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1. Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa

Author: Zamora, Juan Carlos, Svensson, Måns, Kirschner, Roland, Olariaga, Ibai, Ryman, Svengunnar, Parra, Luis Alberto, Geml, József, Rosling, Anna, Adamčík, Slavomír, Ahti, Teuvo, Aime, M. Catherine, Ainsworth, A. Martyn, Albert, László, Albertó, Edgardo, Altés García, Alberto, Ageev, Dmitry, Agerer, Reinhard, Aguirre-Hudson, Begoña, Ammirati, Joe, Andersson, Harry, Angelini, Claudio, Antonín, Vladimír, Aoki, Takayuki, Aptroot, André, Argaud, Didier, Arguello Sosa, Blanca Imelda, Aronsen, Arne, Arup, Ulf, Asgari, Bita, Assyov, Boris, Atienza, Violeta, Bandini, Ditte, Baptista-Ferreira, João Luís, Baral, Hans-Otto, Baroni, Tim, Barreto, Robert Weingart, Beker, Henry, Bell, Ann, Bellanger, Jean-Michel, Bellù, Francesco, Bemmann, Martin, Bendiksby, Mika, Bendiksen, Egil, Bendiksen, Katriina, Benedek, Lajos, Bérešová-Guttová, Anna, Berger, Franz, Berndt, Reinhard, Bernicchia, Annarosa, Biketova, Alona Yu., Bizio, Enrico, Bjork, Curtis, Boekhout, Teun, Boertmann, David, Böhning, Tanja, Boittin, Florent, Boluda, Carlos G., Boomsluiter, Menno W., Borovička, Jan, Brandrud, Tor Erik, Braun, Uwe, Brodo, Irwin, Bulyonkova, Tatiana, Burdsall, Harold H., Buyck, Bart, Burgaz Moreno, Ana Rosa, Calatayud, Vicent, Callac, Philippe, Campo, Emanuele, Candusso, Massimo, Capoen, Brigitte, Carbó, Joaquim, Carbone, Matteo, Castañeda-Ruiz, Rafael F., Castellano, Michael A., Chen, Jie, Clerc, Philippe, Consiglio, Giovanni, Corriol, Gilles, Courtecuisse, Régis, Crespo De Las Casas, Ana María, Cripps, Cathy, Crous, Pedro W., da Silva, Gladstone Alves, da Silva, Meiriele, Dam, Marjo, Dam, Nico, Dämmrich, Frank, Das, Kanad, Davies, Linda, De Crop, Eske, De Kesel, Andre, De Lange, Ruben, De Madrignac BonziBárbara, Bárbara, de la Cruz, Thomas Edison E., Delgat, Lynn, Demoulin, Vincent, Desjardin, Dennis E., Diederich, Paul, Dima, Bálint, Dios, Maria Martha, Douanla-Meli, Clovis, Douglas, Brian, Drechsler-Santos, Elisandro Ricardo, Dulare Devi, Pradeep Divakar, Dyer, Paul S., Eberhardt, Ursula, Ertz, Damien, Esteve-Raventós, Fernando, Etayo Salazar, Javier Angel, Evenson, Vera, Eyssartier, Guillaume, Farkas, Edit, Favre, Alain, Fedosova, Anna G., Filippa, Mario, Finy, Péter, Flakus, Adam, Fos, Simón, Fournier, Jacques, Fraiture, André, Franchi, Paolo, Franco Molano, Ana Esperanza, Friebes, Gernot, Frisch, Andreas, Fryday, Alan, Furci, Giuliana, Galán Márquez, Ricardo, Garbelotto, Matteo, García-Martín, Joaquina María, García Otálora, Mónica A., García Sánchez, Dania, Gardiennet, Alain, Garnica, Sigisfredo, Garrido Benavent, Isaac, Gates, Genevieve, Lima da Gerlach, Alice Cruz, Ghobad-Nejhad, Masoomeh, Gibertoni, Tatiana B., Grebenc, Tine, Greilhuber, Irmgard, Grishkan, Bella, Groenewald, Johannes Z., Grube, Martin, Gruhn, Gérald, Gueidan, Cécile, Gulden, Gro, Gusmão, Luis F. P., Hafellner, Josef, Hairaud, Michel, Halama, Marek, Hallenberg, Nils, Halling, Roy E., Hansen, Karen, Harder, Christoffer Bugge, Heilmann-Clausen, Jacob, Helleman, Stip, Henriot, Alain, Hernandez-Restrepo, Margarita, Herve, Raphaël, Hobart, Caroline, Hoffmeister, Mascha, Høiland, Klaus, Holec, Jan, Holien, Håkon, Hughes, Karen, Hubka, Vit, Huhtinen, Seppo, Ivančević, Boris, Jagers, Marian, Jaklitsch, Walter, Jansen, Anna Elise, Jayawardena, Ruvishika S., Jiménez Rico, Víctor, Jeppesen, Thomas Stjernegaard, Jeppson, Mikael, Johnston, Peter, Jørgensen, Per Magnus, Kärnefelt, Ingvar, Kalinina, Liudmila B., Kantvilas, Gintaras, Karadelev, Mitko, Kasuya, Taiga, Kautmanová, Ivona, Kerrigan, Richard W., Kirchmair, Martin, Kiyashko, Anna, Knapp, Dániel G., Knudsen, Henning, Knudsen, Kerry, Knutsson, Tommy, Kolařík, Miroslav, Kõljalg, Urmas, Košuthová, Alica, Koszka, Attila, Kotiranta, Heikki, Kotkova, Vera, Koukol, Ondřej, Kout, Jiří, Kovács, Gábor M., Kříž, Martin, Kruys, Åsa, Kučera, Viktor, Kudzma, Linas, Kuhar, Francisco, Kukwa, Martin, Kumar, T. K. Arun, Kunca, Vladimír, Kušan, Ivana, Kuyper, Thomas W., Lado, Carlos, Læssøe, Thomas, Lainé, Patrice, Langer, Ewald, Larsson, Ellen, Larsson, Karl-Henrik, Laursen, Gary, Lechat, Christian, Lee, Serena, Lendemer, James C., Levin, Laura, Lindemann, Uwe, Lindström, Håkan, Liu, Xingzhong, Llarena Hernandez, Regulo Carlos, Llop, Esteve, Locsmándi, Csaba, Lodge, Deborah Jean, Loizides, Michael, Lőkös, László, Luangsa-ard, Jennifer, Lüderitz, Matthias, Lumbsch, Thorsten, Lutz, Matthias, Mahoney, Dan, Malysheva, Ekaterina, Malysheva, Vera, Manimohan, Patinjareveettil, Marin-Felix, Yasmina, Marques, Guilhermina, Martínez-Gil, Rubén, Marson, Guy, Mata, Gerardo, Matheny, P. Brandon, Mathiassen, Geir Harald, Matočec, Neven, Mayrhofer, Helmut, Mehrabi, Mehdi, Melo, Ireneia, Mešić, Armin, Methven, Andrew S., Miettinen, Otto, Millanes Romero, Ana M., Miller, Andrew N., Mitchell, James K., Moberg, Roland, Moreau, Pierre-Arthur, Moreno, Gabriel, Morozova, Olga, Morte, Asunción, Muggia, Lucia, Muñoz González, Guillermo, Myllys, Leena, Nagy, István, Nagy, László G., Neves, Maria Alice, Niemelä, Tuomo, Nimis, Pier Luigi, Niveiro, Nicolas, Noordeloos, Machiel E., Nordin, Anders, Noumeur, Sara Raouia, Novozhilov, Yuri, Nuytinck, Jorinde, Ohenoja, Esteri, Oliveira Fiuza, Patricia, Orange, Alan, Ordynets, Alexander, Ortiz-Santana, Beatriz, Pacheco, Leticia, Pál-Fám, Ferenc, Palacio, Melissa, Palice, Zdeněk, Papp, Viktor, Pärtel, Kadri, Pawlowska, Julia, Paz, Aurelia, Peintner, Ursula, Pennycook, Shaun, Liparini Pereira, Olinto, Pérez Daniëls, Pablo, Pérez-De-Gregorio Capella, Miquel À., Pérez del Amo, Carlos Manuel, Pérez Gorjón, Sergio, Pérez-Ortega, Sergio, Pérez-Vargas, Israel, Perry, Brian A., Petersen, Jens H., Petersen, Ronald H., Pfister, Donald H., Phukhamsakda, Chayanard, Piątek, Marcin, Piepenbring, Meike, Pino Bodas, Raquel, Pinzón Esquivel, Juan Pablo, Pirot, Paul, Popov, Eugene S., Popoff, Orlando, Prieto Álvaro, María, Printzen, Christian, Psurtseva, Nadezhda, Purahong, Witoon, Quijada, Luis, Rambold, Gerhard, Ramírez, Natalia A., Raja, Huzefa, Raspé, Olivier, Raymundo, Tania, Réblová, Martina, Rebriev, Yury A., Reyes García, Juan de Dios, Ribes Ripoll, Miguel Ángel, Richard, Franck, Richardson, Mike J., Robledo, Gerardo Lucio, Rodrigues Barbosa, Flavia, Rodriguez-Caycedo, Cristina, Rodriguez-Flakus, Pamela, Ronikier, Anna, Rubio Casas, Luis, Rusevska, Katerina, Saar, Günter, Saar, Irja, Salcedo, Isabel, Salcedo Martínez, Sergio M., Salvador Montoya, Carlos A., Sánchez-Ramírez, Santiago, Sandoval-Sierra, J. Vladimir, Santamaria, Sergi, Santana Monteiro, Josiane, Schroers, Hans Josef, Schulz, Barbara, Schmidt-Stohn, Geert, Schumacher, Trond, Senn-Irlet, Beatrice, Ševčíková, Hana, Shchepin, Oleg, Shirouzu, Takashi, Shiryaev, Anton, Siepe, Klaus, Sir, Esteban B., Sohrabi, Mohammad, Soop, Karl, Spirin, Viacheslav, Spribille, Toby, Stadler, Marc, Stalpers, Joost, Stenroos, Soili, Suija, Ave, Sunhede, Stellan, Svantesson, Sten, Svensson, Sigvard, Svetasheva, Tatyana Yu., Świerkosz, Krzysztof, Tamm, Heidi, Taskin, Hatira, Taudière, Adrien, Tedebrand, Jan-Olof, Tena Lahoz, Raúl, Temina, Marina, Thell, Arne, Thines, Marco, Thor, Göran, Thüs, Holger, Tibell, Leif, Tibell, Sanja, Timdal, Einar, Tkalčec, Zdenko, Tønsberg, Tor, Trichies, Gérard, Triebel, Dagmar, Tsurykau, Andrei, Tulloss, Rodham E., Tuovinen, Veera, Ulloa Sosa, Miguel, Urcelay, Carlos, Valade, François, Valenzuela Garza, Ricardo, van den Boom, Pieter, Van Vooren, Nicolas, Vasco-Palacios, Aida M., Vauras, Jukka, Velasco Santos, Juan Manuel, Vellinga, Else, Verbeken, Annemieke, Vetlesen, Per, Vizzini, Alfredo, Voglmayr, Hermann, Volobuev, Sergey, von Brackel, Wolfgang, Voronina, Elena, Walther, Grit, Watling, Roy, Weber, Evi, Wedin, Mats, Weholt, Øyvind, Westberg, Martin, Yurchenko, Eugene, Zehnálek, Petr, Zhang, Huang, Zhurbenko, Mikhail P., Ekman, Stefan, Zamora, Juan Carlos, Svensson, Måns, Kirschner, Roland, Olariaga, Ibai, Ryman, Svengunnar, Parra, Luis Alberto, Geml, József, Rosling, Anna, Adamčík, Slavomír, Ahti, Teuvo, Aime, M. Catherine, Ainsworth, A. Martyn, Albert, László, Albertó, Edgardo, Altés García, Alberto, Ageev, Dmitry, Agerer, Reinhard, Aguirre-Hudson, Begoña, Ammirati, Joe, Andersson, Harry, Angelini, Claudio, Antonín, Vladimír, Aoki, Takayuki, Aptroot, André, Argaud, Didier, Arguello Sosa, Blanca Imelda, Aronsen, Arne, Arup, Ulf, Asgari, Bita, Assyov, Boris, Atienza, Violeta, Bandini, Ditte, Baptista-Ferreira, João Luís, Baral, Hans-Otto, Baroni, Tim, Barreto, Robert Weingart, Beker, Henry, Bell, Ann, Bellanger, Jean-Michel, Bellù, Francesco, Bemmann, Martin, Bendiksby, Mika, Bendiksen, Egil, Bendiksen, Katriina, Benedek, Lajos, Bérešová-Guttová, Anna, Berger, Franz, Berndt, Reinhard, Bernicchia, Annarosa, Biketova, Alona Yu., Bizio, Enrico, Bjork, Curtis, Boekhout, Teun, Boertmann, David, Böhning, Tanja, Boittin, Florent, Boluda, Carlos G., Boomsluiter, Menno W., Borovička, Jan, Brandrud, Tor Erik, Braun, Uwe, Brodo, Irwin, Bulyonkova, Tatiana, Burdsall, Harold H., Buyck, Bart, Burgaz Moreno, Ana Rosa, Calatayud, Vicent, Callac, Philippe, Campo, Emanuele, Candusso, Massimo, Capoen, Brigitte, Carbó, Joaquim, Carbone, Matteo, Castañeda-Ruiz, Rafael F., Castellano, Michael A., Chen, Jie, Clerc, Philippe, Consiglio, Giovanni, Corriol, Gilles, Courtecuisse, Régis, Crespo De Las Casas, Ana María, Cripps, Cathy, Crous, Pedro W., da Silva, Gladstone Alves, da Silva, Meiriele, Dam, Marjo, Dam, Nico, Dämmrich, Frank, Das, Kanad, Davies, Linda, De Crop, Eske, De Kesel, Andre, De Lange, Ruben, De Madrignac BonziBárbara, Bárbara, de la Cruz, Thomas Edison E., Delgat, Lynn, Demoulin, Vincent, Desjardin, Dennis E., Diederich, Paul, Dima, Bálint, Dios, Maria Martha, Douanla-Meli, Clovis, Douglas, Brian, Drechsler-Santos, Elisandro Ricardo, Dulare Devi, Pradeep Divakar, Dyer, Paul S., Eberhardt, Ursula, Ertz, Damien, Esteve-Raventós, Fernando, Etayo Salazar, Javier Angel, Evenson, Vera, Eyssartier, Guillaume, Farkas, Edit, Favre, Alain, Fedosova, Anna G., Filippa, Mario, Finy, Péter, Flakus, Adam, Fos, Simón, Fournier, Jacques, Fraiture, André, Franchi, Paolo, Franco Molano, Ana Esperanza, Friebes, Gernot, Frisch, Andreas, Fryday, Alan, Furci, Giuliana, Galán Márquez, Ricardo, Garbelotto, Matteo, García-Martín, Joaquina María, García Otálora, Mónica A., García Sánchez, Dania, Gardiennet, Alain, Garnica, Sigisfredo, Garrido Benavent, Isaac, Gates, Genevieve, Lima da Gerlach, Alice Cruz, Ghobad-Nejhad, Masoomeh, Gibertoni, Tatiana B., Grebenc, Tine, Greilhuber, Irmgard, Grishkan, Bella, Groenewald, Johannes Z., Grube, Martin, Gruhn, Gérald, Gueidan, Cécile, Gulden, Gro, Gusmão, Luis F. P., Hafellner, Josef, Hairaud, Michel, Halama, Marek, Hallenberg, Nils, Halling, Roy E., Hansen, Karen, Harder, Christoffer Bugge, Heilmann-Clausen, Jacob, Helleman, Stip, Henriot, Alain, Hernandez-Restrepo, Margarita, Herve, Raphaël, Hobart, Caroline, Hoffmeister, Mascha, Høiland, Klaus, Holec, Jan, Holien, Håkon, Hughes, Karen, Hubka, Vit, Huhtinen, Seppo, Ivančević, Boris, Jagers, Marian, Jaklitsch, Walter, Jansen, Anna Elise, Jayawardena, Ruvishika S., Jiménez Rico, Víctor, Jeppesen, Thomas Stjernegaard, Jeppson, Mikael, Johnston, Peter, Jørgensen, Per Magnus, Kärnefelt, Ingvar, Kalinina, Liudmila B., Kantvilas, Gintaras, Karadelev, Mitko, Kasuya, Taiga, Kautmanová, Ivona, Kerrigan, Richard W., Kirchmair, Martin, Kiyashko, Anna, Knapp, Dániel G., Knudsen, Henning, Knudsen, Kerry, Knutsson, Tommy, Kolařík, Miroslav, Kõljalg, Urmas, Košuthová, Alica, Koszka, Attila, Kotiranta, Heikki, Kotkova, Vera, Koukol, Ondřej, Kout, Jiří, Kovács, Gábor M., Kříž, Martin, Kruys, Åsa, Kučera, Viktor, Kudzma, Linas, Kuhar, Francisco, Kukwa, Martin, Kumar, T. K. Arun, Kunca, Vladimír, Kušan, Ivana, Kuyper, Thomas W., Lado, Carlos, Læssøe, Thomas, Lainé, Patrice, Langer, Ewald, Larsson, Ellen, Larsson, Karl-Henrik, Laursen, Gary, Lechat, Christian, Lee, Serena, Lendemer, James C., Levin, Laura, Lindemann, Uwe, Lindström, Håkan, Liu, Xingzhong, Llarena Hernandez, Regulo Carlos, Llop, Esteve, Locsmándi, Csaba, Lodge, Deborah Jean, Loizides, Michael, Lőkös, László, Luangsa-ard, Jennifer, Lüderitz, Matthias, Lumbsch, Thorsten, Lutz, Matthias, Mahoney, Dan, Malysheva, Ekaterina, Malysheva, Vera, Manimohan, Patinjareveettil, Marin-Felix, Yasmina, Marques, Guilhermina, Martínez-Gil, Rubén, Marson, Guy, Mata, Gerardo, Matheny, P. Brandon, Mathiassen, Geir Harald, Matočec, Neven, Mayrhofer, Helmut, Mehrabi, Mehdi, Melo, Ireneia, Mešić, Armin, Methven, Andrew S., Miettinen, Otto, Millanes Romero, Ana M., Miller, Andrew N., Mitchell, James K., Moberg, Roland, Moreau, Pierre-Arthur, Moreno, Gabriel, Morozova, Olga, Morte, Asunción, Muggia, Lucia, Muñoz González, Guillermo, Myllys, Leena, Nagy, István, Nagy, László G., Neves, Maria Alice, Niemelä, Tuomo, Nimis, Pier Luigi, Niveiro, Nicolas, Noordeloos, Machiel E., Nordin, Anders, Noumeur, Sara Raouia, Novozhilov, Yuri, Nuytinck, Jorinde, Ohenoja, Esteri, Oliveira Fiuza, Patricia, Orange, Alan, Ordynets, Alexander, Ortiz-Santana, Beatriz, Pacheco, Leticia, Pál-Fám, Ferenc, Palacio, Melissa, Palice, Zdeněk, Papp, Viktor, Pärtel, Kadri, Pawlowska, Julia, Paz, Aurelia, Peintner, Ursula, Pennycook, Shaun, Liparini Pereira, Olinto, Pérez Daniëls, Pablo, Pérez-De-Gregorio Capella, Miquel À., Pérez del Amo, Carlos Manuel, Pérez Gorjón, Sergio, Pérez-Ortega, Sergio, Pérez-Vargas, Israel, Perry, Brian A., Petersen, Jens H., Petersen, Ronald H., Pfister, Donald H., Phukhamsakda, Chayanard, Piątek, Marcin, Piepenbring, Meike, Pino Bodas, Raquel, Pinzón Esquivel, Juan Pablo, Pirot, Paul, Popov, Eugene S., Popoff, Orlando, Prieto Álvaro, María, Printzen, Christian, Psurtseva, Nadezhda, Purahong, Witoon, Quijada, Luis, Rambold, Gerhard, Ramírez, Natalia A., Raja, Huzefa, Raspé, Olivier, Raymundo, Tania, Réblová, Martina, Rebriev, Yury A., Reyes García, Juan de Dios, Ribes Ripoll, Miguel Ángel, Richard, Franck, Richardson, Mike J., Robledo, Gerardo Lucio, Rodrigues Barbosa, Flavia, Rodriguez-Caycedo, Cristina, Rodriguez-Flakus, Pamela, Ronikier, Anna, Rubio Casas, Luis, Rusevska, Katerina, Saar, Günter, Saar, Irja, Salcedo, Isabel, Salcedo Martínez, Sergio M., Salvador Montoya, Carlos A., Sánchez-Ramírez, Santiago, Sandoval-Sierra, J. Vladimir, Santamaria, Sergi, Santana Monteiro, Josiane, Schroers, Hans Josef, Schulz, Barbara, Schmidt-Stohn, Geert, Schumacher, Trond, Senn-Irlet, Beatrice, Ševčíková, Hana, Shchepin, Oleg, Shirouzu, Takashi, Shiryaev, Anton, Siepe, Klaus, Sir, Esteban B., Sohrabi, Mohammad, Soop, Karl, Spirin, Viacheslav, Spribille, Toby, Stadler, Marc, Stalpers, Joost, Stenroos, Soili, Suija, Ave, Sunhede, Stellan, Svantesson, Sten, Svensson, Sigvard, Svetasheva, Tatyana Yu., Świerkosz, Krzysztof, Tamm, Heidi, Taskin, Hatira, Taudière, Adrien, Tedebrand, Jan-Olof, Tena Lahoz, Raúl, Temina, Marina, Thell, Arne, Thines, Marco, Thor, Göran, Thüs, Holger, Tibell, Leif, Tibell, Sanja, Timdal, Einar, Tkalčec, Zdenko, Tønsberg, Tor, Trichies, Gérard, Triebel, Dagmar, Tsurykau, Andrei, Tulloss, Rodham E., Tuovinen, Veera, Ulloa Sosa, Miguel, Urcelay, Carlos, Valade, François, Valenzuela Garza, Ricardo, van den Boom, Pieter, Van Vooren, Nicolas, Vasco-Palacios, Aida M., Vauras, Jukka, Velasco Santos, Juan Manuel, Vellinga, Else, Verbeken, Annemieke, Vetlesen, Per, Vizzini, Alfredo, Voglmayr, Hermann, Volobuev, Sergey, von Brackel, Wolfgang, Voronina, Elena, Walther, Grit, Watling, Roy, Weber, Evi, Wedin, Mats, Weholt, Øyvind, Westberg, Martin, Yurchenko, Eugene, Zehnálek, Petr, Zhang, Huang, Zhurbenko, Mikhail P., and Ekman, Stefan
Abstract: Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11th International Mycological Congress (Puerto Rico, July 2018). We consider various genetic processes affecting the distribution of alleles among taxa and find that alleles may not consistently and uniquely represent the species within which they are contained. Should the proposals be accepted, the meaning of nomenclatural types would change in a fundamental way from physical objects as sources of data to the data themselves. Such changes are conducive to irreproducible science, the potential typification on artefactual data, and massive creation of names with low information content, ultimately causing nomenclatural instability and unnecessary work for future researchers that would stall future explorations of fungal diversity. We conclude that the acceptance of DNA sequences alone as types of names of taxa, under the terms used in the current proposals, is unnecessary and would not solve the problem of naming putative taxa known only from DNA sequences in a scientifically defensible way. As an alternative, we highlight the use of formulas for naming putative taxa (candidate taxa) that do not require any modification of the ICN., Depto. de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Fac. de Farmacia, TRUE, pub
Published: 2018

2. Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa

Author: Zamora, Juan Carlos, Svensson, Måns, Kirschner, Roland, Olariaga, Ibai, Ryman, Svengunnar, Alberto Parra, Luis, Geml, Jozsef, Rosling, Anna, Adamcik, Slavomir, Ahti, Teuvo, Aime, M. Catherine, Ainsworth, A. Martyn, Albert, Laszlo, Alberto, Edgardo, Garcia, Alberto Altes, Ageev, Dmitry, Agerer, Reinhard, Aguirre-Hudson, Begona, Ammirati, Joe, Andersson, Harry, Angelini, Claudio, Antonin, Vladimir, Aoki, Takayuki, Aptroot, Andre, Argaud, Didier, Sosa, Blanca Imelda Arguello, Aronsen, Arne, Arup, Ulf, Asgari, Bita, Assyov, Boris, Atienza, Violeta, Bandini, Ditte, Baptista-Ferreira, Joao Luis, Baral, Hans-Otto, Baroni, Tim, Barreto, Robert Weingart, Baker, Henry, Bell, Ann, Bellanger, Jean-Michel, Bellu, Francesco, Bemmann, Martin, Bendiksby, Mika, Bendiksen, Egil, Bendiksen, Katriina, Benedek, Lajos, Beresova-Guttova, Anna, Berger, Franz, Berndt, Reinhard, Bernicchia, Annarosa, Biketova, Alona Yu, Bizio, Enrico, Bjork, Curtis, Boekhout, Teun, Boertmann, David, Bohning, Tanja, Boittin, Florent, Boluda, Carlos G., Boomsluiter, Menno W., Borovicka, Jan, Brandrud, Tor Erik, Braun, Uwe, Brodo, Irwin, Bulyonkova, Tatiana, Burdsall, Harold H., Jr., Buyck, Bart, Burgaz, Ana Rosa, Calatayud, Vicent, Callac, Philippe, Campo, Emanuele, Candusso, Massimo, Capoen, Brigitte, Carbo, Joaquim, Carbone, Matteo, Castaneda-Ruiz, Rafael F., Castellano, Michael A., Chen, Jie, Clerc, Philippe, Consiglio, Giovanni, Corriol, Gilles, Courtecuisse, Regis, Crespo, Ana, Cripps, Cathy, Crous, Pedro W., da Silva, Gladstone Alves, da Silva, Meiriele, Dam, Marjo, Dam, Nico, Dammrich, Frank, Das, Kanad, Davies, Linda, De Crop, Eske, De Kesel, Andre, De Lange, Ruben, Bonzi, Barbara De Madrignac, dela Cruz, Thomas Edison E., Delgat, Lynn, Demoulin, Vincent, Desjardin, Dennis E., Diederich, Paul, Dima, Balint, Dios, Maria Martha, Divakar, Pradeep Kumar, Douanla-Meli, Clovis, Douglas, Brian, Drechsler-Santos, Elisandro Ricardo, Dyer, Paul S., Eberhardt, Ursula, Ertz, Damien, Esteve-Raventos, Fernando, Salazar, Javier Angel Etayo, Evenson, Vera, Eyssartier, Guillaume, Farkas, Edit, Favre, Alain, Fedosova, Anna G., Filippa, Mario, Finy, Peter, Flakus, Adam, Fos, Simon, Fournier, Jacques, Fraiture, Andre, Franchi, Paolo, Molano, Ana Esperanza Franco, Friebes, Gernot, Frisch, Andreas, Fryday, Alan, Furci, Giuliana, Marquez, Ricardo Galan, Garbelotto, Matteo, Garcia-Martin, Joaquina Maria, Otalora, Monica A. Garcia, Sanchez, Dania Garcia, Gardiennet, Alain, Garnica, Sigisfredo, Benavent, Isaac Garrido, Gates, Genevieve, Gerlach, Alice da Cruz Lima, Ghobad-Nejhad, Masoomeh, Gibertoni, Tatiana B., Grebenc, Tine, Greilhuber, Irmgard, Grishkan, Bella, Groenewald, Johannes Z., Grube, Martin, Gruhn, Gerald, Gueidan, Cecile, Gulden, Gro, Gusmao, Luis F. P., Hafellner, Josef, Hairaud, Michel, Halama, Marek, Hallenberg, Nils, Halling, Roy E., Hansen, Karen, Harder, Christoffer Bugge, Heilmann-Clausen, Jacob, Helleman, Stip, Henriot, Alain, Hernandez-Restrepo, Margarita, Herve, Raphael, Hobart, Caroline, Hoffmeister, Mascha, Hoiland, Klaus, Holec, Jan, Holien, Hakon, Hughes, Karen, Hubka, Vit, Huhtinen, Seppo, Ivancevic, Boris, Jagers, Marian, Jaklitsch, Walter, Jansen, AnnaElise, Jayawardena, Ruvishika S., Jeppesen, Thomas Stjernegaard, Jeppson, Mikael, Johnston, Peter, Jorgensen, Per Magnus, Karnefelt, Ingvar, Kalinina, Liudmila B., Kantvilas, Gintaras, Karadelev, Mitko, Kasuya, Taiga, Kautmanova, Ivona, Kerrigan, Richard W., Kirchmair, Martin, Kiyashko, Anna, Knapp, Daniel G., Knudsen, Henning, Knudsen, Kerry, Knutsson, Tommy, Kolarik, Miroslav, Koljalg, Urmas, Kosuthova, Alica, Koszka, Attila, Kotiranta, Heikki, Kotkova, Vera, Koukol, Ondrej, Kout, Jiri, Kovacs, Gabor M., Kriz, Martin, Kruys, Asa, Kudera, Viktor, Kudzma, Linas, Kuhar, Francisco, Kukwa, Martin, Kumar, T. K. Arun, Kunca, Vladimir, Kusan, Ivana, Kuyper, Thomas W., Lado, Carlos, Laessoe, Thomas, Laine, Patrice, Langer, Ewald, Larsson, Ellen, Larsson, Karl-Henrik, Laursen, Gary, Lechat, Christian, Lee, Serena, Lendemer, James C., Levin, Laura, Lindemann, Uwe, Lindstrom, Hakan, Liu, Xingzhong, Hernandez, Regulo Carlos Llarena, Llop, Esteve, Locsmandi, Csaba, Lodge, Deborah Jean, Loizides, Michael, Lokos, Laszlo, Luangsa-ard, Jennifer, Luderitz, Matthias, Lumbsch, Thorsten, Lutz, Matthias, Mahoney, Dan, Malysheva, Ekaterina, Malysheva, Vera, Manimohan, Patinjareveettil, Mann-Felix, Yasmina, Marques, Guilhermina, Martinez-Gil, Ruben, Marson, Guy, Mata, Gerardo, Matheny, P. Brandon, Mathiassen, Geir Harald, Matocec, Neven, Mayrhofer, Helmut, Mehrabi, Mehdi, Melo, Ireneia, Mesic, Armin, Methven, Andrew S., Miettinen, Otto, Romero, Ana M. Millanes, Miller, Andrew N., Mitchell, James K., Moberg, Roland, Moreau, Pierre-Arthur, Moreno, Gabriel, Morozova, Olga, Morte, Asuncion, Muggia, Lucia, Gonzalez, Guillermo Munoz, Myllys, Leena, Nagy, Istvan, Nagy, Laszlo G., Neves, Maria Alice, Niemela, Tuomo, Nimis, Pier Luigi, Niveiro, Nicolas, Noordeloos, Machiel E., Nordin, Anders, Noumeur, Sara Raouia, Novozhilov, Yuri, Nuytinck, Jorinde, Ohenoja, Esteri, Fiuza, Patricia Oliveira, Orange, Alan, Ordynets, Alexander, Ortiz-Santana, Beatriz, Pacheco, Leticia, Pal-Fam, Ferenc, Palacio, Melissa, Palice, Zdenek, Papp, Viktor, Partel, Kadri, Pawlowska, Julia, Paz, Aurelia, Peintner, Ursula, Pennycook, Shaun, Pereira, Olinto Liparini, Daniels, Pablo Perez, Capella, Miguel A. Perez-De-Gregorio, del Amo, Carlos Manuel Perez, Gorjon, Sergio Perez, Perez-Ortega, Sergio, Perez-Vargas, Israel, Perry, Brian A., Petersen, Jens H., Petersen, Ronald H., Pfister, Donald H., Phukhamsakda, Chayanard, Piatek, Marcin, Piepenbring, Meike, Pino-Bodas, Raquel, Esquivel, Juan Pablo Pinzon, Pirot, Paul, Popov, Eugene S., Popoff, Orlando, Alvaro, Maria Prieto, Printzen, Christian, Psurtseva, Nadezhda, Purahong, Witoon, Quijada, Luis, Rambold, Gerhard, Ramirez, Natalia A., Raja, Huzefa, Raspe, Olivier, Raymundo, Tania, Reblova, Martina, Rebriev, Yury A., Garcia, Juan de Dios Reyes, Ripoll, Miguel Angel Ribes, Richard, Franck, Richardson, Mike J., Rico, Victor J., Robledo, Gerardo Lucio, Barbosa, Flavia Rodrigues, Rodriguez-Caycedo, Cristina, Rodriguez-Flakus, Pamela, Ronikier, Anna, Casas, Luis Rubio, Rusevska, Katerina, Saar, Gunter, Saar, Irja, Salcedo, Isabel, Martinez, Sergio M. Salcedo, Montoya, Carlos A. Salvador, Sanchez-Ramirez, Santiago, Sandoval-Sierra, J. Vladimir, Santamaria, Sergi, Monteiro, Josiane Santana, Schroers, Hans Josef, Schulz, Barbara, Schmidt-Stohn, Geert, Schumacher, Trond, Senn-Irlet, Beatrice, Sevcikova, Hana, Shchepin, Oleg, Shirouzu, Takashi, Shiryaev, Anton, Siepe, Klaus, Sir, Esteban B., Sohrabi, Mohammad, Soop, Karl, Spirin, Viacheslav, Spribille, Toby, Stadler, Marc, Stalpers, Joost, Stenroos, Soili, Suija, Ave, Sunhede, Stellan, Svantesson, Sten, Svensson, Sigvard, Svetasheva, Tatyana Yu, Swierkosz, Krzysztof, Tamm, Heidi, Taskin, Hatira, Taudiere, Adrien, Tedebrand, Jan-Olof, Lahoz, Raul Tena, Temina, Marina, Thell, Arne, Thines, Marco, Thor, Goren, Thus, Holger, Tibell, Leif, Tibell, Sanja, Timdal, Einar, Tkalcec, Zdenko, Tonsberg, Tor, Trichies, Gerard, Triebel, Dagmar, Tsurykau, Andrei, Tulloss, Rodham E., Tuovinen, Veera, Sosa, Miguel Ulloa, Urcelay, Carlos, Valade, Francois, Garza, Ricardo Valenzuela, van den Boom, Pieter, Van Vooren, Nicolas, Vasco-Palacios, Aida M., Vauras, Jukka, Santos, Juan Manuel Velasco, Vellinga, Else, Verbeken, Annemieke, Vetlesen, Per, Vizzini, Alfredo, Voglmayr, Hermann, Volobuev, Sergey, von Brackel, Wolfgang, Voronina, Elena, Walther, Grit, Watling, Roy, Weber, Evi, Wedin, Mats, Weholt, Oyvind, Westberg, Martin, Yurchenko, Eugene, Zehnalek, Petr, Zhang, Huang, Zhurbenko, Mikhail P., Ekman, Stefan, Zamora, Juan Carlos, Svensson, Måns, Kirschner, Roland, Olariaga, Ibai, Ryman, Svengunnar, Alberto Parra, Luis, Geml, Jozsef, Rosling, Anna, Adamcik, Slavomir, Ahti, Teuvo, Aime, M. Catherine, Ainsworth, A. Martyn, Albert, Laszlo, Alberto, Edgardo, Garcia, Alberto Altes, Ageev, Dmitry, Agerer, Reinhard, Aguirre-Hudson, Begona, Ammirati, Joe, Andersson, Harry, Angelini, Claudio, Antonin, Vladimir, Aoki, Takayuki, Aptroot, Andre, Argaud, Didier, Sosa, Blanca Imelda Arguello, Aronsen, Arne, Arup, Ulf, Asgari, Bita, Assyov, Boris, Atienza, Violeta, Bandini, Ditte, Baptista-Ferreira, Joao Luis, Baral, Hans-Otto, Baroni, Tim, Barreto, Robert Weingart, Baker, Henry, Bell, Ann, Bellanger, Jean-Michel, Bellu, Francesco, Bemmann, Martin, Bendiksby, Mika, Bendiksen, Egil, Bendiksen, Katriina, Benedek, Lajos, Beresova-Guttova, Anna, Berger, Franz, Berndt, Reinhard, Bernicchia, Annarosa, Biketova, Alona Yu, Bizio, Enrico, Bjork, Curtis, Boekhout, Teun, Boertmann, David, Bohning, Tanja, Boittin, Florent, Boluda, Carlos G., Boomsluiter, Menno W., Borovicka, Jan, Brandrud, Tor Erik, Braun, Uwe, Brodo, Irwin, Bulyonkova, Tatiana, Burdsall, Harold H., Jr., Buyck, Bart, Burgaz, Ana Rosa, Calatayud, Vicent, Callac, Philippe, Campo, Emanuele, Candusso, Massimo, Capoen, Brigitte, Carbo, Joaquim, Carbone, Matteo, Castaneda-Ruiz, Rafael F., Castellano, Michael A., Chen, Jie, Clerc, Philippe, Consiglio, Giovanni, Corriol, Gilles, Courtecuisse, Regis, Crespo, Ana, Cripps, Cathy, Crous, Pedro W., da Silva, Gladstone Alves, da Silva, Meiriele, Dam, Marjo, Dam, Nico, Dammrich, Frank, Das, Kanad, Davies, Linda, De Crop, Eske, De Kesel, Andre, De Lange, Ruben, Bonzi, Barbara De Madrignac, dela Cruz, Thomas Edison E., Delgat, Lynn, Demoulin, Vincent, Desjardin, Dennis E., Diederich, Paul, Dima, Balint, Dios, Maria Martha, Divakar, Pradeep Kumar, Douanla-Meli, Clovis, Douglas, Brian, Drechsler-Santos, Elisandro Ricardo, Dyer, Paul S., Eberhardt, Ursula, Ertz, Damien, Esteve-Raventos, Fernando, Salazar, Javier Angel Etayo, Evenson, Vera, Eyssartier, Guillaume, Farkas, Edit, Favre, Alain, Fedosova, Anna G., Filippa, Mario, Finy, Peter, Flakus, Adam, Fos, Simon, Fournier, Jacques, Fraiture, Andre, Franchi, Paolo, Molano, Ana Esperanza Franco, Friebes, Gernot, Frisch, Andreas, Fryday, Alan, Furci, Giuliana, Marquez, Ricardo Galan, Garbelotto, Matteo, Garcia-Martin, Joaquina Maria, Otalora, Monica A. Garcia, Sanchez, Dania Garcia, Gardiennet, Alain, Garnica, Sigisfredo, Benavent, Isaac Garrido, Gates, Genevieve, Gerlach, Alice da Cruz Lima, Ghobad-Nejhad, Masoomeh, Gibertoni, Tatiana B., Grebenc, Tine, Greilhuber, Irmgard, Grishkan, Bella, Groenewald, Johannes Z., Grube, Martin, Gruhn, Gerald, Gueidan, Cecile, Gulden, Gro, Gusmao, Luis F. P., Hafellner, Josef, Hairaud, Michel, Halama, Marek, Hallenberg, Nils, Halling, Roy E., Hansen, Karen, Harder, Christoffer Bugge, Heilmann-Clausen, Jacob, Helleman, Stip, Henriot, Alain, Hernandez-Restrepo, Margarita, Herve, Raphael, Hobart, Caroline, Hoffmeister, Mascha, Hoiland, Klaus, Holec, Jan, Holien, Hakon, Hughes, Karen, Hubka, Vit, Huhtinen, Seppo, Ivancevic, Boris, Jagers, Marian, Jaklitsch, Walter, Jansen, AnnaElise, Jayawardena, Ruvishika S., Jeppesen, Thomas Stjernegaard, Jeppson, Mikael, Johnston, Peter, Jorgensen, Per Magnus, Karnefelt, Ingvar, Kalinina, Liudmila B., Kantvilas, Gintaras, Karadelev, Mitko, Kasuya, Taiga, Kautmanova, Ivona, Kerrigan, Richard W., Kirchmair, Martin, Kiyashko, Anna, Knapp, Daniel G., Knudsen, Henning, Knudsen, Kerry, Knutsson, Tommy, Kolarik, Miroslav, Koljalg, Urmas, Kosuthova, Alica, Koszka, Attila, Kotiranta, Heikki, Kotkova, Vera, Koukol, Ondrej, Kout, Jiri, Kovacs, Gabor M., Kriz, Martin, Kruys, Asa, Kudera, Viktor, Kudzma, Linas, Kuhar, Francisco, Kukwa, Martin, Kumar, T. K. Arun, Kunca, Vladimir, Kusan, Ivana, Kuyper, Thomas W., Lado, Carlos, Laessoe, Thomas, Laine, Patrice, Langer, Ewald, Larsson, Ellen, Larsson, Karl-Henrik, Laursen, Gary, Lechat, Christian, Lee, Serena, Lendemer, James C., Levin, Laura, Lindemann, Uwe, Lindstrom, Hakan, Liu, Xingzhong, Hernandez, Regulo Carlos Llarena, Llop, Esteve, Locsmandi, Csaba, Lodge, Deborah Jean, Loizides, Michael, Lokos, Laszlo, Luangsa-ard, Jennifer, Luderitz, Matthias, Lumbsch, Thorsten, Lutz, Matthias, Mahoney, Dan, Malysheva, Ekaterina, Malysheva, Vera, Manimohan, Patinjareveettil, Mann-Felix, Yasmina, Marques, Guilhermina, Martinez-Gil, Ruben, Marson, Guy, Mata, Gerardo, Matheny, P. Brandon, Mathiassen, Geir Harald, Matocec, Neven, Mayrhofer, Helmut, Mehrabi, Mehdi, Melo, Ireneia, Mesic, Armin, Methven, Andrew S., Miettinen, Otto, Romero, Ana M. Millanes, Miller, Andrew N., Mitchell, James K., Moberg, Roland, Moreau, Pierre-Arthur, Moreno, Gabriel, Morozova, Olga, Morte, Asuncion, Muggia, Lucia, Gonzalez, Guillermo Munoz, Myllys, Leena, Nagy, Istvan, Nagy, Laszlo G., Neves, Maria Alice, Niemela, Tuomo, Nimis, Pier Luigi, Niveiro, Nicolas, Noordeloos, Machiel E., Nordin, Anders, Noumeur, Sara Raouia, Novozhilov, Yuri, Nuytinck, Jorinde, Ohenoja, Esteri, Fiuza, Patricia Oliveira, Orange, Alan, Ordynets, Alexander, Ortiz-Santana, Beatriz, Pacheco, Leticia, Pal-Fam, Ferenc, Palacio, Melissa, Palice, Zdenek, Papp, Viktor, Partel, Kadri, Pawlowska, Julia, Paz, Aurelia, Peintner, Ursula, Pennycook, Shaun, Pereira, Olinto Liparini, Daniels, Pablo Perez, Capella, Miguel A. Perez-De-Gregorio, del Amo, Carlos Manuel Perez, Gorjon, Sergio Perez, Perez-Ortega, Sergio, Perez-Vargas, Israel, Perry, Brian A., Petersen, Jens H., Petersen, Ronald H., Pfister, Donald H., Phukhamsakda, Chayanard, Piatek, Marcin, Piepenbring, Meike, Pino-Bodas, Raquel, Esquivel, Juan Pablo Pinzon, Pirot, Paul, Popov, Eugene S., Popoff, Orlando, Alvaro, Maria Prieto, Printzen, Christian, Psurtseva, Nadezhda, Purahong, Witoon, Quijada, Luis, Rambold, Gerhard, Ramirez, Natalia A., Raja, Huzefa, Raspe, Olivier, Raymundo, Tania, Reblova, Martina, Rebriev, Yury A., Garcia, Juan de Dios Reyes, Ripoll, Miguel Angel Ribes, Richard, Franck, Richardson, Mike J., Rico, Victor J., Robledo, Gerardo Lucio, Barbosa, Flavia Rodrigues, Rodriguez-Caycedo, Cristina, Rodriguez-Flakus, Pamela, Ronikier, Anna, Casas, Luis Rubio, Rusevska, Katerina, Saar, Gunter, Saar, Irja, Salcedo, Isabel, Martinez, Sergio M. Salcedo, Montoya, Carlos A. Salvador, Sanchez-Ramirez, Santiago, Sandoval-Sierra, J. Vladimir, Santamaria, Sergi, Monteiro, Josiane Santana, Schroers, Hans Josef, Schulz, Barbara, Schmidt-Stohn, Geert, Schumacher, Trond, Senn-Irlet, Beatrice, Sevcikova, Hana, Shchepin, Oleg, Shirouzu, Takashi, Shiryaev, Anton, Siepe, Klaus, Sir, Esteban B., Sohrabi, Mohammad, Soop, Karl, Spirin, Viacheslav, Spribille, Toby, Stadler, Marc, Stalpers, Joost, Stenroos, Soili, Suija, Ave, Sunhede, Stellan, Svantesson, Sten, Svensson, Sigvard, Svetasheva, Tatyana Yu, Swierkosz, Krzysztof, Tamm, Heidi, Taskin, Hatira, Taudiere, Adrien, Tedebrand, Jan-Olof, Lahoz, Raul Tena, Temina, Marina, Thell, Arne, Thines, Marco, Thor, Goren, Thus, Holger, Tibell, Leif, Tibell, Sanja, Timdal, Einar, Tkalcec, Zdenko, Tonsberg, Tor, Trichies, Gerard, Triebel, Dagmar, Tsurykau, Andrei, Tulloss, Rodham E., Tuovinen, Veera, Sosa, Miguel Ulloa, Urcelay, Carlos, Valade, Francois, Garza, Ricardo Valenzuela, van den Boom, Pieter, Van Vooren, Nicolas, Vasco-Palacios, Aida M., Vauras, Jukka, Santos, Juan Manuel Velasco, Vellinga, Else, Verbeken, Annemieke, Vetlesen, Per, Vizzini, Alfredo, Voglmayr, Hermann, Volobuev, Sergey, von Brackel, Wolfgang, Voronina, Elena, Walther, Grit, Watling, Roy, Weber, Evi, Wedin, Mats, Weholt, Oyvind, Westberg, Martin, Yurchenko, Eugene, Zehnalek, Petr, Zhang, Huang, Zhurbenko, Mikhail P., and Ekman, Stefan
Abstract: Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11th International Mycological Congress (Puerto Rico, July 2018). We consider various genetic processes affecting the distribution of alleles among taxa and find that alleles may not consistently and uniquely represent the species within which they are contained. Should the proposals be accepted, the meaning of nomenclatural types would change in a fundamental way from physical objects as sources of data to the data themselves. Such changes are conducive to irreproducible science, the potential typification on artefactual data, and massive creation of names with low information content, ultimately causing nomenclatural instability and unnecessary work for future researchers that would stall future explorations of fungal diversity. We conclude that the acceptance of DNA sequences alone as types of names of taxa, under the terms used in the current proposals, is unnecessary and would not solve the problem of naming putative taxa known only from DNA sequences in a scientifically defensible way. As an alternative, we highlight the use of formulas for naming putative taxa (candidate taxa) that do not require any modification of the ICN.
Published: 2018

3. Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa

Author: Zamora, Juan Carlos, Svensson, Måns, Kirschner, Roland, Olariaga, Ibai, Ryman, Svengunnar, Alberto Parra, Luis, Geml, Jozsef, Rosling, Anna, Adamcik, Slavomir, Ahti, Teuvo, Aime, M. Catherine, Ainsworth, A. Martyn, Albert, Laszlo, Alberto, Edgardo, Garcia, Alberto Altes, Ageev, Dmitry, Agerer, Reinhard, Aguirre-Hudson, Begona, Ammirati, Joe, Andersson, Harry, Angelini, Claudio, Antonin, Vladimir, Aoki, Takayuki, Aptroot, Andre, Argaud, Didier, Sosa, Blanca Imelda Arguello, Aronsen, Arne, Arup, Ulf, Asgari, Bita, Assyov, Boris, Atienza, Violeta, Bandini, Ditte, Baptista-Ferreira, Joao Luis, Baral, Hans-Otto, Baroni, Tim, Barreto, Robert Weingart, Baker, Henry, Bell, Ann, Bellanger, Jean-Michel, Bellu, Francesco, Bemmann, Martin, Bendiksby, Mika, Bendiksen, Egil, Bendiksen, Katriina, Benedek, Lajos, Beresova-Guttova, Anna, Berger, Franz, Berndt, Reinhard, Bernicchia, Annarosa, Biketova, Alona Yu, Bizio, Enrico, Bjork, Curtis, Boekhout, Teun, Boertmann, David, Bohning, Tanja, Boittin, Florent, Boluda, Carlos G., Boomsluiter, Menno W., Borovicka, Jan, Brandrud, Tor Erik, Braun, Uwe, Brodo, Irwin, Bulyonkova, Tatiana, Burdsall, Harold H., Jr., Buyck, Bart, Burgaz, Ana Rosa, Calatayud, Vicent, Callac, Philippe, Campo, Emanuele, Candusso, Massimo, Capoen, Brigitte, Carbo, Joaquim, Carbone, Matteo, Castaneda-Ruiz, Rafael F., Castellano, Michael A., Chen, Jie, Clerc, Philippe, Consiglio, Giovanni, Corriol, Gilles, Courtecuisse, Regis, Crespo, Ana, Cripps, Cathy, Crous, Pedro W., da Silva, Gladstone Alves, da Silva, Meiriele, Dam, Marjo, Dam, Nico, Dammrich, Frank, Das, Kanad, Davies, Linda, De Crop, Eske, De Kesel, Andre, De Lange, Ruben, Bonzi, Barbara De Madrignac, dela Cruz, Thomas Edison E., Delgat, Lynn, Demoulin, Vincent, Desjardin, Dennis E., Diederich, Paul, Dima, Balint, Dios, Maria Martha, Divakar, Pradeep Kumar, Douanla-Meli, Clovis, Douglas, Brian, Drechsler-Santos, Elisandro Ricardo, Dyer, Paul S., Eberhardt, Ursula, Ertz, Damien, Esteve-Raventos, Fernando, Salazar, Javier Angel Etayo, Evenson, Vera, Eyssartier, Guillaume, Farkas, Edit, Favre, Alain, Fedosova, Anna G., Filippa, Mario, Finy, Peter, Flakus, Adam, Fos, Simon, Fournier, Jacques, Fraiture, Andre, Franchi, Paolo, Molano, Ana Esperanza Franco, Friebes, Gernot, Frisch, Andreas, Fryday, Alan, Furci, Giuliana, Marquez, Ricardo Galan, Garbelotto, Matteo, Garcia-Martin, Joaquina Maria, Otalora, Monica A. Garcia, Sanchez, Dania Garcia, Gardiennet, Alain, Garnica, Sigisfredo, Benavent, Isaac Garrido, Gates, Genevieve, Gerlach, Alice da Cruz Lima, Ghobad-Nejhad, Masoomeh, Gibertoni, Tatiana B., Grebenc, Tine, Greilhuber, Irmgard, Grishkan, Bella, Groenewald, Johannes Z., Grube, Martin, Gruhn, Gerald, Gueidan, Cecile, Gulden, Gro, Gusmao, Luis F. P., Hafellner, Josef, Hairaud, Michel, Halama, Marek, Hallenberg, Nils, Halling, Roy E., Hansen, Karen, Harder, Christoffer Bugge, Heilmann-Clausen, Jacob, Helleman, Stip, Henriot, Alain, Hernandez-Restrepo, Margarita, Herve, Raphael, Hobart, Caroline, Hoffmeister, Mascha, Hoiland, Klaus, Holec, Jan, Holien, Hakon, Hughes, Karen, Hubka, Vit, Huhtinen, Seppo, Ivancevic, Boris, Jagers, Marian, Jaklitsch, Walter, Jansen, AnnaElise, Jayawardena, Ruvishika S., Jeppesen, Thomas Stjernegaard, Jeppson, Mikael, Johnston, Peter, Jorgensen, Per Magnus, Karnefelt, Ingvar, Kalinina, Liudmila B., Kantvilas, Gintaras, Karadelev, Mitko, Kasuya, Taiga, Kautmanova, Ivona, Kerrigan, Richard W., Kirchmair, Martin, Kiyashko, Anna, Knapp, Daniel G., Knudsen, Henning, Knudsen, Kerry, Knutsson, Tommy, Kolarik, Miroslav, Koljalg, Urmas, Kosuthova, Alica, Koszka, Attila, Kotiranta, Heikki, Kotkova, Vera, Koukol, Ondrej, Kout, Jiri, Kovacs, Gabor M., Kriz, Martin, Kruys, Asa, Kudera, Viktor, Kudzma, Linas, Kuhar, Francisco, Kukwa, Martin, Kumar, T. K. Arun, Kunca, Vladimir, Kusan, Ivana, Kuyper, Thomas W., Lado, Carlos, Laessoe, Thomas, Laine, Patrice, Langer, Ewald, Larsson, Ellen, Larsson, Karl-Henrik, Laursen, Gary, Lechat, Christian, Lee, Serena, Lendemer, James C., Levin, Laura, Lindemann, Uwe, Lindstrom, Hakan, Liu, Xingzhong, Hernandez, Regulo Carlos Llarena, Llop, Esteve, Locsmandi, Csaba, Lodge, Deborah Jean, Loizides, Michael, Lokos, Laszlo, Luangsa-ard, Jennifer, Luderitz, Matthias, Lumbsch, Thorsten, Lutz, Matthias, Mahoney, Dan, Malysheva, Ekaterina, Malysheva, Vera, Manimohan, Patinjareveettil, Mann-Felix, Yasmina, Marques, Guilhermina, Martinez-Gil, Ruben, Marson, Guy, Mata, Gerardo, Matheny, P. Brandon, Mathiassen, Geir Harald, Matocec, Neven, Mayrhofer, Helmut, Mehrabi, Mehdi, Melo, Ireneia, Mesic, Armin, Methven, Andrew S., Miettinen, Otto, Romero, Ana M. Millanes, Miller, Andrew N., Mitchell, James K., Moberg, Roland, Moreau, Pierre-Arthur, Moreno, Gabriel, Morozova, Olga, Morte, Asuncion, Muggia, Lucia, Gonzalez, Guillermo Munoz, Myllys, Leena, Nagy, Istvan, Nagy, Laszlo G., Neves, Maria Alice, Niemela, Tuomo, Nimis, Pier Luigi, Niveiro, Nicolas, Noordeloos, Machiel E., Nordin, Anders, Noumeur, Sara Raouia, Novozhilov, Yuri, Nuytinck, Jorinde, Ohenoja, Esteri, Fiuza, Patricia Oliveira, Orange, Alan, Ordynets, Alexander, Ortiz-Santana, Beatriz, Pacheco, Leticia, Pal-Fam, Ferenc, Palacio, Melissa, Palice, Zdenek, Papp, Viktor, Partel, Kadri, Pawlowska, Julia, Paz, Aurelia, Peintner, Ursula, Pennycook, Shaun, Pereira, Olinto Liparini, Daniels, Pablo Perez, Capella, Miguel A. Perez-De-Gregorio, del Amo, Carlos Manuel Perez, Gorjon, Sergio Perez, Perez-Ortega, Sergio, Perez-Vargas, Israel, Perry, Brian A., Petersen, Jens H., Petersen, Ronald H., Pfister, Donald H., Phukhamsakda, Chayanard, Piatek, Marcin, Piepenbring, Meike, Pino-Bodas, Raquel, Esquivel, Juan Pablo Pinzon, Pirot, Paul, Popov, Eugene S., Popoff, Orlando, Alvaro, Maria Prieto, Printzen, Christian, Psurtseva, Nadezhda, Purahong, Witoon, Quijada, Luis, Rambold, Gerhard, Ramirez, Natalia A., Raja, Huzefa, Raspe, Olivier, Raymundo, Tania, Reblova, Martina, Rebriev, Yury A., Garcia, Juan de Dios Reyes, Ripoll, Miguel Angel Ribes, Richard, Franck, Richardson, Mike J., Rico, Victor J., Robledo, Gerardo Lucio, Barbosa, Flavia Rodrigues, Rodriguez-Caycedo, Cristina, Rodriguez-Flakus, Pamela, Ronikier, Anna, Casas, Luis Rubio, Rusevska, Katerina, Saar, Gunter, Saar, Irja, Salcedo, Isabel, Martinez, Sergio M. Salcedo, Montoya, Carlos A. Salvador, Sanchez-Ramirez, Santiago, Sandoval-Sierra, J. Vladimir, Santamaria, Sergi, Monteiro, Josiane Santana, Schroers, Hans Josef, Schulz, Barbara, Schmidt-Stohn, Geert, Schumacher, Trond, Senn-Irlet, Beatrice, Sevcikova, Hana, Shchepin, Oleg, Shirouzu, Takashi, Shiryaev, Anton, Siepe, Klaus, Sir, Esteban B., Sohrabi, Mohammad, Soop, Karl, Spirin, Viacheslav, Spribille, Toby, Stadler, Marc, Stalpers, Joost, Stenroos, Soili, Suija, Ave, Sunhede, Stellan, Svantesson, Sten, Svensson, Sigvard, Svetasheva, Tatyana Yu, Swierkosz, Krzysztof, Tamm, Heidi, Taskin, Hatira, Taudiere, Adrien, Tedebrand, Jan-Olof, Lahoz, Raul Tena, Temina, Marina, Thell, Arne, Thines, Marco, Thor, Goren, Thus, Holger, Tibell, Leif, Tibell, Sanja, Timdal, Einar, Tkalcec, Zdenko, Tonsberg, Tor, Trichies, Gerard, Triebel, Dagmar, Tsurykau, Andrei, Tulloss, Rodham E., Tuovinen, Veera, Sosa, Miguel Ulloa, Urcelay, Carlos, Valade, Francois, Garza, Ricardo Valenzuela, van den Boom, Pieter, Van Vooren, Nicolas, Vasco-Palacios, Aida M., Vauras, Jukka, Santos, Juan Manuel Velasco, Vellinga, Else, Verbeken, Annemieke, Vetlesen, Per, Vizzini, Alfredo, Voglmayr, Hermann, Volobuev, Sergey, von Brackel, Wolfgang, Voronina, Elena, Walther, Grit, Watling, Roy, Weber, Evi, Wedin, Mats, Weholt, Oyvind, Westberg, Martin, Yurchenko, Eugene, Zehnalek, Petr, Zhang, Huang, Zhurbenko, Mikhail P., Ekman, Stefan, Zamora, Juan Carlos, Svensson, Måns, Kirschner, Roland, Olariaga, Ibai, Ryman, Svengunnar, Alberto Parra, Luis, Geml, Jozsef, Rosling, Anna, Adamcik, Slavomir, Ahti, Teuvo, Aime, M. Catherine, Ainsworth, A. Martyn, Albert, Laszlo, Alberto, Edgardo, Garcia, Alberto Altes, Ageev, Dmitry, Agerer, Reinhard, Aguirre-Hudson, Begona, Ammirati, Joe, Andersson, Harry, Angelini, Claudio, Antonin, Vladimir, Aoki, Takayuki, Aptroot, Andre, Argaud, Didier, Sosa, Blanca Imelda Arguello, Aronsen, Arne, Arup, Ulf, Asgari, Bita, Assyov, Boris, Atienza, Violeta, Bandini, Ditte, Baptista-Ferreira, Joao Luis, Baral, Hans-Otto, Baroni, Tim, Barreto, Robert Weingart, Baker, Henry, Bell, Ann, Bellanger, Jean-Michel, Bellu, Francesco, Bemmann, Martin, Bendiksby, Mika, Bendiksen, Egil, Bendiksen, Katriina, Benedek, Lajos, Beresova-Guttova, Anna, Berger, Franz, Berndt, Reinhard, Bernicchia, Annarosa, Biketova, Alona Yu, Bizio, Enrico, Bjork, Curtis, Boekhout, Teun, Boertmann, David, Bohning, Tanja, Boittin, Florent, Boluda, Carlos G., Boomsluiter, Menno W., Borovicka, Jan, Brandrud, Tor Erik, Braun, Uwe, Brodo, Irwin, Bulyonkova, Tatiana, Burdsall, Harold H., Jr., Buyck, Bart, Burgaz, Ana Rosa, Calatayud, Vicent, Callac, Philippe, Campo, Emanuele, Candusso, Massimo, Capoen, Brigitte, Carbo, Joaquim, Carbone, Matteo, Castaneda-Ruiz, Rafael F., Castellano, Michael A., Chen, Jie, Clerc, Philippe, Consiglio, Giovanni, Corriol, Gilles, Courtecuisse, Regis, Crespo, Ana, Cripps, Cathy, Crous, Pedro W., da Silva, Gladstone Alves, da Silva, Meiriele, Dam, Marjo, Dam, Nico, Dammrich, Frank, Das, Kanad, Davies, Linda, De Crop, Eske, De Kesel, Andre, De Lange, Ruben, Bonzi, Barbara De Madrignac, dela Cruz, Thomas Edison E., Delgat, Lynn, Demoulin, Vincent, Desjardin, Dennis E., Diederich, Paul, Dima, Balint, Dios, Maria Martha, Divakar, Pradeep Kumar, Douanla-Meli, Clovis, Douglas, Brian, Drechsler-Santos, Elisandro Ricardo, Dyer, Paul S., Eberhardt, Ursula, Ertz, Damien, Esteve-Raventos, Fernando, Salazar, Javier Angel Etayo, Evenson, Vera, Eyssartier, Guillaume, Farkas, Edit, Favre, Alain, Fedosova, Anna G., Filippa, Mario, Finy, Peter, Flakus, Adam, Fos, Simon, Fournier, Jacques, Fraiture, Andre, Franchi, Paolo, Molano, Ana Esperanza Franco, Friebes, Gernot, Frisch, Andreas, Fryday, Alan, Furci, Giuliana, Marquez, Ricardo Galan, Garbelotto, Matteo, Garcia-Martin, Joaquina Maria, Otalora, Monica A. Garcia, Sanchez, Dania Garcia, Gardiennet, Alain, Garnica, Sigisfredo, Benavent, Isaac Garrido, Gates, Genevieve, Gerlach, Alice da Cruz Lima, Ghobad-Nejhad, Masoomeh, Gibertoni, Tatiana B., Grebenc, Tine, Greilhuber, Irmgard, Grishkan, Bella, Groenewald, Johannes Z., Grube, Martin, Gruhn, Gerald, Gueidan, Cecile, Gulden, Gro, Gusmao, Luis F. P., Hafellner, Josef, Hairaud, Michel, Halama, Marek, Hallenberg, Nils, Halling, Roy E., Hansen, Karen, Harder, Christoffer Bugge, Heilmann-Clausen, Jacob, Helleman, Stip, Henriot, Alain, Hernandez-Restrepo, Margarita, Herve, Raphael, Hobart, Caroline, Hoffmeister, Mascha, Hoiland, Klaus, Holec, Jan, Holien, Hakon, Hughes, Karen, Hubka, Vit, Huhtinen, Seppo, Ivancevic, Boris, Jagers, Marian, Jaklitsch, Walter, Jansen, AnnaElise, Jayawardena, Ruvishika S., Jeppesen, Thomas Stjernegaard, Jeppson, Mikael, Johnston, Peter, Jorgensen, Per Magnus, Karnefelt, Ingvar, Kalinina, Liudmila B., Kantvilas, Gintaras, Karadelev, Mitko, Kasuya, Taiga, Kautmanova, Ivona, Kerrigan, Richard W., Kirchmair, Martin, Kiyashko, Anna, Knapp, Daniel G., Knudsen, Henning, Knudsen, Kerry, Knutsson, Tommy, Kolarik, Miroslav, Koljalg, Urmas, Kosuthova, Alica, Koszka, Attila, Kotiranta, Heikki, Kotkova, Vera, Koukol, Ondrej, Kout, Jiri, Kovacs, Gabor M., Kriz, Martin, Kruys, Asa, Kudera, Viktor, Kudzma, Linas, Kuhar, Francisco, Kukwa, Martin, Kumar, T. K. Arun, Kunca, Vladimir, Kusan, Ivana, Kuyper, Thomas W., Lado, Carlos, Laessoe, Thomas, Laine, Patrice, Langer, Ewald, Larsson, Ellen, Larsson, Karl-Henrik, Laursen, Gary, Lechat, Christian, Lee, Serena, Lendemer, James C., Levin, Laura, Lindemann, Uwe, Lindstrom, Hakan, Liu, Xingzhong, Hernandez, Regulo Carlos Llarena, Llop, Esteve, Locsmandi, Csaba, Lodge, Deborah Jean, Loizides, Michael, Lokos, Laszlo, Luangsa-ard, Jennifer, Luderitz, Matthias, Lumbsch, Thorsten, Lutz, Matthias, Mahoney, Dan, Malysheva, Ekaterina, Malysheva, Vera, Manimohan, Patinjareveettil, Mann-Felix, Yasmina, Marques, Guilhermina, Martinez-Gil, Ruben, Marson, Guy, Mata, Gerardo, Matheny, P. Brandon, Mathiassen, Geir Harald, Matocec, Neven, Mayrhofer, Helmut, Mehrabi, Mehdi, Melo, Ireneia, Mesic, Armin, Methven, Andrew S., Miettinen, Otto, Romero, Ana M. Millanes, Miller, Andrew N., Mitchell, James K., Moberg, Roland, Moreau, Pierre-Arthur, Moreno, Gabriel, Morozova, Olga, Morte, Asuncion, Muggia, Lucia, Gonzalez, Guillermo Munoz, Myllys, Leena, Nagy, Istvan, Nagy, Laszlo G., Neves, Maria Alice, Niemela, Tuomo, Nimis, Pier Luigi, Niveiro, Nicolas, Noordeloos, Machiel E., Nordin, Anders, Noumeur, Sara Raouia, Novozhilov, Yuri, Nuytinck, Jorinde, Ohenoja, Esteri, Fiuza, Patricia Oliveira, Orange, Alan, Ordynets, Alexander, Ortiz-Santana, Beatriz, Pacheco, Leticia, Pal-Fam, Ferenc, Palacio, Melissa, Palice, Zdenek, Papp, Viktor, Partel, Kadri, Pawlowska, Julia, Paz, Aurelia, Peintner, Ursula, Pennycook, Shaun, Pereira, Olinto Liparini, Daniels, Pablo Perez, Capella, Miguel A. Perez-De-Gregorio, del Amo, Carlos Manuel Perez, Gorjon, Sergio Perez, Perez-Ortega, Sergio, Perez-Vargas, Israel, Perry, Brian A., Petersen, Jens H., Petersen, Ronald H., Pfister, Donald H., Phukhamsakda, Chayanard, Piatek, Marcin, Piepenbring, Meike, Pino-Bodas, Raquel, Esquivel, Juan Pablo Pinzon, Pirot, Paul, Popov, Eugene S., Popoff, Orlando, Alvaro, Maria Prieto, Printzen, Christian, Psurtseva, Nadezhda, Purahong, Witoon, Quijada, Luis, Rambold, Gerhard, Ramirez, Natalia A., Raja, Huzefa, Raspe, Olivier, Raymundo, Tania, Reblova, Martina, Rebriev, Yury A., Garcia, Juan de Dios Reyes, Ripoll, Miguel Angel Ribes, Richard, Franck, Richardson, Mike J., Rico, Victor J., Robledo, Gerardo Lucio, Barbosa, Flavia Rodrigues, Rodriguez-Caycedo, Cristina, Rodriguez-Flakus, Pamela, Ronikier, Anna, Casas, Luis Rubio, Rusevska, Katerina, Saar, Gunter, Saar, Irja, Salcedo, Isabel, Martinez, Sergio M. Salcedo, Montoya, Carlos A. Salvador, Sanchez-Ramirez, Santiago, Sandoval-Sierra, J. Vladimir, Santamaria, Sergi, Monteiro, Josiane Santana, Schroers, Hans Josef, Schulz, Barbara, Schmidt-Stohn, Geert, Schumacher, Trond, Senn-Irlet, Beatrice, Sevcikova, Hana, Shchepin, Oleg, Shirouzu, Takashi, Shiryaev, Anton, Siepe, Klaus, Sir, Esteban B., Sohrabi, Mohammad, Soop, Karl, Spirin, Viacheslav, Spribille, Toby, Stadler, Marc, Stalpers, Joost, Stenroos, Soili, Suija, Ave, Sunhede, Stellan, Svantesson, Sten, Svensson, Sigvard, Svetasheva, Tatyana Yu, Swierkosz, Krzysztof, Tamm, Heidi, Taskin, Hatira, Taudiere, Adrien, Tedebrand, Jan-Olof, Lahoz, Raul Tena, Temina, Marina, Thell, Arne, Thines, Marco, Thor, Goren, Thus, Holger, Tibell, Leif, Tibell, Sanja, Timdal, Einar, Tkalcec, Zdenko, Tonsberg, Tor, Trichies, Gerard, Triebel, Dagmar, Tsurykau, Andrei, Tulloss, Rodham E., Tuovinen, Veera, Sosa, Miguel Ulloa, Urcelay, Carlos, Valade, Francois, Garza, Ricardo Valenzuela, van den Boom, Pieter, Van Vooren, Nicolas, Vasco-Palacios, Aida M., Vauras, Jukka, Santos, Juan Manuel Velasco, Vellinga, Else, Verbeken, Annemieke, Vetlesen, Per, Vizzini, Alfredo, Voglmayr, Hermann, Volobuev, Sergey, von Brackel, Wolfgang, Voronina, Elena, Walther, Grit, Watling, Roy, Weber, Evi, Wedin, Mats, Weholt, Oyvind, Westberg, Martin, Yurchenko, Eugene, Zehnalek, Petr, Zhang, Huang, Zhurbenko, Mikhail P., and Ekman, Stefan
Abstract: Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11th International Mycological Congress (Puerto Rico, July 2018). We consider various genetic processes affecting the distribution of alleles among taxa and find that alleles may not consistently and uniquely represent the species within which they are contained. Should the proposals be accepted, the meaning of nomenclatural types would change in a fundamental way from physical objects as sources of data to the data themselves. Such changes are conducive to irreproducible science, the potential typification on artefactual data, and massive creation of names with low information content, ultimately causing nomenclatural instability and unnecessary work for future researchers that would stall future explorations of fungal diversity. We conclude that the acceptance of DNA sequences alone as types of names of taxa, under the terms used in the current proposals, is unnecessary and would not solve the problem of naming putative taxa known only from DNA sequences in a scientifically defensible way. As an alternative, we highlight the use of formulas for naming putative taxa (candidate taxa) that do not require any modification of the ICN.
Published: 2018
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4. Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa

Author: Zamora, Juan Carlos, Svensson, Måns, Kirschner, Roland, Olariaga, Ibai, Ryman, Svengunnar, Alberto Parra, Luis, Geml, Jozsef, Rosling, Anna, Adamcik, Slavomir, Ahti, Teuvo, Aime, M. Catherine, Ainsworth, A. Martyn, Albert, Laszlo, Alberto, Edgardo, Garcia, Alberto Altes, Ageev, Dmitry, Agerer, Reinhard, Aguirre-Hudson, Begona, Ammirati, Joe, Andersson, Harry, Angelini, Claudio, Antonin, Vladimir, Aoki, Takayuki, Aptroot, Andre, Argaud, Didier, Sosa, Blanca Imelda Arguello, Aronsen, Arne, Arup, Ulf, Asgari, Bita, Assyov, Boris, Atienza, Violeta, Bandini, Ditte, Baptista-Ferreira, Joao Luis, Baral, Hans-Otto, Baroni, Tim, Barreto, Robert Weingart, Baker, Henry, Bell, Ann, Bellanger, Jean-Michel, Bellu, Francesco, Bemmann, Martin, Bendiksby, Mika, Bendiksen, Egil, Bendiksen, Katriina, Benedek, Lajos, Beresova-Guttova, Anna, Berger, Franz, Berndt, Reinhard, Bernicchia, Annarosa, Biketova, Alona Yu, Bizio, Enrico, Bjork, Curtis, Boekhout, Teun, Boertmann, David, Bohning, Tanja, Boittin, Florent, Boluda, Carlos G., Boomsluiter, Menno W., Borovicka, Jan, Brandrud, Tor Erik, Braun, Uwe, Brodo, Irwin, Bulyonkova, Tatiana, Burdsall, Harold H., Jr., Buyck, Bart, Burgaz, Ana Rosa, Calatayud, Vicent, Callac, Philippe, Campo, Emanuele, Candusso, Massimo, Capoen, Brigitte, Carbo, Joaquim, Carbone, Matteo, Castaneda-Ruiz, Rafael F., Castellano, Michael A., Chen, Jie, Clerc, Philippe, Consiglio, Giovanni, Corriol, Gilles, Courtecuisse, Regis, Crespo, Ana, Cripps, Cathy, Crous, Pedro W., da Silva, Gladstone Alves, da Silva, Meiriele, Dam, Marjo, Dam, Nico, Dammrich, Frank, Das, Kanad, Davies, Linda, De Crop, Eske, De Kesel, Andre, De Lange, Ruben, Bonzi, Barbara De Madrignac, dela Cruz, Thomas Edison E., Delgat, Lynn, Demoulin, Vincent, Desjardin, Dennis E., Diederich, Paul, Dima, Balint, Dios, Maria Martha, Divakar, Pradeep Kumar, Douanla-Meli, Clovis, Douglas, Brian, Drechsler-Santos, Elisandro Ricardo, Dyer, Paul S., Eberhardt, Ursula, Ertz, Damien, Esteve-Raventos, Fernando, Salazar, Javier Angel Etayo, Evenson, Vera, Eyssartier, Guillaume, Farkas, Edit, Favre, Alain, Fedosova, Anna G., Filippa, Mario, Finy, Peter, Flakus, Adam, Fos, Simon, Fournier, Jacques, Fraiture, Andre, Franchi, Paolo, Molano, Ana Esperanza Franco, Friebes, Gernot, Frisch, Andreas, Fryday, Alan, Furci, Giuliana, Marquez, Ricardo Galan, Garbelotto, Matteo, Garcia-Martin, Joaquina Maria, Otalora, Monica A. Garcia, Sanchez, Dania Garcia, Gardiennet, Alain, Garnica, Sigisfredo, Benavent, Isaac Garrido, Gates, Genevieve, Gerlach, Alice da Cruz Lima, Ghobad-Nejhad, Masoomeh, Gibertoni, Tatiana B., Grebenc, Tine, Greilhuber, Irmgard, Grishkan, Bella, Groenewald, Johannes Z., Grube, Martin, Gruhn, Gerald, Gueidan, Cecile, Gulden, Gro, Gusmao, Luis F. P., Hafellner, Josef, Hairaud, Michel, Halama, Marek, Hallenberg, Nils, Halling, Roy E., Hansen, Karen, Harder, Christoffer Bugge, Heilmann-Clausen, Jacob, Helleman, Stip, Henriot, Alain, Hernandez-Restrepo, Margarita, Herve, Raphael, Hobart, Caroline, Hoffmeister, Mascha, Hoiland, Klaus, Holec, Jan, Holien, Hakon, Hughes, Karen, Hubka, Vit, Huhtinen, Seppo, Ivancevic, Boris, Jagers, Marian, Jaklitsch, Walter, Jansen, AnnaElise, Jayawardena, Ruvishika S., Jeppesen, Thomas Stjernegaard, Jeppson, Mikael, Johnston, Peter, Jorgensen, Per Magnus, Karnefelt, Ingvar, Kalinina, Liudmila B., Kantvilas, Gintaras, Karadelev, Mitko, Kasuya, Taiga, Kautmanova, Ivona, Kerrigan, Richard W., Kirchmair, Martin, Kiyashko, Anna, Knapp, Daniel G., Knudsen, Henning, Knudsen, Kerry, Knutsson, Tommy, Kolarik, Miroslav, Koljalg, Urmas, Kosuthova, Alica, Koszka, Attila, Kotiranta, Heikki, Kotkova, Vera, Koukol, Ondrej, Kout, Jiri, Kovacs, Gabor M., Kriz, Martin, Kruys, Asa, Kudera, Viktor, Kudzma, Linas, Kuhar, Francisco, Kukwa, Martin, Kumar, T. K. Arun, Kunca, Vladimir, Kusan, Ivana, Kuyper, Thomas W., Lado, Carlos, Laessoe, Thomas, Laine, Patrice, Langer, Ewald, Larsson, Ellen, Larsson, Karl-Henrik, Laursen, Gary, Lechat, Christian, Lee, Serena, Lendemer, James C., Levin, Laura, Lindemann, Uwe, Lindstrom, Hakan, Liu, Xingzhong, Hernandez, Regulo Carlos Llarena, Llop, Esteve, Locsmandi, Csaba, Lodge, Deborah Jean, Loizides, Michael, Lokos, Laszlo, Luangsa-ard, Jennifer, Luderitz, Matthias, Lumbsch, Thorsten, Lutz, Matthias, Mahoney, Dan, Malysheva, Ekaterina, Malysheva, Vera, Manimohan, Patinjareveettil, Mann-Felix, Yasmina, Marques, Guilhermina, Martinez-Gil, Ruben, Marson, Guy, Mata, Gerardo, Matheny, P. Brandon, Mathiassen, Geir Harald, Matocec, Neven, Mayrhofer, Helmut, Mehrabi, Mehdi, Melo, Ireneia, Mesic, Armin, Methven, Andrew S., Miettinen, Otto, Romero, Ana M. Millanes, Miller, Andrew N., Mitchell, James K., Moberg, Roland, Moreau, Pierre-Arthur, Moreno, Gabriel, Morozova, Olga, Morte, Asuncion, Muggia, Lucia, Gonzalez, Guillermo Munoz, Myllys, Leena, Nagy, Istvan, Nagy, Laszlo G., Neves, Maria Alice, Niemela, Tuomo, Nimis, Pier Luigi, Niveiro, Nicolas, Noordeloos, Machiel E., Nordin, Anders, Noumeur, Sara Raouia, Novozhilov, Yuri, Nuytinck, Jorinde, Ohenoja, Esteri, Fiuza, Patricia Oliveira, Orange, Alan, Ordynets, Alexander, Ortiz-Santana, Beatriz, Pacheco, Leticia, Pal-Fam, Ferenc, Palacio, Melissa, Palice, Zdenek, Papp, Viktor, Partel, Kadri, Pawlowska, Julia, Paz, Aurelia, Peintner, Ursula, Pennycook, Shaun, Pereira, Olinto Liparini, Daniels, Pablo Perez, Capella, Miguel A. Perez-De-Gregorio, del Amo, Carlos Manuel Perez, Gorjon, Sergio Perez, Perez-Ortega, Sergio, Perez-Vargas, Israel, Perry, Brian A., Petersen, Jens H., Petersen, Ronald H., Pfister, Donald H., Phukhamsakda, Chayanard, Piatek, Marcin, Piepenbring, Meike, Pino-Bodas, Raquel, Esquivel, Juan Pablo Pinzon, Pirot, Paul, Popov, Eugene S., Popoff, Orlando, Alvaro, Maria Prieto, Printzen, Christian, Psurtseva, Nadezhda, Purahong, Witoon, Quijada, Luis, Rambold, Gerhard, Ramirez, Natalia A., Raja, Huzefa, Raspe, Olivier, Raymundo, Tania, Reblova, Martina, Rebriev, Yury A., Garcia, Juan de Dios Reyes, Ripoll, Miguel Angel Ribes, Richard, Franck, Richardson, Mike J., Rico, Victor J., Robledo, Gerardo Lucio, Barbosa, Flavia Rodrigues, Rodriguez-Caycedo, Cristina, Rodriguez-Flakus, Pamela, Ronikier, Anna, Casas, Luis Rubio, Rusevska, Katerina, Saar, Gunter, Saar, Irja, Salcedo, Isabel, Martinez, Sergio M. Salcedo, Montoya, Carlos A. Salvador, Sanchez-Ramirez, Santiago, Sandoval-Sierra, J. Vladimir, Santamaria, Sergi, Monteiro, Josiane Santana, Schroers, Hans Josef, Schulz, Barbara, Schmidt-Stohn, Geert, Schumacher, Trond, Senn-Irlet, Beatrice, Sevcikova, Hana, Shchepin, Oleg, Shirouzu, Takashi, Shiryaev, Anton, Siepe, Klaus, Sir, Esteban B., Sohrabi, Mohammad, Soop, Karl, Spirin, Viacheslav, Spribille, Toby, Stadler, Marc, Stalpers, Joost, Stenroos, Soili, Suija, Ave, Sunhede, Stellan, Svantesson, Sten, Svensson, Sigvard, Svetasheva, Tatyana Yu, Swierkosz, Krzysztof, Tamm, Heidi, Taskin, Hatira, Taudiere, Adrien, Tedebrand, Jan-Olof, Lahoz, Raul Tena, Temina, Marina, Thell, Arne, Thines, Marco, Thor, Goren, Thus, Holger, Tibell, Leif, Tibell, Sanja, Timdal, Einar, Tkalcec, Zdenko, Tonsberg, Tor, Trichies, Gerard, Triebel, Dagmar, Tsurykau, Andrei, Tulloss, Rodham E., Tuovinen, Veera, Sosa, Miguel Ulloa, Urcelay, Carlos, Valade, Francois, Garza, Ricardo Valenzuela, van den Boom, Pieter, Van Vooren, Nicolas, Vasco-Palacios, Aida M., Vauras, Jukka, Santos, Juan Manuel Velasco, Vellinga, Else, Verbeken, Annemieke, Vetlesen, Per, Vizzini, Alfredo, Voglmayr, Hermann, Volobuev, Sergey, von Brackel, Wolfgang, Voronina, Elena, Walther, Grit, Watling, Roy, Weber, Evi, Wedin, Mats, Weholt, Oyvind, Westberg, Martin, Yurchenko, Eugene, Zehnalek, Petr, Zhang, Huang, Zhurbenko, Mikhail P., Ekman, Stefan, Zamora, Juan Carlos, Svensson, Måns, Kirschner, Roland, Olariaga, Ibai, Ryman, Svengunnar, Alberto Parra, Luis, Geml, Jozsef, Rosling, Anna, Adamcik, Slavomir, Ahti, Teuvo, Aime, M. Catherine, Ainsworth, A. Martyn, Albert, Laszlo, Alberto, Edgardo, Garcia, Alberto Altes, Ageev, Dmitry, Agerer, Reinhard, Aguirre-Hudson, Begona, Ammirati, Joe, Andersson, Harry, Angelini, Claudio, Antonin, Vladimir, Aoki, Takayuki, Aptroot, Andre, Argaud, Didier, Sosa, Blanca Imelda Arguello, Aronsen, Arne, Arup, Ulf, Asgari, Bita, Assyov, Boris, Atienza, Violeta, Bandini, Ditte, Baptista-Ferreira, Joao Luis, Baral, Hans-Otto, Baroni, Tim, Barreto, Robert Weingart, Baker, Henry, Bell, Ann, Bellanger, Jean-Michel, Bellu, Francesco, Bemmann, Martin, Bendiksby, Mika, Bendiksen, Egil, Bendiksen, Katriina, Benedek, Lajos, Beresova-Guttova, Anna, Berger, Franz, Berndt, Reinhard, Bernicchia, Annarosa, Biketova, Alona Yu, Bizio, Enrico, Bjork, Curtis, Boekhout, Teun, Boertmann, David, Bohning, Tanja, Boittin, Florent, Boluda, Carlos G., Boomsluiter, Menno W., Borovicka, Jan, Brandrud, Tor Erik, Braun, Uwe, Brodo, Irwin, Bulyonkova, Tatiana, Burdsall, Harold H., Jr., Buyck, Bart, Burgaz, Ana Rosa, Calatayud, Vicent, Callac, Philippe, Campo, Emanuele, Candusso, Massimo, Capoen, Brigitte, Carbo, Joaquim, Carbone, Matteo, Castaneda-Ruiz, Rafael F., Castellano, Michael A., Chen, Jie, Clerc, Philippe, Consiglio, Giovanni, Corriol, Gilles, Courtecuisse, Regis, Crespo, Ana, Cripps, Cathy, Crous, Pedro W., da Silva, Gladstone Alves, da Silva, Meiriele, Dam, Marjo, Dam, Nico, Dammrich, Frank, Das, Kanad, Davies, Linda, De Crop, Eske, De Kesel, Andre, De Lange, Ruben, Bonzi, Barbara De Madrignac, dela Cruz, Thomas Edison E., Delgat, Lynn, Demoulin, Vincent, Desjardin, Dennis E., Diederich, Paul, Dima, Balint, Dios, Maria Martha, Divakar, Pradeep Kumar, Douanla-Meli, Clovis, Douglas, Brian, Drechsler-Santos, Elisandro Ricardo, Dyer, Paul S., Eberhardt, Ursula, Ertz, Damien, Esteve-Raventos, Fernando, Salazar, Javier Angel Etayo, Evenson, Vera, Eyssartier, Guillaume, Farkas, Edit, Favre, Alain, Fedosova, Anna G., Filippa, Mario, Finy, Peter, Flakus, Adam, Fos, Simon, Fournier, Jacques, Fraiture, Andre, Franchi, Paolo, Molano, Ana Esperanza Franco, Friebes, Gernot, Frisch, Andreas, Fryday, Alan, Furci, Giuliana, Marquez, Ricardo Galan, Garbelotto, Matteo, Garcia-Martin, Joaquina Maria, Otalora, Monica A. Garcia, Sanchez, Dania Garcia, Gardiennet, Alain, Garnica, Sigisfredo, Benavent, Isaac Garrido, Gates, Genevieve, Gerlach, Alice da Cruz Lima, Ghobad-Nejhad, Masoomeh, Gibertoni, Tatiana B., Grebenc, Tine, Greilhuber, Irmgard, Grishkan, Bella, Groenewald, Johannes Z., Grube, Martin, Gruhn, Gerald, Gueidan, Cecile, Gulden, Gro, Gusmao, Luis F. P., Hafellner, Josef, Hairaud, Michel, Halama, Marek, Hallenberg, Nils, Halling, Roy E., Hansen, Karen, Harder, Christoffer Bugge, Heilmann-Clausen, Jacob, Helleman, Stip, Henriot, Alain, Hernandez-Restrepo, Margarita, Herve, Raphael, Hobart, Caroline, Hoffmeister, Mascha, Hoiland, Klaus, Holec, Jan, Holien, Hakon, Hughes, Karen, Hubka, Vit, Huhtinen, Seppo, Ivancevic, Boris, Jagers, Marian, Jaklitsch, Walter, Jansen, AnnaElise, Jayawardena, Ruvishika S., Jeppesen, Thomas Stjernegaard, Jeppson, Mikael, Johnston, Peter, Jorgensen, Per Magnus, Karnefelt, Ingvar, Kalinina, Liudmila B., Kantvilas, Gintaras, Karadelev, Mitko, Kasuya, Taiga, Kautmanova, Ivona, Kerrigan, Richard W., Kirchmair, Martin, Kiyashko, Anna, Knapp, Daniel G., Knudsen, Henning, Knudsen, Kerry, Knutsson, Tommy, Kolarik, Miroslav, Koljalg, Urmas, Kosuthova, Alica, Koszka, Attila, Kotiranta, Heikki, Kotkova, Vera, Koukol, Ondrej, Kout, Jiri, Kovacs, Gabor M., Kriz, Martin, Kruys, Asa, Kudera, Viktor, Kudzma, Linas, Kuhar, Francisco, Kukwa, Martin, Kumar, T. K. Arun, Kunca, Vladimir, Kusan, Ivana, Kuyper, Thomas W., Lado, Carlos, Laessoe, Thomas, Laine, Patrice, Langer, Ewald, Larsson, Ellen, Larsson, Karl-Henrik, Laursen, Gary, Lechat, Christian, Lee, Serena, Lendemer, James C., Levin, Laura, Lindemann, Uwe, Lindstrom, Hakan, Liu, Xingzhong, Hernandez, Regulo Carlos Llarena, Llop, Esteve, Locsmandi, Csaba, Lodge, Deborah Jean, Loizides, Michael, Lokos, Laszlo, Luangsa-ard, Jennifer, Luderitz, Matthias, Lumbsch, Thorsten, Lutz, Matthias, Mahoney, Dan, Malysheva, Ekaterina, Malysheva, Vera, Manimohan, Patinjareveettil, Mann-Felix, Yasmina, Marques, Guilhermina, Martinez-Gil, Ruben, Marson, Guy, Mata, Gerardo, Matheny, P. Brandon, Mathiassen, Geir Harald, Matocec, Neven, Mayrhofer, Helmut, Mehrabi, Mehdi, Melo, Ireneia, Mesic, Armin, Methven, Andrew S., Miettinen, Otto, Romero, Ana M. Millanes, Miller, Andrew N., Mitchell, James K., Moberg, Roland, Moreau, Pierre-Arthur, Moreno, Gabriel, Morozova, Olga, Morte, Asuncion, Muggia, Lucia, Gonzalez, Guillermo Munoz, Myllys, Leena, Nagy, Istvan, Nagy, Laszlo G., Neves, Maria Alice, Niemela, Tuomo, Nimis, Pier Luigi, Niveiro, Nicolas, Noordeloos, Machiel E., Nordin, Anders, Noumeur, Sara Raouia, Novozhilov, Yuri, Nuytinck, Jorinde, Ohenoja, Esteri, Fiuza, Patricia Oliveira, Orange, Alan, Ordynets, Alexander, Ortiz-Santana, Beatriz, Pacheco, Leticia, Pal-Fam, Ferenc, Palacio, Melissa, Palice, Zdenek, Papp, Viktor, Partel, Kadri, Pawlowska, Julia, Paz, Aurelia, Peintner, Ursula, Pennycook, Shaun, Pereira, Olinto Liparini, Daniels, Pablo Perez, Capella, Miguel A. Perez-De-Gregorio, del Amo, Carlos Manuel Perez, Gorjon, Sergio Perez, Perez-Ortega, Sergio, Perez-Vargas, Israel, Perry, Brian A., Petersen, Jens H., Petersen, Ronald H., Pfister, Donald H., Phukhamsakda, Chayanard, Piatek, Marcin, Piepenbring, Meike, Pino-Bodas, Raquel, Esquivel, Juan Pablo Pinzon, Pirot, Paul, Popov, Eugene S., Popoff, Orlando, Alvaro, Maria Prieto, Printzen, Christian, Psurtseva, Nadezhda, Purahong, Witoon, Quijada, Luis, Rambold, Gerhard, Ramirez, Natalia A., Raja, Huzefa, Raspe, Olivier, Raymundo, Tania, Reblova, Martina, Rebriev, Yury A., Garcia, Juan de Dios Reyes, Ripoll, Miguel Angel Ribes, Richard, Franck, Richardson, Mike J., Rico, Victor J., Robledo, Gerardo Lucio, Barbosa, Flavia Rodrigues, Rodriguez-Caycedo, Cristina, Rodriguez-Flakus, Pamela, Ronikier, Anna, Casas, Luis Rubio, Rusevska, Katerina, Saar, Gunter, Saar, Irja, Salcedo, Isabel, Martinez, Sergio M. Salcedo, Montoya, Carlos A. Salvador, Sanchez-Ramirez, Santiago, Sandoval-Sierra, J. Vladimir, Santamaria, Sergi, Monteiro, Josiane Santana, Schroers, Hans Josef, Schulz, Barbara, Schmidt-Stohn, Geert, Schumacher, Trond, Senn-Irlet, Beatrice, Sevcikova, Hana, Shchepin, Oleg, Shirouzu, Takashi, Shiryaev, Anton, Siepe, Klaus, Sir, Esteban B., Sohrabi, Mohammad, Soop, Karl, Spirin, Viacheslav, Spribille, Toby, Stadler, Marc, Stalpers, Joost, Stenroos, Soili, Suija, Ave, Sunhede, Stellan, Svantesson, Sten, Svensson, Sigvard, Svetasheva, Tatyana Yu, Swierkosz, Krzysztof, Tamm, Heidi, Taskin, Hatira, Taudiere, Adrien, Tedebrand, Jan-Olof, Lahoz, Raul Tena, Temina, Marina, Thell, Arne, Thines, Marco, Thor, Goren, Thus, Holger, Tibell, Leif, Tibell, Sanja, Timdal, Einar, Tkalcec, Zdenko, Tonsberg, Tor, Trichies, Gerard, Triebel, Dagmar, Tsurykau, Andrei, Tulloss, Rodham E., Tuovinen, Veera, Sosa, Miguel Ulloa, Urcelay, Carlos, Valade, Francois, Garza, Ricardo Valenzuela, van den Boom, Pieter, Van Vooren, Nicolas, Vasco-Palacios, Aida M., Vauras, Jukka, Santos, Juan Manuel Velasco, Vellinga, Else, Verbeken, Annemieke, Vetlesen, Per, Vizzini, Alfredo, Voglmayr, Hermann, Volobuev, Sergey, von Brackel, Wolfgang, Voronina, Elena, Walther, Grit, Watling, Roy, Weber, Evi, Wedin, Mats, Weholt, Oyvind, Westberg, Martin, Yurchenko, Eugene, Zehnalek, Petr, Zhang, Huang, Zhurbenko, Mikhail P., and Ekman, Stefan
Abstract: Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11th International Mycological Congress (Puerto Rico, July 2018). We consider various genetic processes affecting the distribution of alleles among taxa and find that alleles may not consistently and uniquely represent the species within which they are contained. Should the proposals be accepted, the meaning of nomenclatural types would change in a fundamental way from physical objects as sources of data to the data themselves. Such changes are conducive to irreproducible science, the potential typification on artefactual data, and massive creation of names with low information content, ultimately causing nomenclatural instability and unnecessary work for future researchers that would stall future explorations of fungal diversity. We conclude that the acceptance of DNA sequences alone as types of names of taxa, under the terms used in the current proposals, is unnecessary and would not solve the problem of naming putative taxa known only from DNA sequences in a scientifically defensible way. As an alternative, we highlight the use of formulas for naming putative taxa (candidate taxa) that do not require any modification of the ICN.
Published: 2018
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5. Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa

Author: Zamora, Juan Carlos, Svensson, Måns, Kirschner, Roland, Olariaga, Ibai, Ryman, Svengunnar, Alberto Parra, Luis, Geml, Jozsef, Rosling, Anna, Adamcik, Slavomir, Ahti, Teuvo, Aime, M. Catherine, Ainsworth, A. Martyn, Albert, Laszlo, Alberto, Edgardo, Garcia, Alberto Altes, Ageev, Dmitry, Agerer, Reinhard, Aguirre-Hudson, Begona, Ammirati, Joe, Andersson, Harry, Angelini, Claudio, Antonin, Vladimir, Aoki, Takayuki, Aptroot, Andre, Argaud, Didier, Sosa, Blanca Imelda Arguello, Aronsen, Arne, Arup, Ulf, Asgari, Bita, Assyov, Boris, Atienza, Violeta, Bandini, Ditte, Baptista-Ferreira, Joao Luis, Baral, Hans-Otto, Baroni, Tim, Barreto, Robert Weingart, Baker, Henry, Bell, Ann, Bellanger, Jean-Michel, Bellu, Francesco, Bemmann, Martin, Bendiksby, Mika, Bendiksen, Egil, Bendiksen, Katriina, Benedek, Lajos, Beresova-Guttova, Anna, Berger, Franz, Berndt, Reinhard, Bernicchia, Annarosa, Biketova, Alona Yu, Bizio, Enrico, Bjork, Curtis, Boekhout, Teun, Boertmann, David, Bohning, Tanja, Boittin, Florent, Boluda, Carlos G., Boomsluiter, Menno W., Borovicka, Jan, Brandrud, Tor Erik, Braun, Uwe, Brodo, Irwin, Bulyonkova, Tatiana, Burdsall, Harold H., Jr., Buyck, Bart, Burgaz, Ana Rosa, Calatayud, Vicent, Callac, Philippe, Campo, Emanuele, Candusso, Massimo, Capoen, Brigitte, Carbo, Joaquim, Carbone, Matteo, Castaneda-Ruiz, Rafael F., Castellano, Michael A., Chen, Jie, Clerc, Philippe, Consiglio, Giovanni, Corriol, Gilles, Courtecuisse, Regis, Crespo, Ana, Cripps, Cathy, Crous, Pedro W., da Silva, Gladstone Alves, da Silva, Meiriele, Dam, Marjo, Dam, Nico, Dammrich, Frank, Das, Kanad, Davies, Linda, De Crop, Eske, De Kesel, Andre, De Lange, Ruben, Bonzi, Barbara De Madrignac, dela Cruz, Thomas Edison E., Delgat, Lynn, Demoulin, Vincent, Desjardin, Dennis E., Diederich, Paul, Dima, Balint, Dios, Maria Martha, Divakar, Pradeep Kumar, Douanla-Meli, Clovis, Douglas, Brian, Drechsler-Santos, Elisandro Ricardo, Dyer, Paul S., Eberhardt, Ursula, Ertz, Damien, Esteve-Raventos, Fernando, Salazar, Javier Angel Etayo, Evenson, Vera, Eyssartier, Guillaume, Farkas, Edit, Favre, Alain, Fedosova, Anna G., Filippa, Mario, Finy, Peter, Flakus, Adam, Fos, Simon, Fournier, Jacques, Fraiture, Andre, Franchi, Paolo, Molano, Ana Esperanza Franco, Friebes, Gernot, Frisch, Andreas, Fryday, Alan, Furci, Giuliana, Marquez, Ricardo Galan, Garbelotto, Matteo, Garcia-Martin, Joaquina Maria, Otalora, Monica A. Garcia, Sanchez, Dania Garcia, Gardiennet, Alain, Garnica, Sigisfredo, Benavent, Isaac Garrido, Gates, Genevieve, Gerlach, Alice da Cruz Lima, Ghobad-Nejhad, Masoomeh, Gibertoni, Tatiana B., Grebenc, Tine, Greilhuber, Irmgard, Grishkan, Bella, Groenewald, Johannes Z., Grube, Martin, Gruhn, Gerald, Gueidan, Cecile, Gulden, Gro, Gusmao, Luis F. P., Hafellner, Josef, Hairaud, Michel, Halama, Marek, Hallenberg, Nils, Halling, Roy E., Hansen, Karen, Harder, Christoffer Bugge, Heilmann-Clausen, Jacob, Helleman, Stip, Henriot, Alain, Hernandez-Restrepo, Margarita, Herve, Raphael, Hobart, Caroline, Hoffmeister, Mascha, Hoiland, Klaus, Holec, Jan, Holien, Hakon, Hughes, Karen, Hubka, Vit, Huhtinen, Seppo, Ivancevic, Boris, Jagers, Marian, Jaklitsch, Walter, Jansen, AnnaElise, Jayawardena, Ruvishika S., Jeppesen, Thomas Stjernegaard, Jeppson, Mikael, Johnston, Peter, Jorgensen, Per Magnus, Karnefelt, Ingvar, Kalinina, Liudmila B., Kantvilas, Gintaras, Karadelev, Mitko, Kasuya, Taiga, Kautmanova, Ivona, Kerrigan, Richard W., Kirchmair, Martin, Kiyashko, Anna, Knapp, Daniel G., Knudsen, Henning, Knudsen, Kerry, Knutsson, Tommy, Kolarik, Miroslav, Koljalg, Urmas, Kosuthova, Alica, Koszka, Attila, Kotiranta, Heikki, Kotkova, Vera, Koukol, Ondrej, Kout, Jiri, Kovacs, Gabor M., Kriz, Martin, Kruys, Asa, Kudera, Viktor, Kudzma, Linas, Kuhar, Francisco, Kukwa, Martin, Kumar, T. K. Arun, Kunca, Vladimir, Kusan, Ivana, Kuyper, Thomas W., Lado, Carlos, Laessoe, Thomas, Laine, Patrice, Langer, Ewald, Larsson, Ellen, Larsson, Karl-Henrik, Laursen, Gary, Lechat, Christian, Lee, Serena, Lendemer, James C., Levin, Laura, Lindemann, Uwe, Lindstrom, Hakan, Liu, Xingzhong, Hernandez, Regulo Carlos Llarena, Llop, Esteve, Locsmandi, Csaba, Lodge, Deborah Jean, Loizides, Michael, Lokos, Laszlo, Luangsa-ard, Jennifer, Luderitz, Matthias, Lumbsch, Thorsten, Lutz, Matthias, Mahoney, Dan, Malysheva, Ekaterina, Malysheva, Vera, Manimohan, Patinjareveettil, Mann-Felix, Yasmina, Marques, Guilhermina, Martinez-Gil, Ruben, Marson, Guy, Mata, Gerardo, Matheny, P. Brandon, Mathiassen, Geir Harald, Matocec, Neven, Mayrhofer, Helmut, Mehrabi, Mehdi, Melo, Ireneia, Mesic, Armin, Methven, Andrew S., Miettinen, Otto, Romero, Ana M. Millanes, Miller, Andrew N., Mitchell, James K., Moberg, Roland, Moreau, Pierre-Arthur, Moreno, Gabriel, Morozova, Olga, Morte, Asuncion, Muggia, Lucia, Gonzalez, Guillermo Munoz, Myllys, Leena, Nagy, Istvan, Nagy, Laszlo G., Neves, Maria Alice, Niemela, Tuomo, Nimis, Pier Luigi, Niveiro, Nicolas, Noordeloos, Machiel E., Nordin, Anders, Noumeur, Sara Raouia, Novozhilov, Yuri, Nuytinck, Jorinde, Ohenoja, Esteri, Fiuza, Patricia Oliveira, Orange, Alan, Ordynets, Alexander, Ortiz-Santana, Beatriz, Pacheco, Leticia, Pal-Fam, Ferenc, Palacio, Melissa, Palice, Zdenek, Papp, Viktor, Partel, Kadri, Pawlowska, Julia, Paz, Aurelia, Peintner, Ursula, Pennycook, Shaun, Pereira, Olinto Liparini, Daniels, Pablo Perez, Capella, Miguel A. Perez-De-Gregorio, del Amo, Carlos Manuel Perez, Gorjon, Sergio Perez, Perez-Ortega, Sergio, Perez-Vargas, Israel, Perry, Brian A., Petersen, Jens H., Petersen, Ronald H., Pfister, Donald H., Phukhamsakda, Chayanard, Piatek, Marcin, Piepenbring, Meike, Pino-Bodas, Raquel, Esquivel, Juan Pablo Pinzon, Pirot, Paul, Popov, Eugene S., Popoff, Orlando, Alvaro, Maria Prieto, Printzen, Christian, Psurtseva, Nadezhda, Purahong, Witoon, Quijada, Luis, Rambold, Gerhard, Ramirez, Natalia A., Raja, Huzefa, Raspe, Olivier, Raymundo, Tania, Reblova, Martina, Rebriev, Yury A., Garcia, Juan de Dios Reyes, Ripoll, Miguel Angel Ribes, Richard, Franck, Richardson, Mike J., Rico, Victor J., Robledo, Gerardo Lucio, Barbosa, Flavia Rodrigues, Rodriguez-Caycedo, Cristina, Rodriguez-Flakus, Pamela, Ronikier, Anna, Casas, Luis Rubio, Rusevska, Katerina, Saar, Gunter, Saar, Irja, Salcedo, Isabel, Martinez, Sergio M. Salcedo, Montoya, Carlos A. Salvador, Sanchez-Ramirez, Santiago, Sandoval-Sierra, J. Vladimir, Santamaria, Sergi, Monteiro, Josiane Santana, Schroers, Hans Josef, Schulz, Barbara, Schmidt-Stohn, Geert, Schumacher, Trond, Senn-Irlet, Beatrice, Sevcikova, Hana, Shchepin, Oleg, Shirouzu, Takashi, Shiryaev, Anton, Siepe, Klaus, Sir, Esteban B., Sohrabi, Mohammad, Soop, Karl, Spirin, Viacheslav, Spribille, Toby, Stadler, Marc, Stalpers, Joost, Stenroos, Soili, Suija, Ave, Sunhede, Stellan, Svantesson, Sten, Svensson, Sigvard, Svetasheva, Tatyana Yu, Swierkosz, Krzysztof, Tamm, Heidi, Taskin, Hatira, Taudiere, Adrien, Tedebrand, Jan-Olof, Lahoz, Raul Tena, Temina, Marina, Thell, Arne, Thines, Marco, Thor, Goren, Thus, Holger, Tibell, Leif, Tibell, Sanja, Timdal, Einar, Tkalcec, Zdenko, Tonsberg, Tor, Trichies, Gerard, Triebel, Dagmar, Tsurykau, Andrei, Tulloss, Rodham E., Tuovinen, Veera, Sosa, Miguel Ulloa, Urcelay, Carlos, Valade, Francois, Garza, Ricardo Valenzuela, van den Boom, Pieter, Van Vooren, Nicolas, Vasco-Palacios, Aida M., Vauras, Jukka, Santos, Juan Manuel Velasco, Vellinga, Else, Verbeken, Annemieke, Vetlesen, Per, Vizzini, Alfredo, Voglmayr, Hermann, Volobuev, Sergey, von Brackel, Wolfgang, Voronina, Elena, Walther, Grit, Watling, Roy, Weber, Evi, Wedin, Mats, Weholt, Oyvind, Westberg, Martin, Yurchenko, Eugene, Zehnalek, Petr, Zhang, Huang, Zhurbenko, Mikhail P., Ekman, Stefan, Zamora, Juan Carlos, Svensson, Måns, Kirschner, Roland, Olariaga, Ibai, Ryman, Svengunnar, Alberto Parra, Luis, Geml, Jozsef, Rosling, Anna, Adamcik, Slavomir, Ahti, Teuvo, Aime, M. Catherine, Ainsworth, A. Martyn, Albert, Laszlo, Alberto, Edgardo, Garcia, Alberto Altes, Ageev, Dmitry, Agerer, Reinhard, Aguirre-Hudson, Begona, Ammirati, Joe, Andersson, Harry, Angelini, Claudio, Antonin, Vladimir, Aoki, Takayuki, Aptroot, Andre, Argaud, Didier, Sosa, Blanca Imelda Arguello, Aronsen, Arne, Arup, Ulf, Asgari, Bita, Assyov, Boris, Atienza, Violeta, Bandini, Ditte, Baptista-Ferreira, Joao Luis, Baral, Hans-Otto, Baroni, Tim, Barreto, Robert Weingart, Baker, Henry, Bell, Ann, Bellanger, Jean-Michel, Bellu, Francesco, Bemmann, Martin, Bendiksby, Mika, Bendiksen, Egil, Bendiksen, Katriina, Benedek, Lajos, Beresova-Guttova, Anna, Berger, Franz, Berndt, Reinhard, Bernicchia, Annarosa, Biketova, Alona Yu, Bizio, Enrico, Bjork, Curtis, Boekhout, Teun, Boertmann, David, Bohning, Tanja, Boittin, Florent, Boluda, Carlos G., Boomsluiter, Menno W., Borovicka, Jan, Brandrud, Tor Erik, Braun, Uwe, Brodo, Irwin, Bulyonkova, Tatiana, Burdsall, Harold H., Jr., Buyck, Bart, Burgaz, Ana Rosa, Calatayud, Vicent, Callac, Philippe, Campo, Emanuele, Candusso, Massimo, Capoen, Brigitte, Carbo, Joaquim, Carbone, Matteo, Castaneda-Ruiz, Rafael F., Castellano, Michael A., Chen, Jie, Clerc, Philippe, Consiglio, Giovanni, Corriol, Gilles, Courtecuisse, Regis, Crespo, Ana, Cripps, Cathy, Crous, Pedro W., da Silva, Gladstone Alves, da Silva, Meiriele, Dam, Marjo, Dam, Nico, Dammrich, Frank, Das, Kanad, Davies, Linda, De Crop, Eske, De Kesel, Andre, De Lange, Ruben, Bonzi, Barbara De Madrignac, dela Cruz, Thomas Edison E., Delgat, Lynn, Demoulin, Vincent, Desjardin, Dennis E., Diederich, Paul, Dima, Balint, Dios, Maria Martha, Divakar, Pradeep Kumar, Douanla-Meli, Clovis, Douglas, Brian, Drechsler-Santos, Elisandro Ricardo, Dyer, Paul S., Eberhardt, Ursula, Ertz, Damien, Esteve-Raventos, Fernando, Salazar, Javier Angel Etayo, Evenson, Vera, Eyssartier, Guillaume, Farkas, Edit, Favre, Alain, Fedosova, Anna G., Filippa, Mario, Finy, Peter, Flakus, Adam, Fos, Simon, Fournier, Jacques, Fraiture, Andre, Franchi, Paolo, Molano, Ana Esperanza Franco, Friebes, Gernot, Frisch, Andreas, Fryday, Alan, Furci, Giuliana, Marquez, Ricardo Galan, Garbelotto, Matteo, Garcia-Martin, Joaquina Maria, Otalora, Monica A. 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P., Hafellner, Josef, Hairaud, Michel, Halama, Marek, Hallenberg, Nils, Halling, Roy E., Hansen, Karen, Harder, Christoffer Bugge, Heilmann-Clausen, Jacob, Helleman, Stip, Henriot, Alain, Hernandez-Restrepo, Margarita, Herve, Raphael, Hobart, Caroline, Hoffmeister, Mascha, Hoiland, Klaus, Holec, Jan, Holien, Hakon, Hughes, Karen, Hubka, Vit, Huhtinen, Seppo, Ivancevic, Boris, Jagers, Marian, Jaklitsch, Walter, Jansen, AnnaElise, Jayawardena, Ruvishika S., Jeppesen, Thomas Stjernegaard, Jeppson, Mikael, Johnston, Peter, Jorgensen, Per Magnus, Karnefelt, Ingvar, Kalinina, Liudmila B., Kantvilas, Gintaras, Karadelev, Mitko, Kasuya, Taiga, Kautmanova, Ivona, Kerrigan, Richard W., Kirchmair, Martin, Kiyashko, Anna, Knapp, Daniel G., Knudsen, Henning, Knudsen, Kerry, Knutsson, Tommy, Kolarik, Miroslav, Koljalg, Urmas, Kosuthova, Alica, Koszka, Attila, Kotiranta, Heikki, Kotkova, Vera, Koukol, Ondrej, Kout, Jiri, Kovacs, Gabor M., Kriz, Martin, Kruys, Asa, Kudera, Viktor, Kudzma, Linas, Kuhar, Francisco, Kukwa, Martin, Kumar, T. 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Abstract: Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11th International Mycological Congress (Puerto Rico, July 2018). We consider various genetic processes affecting the distribution of alleles among taxa and find that alleles may not consistently and uniquely represent the species within which they are contained. Should the proposals be accepted, the meaning of nomenclatural types would change in a fundamental way from physical objects as sources of data to the data themselves. Such changes are conducive to irreproducible science, the potential typification on artefactual data, and massive creation of names with low information content, ultimately causing nomenclatural instability and unnecessary work for future researchers that would stall future explorations of fungal diversity. We conclude that the acceptance of DNA sequences alone as types of names of taxa, under the terms used in the current proposals, is unnecessary and would not solve the problem of naming putative taxa known only from DNA sequences in a scientifically defensible way. As an alternative, we highlight the use of formulas for naming putative taxa (candidate taxa) that do not require any modification of the ICN.
Published: 2018
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6. Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa

Author: Zamora, Juan Carlos, Svensson, Måns, Kirschner, Roland, Olariaga, Ibai, Ryman, Svengunnar, Parra, Luis Alberto, Geml, József, Rosling, Anna, Adamčík, Slavomír, Ahti, Teuvo, Aime, M. Catherine, Ainsworth, A. 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Abstract: Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11th International Mycological Congress (Puerto Rico, July 2018). We consider various genetic processes affecting the distribution of alleles among taxa and find that alleles may not consistently and uniquely represent the species within which they are contained. Should the proposals be accepted, the meaning of nomenclatural types would change in a fundamental way from physical objects as sources of data to the data themselves. Such changes are conducive to irreproducible science, the potential typification on artefactual data, and massive creation of names with low information content, ultimately causing nomenclatural instability and unnecessary work for future researchers that would stall future explorations of fungal diversity. We conclude that the acceptance of DNA sequences alone as types of names of taxa, under the terms used in the current proposals, is unnecessary and would not solve the problem of naming putative taxa known only from DNA sequences in a scientifically defensible way. As an alternative, we highlight the use of formulas for naming putative taxa (candidate taxa) that do not require any modification of the ICN.
Published: 2018

7. Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa

Author: Zamora, Juan Carlos, Svensson, Måns, Kirschner, Roland, Olariaga, Ibai, Ryman, Svengunnar, Alberto Parra, Luis, Geml, Jozsef, Rosling, Anna, Adamcik, Slavomir, Ahti, Teuvo, Aime, M. Catherine, Ainsworth, A. 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Abstract: Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11th International Mycological Congress (Puerto Rico, July 2018). We consider various genetic processes affecting the distribution of alleles among taxa and find that alleles may not consistently and uniquely represent the species within which they are contained. Should the proposals be accepted, the meaning of nomenclatural types would change in a fundamental way from physical objects as sources of data to the data themselves. Such changes are conducive to irreproducible science, the potential typification on artefactual data, and massive creation of names with low information content, ultimately causing nomenclatural instability and unnecessary work for future researchers that would stall future explorations of fungal diversity. We conclude that the acceptance of DNA sequences alone as types of names of taxa, under the terms used in the current proposals, is unnecessary and would not solve the problem of naming putative taxa known only from DNA sequences in a scientifically defensible way. As an alternative, we highlight the use of formulas for naming putative taxa (candidate taxa) that do not require any modification of the ICN.
Published: 2018
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8. Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa

Author: Zamora, Juan Carlos, Svensson, Måns, Kirschner, Roland, Olariaga, Ibai, Ryman, Svengunnar, Parra, Luis Alberto, Geml, József, Rosling, Anna, Adamčík, Slavomír, Ahti, Teuvo, Aime, M. Catherine, Ainsworth, A. 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Abstract: Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11th International Mycological Congress (Puerto Rico, July 2018). We consider various genetic processes affecting the distribution of alleles among taxa and find that alleles may not consistently and uniquely represent the species within which they are contained. Should the proposals be accepted, the meaning of nomenclatural types would change in a fundamental way from physical objects as sources of data to the data themselves. Such changes are conducive to irreproducible science, the potential typification on artefactual data, and massive creation of names with low information content, ultimately causing nomenclatural instability and unnecessary work for future researchers that would stall future explorations of fungal diversity. We conclude that the acceptance of DNA sequences alone as types of names of taxa, under the terms used in the current proposals, is unnecessary and would not solve the problem of naming putative taxa known only from DNA sequences in a scientifically defensible way. As an alternative, we highlight the use of formulas for naming putative taxa (candidate taxa) that do not require any modification of the ICN.
Published: 2018

9. Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa

Author: Zamora, Juan Carlos, Svensson, Måns, Kirschner, Roland, Olariaga, Ibai, Ryman, Svengunnar, Alberto Parra, Luis, Geml, Jozsef, Rosling, Anna, Adamcik, Slavomir, Ahti, Teuvo, Aime, M. Catherine, Ainsworth, A. 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P., Hafellner, Josef, Hairaud, Michel, Halama, Marek, Hallenberg, Nils, Halling, Roy E., Hansen, Karen, Harder, Christoffer Bugge, Heilmann-Clausen, Jacob, Helleman, Stip, Henriot, Alain, Hernandez-Restrepo, Margarita, Herve, Raphael, Hobart, Caroline, Hoffmeister, Mascha, Hoiland, Klaus, Holec, Jan, Holien, Hakon, Hughes, Karen, Hubka, Vit, Huhtinen, Seppo, Ivancevic, Boris, Jagers, Marian, Jaklitsch, Walter, Jansen, AnnaElise, Jayawardena, Ruvishika S., Jeppesen, Thomas Stjernegaard, Jeppson, Mikael, Johnston, Peter, Jorgensen, Per Magnus, Karnefelt, Ingvar, Kalinina, Liudmila B., Kantvilas, Gintaras, Karadelev, Mitko, Kasuya, Taiga, Kautmanova, Ivona, Kerrigan, Richard W., Kirchmair, Martin, Kiyashko, Anna, Knapp, Daniel G., Knudsen, Henning, Knudsen, Kerry, Knutsson, Tommy, Kolarik, Miroslav, Koljalg, Urmas, Kosuthova, Alica, Koszka, Attila, Kotiranta, Heikki, Kotkova, Vera, Koukol, Ondrej, Kout, Jiri, Kovacs, Gabor M., Kriz, Martin, Kruys, Asa, Kudera, Viktor, Kudzma, Linas, Kuhar, Francisco, Kukwa, Martin, Kumar, T. K. Arun, Kunca, Vladimir, Kusan, Ivana, Kuyper, Thomas W., Lado, Carlos, Laessoe, Thomas, Laine, Patrice, Langer, Ewald, Larsson, Ellen, Larsson, Karl-Henrik, Laursen, Gary, Lechat, Christian, Lee, Serena, Lendemer, James C., Levin, Laura, Lindemann, Uwe, Lindstrom, Hakan, Liu, Xingzhong, Hernandez, Regulo Carlos Llarena, Llop, Esteve, Locsmandi, Csaba, Lodge, Deborah Jean, Loizides, Michael, Lokos, Laszlo, Luangsa-ard, Jennifer, Luderitz, Matthias, Lumbsch, Thorsten, Lutz, Matthias, Mahoney, Dan, Malysheva, Ekaterina, Malysheva, Vera, Manimohan, Patinjareveettil, Mann-Felix, Yasmina, Marques, Guilhermina, Martinez-Gil, Ruben, Marson, Guy, Mata, Gerardo, Matheny, P. Brandon, Mathiassen, Geir Harald, Matocec, Neven, Mayrhofer, Helmut, Mehrabi, Mehdi, Melo, Ireneia, Mesic, Armin, Methven, Andrew S., Miettinen, Otto, Romero, Ana M. 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Perez-De-Gregorio, del Amo, Carlos Manuel Perez, Gorjon, Sergio Perez, Perez-Ortega, Sergio, Perez-Vargas, Israel, Perry, Brian A., Petersen, Jens H., Petersen, Ronald H., Pfister, Donald H., Phukhamsakda, Chayanard, Piatek, Marcin, Piepenbring, Meike, Pino-Bodas, Raquel, Esquivel, Juan Pablo Pinzon, Pirot, Paul, Popov, Eugene S., Popoff, Orlando, Alvaro, Maria Prieto, Printzen, Christian, Psurtseva, Nadezhda, Purahong, Witoon, Quijada, Luis, Rambold, Gerhard, Ramirez, Natalia A., Raja, Huzefa, Raspe, Olivier, Raymundo, Tania, Reblova, Martina, Rebriev, Yury A., Garcia, Juan de Dios Reyes, Ripoll, Miguel Angel Ribes, Richard, Franck, Richardson, Mike J., Rico, Victor J., Robledo, Gerardo Lucio, Barbosa, Flavia Rodrigues, Rodriguez-Caycedo, Cristina, Rodriguez-Flakus, Pamela, Ronikier, Anna, Casas, Luis Rubio, Rusevska, Katerina, Saar, Gunter, Saar, Irja, Salcedo, Isabel, Martinez, Sergio M. Salcedo, Montoya, Carlos A. Salvador, Sanchez-Ramirez, Santiago, Sandoval-Sierra, J. Vladimir, Santamaria, Sergi, Monteiro, Josiane Santana, Schroers, Hans Josef, Schulz, Barbara, Schmidt-Stohn, Geert, Schumacher, Trond, Senn-Irlet, Beatrice, Sevcikova, Hana, Shchepin, Oleg, Shirouzu, Takashi, Shiryaev, Anton, Siepe, Klaus, Sir, Esteban B., Sohrabi, Mohammad, Soop, Karl, Spirin, Viacheslav, Spribille, Toby, Stadler, Marc, Stalpers, Joost, Stenroos, Soili, Suija, Ave, Sunhede, Stellan, Svantesson, Sten, Svensson, Sigvard, Svetasheva, Tatyana Yu, Swierkosz, Krzysztof, Tamm, Heidi, Taskin, Hatira, Taudiere, Adrien, Tedebrand, Jan-Olof, Lahoz, Raul Tena, Temina, Marina, Thell, Arne, Thines, Marco, Thor, Goren, Thus, Holger, Tibell, Leif, Tibell, Sanja, Timdal, Einar, Tkalcec, Zdenko, Tonsberg, Tor, Trichies, Gerard, Triebel, Dagmar, Tsurykau, Andrei, Tulloss, Rodham E., Tuovinen, Veera, Sosa, Miguel Ulloa, Urcelay, Carlos, Valade, Francois, Garza, Ricardo Valenzuela, van den Boom, Pieter, Van Vooren, Nicolas, Vasco-Palacios, Aida M., Vauras, Jukka, Santos, Juan Manuel Velasco, Vellinga, Else, Verbeken, Annemieke, Vetlesen, Per, Vizzini, Alfredo, Voglmayr, Hermann, Volobuev, Sergey, von Brackel, Wolfgang, Voronina, Elena, Walther, Grit, Watling, Roy, Weber, Evi, Wedin, Mats, Weholt, Oyvind, Westberg, Martin, Yurchenko, Eugene, Zehnalek, Petr, Zhang, Huang, Zhurbenko, Mikhail P., and Ekman, Stefan
Abstract: Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11th International Mycological Congress (Puerto Rico, July 2018). We consider various genetic processes affecting the distribution of alleles among taxa and find that alleles may not consistently and uniquely represent the species within which they are contained. Should the proposals be accepted, the meaning of nomenclatural types would change in a fundamental way from physical objects as sources of data to the data themselves. Such changes are conducive to irreproducible science, the potential typification on artefactual data, and massive creation of names with low information content, ultimately causing nomenclatural instability and unnecessary work for future researchers that would stall future explorations of fungal diversity. We conclude that the acceptance of DNA sequences alone as types of names of taxa, under the terms used in the current proposals, is unnecessary and would not solve the problem of naming putative taxa known only from DNA sequences in a scientifically defensible way. As an alternative, we highlight the use of formulas for naming putative taxa (candidate taxa) that do not require any modification of the ICN.
Published: 2018
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9 results on '"Hairaud, Michel"'

1. Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa

2. Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa

3. Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa

4. Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa

5. Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa

6. Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa

7. Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa

8. Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa

9. Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa

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