi seperti saat ini semua lini kehidupan manusia mengalami perubahan, manusia mengalami disrupsi informasi dan berhadapan dengan perubahan yang bergejolak tanpa kepastian. Dalam hal ini maka ilmu komunikasi memiliki peran strategis dan sangat penting. Ilmu Komunikasi adalah upaya sistematis, merumuskan asas-asas penyampaian informasi, pembentukan pendapat dan sikap. Buku Pengantar Ilmu Komunikasi berisi tentang konsep ilmu komunikasi, sejarah perkembangan ilmu komunikasi, proses komunikasi antarmanusia, model model komunikasi, teknik komunikasi, konsep informasi, pesan dan makna, komunikasi nonverbal, komunikasi antar-pribadi, primordialisme dalam etika komunikasi, efektifitas dan hambatan dalam berkomunikasi, komunikasi digital dan media.

For developing nations to meet the demand for skills in the twenty-first century, TVET is essential. The TVET institution actively creates a skilled workforce to meet the needs of the nation's labour market to meet those demands. As a result, efforts are being made to improve the existing TVET institutions. This study looked into the difficulties faced by TVET institution managers when handling their relationships with collaboration. The quantitative approach used in this study was the survey design approach. The right respondents are chosen for this study using purposeful sampling techniques. A total of 53 directors of TVET institutions in Malaysia and 30 representatives from industry were chosen as respondents for this study. The Rasch measurement model was used to analyze the data. This study identified managerial skills and common barriers as the two main obstacles to the collaboration between Malaysian TVET institutions and industries. Technical, human, and conceptual skills are the three categories used to categorize managerial skill barriers. Technically, directors are unable to put knowledge into practice because they lack computer proficiency, managerial knowledge and experience, and methods and techniques for performance monitoring tools. Conceptually, directors struggle to plan long-term objectives, articulate strategies and comprehend the organizational structure of their industry. Finally, directors lack the ability to manage relationships between organizations and the drive to launch partnerships with the sector. While this was going on, the common TVET institution-industry collaboration barriers were grouped into four categories: governance issues, funding and financial issues, management issues in collaboration, and industry-institution culture issues.

Good public transportation that can offer a pleasant peaceful and relaxing environment is necessary for improving people's interest in using it. Thermal comfort is determined in this study by measuring the air velocity and temperature of the air-conditioning from the outlet. Both data are taken using a digital anemometer and thermocouple with three replications for reproducibility. For data collection, a 10-row shuttle bus was held immobile for 30 minutes. According to the data, outlet 5 received the highest air velocity and the lowest temperature, at 9.12 ms-1 and 13.6 °C, respectively. It was also discovered that the design of the air-conditioning ducting impacts the reachability of cooled air to the farthest outlets, adversely affecting the target cool temperature and passenger comfortability. It is suggested that in order to promote the attractiveness of public transportation, the inner bus compartment and air-conditioning system in hot countries should prioritise thermal comfort.

Good public transportation that can offer a pleasant peaceful and relaxing environment is necessary for improving people's interest in using it. Thermal comfort is determined in this study by measuring the air velocity and temperature of the air-conditioning from the outlet. Both data are taken using a digital anemometer and thermocouple with three replications for reproducibility. For data collection, a 10-row shuttle bus was held immobile for 30 minutes. According to the data, outlet 5 received the highest air velocity and the lowest temperature, at 9.12 ms-1 and 13.6 °C, respectively. It was also discovered that the design of the air-conditioning ducting impacts the reachability of cooled air to the farthest outlets, adversely affecting the target cool temperature and passenger comfortability. It is suggested that in order to promote the attractiveness of public transportation, the inner bus compartment and air-conditioning system in hot countries should prioritise thermal comfort.

For developing nations to meet the demand for skills in the twenty-first century, TVET is essential. The TVET institution actively creates a skilled workforce to meet the needs of the nation's labour market to meet those demands. As a result, efforts are being made to improve the existing TVET institutions. This study looked into the difficulties faced by TVET institution managers when handling their relationships with collaboration. The quantitative approach used in this study was the survey design approach. The right respondents are chosen for this study using purposeful sampling techniques. A total of 53 directors of TVET institutions in Malaysia and 30 representatives from industry were chosen as respondents for this study. The Rasch measurement model was used to analyze the data. This study identified managerial skills and common barriers as the two main obstacles to the collaboration between Malaysian TVET institutions and industries. Technical, human, and conceptual skills are the three categories used to categorize managerial skill barriers. Technically, directors are unable to put knowledge into practice because they lack computer proficiency, managerial knowledge and experience, and methods and techniques for performance monitoring tools. Conceptually, directors struggle to plan long-term objectives, articulate strategies and comprehend the organizational structure of their industry. Finally, directors lack the ability to manage relationships between organizations and the drive to launch partnerships with the sector. While this was going on, the common TVET institution-industry collaboration barriers were grouped into four categories: governance issues, funding and financial issues, management issues in collaboration, and industry-institution culture issues.

The development of survey items includes the preparing and validating the items. A construct validity and reliability are two important concepts in survey research that are used to assess the quality of survey items. This study was conducted to generate on the construct validity process of the survey items in heutagogy elements specifically for vocational learning. Items have been developed based on relevant literature and the context of vocational education in particular leads to readiness for employment. Therefore, to go through the process of validity and reliability of the items, this study involved 100 students from Vocational Colleges to response the survey items. There are 71 items in a set of questionnaires with six elements consists of Exploring, Collaborating, Relationship, Creating, Reflection and Sharing. The data was analysed based on Rasch Model as statistical measurement model that can be used to assess the validity and reliability of research instruments. The construct validity was examined by analysing the point-measure correlation index, infit, and outfit values; meanwhile, the reliability was examined by analysing the item reliability index. The results have shown that the findings of the analysis found seven items dropped because the items did not meet the requirements of the established analysis. By analysing the data collected from the questionnaire, the final instrument shows a total of 64 items suitable for measuring six elements of heutagogy. The Rasch Model differs from other measurement models in reliability assessment by focusing on one-dimensionality, assessing both person and item reliability, enabling item calibration, and providing fit statistics. Hence, this systematic approach may facilitate researcher to improve the items to produce the good quality of research instrument.

Pada era digital dan banjir informasi seperti saat ini semua lini kehidupan manusia mengalami perubahan, manusia mengalami disrupsi informasi dan berhadapan dengan perubahan yang bergejolak tanpa kepastian. Dalam hal ini maka ilmu komunikasi memiliki peran strategis dan sangat penting. Ilmu Komunikasi adalah upaya sistematis, merumuskan asas-asas penyampaian informasi, pembentukan pendapat dan sikap. Buku Pengantar Ilmu Komunikasi berisi tentang konsep ilmu komunikasi, sejarah perkembangan ilmu komunikasi, proses komunikasi antarmanusia, model model komunikasi, teknik komunikasi, konsep informasi, pesan dan makna, komunikasi nonverbal, komunikasi antar-pribadi, primordialisme dalam etika komunikasi, efektifitas dan hambatan dalam berkomunikasi, komunikasi digital dan media.

For developing nations to meet the demand for skills in the twenty-first century, TVET is essential. The TVET institution actively creates a skilled workforce to meet the needs of the nation's labour market to meet those demands. As a result, efforts are being made to improve the existing TVET institutions. This study looked into the difficulties faced by TVET institution managers when handling their relationships with collaboration. The quantitative approach used in this study was the survey design approach. The right respondents are chosen for this study using purposeful sampling techniques. A total of 53 directors of TVET institutions in Malaysia and 30 representatives from industry were chosen as respondents for this study. The Rasch measurement model was used to analyze the data. This study identified managerial skills and common barriers as the two main obstacles to the collaboration between Malaysian TVET institutions and industries. Technical, human, and conceptual skills are the three categories used to categorize managerial skill barriers. Technically, directors are unable to put knowledge into practice because they lack computer proficiency, managerial knowledge and experience, and methods and techniques for performance monitoring tools. Conceptually, directors struggle to plan long-term objectives, articulate strategies and comprehend the organizational structure of their industry. Finally, directors lack the ability to manage relationships between organizations and the drive to launch partnerships with the sector. While this was going on, the common TVET institution-industry collaboration barriers were grouped into four categories: governance issues, funding and financial issues, management issues in collaboration, and industry-institution culture issues.

The development of survey items includes the preparing and validating the items. A construct validity and reliability are two important concepts in survey research that are used to assess the quality of survey items. This study was conducted to generate on the construct validity process of the survey items in heutagogy elements specifically for vocational learning. Items have been developed based on relevant literature and the context of vocational education in particular leads to readiness for employment. Therefore, to go through the process of validity and reliability of the items, this study involved 100 students from Vocational Colleges to response the survey items. There are 71 items in a set of questionnaires with six elements consists of Exploring, Collaborating, Relationship, Creating, Reflection and Sharing. The data was analysed based on Rasch Model as statistical measurement model that can be used to assess the validity and reliability of research instruments. The construct validity was examined by analysing the point-measure correlation index, infit, and outfit values; meanwhile, the reliability was examined by analysing the item reliability index. The results have shown that the findings of the analysis found seven items dropped because the items did not meet the requirements of the established analysis. By analysing the data collected from the questionnaire, the final instrument shows a total of 64 items suitable for measuring six elements of heutagogy. The Rasch Model differs from other measurement models in reliability assessment by focusing on one-dimensionality, assessing both person and item reliability, enabling item calibration, and providing fit statistics. Hence, this systematic approach may facilitate researcher to improve the items to produce the good quality of research instrument.

Good public transportation that can offer a pleasant peaceful and relaxing environment is necessary for improving people's interest in using it. Thermal comfort is determined in this study by measuring the air velocity and temperature of the air-conditioning from the outlet. Both data are taken using a digital anemometer and thermocouple with three replications for reproducibility. For data collection, a 10-row shuttle bus was held immobile for 30 minutes. According to the data, outlet 5 received the highest air velocity and the lowest temperature, at 9.12 ms-1 and 13.6 °C, respectively. It was also discovered that the design of the air-conditioning ducting impacts the reachability of cooled air to the farthest outlets, adversely affecting the target cool temperature and passenger comfortability. It is suggested that in order to promote the attractiveness of public transportation, the inner bus compartment and air-conditioning system in hot countries should prioritise thermal comfort.

For developing nations to meet the demand for skills in the twenty-first century, TVET is essential. The TVET institution actively creates a skilled workforce to meet the needs of the nation's labour market to meet those demands. As a result, efforts are being made to improve the existing TVET institutions. This study looked into the difficulties faced by TVET institution managers when handling their relationships with collaboration. The quantitative approach used in this study was the survey design approach. The right respondents are chosen for this study using purposeful sampling techniques. A total of 53 directors of TVET institutions in Malaysia and 30 representatives from industry were chosen as respondents for this study. The Rasch measurement model was used to analyze the data. This study identified managerial skills and common barriers as the two main obstacles to the collaboration between Malaysian TVET institutions and industries. Technical, human, and conceptual skills are the three categories used to categorize managerial skill barriers. Technically, directors are unable to put knowledge into practice because they lack computer proficiency, managerial knowledge and experience, and methods and techniques for performance monitoring tools. Conceptually, directors struggle to plan long-term objectives, articulate strategies and comprehend the organizational structure of their industry. Finally, directors lack the ability to manage relationships between organizations and the drive to launch partnerships with the sector. While this was going on, the common TVET institution-industry collaboration barriers were grouped into four categories: governance issues, funding and financial issues, management issues in collaboration, and industry-institution culture issues.

Good public transportation that can offer a pleasant peaceful and relaxing environment is necessary for improving people's interest in using it. Thermal comfort is determined in this study by measuring the air velocity and temperature of the air-conditioning from the outlet. Both data are taken using a digital anemometer and thermocouple with three replications for reproducibility. For data collection, a 10-row shuttle bus was held immobile for 30 minutes. According to the data, outlet 5 received the highest air velocity and the lowest temperature, at 9.12 ms-1 and 13.6 °C, respectively. It was also discovered that the design of the air-conditioning ducting impacts the reachability of cooled air to the farthest outlets, adversely affecting the target cool temperature and passenger comfortability. It is suggested that in order to promote the attractiveness of public transportation, the inner bus compartment and air-conditioning system in hot countries should prioritise thermal comfort.

For developing nations to meet the demand for skills in the twenty-first century, TVET is essential. The TVET institution actively creates a skilled workforce to meet the needs of the nation's labour market to meet those demands. As a result, efforts are being made to improve the existing TVET institutions. This study looked into the difficulties faced by TVET institution managers when handling their relationships with collaboration. The quantitative approach used in this study was the survey design approach. The right respondents are chosen for this study using purposeful sampling techniques. A total of 53 directors of TVET institutions in Malaysia and 30 representatives from industry were chosen as respondents for this study. The Rasch measurement model was used to analyze the data. This study identified managerial skills and common barriers as the two main obstacles to the collaboration between Malaysian TVET institutions and industries. Technical, human, and conceptual skills are the three categories used to categorize managerial skill barriers. Technically, directors are unable to put knowledge into practice because they lack computer proficiency, managerial knowledge and experience, and methods and techniques for performance monitoring tools. Conceptually, directors struggle to plan long-term objectives, articulate strategies and comprehend the organizational structure of their industry. Finally, directors lack the ability to manage relationships between organizations and the drive to launch partnerships with the sector. While this was going on, the common TVET institution-industry collaboration barriers were grouped into four categories: governance issues, funding and financial issues, management issues in collaboration, and industry-institution culture issues.

The development of survey items includes the preparing and validating the items. A construct validity and reliability are two important concepts in survey research that are used to assess the quality of survey items. This study was conducted to generate on the construct validity process of the survey items in heutagogy elements specifically for vocational learning. Items have been developed based on relevant literature and the context of vocational education in particular leads to readiness for employment. Therefore, to go through the process of validity and reliability of the items, this study involved 100 students from Vocational Colleges to response the survey items. There are 71 items in a set of questionnaires with six elements consists of Exploring, Collaborating, Relationship, Creating, Reflection and Sharing. The data was analysed based on Rasch Model as statistical measurement model that can be used to assess the validity and reliability of research instruments. The construct validity was examined by analysing the point-measure correlation index, infit, and outfit values; meanwhile, the reliability was examined by analysing the item reliability index. The results have shown that the findings of the analysis found seven items dropped because the items did not meet the requirements of the established analysis. By analysing the data collected from the questionnaire, the final instrument shows a total of 64 items suitable for measuring six elements of heutagogy. The Rasch Model differs from other measurement models in reliability assessment by focusing on one-dimensionality, assessing both person and item reliability, enabling item calibration, and providing fit statistics. Hence, this systematic approach may facilitate researcher to improve the items to produce the good quality of research instrument.

For developing nations to meet the demand for skills in the twenty-first century, TVET is essential. The TVET institution actively creates a skilled workforce to meet the needs of the nation's labour market to meet those demands. As a result, efforts are being made to improve the existing TVET institutions. This study looked into the difficulties faced by TVET institution managers when handling their relationships with collaboration. The quantitative approach used in this study was the survey design approach. The right respondents are chosen for this study using purposeful sampling techniques. A total of 53 directors of TVET institutions in Malaysia and 30 representatives from industry were chosen as respondents for this study. The Rasch measurement model was used to analyze the data. This study identified managerial skills and common barriers as the two main obstacles to the collaboration between Malaysian TVET institutions and industries. Technical, human, and conceptual skills are the three categories used to categorize managerial skill barriers. Technically, directors are unable to put knowledge into practice because they lack computer proficiency, managerial knowledge and experience, and methods and techniques for performance monitoring tools. Conceptually, directors struggle to plan long-term objectives, articulate strategies and comprehend the organizational structure of their industry. Finally, directors lack the ability to manage relationships between organizations and the drive to launch partnerships with the sector. While this was going on, the common TVET institution-industry collaboration barriers were grouped into four categories: governance issues, funding and financial issues, management issues in collaboration, and industry-institution culture issues.

The purpose of this research was to assess thermal comfort by analyzing the temperature and air velocity of a shuttle bus while changing factors such as bus speeds and regulator speeds. Data were collected at the front, middle, and back seats using a thermocouple and anemometer mounted to the air conditioning outlets. The goal was to understand how air velocity and temperature behaved to supply cooled air within the bus cabin when the vehicle and regulator speeds were increased. The results revealed that when the regulator speeds increased from minimum to maximum, the air velocity recorded at the front, middle and back seater decreased. When the bus is accelerated from 20 km h-1 to 60 km h-1 , the air velocity drops from 4.1 m s-1 to 1.4 m s-1 . The overall temperature was able to decrease when the bus speeds were accelerated from 20 km h-1 to 60 km h-1 . In all conditions, the lowest temperature was observed mainly at the front seater, which reflected from the evaporator blower location

Good public transportation that can offer a pleasant peaceful and relaxing environment is necessary for improving people's interest in using it. Thermal comfort is determined in this study by measuring the air velocity and temperature of the air-conditioning from the outlet. Both data are taken using a digital anemometer and thermocouple with three replications for reproducibility. For data collection, a 10-row shuttle bus was held immobile for 30 minutes. According to the data, outlet 5 received the highest air velocity and the lowest temperature, at 9.12 ms-1 and 13.6 °C, respectively. It was also discovered that the design of the air-conditioning ducting impacts the reachability of cooled air to the farthest outlets, adversely affecting the target cool temperature and passenger comfortability. It is suggested that in order to promote the attractiveness of public transportation, the inner bus compartment and air-conditioning system in hot countries should prioritise thermal comfort.

Eukaliptus lemon (Eucalyptus citriodora (Hook) K.D. Johnson) merupakan salah satu tanaman penghasil minyak atsiri yang berpotensi untuk dikembangkan. Perbanyakan eukaliptus lemon secara massa, terutama menggunakan kultur jaringan penting dilakukan karena ketersediaannya di alam yang terbatas. Keberhasilan kultur jaringan ditentukan oleh beberapa faktor, salah satunya sterilisasi. Adanya jamur, bakteri, dan terjadinya browning akan menghambat proses pengkulturan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan metode sterilisasi yang paling tepat untuk eksplan daun eukaliptus lemon. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada Februari – April 2023 di Laboratorium Kultur Jaringan, Universitas Andalas. Percobaan disusun dalam Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 5 taraf perlakuan dan 3 ulangan. Perlakuan yang digunakan adalah serangkaian tahapan sterilisasi yang melibatkan pencucian eksplan dengan detergen, perendaman eksplan dalam larutan bakterisida, fungisida, Tween 20®, dan Bayclin, penggunaan povidone-iodine pada saat pemotongan eksplan, dan pencelupan dalam alkohol pada saat penanaman. Analisis data menggunakan uji ANOVA dan apabila berbeda nyata dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) pada taraf 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perlakuan dengan perendaman dalam detergen selama 5 menit, diikuti dengan perendaman dalam 1 g/l bakterisida + 1 g/l fungisida + 2 tetes Tween 20® yang dishaker selama 30 menit, dan perendaman dalam Bayclin 10% (setara dengan 0.52% natrium hipoklorit) selama 10 menit merupakan perlakuan terbaik dengan persentase eksplan hidup 23.33%. Namun, semua perlakuan sterilisasi masih belum optimal yang ditunjukkan dengan eksplan masih mengalami browning yang cepat dan persentase eksplan hidup yang rendah, yaitu berkisar dari 6.67-23.33%. Kata kunci: atsiri, browning, perbanyakan, persentase hidup

Eukaliptus lemon (Eucalyptus citriodora (Hook) K.D. Johnson) merupakan salah satu tanaman penghasil minyak atsiri yang berpotensi untuk dikembangkan. Perbanyakan eukaliptus lemon secara massa, terutama menggunakan kultur jaringan penting dilakukan karena ketersediaannya di alam yang terbatas. Keberhasilan kultur jaringan ditentukan oleh beberapa faktor, salah satunya sterilisasi. Adanya jamur, bakteri, dan terjadinya browning akan menghambat proses pengkulturan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan metode sterilisasi yang paling tepat untuk eksplan daun eukaliptus lemon. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada Februari – April 2023 di Laboratorium Kultur Jaringan, Universitas Andalas. Percobaan disusun dalam Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 5 taraf perlakuan dan 3 ulangan. Perlakuan yang digunakan adalah serangkaian tahapan sterilisasi yang melibatkan pencucian eksplan dengan detergen, perendaman eksplan dalam larutan bakterisida, fungisida, Tween 20®, dan Bayclin, penggunaan povidone-iodine pada saat pemotongan eksplan, dan pencelupan dalam alkohol pada saat penanaman. Analisis data menggunakan uji ANOVA dan apabila berbeda nyata dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) pada taraf 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perlakuan dengan perendaman dalam detergen selama 5 menit, diikuti dengan perendaman dalam 1 g/l bakterisida + 1 g/l fungisida + 2 tetes Tween 20® yang dishaker selama 30 menit, dan perendaman dalam Bayclin 10% (setara dengan 0.52% natrium hipoklorit) selama 10 menit merupakan perlakuan terbaik dengan persentase eksplan hidup 23.33%. Namun, semua perlakuan sterilisasi masih belum optimal yang ditunjukkan dengan eksplan masih mengalami browning yang cepat dan persentase eksplan hidup yang rendah, yaitu berkisar dari 6.67-23.33%. Kata kunci: atsiri, browning, perbanyakan, persentase hidup

Eukaliptus lemon (Eucalyptus citriodora (Hook) K.D. Johnson) merupakan salah satu tanaman penghasil minyak atsiri yang berpotensi untuk dikembangkan. Perbanyakan eukaliptus lemon secara massa, terutama menggunakan kultur jaringan penting dilakukan karena ketersediaannya di alam yang terbatas. Keberhasilan kultur jaringan ditentukan oleh beberapa faktor, salah satunya sterilisasi. Adanya jamur, bakteri, dan terjadinya browning akan menghambat proses pengkulturan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan metode sterilisasi yang paling tepat untuk eksplan daun eukaliptus lemon. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada Februari – April 2023 di Laboratorium Kultur Jaringan, Universitas Andalas. Percobaan disusun dalam Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 5 taraf perlakuan dan 3 ulangan. Perlakuan yang digunakan adalah serangkaian tahapan sterilisasi yang melibatkan pencucian eksplan dengan detergen, perendaman eksplan dalam larutan bakterisida, fungisida, Tween 20®, dan Bayclin, penggunaan povidone-iodine pada saat pemotongan eksplan, dan pencelupan dalam alkohol pada saat penanaman. Analisis data menggunakan uji ANOVA dan apabila berbeda nyata dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) pada taraf 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perlakuan dengan perendaman dalam detergen selama 5 menit, diikuti dengan perendaman dalam 1 g/l bakterisida + 1 g/l fungisida + 2 tetes Tween 20® yang dishaker selama 30 menit, dan perendaman dalam Bayclin 10% (setara dengan 0.52% natrium hipoklorit) selama 10 menit merupakan perlakuan terbaik dengan persentase eksplan hidup 23.33%. Namun, semua perlakuan sterilisasi masih belum optimal yang ditunjukkan dengan eksplan masih mengalami browning yang cepat dan persentase eksplan hidup yang rendah, yaitu berkisar dari 6.67-23.33%. Kata kunci: atsiri, browning, perbanyakan, persentase hidup

Eukaliptus lemon (Eucalyptus citriodora (Hook) K.D. Johnson) merupakan salah satu tanaman penghasil minyak atsiri yang berpotensi untuk dikembangkan. Perbanyakan eukaliptus lemon secara massa, terutama menggunakan kultur jaringan penting dilakukan karena ketersediaannya di alam yang terbatas. Keberhasilan kultur jaringan ditentukan oleh beberapa faktor, salah satunya sterilisasi. Adanya jamur, bakteri, dan terjadinya browning akan menghambat proses pengkulturan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan metode sterilisasi yang paling tepat untuk eksplan daun eukaliptus lemon. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada Februari – April 2023 di Laboratorium Kultur Jaringan, Universitas Andalas. Percobaan disusun dalam Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 5 taraf perlakuan dan 3 ulangan. Perlakuan yang digunakan adalah serangkaian tahapan sterilisasi yang melibatkan pencucian eksplan dengan detergen, perendaman eksplan dalam larutan bakterisida, fungisida, Tween 20®, dan Bayclin, penggunaan povidone-iodine pada saat pemotongan eksplan, dan pencelupan dalam alkohol pada saat penanaman. Analisis data menggunakan uji ANOVA dan apabila berbeda nyata dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) pada taraf 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perlakuan dengan perendaman dalam detergen selama 5 menit, diikuti dengan perendaman dalam 1 g/l bakterisida + 1 g/l fungisida + 2 tetes Tween 20® yang dishaker selama 30 menit, dan perendaman dalam Bayclin 10% (setara dengan 0.52% natrium hipoklorit) selama 10 menit merupakan perlakuan terbaik dengan persentase eksplan hidup 23.33%. Namun, semua perlakuan sterilisasi masih belum optimal yang ditunjukkan dengan eksplan masih mengalami browning yang cepat dan persentase eksplan hidup yang rendah, yaitu berkisar dari 6.67-23.33%. Kata kunci: atsiri, browning, perbanyakan, persentase hidup

Purpose: Digital Transformation (DX) is a phenomenon that must be addressed properly so that its benefits can be optimized. Slow adaptation to DT leads to the destruction of the industry and threatens its sustainability. This article reveals significant insights in describing the trend of DX stages, especially in developing countries. Design/methodology/approach: Based on a comparative analysis of research related to DX in developing countries in reputable journals, more than 900 articles that reviewed DX. By conducting a strict and thorough screening of DX stages in developing countries, especially on the topic of Information Systems, 60 relevant articles were obtained. Findings: DX barriers in phase 1 comprise the fact that access and infrastructure are starting to be bridged, but not completely. DX barriers in developed countries have shifted predominantly from stage 1 to stage 2. More than 80 of the revealed indicators contribute to the success of DX in developing countries. In addition, this article also discusses various future research opportunities and essential indicators that intersect in stages 1, 2, and 3. Originality/value: DX barriers in developed countries have shifted predominantly from stage 1 to stage 2. More than 80 of the revealed indicators contribute to the success of DX in developing countries, Peer Reviewed

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan menjelaskan seberapa besar pengaruh brand ambassador dan brand image terhadap minat beli di Tokopedia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kuantitatif dengan menggunakan analisis regresi linier berganda dan diolah menggunakan aplikasi SPSS 22.0. Populasi penelitian ini adalah pengunjung Tokopedia di Indonesia dan ditentukan sampel dengan perhitungan rumus Hair sebanyak 110. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan penyebaran kuesioner melalui google form. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa brand ambassador berpengaruh secara parsial terhadap minat beli, brand image berpengaruh secara parsial terhadap minat beli, pengaruh secara simultan antara brand ambassador dan brand image terhadap minat beli.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan menjelaskan seberapa besar pengaruh brand ambassador dan brand image terhadap minat beli di Tokopedia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kuantitatif dengan menggunakan analisis regresi linier berganda dan diolah menggunakan aplikasi SPSS 22.0. Populasi penelitian ini adalah pengunjung Tokopedia di Indonesia dan ditentukan sampel dengan perhitungan rumus Hair sebanyak 110. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan penyebaran kuesioner melalui google form. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa brand ambassador berpengaruh secara parsial terhadap minat beli, brand image berpengaruh secara parsial terhadap minat beli, pengaruh secara simultan antara brand ambassador dan brand image terhadap minat beli.

Good public transportation that can offer a pleasant peaceful and relaxing environment is necessary for improving people's interest in using it. Thermal comfort is determined in this study by measuring the air velocity and temperature of the air-conditioning from the outlet. Both data are taken using a digital anemometer and thermocouple with three replications for reproducibility. For data collection, a 10-row shuttle bus was held immobile for 30 minutes. According to the data, outlet 5 received the highest air velocity and the lowest temperature, at 9.12 ms-1 and 13.6 °C, respectively. It was also discovered that the design of the air-conditioning ducting impacts the reachability of cooled air to the farthest outlets, adversely affecting the target cool temperature and passenger comfortability. It is suggested that in order to promote the attractiveness of public transportation, the inner bus compartment and air-conditioning system in hot countries should prioritise thermal comfort.

For developing nations to meet the demand for skills in the twenty-first century, TVET is essential. The TVET institution actively creates a skilled workforce to meet the needs of the nation's labour market to meet those demands. As a result, efforts are being made to improve the existing TVET institutions. This study looked into the difficulties faced by TVET institution managers when handling their relationships with collaboration. The quantitative approach used in this study was the survey design approach. The right respondents are chosen for this study using purposeful sampling techniques. A total of 53 directors of TVET institutions in Malaysia and 30 representatives from industry were chosen as respondents for this study. The Rasch measurement model was used to analyze the data. This study identified managerial skills and common barriers as the two main obstacles to the collaboration between Malaysian TVET institutions and industries. Technical, human, and conceptual skills are the three categories used to categorize managerial skill barriers. Technically, directors are unable to put knowledge into practice because they lack computer proficiency, managerial knowledge and experience, and methods and techniques for performance monitoring tools. Conceptually, directors struggle to plan long-term objectives, articulate strategies and comprehend the organizational structure of their industry. Finally, directors lack the ability to manage relationships between organizations and the drive to launch partnerships with the sector. While this was going on, the common TVET institution-industry collaboration barriers were grouped into four categories: governance issues, funding and financial issues, management issues in collaboration, and industry-institution culture issues.

For developing nations to meet the demand for skills in the twenty-first century, TVET is essential. The TVET institution actively creates a skilled workforce to meet the needs of the nation's labour market to meet those demands. As a result, efforts are being made to improve the existing TVET institutions. This study looked into the difficulties faced by TVET institution managers when handling their relationships with collaboration. The quantitative approach used in this study was the survey design approach. The right respondents are chosen for this study using purposeful sampling techniques. A total of 53 directors of TVET institutions in Malaysia and 30 representatives from industry were chosen as respondents for this study. The Rasch measurement model was used to analyze the data. This study identified managerial skills and common barriers as the two main obstacles to the collaboration between Malaysian TVET institutions and industries. Technical, human, and conceptual skills are the three categories used to categorize managerial skill barriers. Technically, directors are unable to put knowledge into practice because they lack computer proficiency, managerial knowledge and experience, and methods and techniques for performance monitoring tools. Conceptually, directors struggle to plan long-term objectives, articulate strategies and comprehend the organizational structure of their industry. Finally, directors lack the ability to manage relationships between organizations and the drive to launch partnerships with the sector. While this was going on, the common TVET institution-industry collaboration barriers were grouped into four categories: governance issues, funding and financial issues, management issues in collaboration, and industry-institution culture issues.

Good public transportation that can offer a pleasant peaceful and relaxing environment is necessary for improving people's interest in using it. Thermal comfort is determined in this study by measuring the air velocity and temperature of the air-conditioning from the outlet. Both data are taken using a digital anemometer and thermocouple with three replications for reproducibility. For data collection, a 10-row shuttle bus was held immobile for 30 minutes. According to the data, outlet 5 received the highest air velocity and the lowest temperature, at 9.12 ms-1 and 13.6 °C, respectively. It was also discovered that the design of the air-conditioning ducting impacts the reachability of cooled air to the farthest outlets, adversely affecting the target cool temperature and passenger comfortability. It is suggested that in order to promote the attractiveness of public transportation, the inner bus compartment and air-conditioning system in hot countries should prioritise thermal comfort.

Good public transportation that can offer a pleasant peaceful and relaxing environment is necessary for improving people's interest in using it. Thermal comfort is determined in this study by measuring the air velocity and temperature of the air-conditioning from the outlet. Both data are taken using a digital anemometer and thermocouple with three replications for reproducibility. For data collection, a 10-row shuttle bus was held immobile for 30 minutes. According to the data, outlet 5 received the highest air velocity and the lowest temperature, at 9.12 ms-1 and 13.6 °C, respectively. It was also discovered that the design of the air-conditioning ducting impacts the reachability of cooled air to the farthest outlets, adversely affecting the target cool temperature and passenger comfortability. It is suggested that in order to promote the attractiveness of public transportation, the inner bus compartment and air-conditioning system in hot countries should prioritise thermal comfort.

For developing nations to meet the demand for skills in the twenty-first century, TVET is essential. The TVET institution actively creates a skilled workforce to meet the needs of the nation's labour market to meet those demands. As a result, efforts are being made to improve the existing TVET institutions. This study looked into the difficulties faced by TVET institution managers when handling their relationships with collaboration. The quantitative approach used in this study was the survey design approach. The right respondents are chosen for this study using purposeful sampling techniques. A total of 53 directors of TVET institutions in Malaysia and 30 representatives from industry were chosen as respondents for this study. The Rasch measurement model was used to analyze the data. This study identified managerial skills and common barriers as the two main obstacles to the collaboration between Malaysian TVET institutions and industries. Technical, human, and conceptual skills are the three categories used to categorize managerial skill barriers. Technically, directors are unable to put knowledge into practice because they lack computer proficiency, managerial knowledge and experience, and methods and techniques for performance monitoring tools. Conceptually, directors struggle to plan long-term objectives, articulate strategies and comprehend the organizational structure of their industry. Finally, directors lack the ability to manage relationships between organizations and the drive to launch partnerships with the sector. While this was going on, the common TVET institution-industry collaboration barriers were grouped into four categories: governance issues, funding and financial issues, management issues in collaboration, and industry-institution culture issues.

For developing nations to meet the demand for skills in the twenty-first century, TVET is essential. The TVET institution actively creates a skilled workforce to meet the needs of the nation's labour market to meet those demands. As a result, efforts are being made to improve the existing TVET institutions. This study looked into the difficulties faced by TVET institution managers when handling their relationships with collaboration. The quantitative approach used in this study was the survey design approach. The right respondents are chosen for this study using purposeful sampling techniques. A total of 53 directors of TVET institutions in Malaysia and 30 representatives from industry were chosen as respondents for this study. The Rasch measurement model was used to analyze the data. This study identified managerial skills and common barriers as the two main obstacles to the collaboration between Malaysian TVET institutions and industries. Technical, human, and conceptual skills are the three categories used to categorize managerial skill barriers. Technically, directors are unable to put knowledge into practice because they lack computer proficiency, managerial knowledge and experience, and methods and techniques for performance monitoring tools. Conceptually, directors struggle to plan long-term objectives, articulate strategies and comprehend the organizational structure of their industry. Finally, directors lack the ability to manage relationships between organizations and the drive to launch partnerships with the sector. While this was going on, the common TVET institution-industry collaboration barriers were grouped into four categories: governance issues, funding and financial issues, management issues in collaboration, and industry-institution culture issues.

Good public transportation that can offer a pleasant peaceful and relaxing environment is necessary for improving people's interest in using it. Thermal comfort is determined in this study by measuring the air velocity and temperature of the air-conditioning from the outlet. Both data are taken using a digital anemometer and thermocouple with three replications for reproducibility. For data collection, a 10-row shuttle bus was held immobile for 30 minutes. According to the data, outlet 5 received the highest air velocity and the lowest temperature, at 9.12 ms-1 and 13.6 °C, respectively. It was also discovered that the design of the air-conditioning ducting impacts the reachability of cooled air to the farthest outlets, adversely affecting the target cool temperature and passenger comfortability. It is suggested that in order to promote the attractiveness of public transportation, the inner bus compartment and air-conditioning system in hot countries should prioritise thermal comfort.

Strategic partnerships are the most important element in the automotive industry. The interaction between two or more parties is important in pursuing the successful planning and implementation of an education and training system in producing a competent workforce. Malaysia is one country that has adopted Public Private Partnership (PPP) as a procurement technique for delivering public sector projects. PPP, taken in its broadest meaning, refers to any arrangement between the public and private sectors for the delivery of public services. However, previous studies indicated that the collaboration between training institutions and industry is still at a weak level. The major constraints were including the failure to understand the work culture of the organization, inconsistency of mission and vision of the organization, and weaknesses of the governance system. Therefore, this study aims to propose a model of TVET-Engineering Governance Structure in Collaboration of Malaysian TVET- Engineering Institution and industry partnership. In this case, data were collected from 115 technologists in three different fields involved mechanical, electric and electronic and civil in Malaysia. Then, the data were analysed using the PLS-SEM 3.3.9 software via the algorithm, bootstrapping and blindfolding method. Through the PLS-SEM approach, this study focuses on the analysis of (a) convergent validity and (b) discriminant validity in which these two validities have six analyses; (i) external loading, (ii) composite reliability, (iii) average variance extracted (AVE), (iv) Fornell-Larcker, (v) cross-loading, and (vi) Heterotrait-Monotrait Ratio (HTMT). Meanwhile, the structural model testing involves the analysis of (i) Multicollinearity (Inner VIF), (ii) Path Coefficient, (iii) R square (R2), (iv) size effect (f2), and (v) Predictive Relevance (Q2). At the end of the analysis, the model that has been developed is relevant to use because each phase meets the conditions that have been

Malaysia's construction industry is known as a hazardous industry, which has been overwhelmed with accidents for a long time. It is perceived that the control of accidents requires the participation of various stakeholders at every stage of the construction process. However, the primary responsibility for site safety has traditionally and commonly been ascribed to general/principal contractors. In practice, it is believed that different stakeholders tend to perceive OSH risks differently due to the diversity of their project interests. This study attempted to understand the similarities and differences of OSH risk perceptions among different construction stakeholder groups. In this study, a survey, which consisted of four different cases, was developed to represent the hazards or risks that can occur in selected activities during the construction process. Each case consists of two different scenarios, in which each scenario presents a combination of different issues that posed different hazards or risks. Survey was distributed to different project stakeholder groups currently working at construction sites, including designers, site management/technical teams, safety personnel, and other relevant individuals, with the purpose of exploring their OSH risk perceptions. The participants were required to determine the magnitude of the risk that each scenario presented, based on 1 (low) to 10 (extremely high) scale. The Intraclass Corellation Coefficient (ICC) and Kruskal-Wallis tests were carried out to test the similarities and differences within and between groups of participants. Findings of the present study revealed a high degree of similarity of OSH risk perception within and among stakeholder groups. The current research made a contribution by providing evidence on the similarities and differences among construction stakeholders' perceptions in Malaysia, particularly those who are site-based.

Children are involved in various forms of social interactions, experiences, and the setting of environments in outdoor play areas that support children’s socio-emotional growth. It is necessary because the environment leaves a memorable experience for children. Other than that, it is crucial for their training and physical coordination. In addition, children’s emotional and social skills were indirectly assessed. This paper intends to incorporate an outdoor environment in preschools to meet the socio-emotional developmental needs of preschool children. Preschools located in Peninsular Malaysia were considered to be discussed in this paper. Conducting interviews with four teachers from various types of preschools can provide an initial picture of the external environment development in preschools. Early experiences of external environment interactions and the presence of social interactions with teachers and peers in preschool often impact the children’s learning experience. Two conclusions from the research findings guide the discussion on how the relationships of the preschools’ outdoor environment can foster the preschoolers’ socio-emotional growth. First, they acquire social and emotional competence with a combination of different experiences through shared or solitary experiences. Second, it was found that a variety of outdoor games with engaging spaces that offer attractions imminently stimulates game-based learning in contributing to the socio-emotional competence of preschoolers.