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1. Connectivity: insights from the US Long Term Ecological Research Network

Author

Iwaniec, David M, Iwaniec, David M, Gooseff, Michael, Suding, Katharine N, Samuel Johnson, David, Reed, Daniel C, Peters, Debra PC, Adams, Byron, Barrett, John E, Bestelmeyer, Brandon T, Castorani, Max CN, Cook, Elizabeth M, Davidson, Melissa J, Groffman, Peter M, Hanan, Niall P, Huenneke, Laura F, Johnson, Pieter TJ, McKnight, Diane M, Miller, Robert J, Okin, Gregory S, Preston, Daniel L, Rassweiler, Andrew, Ray, Chris, Sala, Osvaldo E, Schooley, Robert L, Seastedt, Timothy, Spasojevic, Marko J, Vivoni, Enrique R, Iwaniec, David M, Iwaniec, David M, Gooseff, Michael, Suding, Katharine N, Samuel Johnson, David, Reed, Daniel C, Peters, Debra PC, Adams, Byron, Barrett, John E, Bestelmeyer, Brandon T, Castorani, Max CN, Cook, Elizabeth M, Davidson, Melissa J, Groffman, Peter M, Hanan, Niall P, Huenneke, Laura F, Johnson, Pieter TJ, McKnight, Diane M, Miller, Robert J, Okin, Gregory S, Preston, Daniel L, Rassweiler, Andrew, Ray, Chris, Sala, Osvaldo E, Schooley, Robert L, Seastedt, Timothy, Spasojevic, Marko J, and Vivoni, Enrique R

Published
2021

2. Connectivity: insights from the US Long Term Ecological Research Network

Author

Iwaniec, David M., Gooseff, Michael N., Suding, Katharine N., Samuel Johnson, David, Reed, Daniel C., Peters, Debra P. C., Adams, Byron J., Barrett, John E., Bestelmeyer, Brandon T., Castorani, Max C. N., Cook, Elizabeth M., Davidson, Melissa J., Groffman, Peter M., Hanan, Niall P., Huenneke, Laura F., Johnson, Pieter T. J., McKnight, Diane M., Miller, Robert J., Okin, Gregory S., Preston, Daniel L., Rassweiler, Andrew, Ray, Chris, Sala, Osvaldo E., Schooley, Robert L., Seastedt, Timothy, Spasojevic, Marko J., Vivoni, Enrique R., Iwaniec, David M., Gooseff, Michael N., Suding, Katharine N., Samuel Johnson, David, Reed, Daniel C., Peters, Debra P. C., Adams, Byron J., Barrett, John E., Bestelmeyer, Brandon T., Castorani, Max C. N., Cook, Elizabeth M., Davidson, Melissa J., Groffman, Peter M., Hanan, Niall P., Huenneke, Laura F., Johnson, Pieter T. J., McKnight, Diane M., Miller, Robert J., Okin, Gregory S., Preston, Daniel L., Rassweiler, Andrew, Ray, Chris, Sala, Osvaldo E., Schooley, Robert L., Seastedt, Timothy, Spasojevic, Marko J., and Vivoni, Enrique R.

Abstract

Ecosystems across the United States are changing in complex and surprising ways. Ongoing demand for critical ecosystem services requires an understanding of the populations and communities in these ecosystems in the future. This paper represents a synthesis effort of the U.S. National Science Foundation-funded Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) network addressing the core research area of "populations and communities." The objective of this effort was to show the importance of long-term data collection and experiments for addressing the hardest questions in scientific ecology that have significant implications for environmental policy and management. Each LTER site developed at least one compelling case study about what their site could look like in 50-100 yr as human and environmental drivers influencing specific ecosystems change. As the case studies were prepared, five themes emerged, and the studies were grouped into papers in this LTER Futures Special Feature addressing state change, connectivity, resilience, time lags, and cascading effects. This paper addresses the "connectivity" theme and has examples from the Phoenix (urban), Niwot Ridge (alpine tundra), McMurdo Dry Valleys (polar desert), Plum Island (coastal), Santa Barbara Coastal (coastal), and Jornada (arid grassland and shrubland) sites. Connectivity has multiple dimensions, ranging from multi-scalar interactions in space to complex interactions over time that govern the transport of materials and the distribution and movement of organisms. The case studies presented here range widely, showing how land-use legacies interact with climate to alter the structure and function of arid ecosystems and flows of resources and organisms in Antarctic polar desert, alpine, urban, and coastal marine ecosystems. Long-term ecological research demonstrates that connectivity can, in some circumstances, sustain valuable ecosystem functions, such as the persistence of foundation species and their associated biodiversi

Published
2021
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3. Connectivity: insights from the US Long Term Ecological Research Network

Author

Iwaniec, David M, Iwaniec, David M, Gooseff, Michael, Suding, Katharine N, Samuel Johnson, David, Reed, Daniel C, Peters, Debra PC, Adams, Byron, Barrett, John E, Bestelmeyer, Brandon T, Castorani, Max CN, Cook, Elizabeth M, Davidson, Melissa J, Groffman, Peter M, Hanan, Niall P, Huenneke, Laura F, Johnson, Pieter TJ, McKnight, Diane M, Miller, Robert J, Okin, Gregory S, Preston, Daniel L, Rassweiler, Andrew, Ray, Chris, Sala, Osvaldo E, Schooley, Robert L, Seastedt, Timothy, Spasojevic, Marko J, Vivoni, Enrique R, Iwaniec, David M, Iwaniec, David M, Gooseff, Michael, Suding, Katharine N, Samuel Johnson, David, Reed, Daniel C, Peters, Debra PC, Adams, Byron, Barrett, John E, Bestelmeyer, Brandon T, Castorani, Max CN, Cook, Elizabeth M, Davidson, Melissa J, Groffman, Peter M, Hanan, Niall P, Huenneke, Laura F, Johnson, Pieter TJ, McKnight, Diane M, Miller, Robert J, Okin, Gregory S, Preston, Daniel L, Rassweiler, Andrew, Ray, Chris, Sala, Osvaldo E, Schooley, Robert L, Seastedt, Timothy, Spasojevic, Marko J, and Vivoni, Enrique R

Published
2021

4. Connectivity: insights from the US Long Term Ecological Research Network

Author

Iwaniec, David M., Gooseff, Michael N., Suding, Katharine N., Samuel Johnson, David, Reed, Daniel C., Peters, Debra P. C., Adams, Byron J., Barrett, John E., Bestelmeyer, Brandon T., Castorani, Max C. N., Cook, Elizabeth M., Davidson, Melissa J., Groffman, Peter M., Hanan, Niall P., Huenneke, Laura F., Johnson, Pieter T. J., McKnight, Diane M., Miller, Robert J., Okin, Gregory S., Preston, Daniel L., Rassweiler, Andrew, Ray, Chris, Sala, Osvaldo E., Schooley, Robert L., Seastedt, Timothy, Spasojevic, Marko J., Vivoni, Enrique R., Iwaniec, David M., Gooseff, Michael N., Suding, Katharine N., Samuel Johnson, David, Reed, Daniel C., Peters, Debra P. C., Adams, Byron J., Barrett, John E., Bestelmeyer, Brandon T., Castorani, Max C. N., Cook, Elizabeth M., Davidson, Melissa J., Groffman, Peter M., Hanan, Niall P., Huenneke, Laura F., Johnson, Pieter T. J., McKnight, Diane M., Miller, Robert J., Okin, Gregory S., Preston, Daniel L., Rassweiler, Andrew, Ray, Chris, Sala, Osvaldo E., Schooley, Robert L., Seastedt, Timothy, Spasojevic, Marko J., and Vivoni, Enrique R.

Abstract

Ecosystems across the United States are changing in complex and surprising ways. Ongoing demand for critical ecosystem services requires an understanding of the populations and communities in these ecosystems in the future. This paper represents a synthesis effort of the U.S. National Science Foundation-funded Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) network addressing the core research area of "populations and communities." The objective of this effort was to show the importance of long-term data collection and experiments for addressing the hardest questions in scientific ecology that have significant implications for environmental policy and management. Each LTER site developed at least one compelling case study about what their site could look like in 50-100 yr as human and environmental drivers influencing specific ecosystems change. As the case studies were prepared, five themes emerged, and the studies were grouped into papers in this LTER Futures Special Feature addressing state change, connectivity, resilience, time lags, and cascading effects. This paper addresses the "connectivity" theme and has examples from the Phoenix (urban), Niwot Ridge (alpine tundra), McMurdo Dry Valleys (polar desert), Plum Island (coastal), Santa Barbara Coastal (coastal), and Jornada (arid grassland and shrubland) sites. Connectivity has multiple dimensions, ranging from multi-scalar interactions in space to complex interactions over time that govern the transport of materials and the distribution and movement of organisms. The case studies presented here range widely, showing how land-use legacies interact with climate to alter the structure and function of arid ecosystems and flows of resources and organisms in Antarctic polar desert, alpine, urban, and coastal marine ecosystems. Long-term ecological research demonstrates that connectivity can, in some circumstances, sustain valuable ecosystem functions, such as the persistence of foundation species and their associated biodiversi

Published
2021

5. Global application of an unoccupied aerial vehicle photogrammetry protocol for predicting aboveground biomass in non-forest ecosystems

Author

Cunliffe, Andrew M., Anderson, Karen, Boschetti, Fabio, Brazier, Richard E., Graham, Hugh A., Myers-Smith, Isla H., Astor, Thomas, Boer, Matthias M., Calvo, Leonor G., Clark, Patrick E., Cramer, Michael D., Encinas-Lara, Miguel S., Escarzaga, Stephen M., Fernández-Guisuraga, José M., Fisher, Adrian G., Gdulová, Kateřina, Gillespie, Breahna M., Griebel, Anne, Hanan, Niall P., Hanggito, Muhammad S., Haselberger, Stefan, Havrilla, Caroline A., Heilman, Phil, Ji, Wenjie, Karl, Jason W., Kirchhoff, Mario, Kraushaar, Sabine, Lyons, Mitchell B., Marzolff, Irene, Mauritz, Marguerite E., McIntire, Cameron D., Metzen, Daniel, Méndez-Barroso, Luis A., Power, Simon C., Prošek, Jiří, Sanz-Ablanedo, Enoc, Sauer, Katherine J., Schulze-Brüninghoff, Damian, Šímová, Petra, Sitch, Stephen, Smit, Julian L., Steele, Caiti M., Suárez-Seoane, Susana, Vargas, Sergio A., Villarreal, Miguel, Visser, Fleur, Wachendorf, Michael, Wirnsberger, Hannes, Wojcikiewicz, Robert, Cunliffe, Andrew M., Anderson, Karen, Boschetti, Fabio, Brazier, Richard E., Graham, Hugh A., Myers-Smith, Isla H., Astor, Thomas, Boer, Matthias M., Calvo, Leonor G., Clark, Patrick E., Cramer, Michael D., Encinas-Lara, Miguel S., Escarzaga, Stephen M., Fernández-Guisuraga, José M., Fisher, Adrian G., Gdulová, Kateřina, Gillespie, Breahna M., Griebel, Anne, Hanan, Niall P., Hanggito, Muhammad S., Haselberger, Stefan, Havrilla, Caroline A., Heilman, Phil, Ji, Wenjie, Karl, Jason W., Kirchhoff, Mario, Kraushaar, Sabine, Lyons, Mitchell B., Marzolff, Irene, Mauritz, Marguerite E., McIntire, Cameron D., Metzen, Daniel, Méndez-Barroso, Luis A., Power, Simon C., Prošek, Jiří, Sanz-Ablanedo, Enoc, Sauer, Katherine J., Schulze-Brüninghoff, Damian, Šímová, Petra, Sitch, Stephen, Smit, Julian L., Steele, Caiti M., Suárez-Seoane, Susana, Vargas, Sergio A., Villarreal, Miguel, Visser, Fleur, Wachendorf, Michael, Wirnsberger, Hannes, and Wojcikiewicz, Robert

Abstract

Non-forest ecosystems, dominated by shrubs, grasses and herbaceous plants, provide ecosystem services including carbon sequestration and forage for grazing, and are highly sensitive to climatic changes. Yet these ecosystems are poorly represented in remotely sensed biomass products and are undersampled by in situ monitoring. Current global change threats emphasize the need for new tools to capture biomass change in non-forest ecosystems at appropriate scales. Here we developed and deployed a new protocol for photogrammetric height using unoccupied aerial vehicle (UAV) images to test its capability for delivering standardized measurements of biomass across a globally distributed field experiment. We assessed whether canopy height inferred from UAV photogrammetry allows the prediction of aboveground biomass (AGB) across low-stature plant species by conducting 38 photogrammetric surveys over 741 harvested plots to sample 50 species. We found mean canopy height was strongly predictive of AGB across species, with a median adjusted R2 of 0.87 (ranging from 0.46 to 0.99) and median prediction error from leave-one-out cross-validation of 3.9%. Biomass per-unit-of-height was similar within but different among, plant functional types. We found that photogrammetric reconstructions of canopy height were sensitive to wind speed but not sun elevation during surveys. We demonstrated that our photogrammetric approach produced generalizable measurements across growth forms and environmental settings and yielded accuracies as good as those obtained from in situ approaches. We demonstrate that using a standardized approach for UAV photogrammetry can deliver accurate AGB estimates across a wide range of dynamic and heterogeneous ecosystems. Many academic and land management institutions have the technical capacity to deploy these approaches over extents of 1–10 ha−1. Photogrammetric approaches could provide much-needed information required to calibrate and validate the vegetation model

Published
2021

6. Connectivity: insights from the US Long Term Ecological Research Network

Author

Iwaniec, David M., Gooseff, Michael N., Suding, Katharine N., Samuel Johnson, David, Reed, Daniel C., Peters, Debra P. C., Adams, Byron J., Barrett, John E., Bestelmeyer, Brandon T., Castorani, Max C. N., Cook, Elizabeth M., Davidson, Melissa J., Groffman, Peter M., Hanan, Niall P., Huenneke, Laura F., Johnson, Pieter T. J., McKnight, Diane M., Miller, Robert J., Okin, Gregory S., Preston, Daniel L., Rassweiler, Andrew, Ray, Chris, Sala, Osvaldo E., Schooley, Robert L., Seastedt, Timothy, Spasojevic, Marko J., Vivoni, Enrique R., Iwaniec, David M., Gooseff, Michael N., Suding, Katharine N., Samuel Johnson, David, Reed, Daniel C., Peters, Debra P. C., Adams, Byron J., Barrett, John E., Bestelmeyer, Brandon T., Castorani, Max C. N., Cook, Elizabeth M., Davidson, Melissa J., Groffman, Peter M., Hanan, Niall P., Huenneke, Laura F., Johnson, Pieter T. J., McKnight, Diane M., Miller, Robert J., Okin, Gregory S., Preston, Daniel L., Rassweiler, Andrew, Ray, Chris, Sala, Osvaldo E., Schooley, Robert L., Seastedt, Timothy, Spasojevic, Marko J., and Vivoni, Enrique R.

Abstract

Ecosystems across the United States are changing in complex and surprising ways. Ongoing demand for critical ecosystem services requires an understanding of the populations and communities in these ecosystems in the future. This paper represents a synthesis effort of the U.S. National Science Foundation-funded Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) network addressing the core research area of "populations and communities." The objective of this effort was to show the importance of long-term data collection and experiments for addressing the hardest questions in scientific ecology that have significant implications for environmental policy and management. Each LTER site developed at least one compelling case study about what their site could look like in 50-100 yr as human and environmental drivers influencing specific ecosystems change. As the case studies were prepared, five themes emerged, and the studies were grouped into papers in this LTER Futures Special Feature addressing state change, connectivity, resilience, time lags, and cascading effects. This paper addresses the "connectivity" theme and has examples from the Phoenix (urban), Niwot Ridge (alpine tundra), McMurdo Dry Valleys (polar desert), Plum Island (coastal), Santa Barbara Coastal (coastal), and Jornada (arid grassland and shrubland) sites. Connectivity has multiple dimensions, ranging from multi-scalar interactions in space to complex interactions over time that govern the transport of materials and the distribution and movement of organisms. The case studies presented here range widely, showing how land-use legacies interact with climate to alter the structure and function of arid ecosystems and flows of resources and organisms in Antarctic polar desert, alpine, urban, and coastal marine ecosystems. Long-term ecological research demonstrates that connectivity can, in some circumstances, sustain valuable ecosystem functions, such as the persistence of foundation species and their associated biodiversi

Published
2021

7. Change in dominance determines herbivore effects on plant biodiversity.

Author

Koerner, Sally E, Koerner, Sally E, Smith, Melinda D, Burkepile, Deron E, Hanan, Niall P, Avolio, Meghan L, Collins, Scott L, Knapp, Alan K, Lemoine, Nathan P, Forrestel, Elisabeth J, Eby, Stephanie, Thompson, Dave I, Aguado-Santacruz, Gerardo A, Anderson, John P, Anderson, T Michael, Angassa, Ayana, Bagchi, Sumanta, Bakker, Elisabeth S, Bastin, Gary, Baur, Lauren E, Beard, Karen H, Beever, Erik A, Bohlen, Patrick J, Boughton, Elizabeth H, Canestro, Don, Cesa, Ariela, Chaneton, Enrique, Cheng, Jimin, D'Antonio, Carla M, Deleglise, Claire, Dembélé, Fadiala, Dorrough, Josh, Eldridge, David J, Fernandez-Going, Barbara, Fernández-Lugo, Silvia, Fraser, Lauchlan H, Freedman, Bill, García-Salgado, Gonzalo, Goheen, Jacob R, Guo, Liang, Husheer, Sean, Karembé, Moussa, Knops, Johannes MH, Kraaij, Tineke, Kulmatiski, Andrew, Kytöviita, Minna-Maarit, Lezama, Felipe, Loucougaray, Gregory, Loydi, Alejandro, Milchunas, Dan G, Milton, Suzanne J, Morgan, John W, Moxham, Claire, Nehring, Kyle C, Olff, Han, Palmer, Todd M, Rebollo, Salvador, Riginos, Corinna, Risch, Anita C, Rueda, Marta, Sankaran, Mahesh, Sasaki, Takehiro, Schoenecker, Kathryn A, Schultz, Nick L, Schütz, Martin, Schwabe, Angelika, Siebert, Frances, Smit, Christian, Stahlheber, Karen A, Storm, Christian, Strong, Dustin J, Su, Jishuai, Tiruvaimozhi, Yadugiri V, Tyler, Claudia, Val, James, Vandegehuchte, Martijn L, Veblen, Kari E, Vermeire, Lance T, Ward, David, Wu, Jianshuang, Young, Truman P, Yu, Qiang, Zelikova, Tamara Jane, Koerner, Sally E, Koerner, Sally E, Smith, Melinda D, Burkepile, Deron E, Hanan, Niall P, Avolio, Meghan L, Collins, Scott L, Knapp, Alan K, Lemoine, Nathan P, Forrestel, Elisabeth J, Eby, Stephanie, Thompson, Dave I, Aguado-Santacruz, Gerardo A, Anderson, John P, Anderson, T Michael, Angassa, Ayana, Bagchi, Sumanta, Bakker, Elisabeth S, Bastin, Gary, Baur, Lauren E, Beard, Karen H, Beever, Erik A, Bohlen, Patrick J, Boughton, Elizabeth H, Canestro, Don, Cesa, Ariela, Chaneton, Enrique, Cheng, Jimin, D'Antonio, Carla M, Deleglise, Claire, Dembélé, Fadiala, Dorrough, Josh, Eldridge, David J, Fernandez-Going, Barbara, Fernández-Lugo, Silvia, Fraser, Lauchlan H, Freedman, Bill, García-Salgado, Gonzalo, Goheen, Jacob R, Guo, Liang, Husheer, Sean, Karembé, Moussa, Knops, Johannes MH, Kraaij, Tineke, Kulmatiski, Andrew, Kytöviita, Minna-Maarit, Lezama, Felipe, Loucougaray, Gregory, Loydi, Alejandro, Milchunas, Dan G, Milton, Suzanne J, Morgan, John W, Moxham, Claire, Nehring, Kyle C, Olff, Han, Palmer, Todd M, Rebollo, Salvador, Riginos, Corinna, Risch, Anita C, Rueda, Marta, Sankaran, Mahesh, Sasaki, Takehiro, Schoenecker, Kathryn A, Schultz, Nick L, Schütz, Martin, Schwabe, Angelika, Siebert, Frances, Smit, Christian, Stahlheber, Karen A, Storm, Christian, Strong, Dustin J, Su, Jishuai, Tiruvaimozhi, Yadugiri V, Tyler, Claudia, Val, James, Vandegehuchte, Martijn L, Veblen, Kari E, Vermeire, Lance T, Ward, David, Wu, Jianshuang, Young, Truman P, Yu, Qiang, and Zelikova, Tamara Jane

Abstract

Herbivores alter plant biodiversity (species richness) in many of the world's ecosystems, but the magnitude and the direction of herbivore effects on biodiversity vary widely within and among ecosystems. One current theory predicts that herbivores enhance plant biodiversity at high productivity but have the opposite effect at low productivity. Yet, empirical support for the importance of site productivity as a mediator of these herbivore impacts is equivocal. Here, we synthesize data from 252 large-herbivore exclusion studies, spanning a 20-fold range in site productivity, to test an alternative hypothesis-that herbivore-induced changes in the competitive environment determine the response of plant biodiversity to herbivory irrespective of productivity. Under this hypothesis, when herbivores reduce the abundance (biomass, cover) of dominant species (for example, because the dominant plant is palatable), additional resources become available to support new species, thereby increasing biodiversity. By contrast, if herbivores promote high dominance by increasing the abundance of herbivory-resistant, unpalatable species, then resource availability for other species decreases reducing biodiversity. We show that herbivore-induced change in dominance, independent of site productivity or precipitation (a proxy for productivity), is the best predictor of herbivore effects on biodiversity in grassland and savannah sites. Given that most herbaceous ecosystems are dominated by one or a few species, altering the competitive environment via herbivores or by other means may be an effective strategy for conserving biodiversity in grasslands and savannahs globally.

Published
2018

8. Change in dominance determines herbivore effects on plant biodiversity.

Author

Koerner, Sally E, Koerner, Sally E, Smith, Melinda D, Burkepile, Deron E, Hanan, Niall P, Avolio, Meghan L, Collins, Scott L, Knapp, Alan K, Lemoine, Nathan P, Forrestel, Elisabeth J, Eby, Stephanie, Thompson, Dave I, Aguado-Santacruz, Gerardo A, Anderson, John P, Anderson, T Michael, Angassa, Ayana, Bagchi, Sumanta, Bakker, Elisabeth S, Bastin, Gary, Baur, Lauren E, Beard, Karen H, Beever, Erik A, Bohlen, Patrick J, Boughton, Elizabeth H, Canestro, Don, Cesa, Ariela, Chaneton, Enrique, Cheng, Jimin, D'Antonio, Carla M, Deleglise, Claire, Dembélé, Fadiala, Dorrough, Josh, Eldridge, David J, Fernandez-Going, Barbara, Fernández-Lugo, Silvia, Fraser, Lauchlan H, Freedman, Bill, García-Salgado, Gonzalo, Goheen, Jacob R, Guo, Liang, Husheer, Sean, Karembé, Moussa, Knops, Johannes MH, Kraaij, Tineke, Kulmatiski, Andrew, Kytöviita, Minna-Maarit, Lezama, Felipe, Loucougaray, Gregory, Loydi, Alejandro, Milchunas, Dan G, Milton, Suzanne J, Morgan, John W, Moxham, Claire, Nehring, Kyle C, Olff, Han, Palmer, Todd M, Rebollo, Salvador, Riginos, Corinna, Risch, Anita C, Rueda, Marta, Sankaran, Mahesh, Sasaki, Takehiro, Schoenecker, Kathryn A, Schultz, Nick L, Schütz, Martin, Schwabe, Angelika, Siebert, Frances, Smit, Christian, Stahlheber, Karen A, Storm, Christian, Strong, Dustin J, Su, Jishuai, Tiruvaimozhi, Yadugiri V, Tyler, Claudia, Val, James, Vandegehuchte, Martijn L, Veblen, Kari E, Vermeire, Lance T, Ward, David, Wu, Jianshuang, Young, Truman P, Yu, Qiang, Zelikova, Tamara Jane, Koerner, Sally E, Koerner, Sally E, Smith, Melinda D, Burkepile, Deron E, Hanan, Niall P, Avolio, Meghan L, Collins, Scott L, Knapp, Alan K, Lemoine, Nathan P, Forrestel, Elisabeth J, Eby, Stephanie, Thompson, Dave I, Aguado-Santacruz, Gerardo A, Anderson, John P, Anderson, T Michael, Angassa, Ayana, Bagchi, Sumanta, Bakker, Elisabeth S, Bastin, Gary, Baur, Lauren E, Beard, Karen H, Beever, Erik A, Bohlen, Patrick J, Boughton, Elizabeth H, Canestro, Don, Cesa, Ariela, Chaneton, Enrique, Cheng, Jimin, D'Antonio, Carla M, Deleglise, Claire, Dembélé, Fadiala, Dorrough, Josh, Eldridge, David J, Fernandez-Going, Barbara, Fernández-Lugo, Silvia, Fraser, Lauchlan H, Freedman, Bill, García-Salgado, Gonzalo, Goheen, Jacob R, Guo, Liang, Husheer, Sean, Karembé, Moussa, Knops, Johannes MH, Kraaij, Tineke, Kulmatiski, Andrew, Kytöviita, Minna-Maarit, Lezama, Felipe, Loucougaray, Gregory, Loydi, Alejandro, Milchunas, Dan G, Milton, Suzanne J, Morgan, John W, Moxham, Claire, Nehring, Kyle C, Olff, Han, Palmer, Todd M, Rebollo, Salvador, Riginos, Corinna, Risch, Anita C, Rueda, Marta, Sankaran, Mahesh, Sasaki, Takehiro, Schoenecker, Kathryn A, Schultz, Nick L, Schütz, Martin, Schwabe, Angelika, Siebert, Frances, Smit, Christian, Stahlheber, Karen A, Storm, Christian, Strong, Dustin J, Su, Jishuai, Tiruvaimozhi, Yadugiri V, Tyler, Claudia, Val, James, Vandegehuchte, Martijn L, Veblen, Kari E, Vermeire, Lance T, Ward, David, Wu, Jianshuang, Young, Truman P, Yu, Qiang, and Zelikova, Tamara Jane

Abstract

Herbivores alter plant biodiversity (species richness) in many of the world's ecosystems, but the magnitude and the direction of herbivore effects on biodiversity vary widely within and among ecosystems. One current theory predicts that herbivores enhance plant biodiversity at high productivity but have the opposite effect at low productivity. Yet, empirical support for the importance of site productivity as a mediator of these herbivore impacts is equivocal. Here, we synthesize data from 252 large-herbivore exclusion studies, spanning a 20-fold range in site productivity, to test an alternative hypothesis-that herbivore-induced changes in the competitive environment determine the response of plant biodiversity to herbivory irrespective of productivity. Under this hypothesis, when herbivores reduce the abundance (biomass, cover) of dominant species (for example, because the dominant plant is palatable), additional resources become available to support new species, thereby increasing biodiversity. By contrast, if herbivores promote high dominance by increasing the abundance of herbivory-resistant, unpalatable species, then resource availability for other species decreases reducing biodiversity. We show that herbivore-induced change in dominance, independent of site productivity or precipitation (a proxy for productivity), is the best predictor of herbivore effects on biodiversity in grassland and savannah sites. Given that most herbaceous ecosystems are dominated by one or a few species, altering the competitive environment via herbivores or by other means may be an effective strategy for conserving biodiversity in grasslands and savannahs globally.

Published
2018

9. Change in dominance determines herbivore effects on plant biodiversity

Author

Koerner, Sally E, Smith, Melinda D, Burkepile, Deron E, Hanan, Niall P, Avolio, Meghan L, Collins, Scott L, Knapp, Alan K, Lemoine, Nathan P, Forrestel, Elisabeth J, Eby, Stephanie, Thompson, Dave I, Aguado-Santacruz, Gerardo A, Anderson, John P, Anderson, T Michael, Angassa, Ayana, Bagchi, Sumanta, Bakker, Elisabeth S, Bastin, Gary, Baur, Lauren E, Beard, Karen H, Beever, Erik A, Bohlen, Patrick J, Boughton, Elizabeth H, Canestro, Don, Cesa, Ariela, Chaneton, Enrique, Cheng, Jimin, D'Antonio, Carla M, Deleglise, Claire, Dembélé, Fadiala, Dorrough, Josh, Eldridge, David J, Fernandez-Going, Barbara, Fernández-Lugo, Silvia, Fraser, Lauchlan H, Freedman, Bill, García-Salgado, Gonzalo, Goheen, Jacob R, Guo, Liang, Husheer, Sean, Karembé, Moussa, Knops, Johannes M H, Kraaij, Tineke, Kulmatiski, Andrew, Kytöviita, Minna-Maarit, Lezama, Felipe, Loucougaray, Gregory, Loydi, Alejandro, Milchunas, Dan G, Milton, Suzanne J, Morgan, John W, Moxham, Claire, Nehring, Kyle C, Olff, Han, Palmer, Todd M, Rebollo, Salvador, Riginos, Corinna, Risch, Anita C, Rueda, Marta, Sankaran, Mahesh, Sasaki, Takehiro, Schoenecker, Kathryn A, Schultz, Nick L, Schütz, Martin, Schwabe, Angelika, Siebert, Frances, Smit, Christian, Stahlheber, Karen A, Storm, Christian, Strong, Dustin J, Su, Jishuai, Tiruvaimozhi, Yadugiri V, Tyler, Claudia, Val, James, Vandegehuchte, Martijn L, Veblen, Kari E, Vermeire, Lance T, Ward, David, Wu, Jianshuang, Young, Truman P, Yu, Qiang, Zelikova, Tamara Jane, Koerner, Sally E, Smith, Melinda D, Burkepile, Deron E, Hanan, Niall P, Avolio, Meghan L, Collins, Scott L, Knapp, Alan K, Lemoine, Nathan P, Forrestel, Elisabeth J, Eby, Stephanie, Thompson, Dave I, Aguado-Santacruz, Gerardo A, Anderson, John P, Anderson, T Michael, Angassa, Ayana, Bagchi, Sumanta, Bakker, Elisabeth S, Bastin, Gary, Baur, Lauren E, Beard, Karen H, Beever, Erik A, Bohlen, Patrick J, Boughton, Elizabeth H, Canestro, Don, Cesa, Ariela, Chaneton, Enrique, Cheng, Jimin, D'Antonio, Carla M, Deleglise, Claire, Dembélé, Fadiala, Dorrough, Josh, Eldridge, David J, Fernandez-Going, Barbara, Fernández-Lugo, Silvia, Fraser, Lauchlan H, Freedman, Bill, García-Salgado, Gonzalo, Goheen, Jacob R, Guo, Liang, Husheer, Sean, Karembé, Moussa, Knops, Johannes M H, Kraaij, Tineke, Kulmatiski, Andrew, Kytöviita, Minna-Maarit, Lezama, Felipe, Loucougaray, Gregory, Loydi, Alejandro, Milchunas, Dan G, Milton, Suzanne J, Morgan, John W, Moxham, Claire, Nehring, Kyle C, Olff, Han, Palmer, Todd M, Rebollo, Salvador, Riginos, Corinna, Risch, Anita C, Rueda, Marta, Sankaran, Mahesh, Sasaki, Takehiro, Schoenecker, Kathryn A, Schultz, Nick L, Schütz, Martin, Schwabe, Angelika, Siebert, Frances, Smit, Christian, Stahlheber, Karen A, Storm, Christian, Strong, Dustin J, Su, Jishuai, Tiruvaimozhi, Yadugiri V, Tyler, Claudia, Val, James, Vandegehuchte, Martijn L, Veblen, Kari E, Vermeire, Lance T, Ward, David, Wu, Jianshuang, Young, Truman P, Yu, Qiang, and Zelikova, Tamara Jane

Abstract

Herbivores alter plant biodiversity (species richness) in many of the world's ecosystems, but the magnitude and the direction of herbivore effects on biodiversity vary widely within and among ecosystems. One current theory predicts that herbivores enhance plant biodiversity at high productivity but have the opposite effect at low productivity. Yet, empirical support for the importance of site productivity as a mediator of these herbivore impacts is equivocal. Here, we synthesize data from 252 large-herbivore exclusion studies, spanning a 20-fold range in site productivity, to test an alternative hypothesis-that herbivore-induced changes in the competitive environment determine the response of plant biodiversity to herbivory irrespective of productivity. Under this hypothesis, when herbivores reduce the abundance (biomass, cover) of dominant species (for example, because the dominant plant is palatable), additional resources become available to support new species, thereby increasing biodiversity. By contrast, if herbivores promote high dominance by increasing the abundance of herbivory-resistant, unpalatable species, then resource availability for other species decreases reducing biodiversity. We show that herbivore-induced change in dominance, independent of site productivity or precipitation (a proxy for productivity), is the best predictor of herbivore effects on biodiversity in grassland and savannah sites. Given that most herbaceous ecosystems are dominated by one or a few species, altering the competitive environment via herbivores or by other means may be an effective strategy for conserving biodiversity in grasslands and savannahs globally.

Published
2018

10. Change in dominance determines herbivore effects on plant biodiversity.

Author

Koerner, Sally E, Koerner, Sally E, Smith, Melinda D, Burkepile, Deron E, Hanan, Niall P, Avolio, Meghan L, Collins, Scott L, Knapp, Alan K, Lemoine, Nathan P, Forrestel, Elisabeth J, Eby, Stephanie, Thompson, Dave I, Aguado-Santacruz, Gerardo A, Anderson, John P, Anderson, T Michael, Angassa, Ayana, Bagchi, Sumanta, Bakker, Elisabeth S, Bastin, Gary, Baur, Lauren E, Beard, Karen H, Beever, Erik A, Bohlen, Patrick J, Boughton, Elizabeth H, Canestro, Don, Cesa, Ariela, Chaneton, Enrique, Cheng, Jimin, D'Antonio, Carla M, Deleglise, Claire, Dembélé, Fadiala, Dorrough, Josh, Eldridge, David J, Fernandez-Going, Barbara, Fernández-Lugo, Silvia, Fraser, Lauchlan H, Freedman, Bill, García-Salgado, Gonzalo, Goheen, Jacob R, Guo, Liang, Husheer, Sean, Karembé, Moussa, Knops, Johannes MH, Kraaij, Tineke, Kulmatiski, Andrew, Kytöviita, Minna-Maarit, Lezama, Felipe, Loucougaray, Gregory, Loydi, Alejandro, Milchunas, Dan G, Milton, Suzanne J, Morgan, John W, Moxham, Claire, Nehring, Kyle C, Olff, Han, Palmer, Todd M, Rebollo, Salvador, Riginos, Corinna, Risch, Anita C, Rueda, Marta, Sankaran, Mahesh, Sasaki, Takehiro, Schoenecker, Kathryn A, Schultz, Nick L, Schütz, Martin, Schwabe, Angelika, Siebert, Frances, Smit, Christian, Stahlheber, Karen A, Storm, Christian, Strong, Dustin J, Su, Jishuai, Tiruvaimozhi, Yadugiri V, Tyler, Claudia, Val, James, Vandegehuchte, Martijn L, Veblen, Kari E, Vermeire, Lance T, Ward, David, Wu, Jianshuang, Young, Truman P, Yu, Qiang, Zelikova, Tamara Jane, Koerner, Sally E, Koerner, Sally E, Smith, Melinda D, Burkepile, Deron E, Hanan, Niall P, Avolio, Meghan L, Collins, Scott L, Knapp, Alan K, Lemoine, Nathan P, Forrestel, Elisabeth J, Eby, Stephanie, Thompson, Dave I, Aguado-Santacruz, Gerardo A, Anderson, John P, Anderson, T Michael, Angassa, Ayana, Bagchi, Sumanta, Bakker, Elisabeth S, Bastin, Gary, Baur, Lauren E, Beard, Karen H, Beever, Erik A, Bohlen, Patrick J, Boughton, Elizabeth H, Canestro, Don, Cesa, Ariela, Chaneton, Enrique, Cheng, Jimin, D'Antonio, Carla M, Deleglise, Claire, Dembélé, Fadiala, Dorrough, Josh, Eldridge, David J, Fernandez-Going, Barbara, Fernández-Lugo, Silvia, Fraser, Lauchlan H, Freedman, Bill, García-Salgado, Gonzalo, Goheen, Jacob R, Guo, Liang, Husheer, Sean, Karembé, Moussa, Knops, Johannes MH, Kraaij, Tineke, Kulmatiski, Andrew, Kytöviita, Minna-Maarit, Lezama, Felipe, Loucougaray, Gregory, Loydi, Alejandro, Milchunas, Dan G, Milton, Suzanne J, Morgan, John W, Moxham, Claire, Nehring, Kyle C, Olff, Han, Palmer, Todd M, Rebollo, Salvador, Riginos, Corinna, Risch, Anita C, Rueda, Marta, Sankaran, Mahesh, Sasaki, Takehiro, Schoenecker, Kathryn A, Schultz, Nick L, Schütz, Martin, Schwabe, Angelika, Siebert, Frances, Smit, Christian, Stahlheber, Karen A, Storm, Christian, Strong, Dustin J, Su, Jishuai, Tiruvaimozhi, Yadugiri V, Tyler, Claudia, Val, James, Vandegehuchte, Martijn L, Veblen, Kari E, Vermeire, Lance T, Ward, David, Wu, Jianshuang, Young, Truman P, Yu, Qiang, and Zelikova, Tamara Jane

Abstract

Herbivores alter plant biodiversity (species richness) in many of the world's ecosystems, but the magnitude and the direction of herbivore effects on biodiversity vary widely within and among ecosystems. One current theory predicts that herbivores enhance plant biodiversity at high productivity but have the opposite effect at low productivity. Yet, empirical support for the importance of site productivity as a mediator of these herbivore impacts is equivocal. Here, we synthesize data from 252 large-herbivore exclusion studies, spanning a 20-fold range in site productivity, to test an alternative hypothesis-that herbivore-induced changes in the competitive environment determine the response of plant biodiversity to herbivory irrespective of productivity. Under this hypothesis, when herbivores reduce the abundance (biomass, cover) of dominant species (for example, because the dominant plant is palatable), additional resources become available to support new species, thereby increasing biodiversity. By contrast, if herbivores promote high dominance by increasing the abundance of herbivory-resistant, unpalatable species, then resource availability for other species decreases reducing biodiversity. We show that herbivore-induced change in dominance, independent of site productivity or precipitation (a proxy for productivity), is the best predictor of herbivore effects on biodiversity in grassland and savannah sites. Given that most herbaceous ecosystems are dominated by one or a few species, altering the competitive environment via herbivores or by other means may be an effective strategy for conserving biodiversity in grasslands and savannahs globally.

Published
2018

11. Change in dominance determines herbivore effects on plant biodiversity

Author

Koerner, Sally E, Smith, Melinda D, Burkepile, Deron E, Hanan, Niall P, Avolio, Meghan L, Collins, Scott L, Knapp, Alan K, Lemoine, Nathan P, Forrestel, Elisabeth J, Eby, Stephanie, Thompson, Dave I, Aguado-Santacruz, Gerardo A, Anderson, John P, Anderson, T Michael, Angassa, Ayana, Bagchi, Sumanta, Bakker, Elisabeth S, Bastin, Gary, Baur, Lauren E, Beard, Karen H, Beever, Erik A, Bohlen, Patrick J, Boughton, Elizabeth H, Canestro, Don, Cesa, Ariela, Chaneton, Enrique, Cheng, Jimin, D'Antonio, Carla M, Deleglise, Claire, Dembélé, Fadiala, Dorrough, Josh, Eldridge, David J, Fernandez-Going, Barbara, Fernández-Lugo, Silvia, Fraser, Lauchlan H, Freedman, Bill, García-Salgado, Gonzalo, Goheen, Jacob R, Guo, Liang, Husheer, Sean, Karembé, Moussa, Knops, Johannes M H, Kraaij, Tineke, Kulmatiski, Andrew, Kytöviita, Minna-Maarit, Lezama, Felipe, Loucougaray, Gregory, Loydi, Alejandro, Milchunas, Dan G, Milton, Suzanne J, Morgan, John W, Moxham, Claire, Nehring, Kyle C, Olff, Han, Palmer, Todd M, Rebollo, Salvador, Riginos, Corinna, Risch, Anita C, Rueda, Marta, Sankaran, Mahesh, Sasaki, Takehiro, Schoenecker, Kathryn A, Schultz, Nick L, Schütz, Martin, Schwabe, Angelika, Siebert, Frances, Smit, Christian, Stahlheber, Karen A, Storm, Christian, Strong, Dustin J, Su, Jishuai, Tiruvaimozhi, Yadugiri V, Tyler, Claudia, Val, James, Vandegehuchte, Martijn L, Veblen, Kari E, Vermeire, Lance T, Ward, David, Wu, Jianshuang, Young, Truman P, Yu, Qiang, Zelikova, Tamara Jane, Koerner, Sally E, Smith, Melinda D, Burkepile, Deron E, Hanan, Niall P, Avolio, Meghan L, Collins, Scott L, Knapp, Alan K, Lemoine, Nathan P, Forrestel, Elisabeth J, Eby, Stephanie, Thompson, Dave I, Aguado-Santacruz, Gerardo A, Anderson, John P, Anderson, T Michael, Angassa, Ayana, Bagchi, Sumanta, Bakker, Elisabeth S, Bastin, Gary, Baur, Lauren E, Beard, Karen H, Beever, Erik A, Bohlen, Patrick J, Boughton, Elizabeth H, Canestro, Don, Cesa, Ariela, Chaneton, Enrique, Cheng, Jimin, D'Antonio, Carla M, Deleglise, Claire, Dembélé, Fadiala, Dorrough, Josh, Eldridge, David J, Fernandez-Going, Barbara, Fernández-Lugo, Silvia, Fraser, Lauchlan H, Freedman, Bill, García-Salgado, Gonzalo, Goheen, Jacob R, Guo, Liang, Husheer, Sean, Karembé, Moussa, Knops, Johannes M H, Kraaij, Tineke, Kulmatiski, Andrew, Kytöviita, Minna-Maarit, Lezama, Felipe, Loucougaray, Gregory, Loydi, Alejandro, Milchunas, Dan G, Milton, Suzanne J, Morgan, John W, Moxham, Claire, Nehring, Kyle C, Olff, Han, Palmer, Todd M, Rebollo, Salvador, Riginos, Corinna, Risch, Anita C, Rueda, Marta, Sankaran, Mahesh, Sasaki, Takehiro, Schoenecker, Kathryn A, Schultz, Nick L, Schütz, Martin, Schwabe, Angelika, Siebert, Frances, Smit, Christian, Stahlheber, Karen A, Storm, Christian, Strong, Dustin J, Su, Jishuai, Tiruvaimozhi, Yadugiri V, Tyler, Claudia, Val, James, Vandegehuchte, Martijn L, Veblen, Kari E, Vermeire, Lance T, Ward, David, Wu, Jianshuang, Young, Truman P, Yu, Qiang, and Zelikova, Tamara Jane

Abstract

Herbivores alter plant biodiversity (species richness) in many of the world's ecosystems, but the magnitude and the direction of herbivore effects on biodiversity vary widely within and among ecosystems. One current theory predicts that herbivores enhance plant biodiversity at high productivity but have the opposite effect at low productivity. Yet, empirical support for the importance of site productivity as a mediator of these herbivore impacts is equivocal. Here, we synthesize data from 252 large-herbivore exclusion studies, spanning a 20-fold range in site productivity, to test an alternative hypothesis-that herbivore-induced changes in the competitive environment determine the response of plant biodiversity to herbivory irrespective of productivity. Under this hypothesis, when herbivores reduce the abundance (biomass, cover) of dominant species (for example, because the dominant plant is palatable), additional resources become available to support new species, thereby increasing biodiversity. By contrast, if herbivores promote high dominance by increasing the abundance of herbivory-resistant, unpalatable species, then resource availability for other species decreases reducing biodiversity. We show that herbivore-induced change in dominance, independent of site productivity or precipitation (a proxy for productivity), is the best predictor of herbivore effects on biodiversity in grassland and savannah sites. Given that most herbaceous ecosystems are dominated by one or a few species, altering the competitive environment via herbivores or by other means may be an effective strategy for conserving biodiversity in grasslands and savannahs globally.

Published
2018

17. Climate control of terrestrial carbon exchange across biomes and continents

Author

Yi, Chuixiang, Ricciuto, Daniel, Li, Runze, Wolbeck, John, Xu, Xiyan, Nilsson, Mats, Aires, Luis, Albertson, John D., Amman, Christoph, Arain, M. Altaf, de Araujo, Alessandro C., Aubinet, Marc, Aurela, Mika, Barcza, Zoltan, Barr, Alan, Berbigier, Paul, Beringer, Jason, Bernhofer, Christian, Black, Andrew T., Bolstad, Paul V., Bosveld, Fred C., Broadmeadow, Mark S.J., Buchmann, Nina, Burns, Sean P., Cellier, Pierre, Chen, Jingming, Chen, Jiquan, Ciais, Philippe, Clement, Robert, Cook, Bruce D., Curtis, Peter S., Dail, D Bryan., Dellwik, Ebba, Delpierre, Nicolas, Desai, Ankur R., Dore, Sabina, Dragoni, Danilo, Drake, Bert G., Dufrene, Eric., Dunn, Allison., Elbers, Jan, Eugster, Werner, Falk, Matthias, Feigenwinter, Christian, Flanagan, Lawrence B., Foken, Thomas, Frank, John, Fuhrer, Juerg, Gianelle, Damiano, Golstein, Allen, Goulden, Mike, Granier, Andre, Grunwald, Thomas, Gu, Lianhong, Guo, Haiqiang, Hammerle, Albin, Han, Shijie, Hanan, Niall P., Haszpra, Laszlo, Heinesch, Bernard, Helfter, Carole, Hendriks, Dimmie, Hutley, Lindsey B., Ibrom, Andreas, Jacobs, Cor, Johansson, Torbjorn, Jongen, Marjan, Katul, Gabriel, Kiely, Gerard, Klumpp, Katja, Knohl, Alexander, Kolb, Thomas, Kutsch, Werner L., Lafleur, Peter, Laurila, Tuomas, Leuning, Ray, Lindroth, Anders, Liu, Heping, Loubet, Benjamin, Manca, Giovanni, Marek, Michal, Margolis, Hank A., Martin, Timothy A., Massman, William J., Matamala, Roser, Matteucci, Giorgio, McCaughey, Harry, Merbold, Lutz, Meyers, Tilden, Migliavacca, Mirco, Miglietta, Franco, Misson, Laurent, Molder, Meelis, Moncrieff, John, Monson, Russell K., Montagnani, Leonardo, Montes-Helu, Mario, Moors, Eddy, Moureaux, Christine, Mukelabai, Mukufute M., Munger, J .William, Myklebust, May, Nagy, Zoltan, Noormets, Asko, Oechel, Walter, Oren, Ram, Pallardy, Stephen G., Paw U, Kyaw Tha, Pereira, Joao S., Pilegaard, Kim, Pinter, Krisztina, Pio, Casimiro, Pita, Gabriel, Powell, Thomas L., Rambal, Serge, Randerson, James T., von Randow, Celso, Rebmann, Corinna, Rinne, Janne, Rossi, Federica, Roulet, Nigel, Ryel, Ronald J., Sagerfors, Jorgen, Saigusa, Nobuko, Sanz, Maria Jose, Scarascia Mugnozza, Giuseppe, Schmid, Hans Peter, Seufert, Guenther, Siqueira, Mario, Soussana, Jean-Francois, Starr, Gregory, Sutton, Mark A., Tenhunen, John, Tuba, Zoltan, Tuovinen, Juha-Pekka, Valentini, Riccardo, Vogel, Christoph S., Wang, Jingxin, Wang, Shaoqiang, Wang, Weiguo, Welp, Lisa R., Wen, Xuefa, Wharton, Sonia, Wilkinson, Matthew, Williams, Christopher A., Wohlfahrt, Georg, Yamamoto, Susumu, Yu, Guirui, Zampedri, Roberto, Zhao, Bin, Zhao, Xinquan, Yi, Chuixiang, Ricciuto, Daniel, Li, Runze, Wolbeck, John, Xu, Xiyan, Nilsson, Mats, Aires, Luis, Albertson, John D., Amman, Christoph, Arain, M. Altaf, de Araujo, Alessandro C., Aubinet, Marc, Aurela, Mika, Barcza, Zoltan, Barr, Alan, Berbigier, Paul, Beringer, Jason, Bernhofer, Christian, Black, Andrew T., Bolstad, Paul V., Bosveld, Fred C., Broadmeadow, Mark S.J., Buchmann, Nina, Burns, Sean P., Cellier, Pierre, Chen, Jingming, Chen, Jiquan, Ciais, Philippe, Clement, Robert, Cook, Bruce D., Curtis, Peter S., Dail, D Bryan., Dellwik, Ebba, Delpierre, Nicolas, Desai, Ankur R., Dore, Sabina, Dragoni, Danilo, Drake, Bert G., Dufrene, Eric., Dunn, Allison., Elbers, Jan, Eugster, Werner, Falk, Matthias, Feigenwinter, Christian, Flanagan, Lawrence B., Foken, Thomas, Frank, John, Fuhrer, Juerg, Gianelle, Damiano, Golstein, Allen, Goulden, Mike, Granier, Andre, Grunwald, Thomas, Gu, Lianhong, Guo, Haiqiang, Hammerle, Albin, Han, Shijie, Hanan, Niall P., Haszpra, Laszlo, Heinesch, Bernard, Helfter, Carole, Hendriks, Dimmie, Hutley, Lindsey B., Ibrom, Andreas, Jacobs, Cor, Johansson, Torbjorn, Jongen, Marjan, Katul, Gabriel, Kiely, Gerard, Klumpp, Katja, Knohl, Alexander, Kolb, Thomas, Kutsch, Werner L., Lafleur, Peter, Laurila, Tuomas, Leuning, Ray, Lindroth, Anders, Liu, Heping, Loubet, Benjamin, Manca, Giovanni, Marek, Michal, Margolis, Hank A., Martin, Timothy A., Massman, William J., Matamala, Roser, Matteucci, Giorgio, McCaughey, Harry, Merbold, Lutz, Meyers, Tilden, Migliavacca, Mirco, Miglietta, Franco, Misson, Laurent, Molder, Meelis, Moncrieff, John, Monson, Russell K., Montagnani, Leonardo, Montes-Helu, Mario, Moors, Eddy, Moureaux, Christine, Mukelabai, Mukufute M., Munger, J .William, Myklebust, May, Nagy, Zoltan, Noormets, Asko, Oechel, Walter, Oren, Ram, Pallardy, Stephen G., Paw U, Kyaw Tha, Pereira, Joao S., Pilegaard, Kim, Pinter, Krisztina, Pio, Casimiro, Pita, Gabriel, Powell, Thomas L., Rambal, Serge, Randerson, James T., von Randow, Celso, Rebmann, Corinna, Rinne, Janne, Rossi, Federica, Roulet, Nigel, Ryel, Ronald J., Sagerfors, Jorgen, Saigusa, Nobuko, Sanz, Maria Jose, Scarascia Mugnozza, Giuseppe, Schmid, Hans Peter, Seufert, Guenther, Siqueira, Mario, Soussana, Jean-Francois, Starr, Gregory, Sutton, Mark A., Tenhunen, John, Tuba, Zoltan, Tuovinen, Juha-Pekka, Valentini, Riccardo, Vogel, Christoph S., Wang, Jingxin, Wang, Shaoqiang, Wang, Weiguo, Welp, Lisa R., Wen, Xuefa, Wharton, Sonia, Wilkinson, Matthew, Williams, Christopher A., Wohlfahrt, Georg, Yamamoto, Susumu, Yu, Guirui, Zampedri, Roberto, Zhao, Bin, and Zhao, Xinquan

Abstract

Understanding the relationships between climate and carbon exchange by terrestrial ecosystems is critical to predict future levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide because of the potential accelerating effects of positive climate–carbon cycle feedbacks. However, directly observed relationships between climate and terrestrial CO2 exchange with the atmosphere across biomes and continents are lacking. Here we present data describing the relationships between net ecosystem exchange of carbon (NEE) and climate factors as measured using the eddy covariance method at 125 unique sites in various ecosystems over six continents with a total of 559 site-years. We find that NEE observed at eddy covariance sites is (1) a strong function of mean annual temperature at mid- and high-latitudes, (2) a strong function of dryness at mid- and low-latitudes, and (3) a function of both temperature and dryness around the mid-latitudinal belt (45◦N). The sensitivity of NEE to mean annual temperature breaks down at ∼16 ◦C (a threshold value of mean annual temperature), above which no further increase of CO2 uptake with temperature was observed and dryness influence overrules temperature influence.

Published
2010

18. Climate control of terrestrial carbon exchange across biomes and continents

Author

Yi, Chuixiang, Ricciuto, Daniel, Li, Runze, Wolbeck, John, Xu, Xiyan, Nilsson, Mats, Aires, Luis, Albertson, John D, Ammann, Christof, Arain, M Altaf, de Araujo, Alessandro C, Aubinet, Marc, Aurela, Mika, Barcza, Zoltán, Barr, Alan, Berbigier, Paul, Beringer, Jason, Bernhofer, Christian, Black, Andrew T, Bolstad, Paul V, Bosveld, Fred C, Broadmeadow, Mark S J, Buchmann, Nina, Burns, Sean P, Cellier, Pierre, Chen, Jingming, Chen, Jiquan, Ciais, Philippe, Clement, Robert, Cook, Bruce D, Curtis, Peter S, Dail, D Bryan, Dellwik, Ebba, Delpierre, Nicolas, Desai, Ankur R, Dore, Sabina, Dragoni, Danilo, Drake, Bert G., Dufrêne, Eric, Dunn, Allison, Elbers, Jan, Eugster, Werner, Falk, Matthias, Feigenwinter, Christian, Flanagan, Lawrence B, Foken, Thomas, Frank, John, Fuhrer, Juerg, Gianelle, Damiano, Goldstein, Allen, Goulden, Mike, Granier, Andre, Grünwald, Thomas, Gu, Lianhong, Guo, Haiqiang, Hammerle, Albin, Han, Shijie, Hanan, Niall P, Haszpra, László, Heinesch, Bernard, Helfter, Carole, Hendriks, Dimmie, Hutley, Lindsay B, Ibrom, Andreas, Jacobs, Cor, Johansson, Torbjörn, Jongen, Marjan, Katul, Gabriel, Kiely, Gerard, Klumpp, Katja, Knohl, Alexander, Kolb, Thomas, Kutsch, Werner L, Lafleur, Peter, Laurila, Tuomas, Leuning, Ray, Lindroth, Anders, Liu, Heping, Loubet, Benjamin, Manca, Giovanni, Marek, Michal, Margolis, Hank A, Martin, Timothy A, Massman, William J, Matamala, Roser, Matteucci, Giorgio, McCaughey, Harry, Merbold, Lutz, Meyers, Tilden, Migliavacca, Mirco, Miglietta, Franco, Misson, Laurent, Mölder, Meelis, Moncrieff, John, Monson, Russell K, Montagnani, Leonardo, Montes-Helu, Mario, Moors, Eddy, Moureaux, Christine, Mukelabai, Mukufute M, Munger, J William, Myklebust, May, Nagy, Zoltán, Noormets, Asko, Oechel, Walter, Oren, Ram, Pallardy, Stephen G, Paw U, Kyaw Tha, Pereira, João S, Pilegaard, Kim, Pintér, Krisztina, Pio, Casimiro, Pita, Gabriel, Powell, Thomas L, Rambal, Serge, Randerson, James T, von Randow, Celso, Rebmann, Corinna, Rinne, Janne, Rossi, Federica, Roulet, Nigel, Ryel, Ronald J, Sagerfors, Jorgen, Saigusa, Nobuko, Sanz, María José, Mugnozza, Giuseppe-Scarascia, Schmid, Hans Peter, Seufert, Guenther, Siqueira, Mario, Soussana, Jean-François, Starr, Gregory, Sutton, Mark A, Tenhunen, John, Tuba, Zoltán, Tuovinen, Juha-Pekka, Valentini, Riccardo, Vogel, Christoph S, Wang, Jingxin, Wang, Shaoqiang, Wang, Weiguo, Welp, Lisa R, Wen, Xuefa, Wharton, Sonia, Wilkinson, Matthew, Williams, Christopher A, Wohlfahrt, Georg, Yamamoto, Susumu, Yu, Guirui, Zampedri, Roberto, Zhao, Bin, Zhao, Xinquan, Yi, Chuixiang, Ricciuto, Daniel, Li, Runze, Wolbeck, John, Xu, Xiyan, Nilsson, Mats, Aires, Luis, Albertson, John D, Ammann, Christof, Arain, M Altaf, de Araujo, Alessandro C, Aubinet, Marc, Aurela, Mika, Barcza, Zoltán, Barr, Alan, Berbigier, Paul, Beringer, Jason, Bernhofer, Christian, Black, Andrew T, Bolstad, Paul V, Bosveld, Fred C, Broadmeadow, Mark S J, Buchmann, Nina, Burns, Sean P, Cellier, Pierre, Chen, Jingming, Chen, Jiquan, Ciais, Philippe, Clement, Robert, Cook, Bruce D, Curtis, Peter S, Dail, D Bryan, Dellwik, Ebba, Delpierre, Nicolas, Desai, Ankur R, Dore, Sabina, Dragoni, Danilo, Drake, Bert G., Dufrêne, Eric, Dunn, Allison, Elbers, Jan, Eugster, Werner, Falk, Matthias, Feigenwinter, Christian, Flanagan, Lawrence B, Foken, Thomas, Frank, John, Fuhrer, Juerg, Gianelle, Damiano, Goldstein, Allen, Goulden, Mike, Granier, Andre, Grünwald, Thomas, Gu, Lianhong, Guo, Haiqiang, Hammerle, Albin, Han, Shijie, Hanan, Niall P, Haszpra, László, Heinesch, Bernard, Helfter, Carole, Hendriks, Dimmie, Hutley, Lindsay B, Ibrom, Andreas, Jacobs, Cor, Johansson, Torbjörn, Jongen, Marjan, Katul, Gabriel, Kiely, Gerard, Klumpp, Katja, Knohl, Alexander, Kolb, Thomas, Kutsch, Werner L, Lafleur, Peter, Laurila, Tuomas, Leuning, Ray, Lindroth, Anders, Liu, Heping, Loubet, Benjamin, Manca, Giovanni, Marek, Michal, Margolis, Hank A, Martin, Timothy A, Massman, William J, Matamala, Roser, Matteucci, Giorgio, McCaughey, Harry, Merbold, Lutz, Meyers, Tilden, Migliavacca, Mirco, Miglietta, Franco, Misson, Laurent, Mölder, Meelis, Moncrieff, John, Monson, Russell K, Montagnani, Leonardo, Montes-Helu, Mario, Moors, Eddy, Moureaux, Christine, Mukelabai, Mukufute M, Munger, J William, Myklebust, May, Nagy, Zoltán, Noormets, Asko, Oechel, Walter, Oren, Ram, Pallardy, Stephen G, Paw U, Kyaw Tha, Pereira, João S, Pilegaard, Kim, Pintér, Krisztina, Pio, Casimiro, Pita, Gabriel, Powell, Thomas L, Rambal, Serge, Randerson, James T, von Randow, Celso, Rebmann, Corinna, Rinne, Janne, Rossi, Federica, Roulet, Nigel, Ryel, Ronald J, Sagerfors, Jorgen, Saigusa, Nobuko, Sanz, María José, Mugnozza, Giuseppe-Scarascia, Schmid, Hans Peter, Seufert, Guenther, Siqueira, Mario, Soussana, Jean-François, Starr, Gregory, Sutton, Mark A, Tenhunen, John, Tuba, Zoltán, Tuovinen, Juha-Pekka, Valentini, Riccardo, Vogel, Christoph S, Wang, Jingxin, Wang, Shaoqiang, Wang, Weiguo, Welp, Lisa R, Wen, Xuefa, Wharton, Sonia, Wilkinson, Matthew, Williams, Christopher A, Wohlfahrt, Georg, Yamamoto, Susumu, Yu, Guirui, Zampedri, Roberto, Zhao, Bin, and Zhao, Xinquan

Abstract

Understanding the relationships between climate and carbon exchange by terrestrial ecosystems is critical to predict future levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide because of the potential accelerating effects of positive climate–carbon cycle feedbacks. However, directly observed relationships between climate and terrestrial CO2 exchange with the atmosphere across biomes and continents are lacking. Here we present data describing the relationships between net ecosystem exchange of carbon (NEE) and climate factors as measured using the eddy covariance method at 125 unique sites in various ecosystems over six continents with a total of 559 site-years. We find that NEE observed at eddy covariance sites is (1) a strong function of mean annual temperature at mid- and high-latitudes, (2) a strong function of dryness at mid- and low-latitudes, and (3) a function of both temperature and dryness around the mid-latitudinal belt (45°N). The sensitivity of NEE to mean annual temperature breaks down at ~ 16 °C (a threshold value of mean annual temperature), above which no further increase of CO2 uptake with temperature was observed and dryness influence overrules temperature influence.

Published
2010

19. Climate control of terrestrial carbon exchange across biomes and continents

Author

Yi, Chuixiang, Ricciuto, Daniel, Li, Runze, Wolbeck, John, Xu, Xiyan, Nilsson, Mats, Aires, Luis, Albertson, John D, Ammann, Christof, Arain, M Altaf, de Araujo, Alessandro C, Aubinet, Marc, Aurela, Mika, Barcza, Zoltán, Barr, Alan, Berbigier, Paul, Beringer, Jason, Bernhofer, Christian, Black, Andrew T, Bolstad, Paul V, Bosveld, Fred C, Broadmeadow, Mark S J, Buchmann, Nina, Burns, Sean P, Cellier, Pierre, Chen, Jingming, Chen, Jiquan, Ciais, Philippe, Clement, Robert, Cook, Bruce D, Curtis, Peter S, Dail, D Bryan, Dellwik, Ebba, Delpierre, Nicolas, Desai, Ankur R, Dore, Sabina, Dragoni, Danilo, Drake, Bert G., Dufrêne, Eric, Dunn, Allison, Elbers, Jan, Eugster, Werner, Falk, Matthias, Feigenwinter, Christian, Flanagan, Lawrence B, Foken, Thomas, Frank, John, Fuhrer, Juerg, Gianelle, Damiano, Goldstein, Allen, Goulden, Mike, Granier, Andre, Grünwald, Thomas, Gu, Lianhong, Guo, Haiqiang, Hammerle, Albin, Han, Shijie, Hanan, Niall P, Haszpra, László, Heinesch, Bernard, Helfter, Carole, Hendriks, Dimmie, Hutley, Lindsay B, Ibrom, Andreas, Jacobs, Cor, Johansson, Torbjörn, Jongen, Marjan, Katul, Gabriel, Kiely, Gerard, Klumpp, Katja, Knohl, Alexander, Kolb, Thomas, Kutsch, Werner L, Lafleur, Peter, Laurila, Tuomas, Leuning, Ray, Lindroth, Anders, Liu, Heping, Loubet, Benjamin, Manca, Giovanni, Marek, Michal, Margolis, Hank A, Martin, Timothy A, Massman, William J, Matamala, Roser, Matteucci, Giorgio, McCaughey, Harry, Merbold, Lutz, Meyers, Tilden, Migliavacca, Mirco, Miglietta, Franco, Misson, Laurent, Mölder, Meelis, Moncrieff, John, Monson, Russell K, Montagnani, Leonardo, Montes-Helu, Mario, Moors, Eddy, Moureaux, Christine, Mukelabai, Mukufute M, Munger, J William, Myklebust, May, Nagy, Zoltán, Noormets, Asko, Oechel, Walter, Oren, Ram, Pallardy, Stephen G, Paw U, Kyaw Tha, Pereira, João S, Pilegaard, Kim, Pintér, Krisztina, Pio, Casimiro, Pita, Gabriel, Powell, Thomas L, Rambal, Serge, Randerson, James T, von Randow, Celso, Rebmann, Corinna, Rinne, Janne, Rossi, Federica, Roulet, Nigel, Ryel, Ronald J, Sagerfors, Jorgen, Saigusa, Nobuko, Sanz, María José, Mugnozza, Giuseppe-Scarascia, Schmid, Hans Peter, Seufert, Guenther, Siqueira, Mario, Soussana, Jean-François, Starr, Gregory, Sutton, Mark A, Tenhunen, John, Tuba, Zoltán, Tuovinen, Juha-Pekka, Valentini, Riccardo, Vogel, Christoph S, Wang, Jingxin, Wang, Shaoqiang, Wang, Weiguo, Welp, Lisa R, Wen, Xuefa, Wharton, Sonia, Wilkinson, Matthew, Williams, Christopher A, Wohlfahrt, Georg, Yamamoto, Susumu, Yu, Guirui, Zampedri, Roberto, Zhao, Bin, Zhao, Xinquan, Yi, Chuixiang, Ricciuto, Daniel, Li, Runze, Wolbeck, John, Xu, Xiyan, Nilsson, Mats, Aires, Luis, Albertson, John D, Ammann, Christof, Arain, M Altaf, de Araujo, Alessandro C, Aubinet, Marc, Aurela, Mika, Barcza, Zoltán, Barr, Alan, Berbigier, Paul, Beringer, Jason, Bernhofer, Christian, Black, Andrew T, Bolstad, Paul V, Bosveld, Fred C, Broadmeadow, Mark S J, Buchmann, Nina, Burns, Sean P, Cellier, Pierre, Chen, Jingming, Chen, Jiquan, Ciais, Philippe, Clement, Robert, Cook, Bruce D, Curtis, Peter S, Dail, D Bryan, Dellwik, Ebba, Delpierre, Nicolas, Desai, Ankur R, Dore, Sabina, Dragoni, Danilo, Drake, Bert G., Dufrêne, Eric, Dunn, Allison, Elbers, Jan, Eugster, Werner, Falk, Matthias, Feigenwinter, Christian, Flanagan, Lawrence B, Foken, Thomas, Frank, John, Fuhrer, Juerg, Gianelle, Damiano, Goldstein, Allen, Goulden, Mike, Granier, Andre, Grünwald, Thomas, Gu, Lianhong, Guo, Haiqiang, Hammerle, Albin, Han, Shijie, Hanan, Niall P, Haszpra, László, Heinesch, Bernard, Helfter, Carole, Hendriks, Dimmie, Hutley, Lindsay B, Ibrom, Andreas, Jacobs, Cor, Johansson, Torbjörn, Jongen, Marjan, Katul, Gabriel, Kiely, Gerard, Klumpp, Katja, Knohl, Alexander, Kolb, Thomas, Kutsch, Werner L, Lafleur, Peter, Laurila, Tuomas, Leuning, Ray, Lindroth, Anders, Liu, Heping, Loubet, Benjamin, Manca, Giovanni, Marek, Michal, Margolis, Hank A, Martin, Timothy A, Massman, William J, Matamala, Roser, Matteucci, Giorgio, McCaughey, Harry, Merbold, Lutz, Meyers, Tilden, Migliavacca, Mirco, Miglietta, Franco, Misson, Laurent, Mölder, Meelis, Moncrieff, John, Monson, Russell K, Montagnani, Leonardo, Montes-Helu, Mario, Moors, Eddy, Moureaux, Christine, Mukelabai, Mukufute M, Munger, J William, Myklebust, May, Nagy, Zoltán, Noormets, Asko, Oechel, Walter, Oren, Ram, Pallardy, Stephen G, Paw U, Kyaw Tha, Pereira, João S, Pilegaard, Kim, Pintér, Krisztina, Pio, Casimiro, Pita, Gabriel, Powell, Thomas L, Rambal, Serge, Randerson, James T, von Randow, Celso, Rebmann, Corinna, Rinne, Janne, Rossi, Federica, Roulet, Nigel, Ryel, Ronald J, Sagerfors, Jorgen, Saigusa, Nobuko, Sanz, María José, Mugnozza, Giuseppe-Scarascia, Schmid, Hans Peter, Seufert, Guenther, Siqueira, Mario, Soussana, Jean-François, Starr, Gregory, Sutton, Mark A, Tenhunen, John, Tuba, Zoltán, Tuovinen, Juha-Pekka, Valentini, Riccardo, Vogel, Christoph S, Wang, Jingxin, Wang, Shaoqiang, Wang, Weiguo, Welp, Lisa R, Wen, Xuefa, Wharton, Sonia, Wilkinson, Matthew, Williams, Christopher A, Wohlfahrt, Georg, Yamamoto, Susumu, Yu, Guirui, Zampedri, Roberto, Zhao, Bin, and Zhao, Xinquan

Abstract

Understanding the relationships between climate and carbon exchange by terrestrial ecosystems is critical to predict future levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide because of the potential accelerating effects of positive climate–carbon cycle feedbacks. However, directly observed relationships between climate and terrestrial CO2 exchange with the atmosphere across biomes and continents are lacking. Here we present data describing the relationships between net ecosystem exchange of carbon (NEE) and climate factors as measured using the eddy covariance method at 125 unique sites in various ecosystems over six continents with a total of 559 site-years. We find that NEE observed at eddy covariance sites is (1) a strong function of mean annual temperature at mid- and high-latitudes, (2) a strong function of dryness at mid- and low-latitudes, and (3) a function of both temperature and dryness around the mid-latitudinal belt (45°N). The sensitivity of NEE to mean annual temperature breaks down at ~ 16 °C (a threshold value of mean annual temperature), above which no further increase of CO2 uptake with temperature was observed and dryness influence overrules temperature influence.

Published
2010

20. Global application of an unoccupied aerial vehicle photogrammetry protocol for predicting aboveground biomass in non‐forest ecosystems

Author

Ecologia, Cunliffe, Andrew M., Anderson, Karen, Boschetti, Fabio, Brazier, Richard E., Graham, Hugh A., Myers‐Smith, Isla H., Astor, Thomas, Boer, Matthias M., Calvo Galván, María Leonor, Clark, Patrick E., Cramer, Michael D., Encinas‐Lara, Miguel S., Escarzaga, Stephen M., Fernández Guisuraga, José Manuel, Fisher, Adrian G., Gdulová, Kateřina, Gillespie, Breahna M., Griebel, Anne, Hanan, Niall P., Hanggito, Muhammad S., Haselberger, Stefan, Havrilla, Caroline A., Heilman, Phil, Ji, Wenjie, Karl, Jason W., Kirchhoff, Mario, Kraushaar, Sabine, Lyons, Mitchell B., Marzolff, Irene, Mauritz, Marguerite E., McIntire, Cameron D., Metzen, Daniel, Méndez‐Barroso, Luis A., Power, Simon C., Prošek, Jiří, Sanz Ablanedo, Enoc, Sauer, Katherine J., Schulze‐Brüninghoff, Damian, Šímová, Petra, Sitch, Stephen, Smit, Julian L., Steele, Caiti M., Suárez Seoane, Susana, Vargas, Sergio A., Villarreal, Miguel, Visser, Fleur, Wachendorf, Michael, Wirnsberger, Hannes, Wojcikiewicz, Robert, Ecologia, Cunliffe, Andrew M., Anderson, Karen, Boschetti, Fabio, Brazier, Richard E., Graham, Hugh A., Myers‐Smith, Isla H., Astor, Thomas, Boer, Matthias M., Calvo Galván, María Leonor, Clark, Patrick E., Cramer, Michael D., Encinas‐Lara, Miguel S., Escarzaga, Stephen M., Fernández Guisuraga, José Manuel, Fisher, Adrian G., Gdulová, Kateřina, Gillespie, Breahna M., Griebel, Anne, Hanan, Niall P., Hanggito, Muhammad S., Haselberger, Stefan, Havrilla, Caroline A., Heilman, Phil, Ji, Wenjie, Karl, Jason W., Kirchhoff, Mario, Kraushaar, Sabine, Lyons, Mitchell B., Marzolff, Irene, Mauritz, Marguerite E., McIntire, Cameron D., Metzen, Daniel, Méndez‐Barroso, Luis A., Power, Simon C., Prošek, Jiří, Sanz Ablanedo, Enoc, Sauer, Katherine J., Schulze‐Brüninghoff, Damian, Šímová, Petra, Sitch, Stephen, Smit, Julian L., Steele, Caiti M., Suárez Seoane, Susana, Vargas, Sergio A., Villarreal, Miguel, Visser, Fleur, Wachendorf, Michael, Wirnsberger, Hannes, and Wojcikiewicz, Robert

Abstract

Non-forest ecosystems, dominated by shrubs, grasses and herbaceous plants, provide ecosystem services including carbon sequestration and forage for grazing, and are highly sensitive to climatic changes. Yet these ecosystems are poorly represented in remotely sensed biomass products and are undersampled by in situ monitoring. Current global change threats emphasize the need for new tools to capture biomass change in non-forest ecosystems at appropriate scales. Here we developed and deployed a new protocol for photogrammetric height using unoccupied aerial vehicle (UAV) images to test its capability for delivering standardized measurements of biomass across a globally distributed field experiment. We assessed whether canopy height inferred from UAV photogrammetry allows the prediction of aboveground biomass (AGB) across low-stature plant species by conducting 38 photogrammetric surveys over 741 harvested plots to sample 50 species. We found mean canopy height was strongly predictive of AGB across species, with a median adjusted R2 of 0.87 (ranging from 0.46 to 0.99) and median prediction error from leave-one-out cross-validation of 3.9%. Biomass per-unit-of-height was similar within but different among, plant functional types. We found that photogrammetric reconstructions of canopy height were sensitive to wind speed but not sun elevation during surveys. We demonstrated that our photogrammetric approach produced generalizable measurements across growth forms and environmental settings and yielded accuracies as good as those obtained from in situ approaches. We demonstrate that using a standardized approach for UAV photogrammetry can deliver accurate AGB estimates across a wide range of dynamic and heterogeneous ecosystems. Many academic and land management institutions have the technical capacity to deploy these approaches over extents of 1–10 ha−1. Photogrammetric approaches could provide much-needed information required to calibrate and validate the vegetation model

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