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This study aimed to investigate the genomics literacy of Finnish and Filipino nursing students as a basis for developing a genomics nursing education course. This is a cross-sectional online survey using the 31-item Genomic Nursing Concept Inventory, IBM SPSS version 27, and item-analysis. A total of 245 nursing students participated in the study; 75% reported that they had not completed any genetics-genomics courses. The GNCI scores ranged from 2 to 31 total correct answers out of a total possible score of 31. The GNCI mean score of the Finnish cohort (9.53; SD = 3.48; 36% correct) was significantly lower compared to the Filipino cohort (16.21; SD = 9.74, 58% correct). These results show that the genomics literacy of nursing students in Finland and the Philippines is weak, particularly in human genome homogeneity and genotype-phenotype association concepts. We recommend designing effective genetic and genomic educational programs and updating the nursing curricula.

Aim: To describe diabetes nurses' perspectives on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with diabetes and diabetes services across Europe. Methods: An online survey developed using a rapid Delphi method. The survey was translated into 17 different languages and disseminated electronically in 27 countries via national diabetes nurse networks. Results: Survey responses from 1829 diabetes nurses were included in the analysis. The responses indicated that 28% (n = 504) and 48% (n = 873) of diabetes nurses felt the COVID-19 pandemic had impacted ‘a lot’ on the physical and psychological risks of people with diabetes, respectively. The following clinical problems were identified as having increased ‘a lot’: anxiety 82% (n = 1486); diabetes distress 65% (n = 1189); depression 49% (n = 893); acute hyperglycaemia 39% (n = 710) and foot complications 18% (n = 323). Forty-seven percent (n = 771) of respondents identified that the level of care provided to people with diabetes had declined either extremely or quite severely. Self-management support, diabetes education and psychological support were rated by diabetes nurse respondents as having declined extremely or quite severely during the COVID-19 pandemic by 31% (n = 499), 63% (n = 1,027) and 34% (n = 551), respectively. Conclusion: The findings show that diabetes nurses across Europe have seen significant increases in both physical and psychological problems in their patient populations during COVID-19. The data also show that clinical diabetes services have been significantly disrupted. As the COVID-19 situation continues, we need to adapt care systems with some urgency to minimise the impact of the pandemic on the diabetes population.

English is an important language of communication in the modern global world. This has led to the phenomenon of people communication with each other in English all around the world regardless of their linguistic background. This phenomenon is called English as a lingua franca, or global English, which means using English to communicate with another person when you do not share the same language. The emergence of this field of linguistics has led to a debate in the educational field, whether English as a lingua franca (ELF) should be taught instead of the traditional English as a foreign language (EFL). Many countries still abide by the more standard way of EFL teaching. Meanwhile, the new Finnish core curriculum has implemented perspectives to its learning goals in English that could be interpreted as ELF positive. This leads to the topic of this thesis, which is the perceptions and experiences of Finnish English teachers about the phenomenon of ELF and how do they view it in the context of school. A qualitative study was conducted with the perspectives of phenomenography. This means investigating the perceptions and experiences of the participants. A thematic analysis was chosen as the method of analysis to complement these other methodologies. The results of the study found a total of nine different themes which were divided into two categories: primary themes and secondary themes. The primary themes found were perceptions and experiences of following topics: 1) global English as a phenomenon 2) positive impacts of global English in school 3) negative impacts of global English in school, and 4) development of English in the future. The five secondary themes were perceptions and experiences of: 1) global English as a tool 2) teaching global English 3) awareness and confidence in global English 4) global English in existing teaching materials, and 5) pupils and their English use. These themes described that Finnish English teachers are aware and knowledgea

AIM: To describe diabetes nurses' perspectives on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with diabetes and diabetes services across Europe. METHODS: An online survey developed using a rapid Delphi method. The survey was translated into 17 different languages and disseminated electronically in 27 countries via national diabetes nurse networks. RESULTS: Survey responses from 1829 diabetes nurses were included in the analysis. The responses indicated that 28% (n=504) and 48% (n=873) of diabetes nurses felt the COVID-19 pandemic had impacted 'a lot' on the physical and psychological risks of people with diabetes, respectively. The following clinical problems were identified as having increased 'a lot': anxiety 82% (n=1486); diabetes distress 65% (n=1189); depression 49% (n= 893); acute hyperglycaemia 39% (n=710); and foot complications 17% (n=323). Forty-seven percent (n=771) of respondents identified that the level of care provided to people with diabetes had declined either extremely or quite severely. Self-management support, diabetes education and psychological support were rated by diabetes nurse respondents as having declined extremely or quite severely during the COVID-19 pandemic by 31% (n=499), 63% (n=1,027) and 34% (n=551), respectively. CONCLUSION: The findings show that diabetes nurses across Europe have seen significant increases in both physical and psychological problems in their patient populations during COVID-19. The data also show that clinical diabetes services have been significantly disrupted. As the COVID-19 situation continues we need to adapt care systems with some urgency to minimise the impact of the pandemic on the diabetes population.

We do not know how much clinical physicians carrying out clinical trials in oncology and haematology struggle with ethical concerns. To our knowledge, no empirical research exists on these questions in a Nordic context. Therefore, this study aims to learn what kinds of ethical challenges physicians in Sweden, Denmark and Finland (n = 29) face when caring for patients in clinical trials; and what strategies, if any, they have developed to deal with them. The main findings were that clinical cancer trials pose ethical challenges related to autonomy issues, unreasonable hope for benefits and the therapeutic misconception. Nevertheless, some physicians expressed that struggling with such challenges was not of great concern. This conveys a culture of hope where health care professionals and patients uphold hope and mutually support belief in clinical trials. This culture being implicit, physicians need opportunities to deliberately reflect over the characteristics that should constitute this culture.

New drill core and outcrop observations are used to update the magmatic stratigraphy of the Narankavaara mafic-ultramafic body, which consists of an extensive basal dunite (1 700 m thick), and a layered series comprising a 600 m thick peridotitic-pyroxenitic ultramafic zone and a 700 m thick gabbronoritic–dioritic mafic zone. Two reversals are found in the layered series. The parental magma was siliceous high-Mg basalt with high MgO, Ni, and Cr, but also high SiO2 and Zr, which suggests primary magma contamination by felsic crust. The Cu/Pd ratio is below that of primitive mantle, implying PGE-fertility. The structural position of the marginal series indicates that the thick basal dunite represents an older wallrock for the layered intrusion. A subeconomic reef-type PGE-enriched zone is found in the border zone between the ultramafic and mafic zones and has an average thickness of 25 m with 150-250 ppb of Pt + Pd + Au. Offset-type metal distribution and high sulphide tenor and R-factor suggest reef formation by sulphide saturation induced by fractional crystallisation. The reef-forming process was probably interrupted by an influx of magma related to the first reversal. Metal ratios suggest that this replenishing magma was PGE-depleted before emplacement., New drill core and outcrop observations are used to update the magmatic stratigraphy of the Narankavaara mafic-ultramafic body, which consists of an extensive basal dunite (1 700 m thick), and a layered series comprising a 600 m thick peridotitic-pyroxenitic ultramafic zone and a 700 m thick gabbronoritic–dioritic mafic zone. Two reversals are found in the layered series. The parental magma was siliceous high-Mg basalt with high MgO, Ni, and Cr, but also high SiO2 and Zr, which suggests primary magma contamination by felsic crust. The Cu/Pd ratio is below that of primitive mantle, implying PGE-fertility. The structural position of the marginal series indicates that the thick basal dunite represents an older wallrock for the layered intrusion. A subeconomic reef-type PGE-enriched zone is found in the border zone between the ultramafic and mafic zones and has an average thickness of 25 m with 150-250 ppb of Pt + Pd + Au. Offset-type metal distribution and high sulphide tenor and R-factor suggest reef formation by sulphide saturation induced by fractional crystallisation. The reef-forming process was probably interrupted by an influx of magma related to the first reversal. Metal ratios suggest that this replenishing magma was PGE-depleted before emplacement.

The Kiviniemi mafic intrusion is spatially and temporally associated with post-kinematic Fe-Ti-P-enriched Svecofennian orogenic mafic magmatism. The main rock types are garnet-bearing fayalite ferrodiorite, leucoferrodiorite, ferromonzodiorite, and pyroxene diorite. The fayalite and leucoferrodiorite contain Sc, Zr, and Y, delineating a mineralised deposit around 2.5 ha in extent. The rock-forming minerals present are (ferro)hedenbergite, plagioclase, ferropargasite and ferroedenite, almandine garnet, and fayalite. Accessory minerals include zircon, ilmenite, fluorapatite, biotite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, potassium feldspar, grunerite, and clinoferrosilite. Some relict cumulate textures have been preserved, but primary magmatic features have largely been overprinted by strong recrystallisation and corona formation. The main carriers of Sc are amphibole, clinopyroxene, and apatite. The remarkably strong enrichment of Sc in ferromagnesian silicates and apatite implies magmatic enrichment. The Kiviniemi intrusion is associated with a coarse megacrystic granite and the two rock type display mingled contacts, indicative of contemporaneity of the two magmas. Nd isotope compositions probably reflect a chondritic mantle source for the ferrodiorite and suggest incorporation of some Archaean crustal material into the granite. The resource estimation, using 40 g/t Sc cut off value, is 13 400 000 t of rock with an average grade of 162.7 g/t scandium, 1726 g/t zirconium, and 81 g/t yttrium., The Kiviniemi mafic intrusion is spatially and temporally associated with post-kinematic Fe-Ti-P-enriched Svecofennian orogenic mafic magmatism. The main rock types are garnet-bearing fayalite ferrodiorite, leucoferrodiorite, ferromonzodiorite, and pyroxene diorite. The fayalite and leucoferrodiorite contain Sc, Zr, and Y, delineating a mineralised deposit around 2.5 ha in extent. The rock-forming minerals present are (ferro)hedenbergite, plagioclase, ferropargasite and ferroedenite, almandine garnet, and fayalite. Accessory minerals include zircon, ilmenite, fluorapatite, biotite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, potassium feldspar, grunerite, and clinoferrosilite. Some relict cumulate textures have been preserved, but primary magmatic features have largely been overprinted by strong recrystallisation and corona formation. The main carriers of Sc are amphibole, clinopyroxene, and apatite. The remarkably strong enrichment of Sc in ferromagnesian silicates and apatite implies magmatic enrichment. The Kiviniemi intrusion is associated with a coarse megacrystic granite and the two rock type display mingled contacts, indicative of contemporaneity of the two magmas. Nd isotope compositions probably reflect a chondritic mantle source for the ferrodiorite and suggest incorporation of some Archaean crustal material into the granite. The resource estimation, using 40 g/t Sc cut off value, is 13 400 000 t of rock with an average grade of 162.7 g/t scandium, 1726 g/t zirconium, and 81 g/t yttrium.

We do not know how much clinical physicians carrying out clinical trials in oncology and haematology struggle with ethical concerns. To our knowledge, no empirical research exists on these questions in a Nordic context. Therefore, this study aims to learn what kinds of ethical challenges physicians in Sweden, Denmark and Finland (n = 29) face when caring for patients in clinical trials; and what strategies, if any, they have developed to deal with them. The main findings were that clinical cancer trials pose ethical challenges related to autonomy issues, unreasonable hope for benefits and the therapeutic misconception. Nevertheless, some physicians expressed that struggling with such challenges was not of great concern. This conveys a culture of hope where health care professionals and patients uphold hope and mutually support belief in clinical trials. This culture being implicit, physicians need opportunities to deliberately reflect over the characteristics that should constitute this culture.

Aim: to describe diabetes nurses' perspectives on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with diabetes and diabetes services across Europe. Methods: an online survey developed using a rapid Delphi method. The survey was translated into 17 different languages and disseminated electronically in 27 countries via national diabetes nurse networks. Results: survey responses from 1829 diabetes nurses were included in the analysis. The responses indicated that 28% (n = 504) and 48% (n = 873) of diabetes nurses felt the COVID-19 pandemic had impacted 'a lot' on the physical and psychological risks of people with diabetes, respectively. The following clinical problems were identified as having increased 'a lot': anxiety 82% (n = 1486); diabetes distress 65% (n = 1189); depression 49% (n = 893); acute hyperglycaemia 39% (n = 710) and foot complications 18% (n = 323). Forty-seven percent (n = 771) of respondents identified that the level of care provided to people with diabetes had declined either extremely or quite severely. Self-management support, diabetes education and psychological support were rated by diabetes nurse respondents as having declined extremely or quite severely during the COVID-19 pandemic by 31% (n = 499), 63% (n = 1,027) and 34% (n = 551), respectively. Conclusion: the findings show that diabetes nurses across Europe have seen significant increases in both physical and psychological problems in their patient populations during COVID-19. The data also show that clinical diabetes services have been significantly disrupted. As the COVID-19 situation continues, we need to adapt care systems with some urgency to minimise the impact of the pandemic on the diabetes population., Foundation of European Nurses in Diabetes

This study investigated the kinds of ethical challenges experienced by nurses in oncology and hematology when nursing care and research overlap in clinical trials, and how the nurses handle such challenges. Individual interviews with 39 nurses from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland indicated that all nurses were positive about research, considering it essential for developing the best care. Ethical challenges exist, however; the most difficult were associated with the end-of-life patients, no longer responsive to standard therapy, who eagerly volunteer for cutting-edge drug trials in the hope of gaining therapeutic benefit. Many nurses lacked systematic strategies for addressing such challenges but found support from their nursing colleagues and relied on the research protocols to guide them.

This study investigated the kinds of ethical challenges experienced by nurses in oncology and hematology when nursing care and research overlap in clinical trials, and how the nurses handle such challenges. Individual interviews with 39 nurses from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland indicated that all nurses were positive about research, considering it essential for developing the best care. Ethical challenges exist, however; the most difficult were associated with the end-of-life patients, no longer responsive to standard therapy, who eagerly volunteer for cutting-edge drug trials in the hope of gaining therapeutic benefit. Many nurses lacked systematic strategies for addressing such challenges but found support from their nursing colleagues and relied on the research protocols to guide them.

This study investigated the kinds of ethical challenges experienced by nurses in oncology and hematology when nursing care and research overlap in clinical trials, and how the nurses handle such challenges. Individual interviews with 39 nurses from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland indicated that all nurses were positive about research, considering it essential for developing the best care. Ethical challenges exist, however; the most difficult were associated with the end-of-life patients, no longer responsive to standard therapy, who eagerly volunteer for cutting-edge drug trials in the hope of gaining therapeutic benefit. Many nurses lacked systematic strategies for addressing such challenges but found support from their nursing colleagues and relied on the research protocols to guide them.

This study investigated the kinds of ethical challenges experienced by nurses in oncology and hematology when nursing care and research overlap in clinical trials, and how the nurses handle such challenges. Individual interviews with 39 nurses from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland indicated that all nurses were positive about research, considering it essential for developing the best care. Ethical challenges exist, however; the most difficult were associated with the end-of-life patients, no longer responsive to standard therapy, who eagerly volunteer for cutting-edge drug trials in the hope of gaining therapeutic benefit. Many nurses lacked systematic strategies for addressing such challenges but found support from their nursing colleagues and relied on the research protocols to guide them.

This study investigated the kinds of ethical challenges experienced by nurses in oncology and hematology when nursing care and research overlap in clinical trials, and how the nurses handle such challenges. Individual interviews with 39 nurses from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland indicated that all nurses were positive about research, considering it essential for developing the best care. Ethical challenges exist, however; the most difficult were associated with the end-of-life patients, no longer responsive to standard therapy, who eagerly volunteer for cutting-edge drug trials in the hope of gaining therapeutic benefit. Many nurses lacked systematic strategies for addressing such challenges but found support from their nursing colleagues and relied on the research protocols to guide them.

This study investigated the kinds of ethical challenges experienced by nurses in oncology and hematology when nursing care and research overlap in clinical trials, and how the nurses handle such challenges. Individual interviews with 39 nurses from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland indicated that all nurses were positive about research, considering it essential for developing the best care. Ethical challenges exist, however; the most difficult were associated with the end-of-life patients, no longer responsive to standard therapy, who eagerly volunteer for cutting-edge drug trials in the hope of gaining therapeutic benefit. Many nurses lacked systematic strategies for addressing such challenges but found support from their nursing colleagues and relied on the research protocols to guide them.

The basalts contain 1 300-4 500 ppm Cr, more than any other terrestrial basalt, and also have high Ni concentrations (200-1 700 ppm). This may have resulted from extreme reducing conditions during magma generation or fractional crystallisation. It is suggested that in the Kuhmo greenstone belt, olivine fractionated in reducing conditions in the komatiites, which prevented chromite crystallisation. As a result, the residual melt turned basaltic but Cr-rich. The Ni did not enter into crystalline olivine, allowing the residual melt to become enriched in Ni. The reducing agent is not known., The basalts contain 1 300-4 500 ppm Cr, more than any other terrestrial basalt, and also have high Ni concentrations (200-1 700 ppm). This may have resulted from extreme reducing conditions during magma generation or fractional crystallisation. It is suggested that in the Kuhmo greenstone belt, olivine fractionated in reducing conditions in the komatiites, which prevented chromite crystallisation. As a result, the residual melt turned basaltic but Cr-rich. The Ni did not enter into crystalline olivine, allowing the residual melt to become enriched in Ni. The reducing agent is not known.

The Finnish part of the Karelian Archaean province, although consisting mainly of rather monotonous gneissic tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite series, may be divided into nine complexes on the basis of lithological, structural, metamorphic and geochronological differences. Greenstone belt assemblages also seem to represent a range of geodynamic settings and U-Pb dating indicates distinct age groups for each belt. Geochemical data suggest that the belts store a long-lived fragmentary record of more than 200 m.y. of geological evolution, including an oceanic plateau, island arc, back-arc/intra-arc and intra-continental rift; Neoarchaean accretion of exotic terranes at c. 2.83-2.75 Ga and subsequent collisional crustal stacking at around 2.73-2.68 Ga may have been the mechanism that generated the present structure of the Karelian province. Except for the central parts of some greenstone belts, the bedrock was highly metamorphosed during the Neoarchaean orogenic processes and underwent partial melting that produced metatexitic and diatexitic migmatites in most rock types. Papers are presented on the Archaean complexes, the age of the greenstone belts, Nd isotopic evidence for Archaean crustal growth, the Neoarchaean sanukitoid series, geochemical and petrophysical characteristics of plutonic rocks, and fluid-controlled melting of granulites and tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite-amphibolite associations in the Iisalmi complex., The Finnish part of the Karelian Archaean province, although consisting mainly of rather monotonous gneissic tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite series, may be divided into nine complexes on the basis of lithological, structural, metamorphic and geochronological differences. Greenstone belt assemblages also seem to represent a range of geodynamic settings and U-Pb dating indicates distinct age groups for each belt. Geochemical data suggest that the belts store a long-lived fragmentary record of more than 200 m.y. of geological evolution, including an oceanic plateau, island arc, back-arc/intra-arc and intra-continental rift; Neoarchaean accretion of exotic terranes at c. 2.83-2.75 Ga and subsequent collisional crustal stacking at around 2.73-2.68 Ga may have been the mechanism that generated the present structure of the Karelian province. Except for the central parts of some greenstone belts, the bedrock was highly metamorphosed during the Neoarchaean orogenic processes and underwent partial melting that produced metatexitic and diatexitic migmatites in most rock types. Papers are presented on the Archaean complexes, the age of the greenstone belts, Nd isotopic evidence for Archaean crustal growth, the Neoarchaean sanukitoid series, geochemical and petrophysical characteristics of plutonic rocks, and fluid-controlled melting of granulites and tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite-amphibolite associations in the Iisalmi complex.

PGE mineralisation exists around 550-600 m above the base of the 2490 Ma intrusion, in Russia's Kola peninsula. The mineralised zone contains several PGE horizons bearing base-metal sulphides, mainly in the mottled anorthosite, gabbro or gabbronorite layers. The average platinum-group mineral (PGM) grain size is 5.5 micrometres. There are eight groups of PGMs, but more than 75% are Pd-Te-Bi or Pd-Pt(-Te,Bi,As) minerals. About 58% of grains are associated with silicates, 34% are at sulphide grain boundaries and 8% are inclusions in sulphides. The mineralisation closely resembles the Ala-Penikka and Rytikangas reefs in northern Finland., PGE mineralisation exists around 550-600 m above the base of the 2490 Ma intrusion, in Russia's Kola peninsula. The mineralised zone contains several PGE horizons bearing base-metal sulphides, mainly in the mottled anorthosite, gabbro or gabbronorite layers. The average platinum-group mineral (PGM) grain size is 5.5 micrometres. There are eight groups of PGMs, but more than 75% are Pd-Te-Bi or Pd-Pt(-Te,Bi,As) minerals. About 58% of grains are associated with silicates, 34% are at sulphide grain boundaries and 8% are inclusions in sulphides. The mineralisation closely resembles the Ala-Penikka and Rytikangas reefs in northern Finland.

The Kauniinlampi komatiite complex, in Finland, consists of five steeply dipping lenses of olivine cumulates. In the Vaara mineralisation, typical whole-rock sulphidic Ni grades range from 0.25 to 1.4 wt% and average 0.4-0.8 wt%, depending on cut-off grade. Ratios of chalcophile elements are generally constant, but the Ni/Cu ratio varies between 2 and 55 and the Ni/1000 Pd ratio between 8 and 60, making these disseminated sulphides richer in Ni than the komatiitic sulphides of Western Australia and Canada and richer in platinum group metals than the Australian ores. Because there is no pyrrhotite and little pyrite, flotation concentrate grades are up to 26 wt%. The primary sulphide melt droplets occur as rounded blebs, 0.5-1 mm in diameter, that have been altered to millerite (50-75%), pyrite (15-35%) and magnetite. Ni-rich pentlandite and violarite, though much less abundant, are important components of up to 12% of the mineralisation and there is about 13% of chalcopyrite., The Kauniinlampi komatiite complex, in Finland, consists of five steeply dipping lenses of olivine cumulates. In the Vaara mineralisation, typical whole-rock sulphidic Ni grades range from 0.25 to 1.4 wt% and average 0.4-0.8 wt%, depending on cut-off grade. Ratios of chalcophile elements are generally constant, but the Ni/Cu ratio varies between 2 and 55 and the Ni/1000 Pd ratio between 8 and 60, making these disseminated sulphides richer in Ni than the komatiitic sulphides of Western Australia and Canada and richer in platinum group metals than the Australian ores. Because there is no pyrrhotite and little pyrite, flotation concentrate grades are up to 26 wt%. The primary sulphide melt droplets occur as rounded blebs, 0.5-1 mm in diameter, that have been altered to millerite (50-75%), pyrite (15-35%) and magnetite. Ni-rich pentlandite and violarite, though much less abundant, are important components of up to 12% of the mineralisation and there is about 13% of chalcopyrite.

The structure and stratigraphy of the complex are described. In the Koivumaki Formation a disseminated Ag-Zn-Pb sulphide deposit is associated with felsic volcanic rocks in the Taivaljarvi area, while a sulphide- and graphite-bearing cherty layer and magnetite banded iron formations mark the upper contact of the Koivumaki Formation with the overlying Vuoriniemi Formation. In the Makisensuo Formation a sequence of felsic to mafic volcanic rocks containing low-grade Zn-Pb mineralisation occurs in the Siivikkovaara area. The Suo member of the Siiviko Formation includes a 250 m thick layer of anomalously Cr-rich basalt. Komatiitic basalts of the Kallio Formation also have anomalously high Cr concentrations., The structure and stratigraphy of the complex are described. In the Koivumaki Formation a disseminated Ag-Zn-Pb sulphide deposit is associated with felsic volcanic rocks in the Taivaljarvi area, while a sulphide- and graphite-bearing cherty layer and magnetite banded iron formations mark the upper contact of the Koivumaki Formation with the overlying Vuoriniemi Formation. In the Makisensuo Formation a sequence of felsic to mafic volcanic rocks containing low-grade Zn-Pb mineralisation occurs in the Siivikkovaara area. The Suo member of the Siiviko Formation includes a 250 m thick layer of anomalously Cr-rich basalt. Komatiitic basalts of the Kallio Formation also have anomalously high Cr concentrations.

There are 47 metallogenic areas that have been identified in Finland, of which 10 show potential mainly for Fe, Ti, V and Cr, 11 for Au, Pt and Pd , 11 for Ni; 8 for Cu, Zn and/or Pb, 4 for advanced-technology metals Be, Li, Nb, REE and Ta, and 3 for U. More than 30 different genetic types of metal deposit are known, of which the most significant in terms of past production and present resources are: mafic intrusion-hosted Ti-Fe-V as at Mustavaara; mafic/ultramafic-hosted Cr at Kemi; iron oxide-copper-gold-style Fe+/-Cu,Au at Hannukainen; magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE in the Portimo, Koillismaa, Hitura and Kotalahti areas and at Kevitsa and Sakatti; orogenic Au at Kittila; and volcanogenic massive sulphides at Vihanti-Pyhasalmi. Highly significant are the unique Outokumpu Cu-Co and Talvivaara Ni-Zn-Cu-Co deposits. Most of the known metal endowment was formed in the Palaeoproterozoic, during 2.45-1.92 Ga multi-stage rifting and the 1.9-1.8 Ga Svecofennian orogeny; the relatively few detected Archaean resources include minor komatiite-related Ni at Kuhmo and orogenic Au at Ilomantsi, while the main post-Svecofennian metal deposit is carbonatite-hosted Nb-REE at Sokli, dated to c.365 Ma., There are 47 metallogenic areas that have been identified in Finland, of which 10 show potential mainly for Fe, Ti, V and Cr, 11 for Au, Pt and Pd , 11 for Ni; 8 for Cu, Zn and/or Pb, 4 for advanced-technology metals Be, Li, Nb, REE and Ta, and 3 for U. More than 30 different genetic types of metal deposit are known, of which the most significant in terms of past production and present resources are: mafic intrusion-hosted Ti-Fe-V as at Mustavaara; mafic/ultramafic-hosted Cr at Kemi; iron oxide-copper-gold-style Fe+/-Cu,Au at Hannukainen; magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE in the Portimo, Koillismaa, Hitura and Kotalahti areas and at Kevitsa and Sakatti; orogenic Au at Kittila; and volcanogenic massive sulphides at Vihanti-Pyhasalmi. Highly significant are the unique Outokumpu Cu-Co and Talvivaara Ni-Zn-Cu-Co deposits. Most of the known metal endowment was formed in the Palaeoproterozoic, during 2.45-1.92 Ga multi-stage rifting and the 1.9-1.8 Ga Svecofennian orogeny; the relatively few detected Archaean resources include minor komatiite-related Ni at Kuhmo and orogenic Au at Ilomantsi, while the main post-Svecofennian metal deposit is carbonatite-hosted Nb-REE at Sokli, dated to c.365 Ma.