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Undoubtedly hydrocyclones play a critical role in powder technology, which can considerably affect the plants' process efficiency. However, hydrocyclones were rarely modeled on an industrial scale, where a model can be used to train operators and minimize potential scale-up errors and lab costs. The novel approach for filling such a gap would be using conscious lab "CL" as a new concept that builds based on an industrial dataset and explainable artificial intelligence (XAI). As a novel approach, this study developed a CL and explored the interactions between hydrocyclone variables by the most recent XAI method called "SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP)", and a novel machine-learning model, "CatBoost". The hydrocyclone output and the particle size of the plant magnetic separator were modeled by SHAP-CatBoost. SHAP could successfully model all the relationships, and CatBoost could predict the O80 and K80, where outcomes had a higher accuracy (R2 similar to 0.90) than other conventional AIs., Validerad;2023;Nivå 2;2023-04-18 (hanlid);Funder: CAMM3, the Center of Advanced Mining and Metallurgy, Luleå University of Technology

Undoubtedly hydrocyclones play a critical role in powder technology, which can considerably affect the plants' process efficiency. However, hydrocyclones were rarely modeled on an industrial scale, where a model can be used to train operators and minimize potential scale-up errors and lab costs. The novel approach for filling such a gap would be using conscious lab "CL" as a new concept that builds based on an industrial dataset and explainable artificial intelligence (XAI). As a novel approach, this study developed a CL and explored the interactions between hydrocyclone variables by the most recent XAI method called "SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP)", and a novel machine-learning model, "CatBoost". The hydrocyclone output and the particle size of the plant magnetic separator were modeled by SHAP-CatBoost. SHAP could successfully model all the relationships, and CatBoost could predict the O80 and K80, where outcomes had a higher accuracy (R2 similar to 0.90) than other conventional AIs., Validerad;2023;Nivå 2;2023-04-18 (hanlid);Funder: CAMM3, the Center of Advanced Mining and Metallurgy, Luleå University of Technology

This dissertation investigates the flow physics, turbulence structure, and particle classification process in hydrocyclones using large-eddy simulations of turbulent multiphase flow. Two types of hydrocyclones are considered. The first is a classifying hydrocyclone, and the second is a mineral flotation hydrocyclone, also known as an air-sparged hydrocyclone (ASH). Large-eddy simulations (LES) are conducted for multi-phase flow (air, water, and sand particles) so that the complex anisotropic turbulence of a swirling flow is computed correctly. The effects of mesh refinements on the mean flow and turbulence stresses are investigated, and (LES) results are validated by comparisons with experimental data for classifying hydrocyclone. The two-phase flow in air-sparged hydrocyclone has not been analyzed before. ANSYS CFX software V17.2 has been used to conduct the simulations. Firstly, large-eddy simulations have been conducted for two-phase flow (water and air) in a conventional hydrocyclone using the Eulerian two-fluid (Eulerian-Eulerian) and Volume-of- Fluid (VOF) models. Subgrid stresses are modeled using a dynamic eddy–viscosity model, and results are compared to those using the Smagorinsky model. The effects of grid resolutions on the mean flow and turbulence statistics have been thoroughly investigated. Five block-structured grids of 0.72, 1.47, 2.4, 3.81, and 7.38 million elements have been used for the simulations of a typical conventional hydrocyclone designed and tested by Hsieh (75 mm hydrocyclone) [1]. Mean velocity profiles and normal Reynolds stresses have been compared with experimental data. The results of the Eulerian two-fluid model agree with those of the VOF model. A fine mesh in the axial and radial directions is necessary for capturing the turbulent vortical structures. Turbulence structures in the hydrocyclone are dominated by helical vortices around the air core. Energy spectra are analyzed at different points in the hydrocyclone, and regions of

The performance of multiphase flow processes is often determined by the distribution of phases inside the equipment. However, controllers in the field are typically implemented based on flow variables, which are simpler to measure, but indirectly connected to performance (e.g., pressure). Tomography has been used in the study of the distribution of phases of multiphase flows for decades, but only recently, the temporal resolution of the technique was sufficient for real-time reconstructions of the flow. Due to the strong connection between the performance and distribution of phases, it is expected that the introduction of tomography to the real-time control of multiphase flows will lead to substantial improvements in the system performance in relation to the current controllers in the field. This paper uses a gas–liquid inline swirl separator to analyze the possibilities and limitations of tomography-based real-time control of multiphase flow processes. Experiments were performed in the separator using a wire-mesh sensor (WMS) and a high-speed camera to show that multiphase flows have two components in their dynamics: one intrinsic to its nonlinear physics, occurring independent of external process disturbances, and one due to process disturbances (e.g., changes in the flow rates of the installation). Moreover, it is shown that the intrinsic dynamics propagate from upstream to inside the separator and can be used in predictive and feedforward control strategies. In addition to the WMS experiments, a proportional–integral feedback controller based on electrical resistance tomography (ERT) was implemented in the separator, with successful results in relation to the control of the distribution of phases and impact on the performance of the process: the capture of gas was increased from 76% to 93% of the total gas with the tomography-based controller. The results obtained with the inline swirl separator are extended in the perspective of the tomography-based control, ChemE/Transport Phenomena

The performance of multiphase flow processes is often determined by the distribution of phases inside the equipment. However, controllers in the field are typically implemented based on flow variables, which are simpler to measure, but indirectly connected to performance (e.g., pressure). Tomography has been used in the study of the distribution of phases of multiphase flows for decades, but only recently, the temporal resolution of the technique was sufficient for real-time reconstructions of the flow. Due to the strong connection between the performance and distribution of phases, it is expected that the introduction of tomography to the real-time control of multiphase flows will lead to substantial improvements in the system performance in relation to the current controllers in the field. This paper uses a gas–liquid inline swirl separator to analyze the possibilities and limitations of tomography-based real-time control of multiphase flow processes. Experiments were performed in the separator using a wire-mesh sensor (WMS) and a high-speed camera to show that multiphase flows have two components in their dynamics: one intrinsic to its nonlinear physics, occurring independent of external process disturbances, and one due to process disturbances (e.g., changes in the flow rates of the installation). Moreover, it is shown that the intrinsic dynamics propagate from upstream to inside the separator and can be used in predictive and feedforward control strategies. In addition to the WMS experiments, a proportional–integral feedback controller based on electrical resistance tomography (ERT) was implemented in the separator, with successful results in relation to the control of the distribution of phases and impact on the performance of the process: the capture of gas was increased from 76% to 93% of the total gas with the tomography-based controller. The results obtained with the inline swirl separator are extended in the perspective of the tomography-based control of

The performance of multiphase flow processes is often determined by the distribution of phases inside the equipment. However, controllers in the field are typically implemented based on flow variables, which are simpler to measure, but indirectly connected to performance (e.g., pressure). Tomography has been used in the study of the distribution of phases of multiphase flows for decades, but only recently, the temporal resolution of the technique was sufficient for real-time reconstructions of the flow. Due to the strong connection between the performance and distribution of phases, it is expected that the introduction of tomography to the real-time control of multiphase flows will lead to substantial improvements in the system performance in relation to the current controllers in the field. This paper uses a gas–liquid inline swirl separator to analyze the possibilities and limitations of tomography-based real-time control of multiphase flow processes. Experiments were performed in the separator using a wire-mesh sensor (WMS) and a high-speed camera to show that multiphase flows have two components in their dynamics: one intrinsic to its nonlinear physics, occurring independent of external process disturbances, and one due to process disturbances (e.g., changes in the flow rates of the installation). Moreover, it is shown that the intrinsic dynamics propagate from upstream to inside the separator and can be used in predictive and feedforward control strategies. In addition to the WMS experiments, a proportional–integral feedback controller based on electrical resistance tomography (ERT) was implemented in the separator, with successful results in relation to the control of the distribution of phases and impact on the performance of the process: the capture of gas was increased from 76% to 93% of the total gas with the tomography-based controller. The results obtained with the inline swirl separator are extended in the perspective of the tomography-based control, ChemE/Transport Phenomena

Suspended sludge deammonification technologies are frequently applied for sidestream ammonia removal from dewatering liquors resulting from a thermal hydrolysis anaerobic digestion (THP/AD) process. This study aimed at optimizing the operation, evaluate the performance and stability of a full-scale suspended sludge continuous stirred tank reactor (S-CSTR) with a hydrocy-clone for anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AMX) biomass separation. The S-CSTR operated at a range of nitrogen loading rates of 0.08–0.39 kg N m−3 d−1 displaying nitrogen removal efficiencies of 75–89%. The hydrocyclone was responsible for retaining 56–83% of the AMX biomass and the washout of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) was two times greater than AMX. The solid retention time (SRT) impacted on NOB washout, that ranged from 0.02–0.07 d−1 . Additionally, it was demonstrated that an SRT of 11–13 d was adequate to wash-out NOB. Microbiome analysis revealed a higher AMX abundance (Candidatus scalindua) in the reactor through the action of the hydrocyclone. Overall, this study established the optimal operational envelope for deammonification from THP/AD dewatering liquors and the role of the hydrocyclone towards maintaining AMX in the S-CSTR and hence obtain process stability., BT/Environmental Biotechnology

Microfibers, textile fibres shorter than 5 mm, and are shed from fabrics during wear and released into the laundry effluent during washing. When passed through the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), they adsorb toxins, heavy metals and pathogens before being released into the environment. Synthetic microfibers persist for long periods of time in aquatic environments and very little is known about the degradation of processed natural fibres. Hydrocyclonic separation was studied as a way to separate the microfibers from the effluent before being they get additionally contaminated at the WWTP. A hydrocyclone has no moving parts and functions by utilizing centrifugal force and the difference in specific gravity between the fluid and the particles that are to be separated. The separation efficiency is dependent on its dimensional and operation parameters. No previous studies on hydrocyclonic separation of microfibres were found. Polyester fleece blankets were washed. The effluent was filtered, and the filters weighed to determine the mass of the separated fibres. Sampling of the inhomogeneous effluent presented a challenge and larger sample volumes would be needed to adequately represent the population. Using a Büchner funnel, filter fouling led to filtration times of up to 6 h for 1 l of effluent. Dividing the 1 l samples into two 0.5 l samples, filtering separately and adding the weight reduced filtration time to 2 h and the results were not significantly different from filtering the whole 1 l sample with one filter. The hydrocyclones tested separated around 11% of the total weight of microfibers in the effluent, too low to be deemed viable. As only a few dimensional variables were tested, it could possible that a higher fraction could be separated with this method. Given that the commercially available filtration systems separate 30-80%, refining existing methods may yield better results.

Microfibers, textile fibres shorter than 5 mm, and are shed from fabrics during wear and released into the laundry effluent during washing. When passed through the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), they adsorb toxins, heavy metals and pathogens before being released into the environment. Synthetic microfibers persist for long periods of time in aquatic environments and very little is known about the degradation of processed natural fibres. Hydrocyclonic separation was studied as a way to separate the microfibers from the effluent before being they get additionally contaminated at the WWTP. A hydrocyclone has no moving parts and functions by utilizing centrifugal force and the difference in specific gravity between the fluid and the particles that are to be separated. The separation efficiency is dependent on its dimensional and operation parameters. No previous studies on hydrocyclonic separation of microfibres were found. Polyester fleece blankets were washed. The effluent was filtered, and the filters weighed to determine the mass of the separated fibres. Sampling of the inhomogeneous effluent presented a challenge and larger sample volumes would be needed to adequately represent the population. Using a Büchner funnel, filter fouling led to filtration times of up to 6 h for 1 l of effluent. Dividing the 1 l samples into two 0.5 l samples, filtering separately and adding the weight reduced filtration time to 2 h and the results were not significantly different from filtering the whole 1 l sample with one filter. The hydrocyclones tested separated around 11% of the total weight of microfibers in the effluent, too low to be deemed viable. As only a few dimensional variables were tested, it could possible that a higher fraction could be separated with this method. Given that the commercially available filtration systems separate 30-80%, refining existing methods may yield better results.

Suspended sludge deammonification technologies are frequently applied for sidestream ammonia removal from dewatering liquors resulting from a thermal hydrolysis anaerobic digestion (THP/AD) process. This study aimed at optimizing the operation, evaluate the performance and stability of a full-scale suspended sludge continuous stirred tank reactor (S-CSTR) with a hydrocy-clone for anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AMX) biomass separation. The S-CSTR operated at a range of nitrogen loading rates of 0.08–0.39 kg N m−3 d−1 displaying nitrogen removal efficiencies of 75–89%. The hydrocyclone was responsible for retaining 56–83% of the AMX biomass and the washout of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) was two times greater than AMX. The solid retention time (SRT) impacted on NOB washout, that ranged from 0.02–0.07 d−1 . Additionally, it was demonstrated that an SRT of 11–13 d was adequate to wash-out NOB. Microbiome analysis revealed a higher AMX abundance (Candidatus scalindua) in the reactor through the action of the hydrocyclone. Overall, this study established the optimal operational envelope for deammonification from THP/AD dewatering liquors and the role of the hydrocyclone towards maintaining AMX in the S-CSTR and hence obtain process stability., BT/Environmental Biotechnology

This work investigated the possibility of using membrane hydrocyclone as a separator to recover the silicon carbide powder. The weight percentage of silicon carbide powder is 62.9%. Classifying these powders by a 2.5 cm-diameter hydrocyclone that equips membrane tube in the center position, overflow and underflow are obtained. The results of the primary separation show that the overflow and underflow are about half of the proportion of solid, but silicon carbide powder content in the overflow is higher. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the recovery of silicon carbide powder contained in the overflow.

Voluminous piles of mine waste generated over several decades of iron ore mining (c.17 Mt) are dumped near the Oraghat iron ore mine, Bonai-Keonjhar belt, Odisha, causing immense environmental and disposal problems. The pile of waste containing low Fe (c.51%) and high Al2O3 (c.13%) with SiO2 (c.6%) is not suitable for iron-making and hence considered as waste. The major minerals identified under a reflected light microscope and XRD are haematite, goethite/limonite and gibbsite with minor kaolinite and quartz. Size classification of mine-dump samples shows enrichment of gibbsite and kaolinite in finer fractions smaller than 1 mm. The bulk sample was ground below 1 mm size and deslimed using a hydrocyclone. The cyclone overflow (c.21%) was rejected and the underflow material (c.79%) was processed through a wet high-intensity magnetic separator. The feed having 51% Fe was upgraded to 63% Fe with 40% yield and 49% recovery. The final product can suitably be utilised as a sinter feed. (Authors.), Voluminous piles of mine waste generated over several decades of iron ore mining (c.17 Mt) are dumped near the Oraghat iron ore mine, Bonai-Keonjhar belt, Odisha, causing immense environmental and disposal problems. The pile of waste containing low Fe (c.51%) and high Al2O3 (c.13%) with SiO2 (c.6%) is not suitable for iron-making and hence considered as waste. The major minerals identified under a reflected light microscope and XRD are haematite, goethite/limonite and gibbsite with minor kaolinite and quartz. Size classification of mine-dump samples shows enrichment of gibbsite and kaolinite in finer fractions smaller than 1 mm. The bulk sample was ground below 1 mm size and deslimed using a hydrocyclone. The cyclone overflow (c.21%) was rejected and the underflow material (c.79%) was processed through a wet high-intensity magnetic separator. The feed having 51% Fe was upgraded to 63% Fe with 40% yield and 49% recovery. The final product can suitably be utilised as a sinter feed. (Authors.)

Para el desarrollo de este proyecto, se efectuaron simulaciones con dos softwares especializados (PROSPER Y WELLCAT), mediante los cuales se efectuó análisis nodal y análisis de esfuerzos para el completamiento, esto con el fin de identificar las condiciones operativas óptimas para una correcta instalación del hidrociclón en campo. Posteriormente, se lleva a cabo una descripción detallada de las operaciones a realizar, en las cuales se tiene en cuenta la conversión de un pozo productor a inyector, con sus respectivos tiempos y pasos a seguir. Finalmente se lleva a cabo un análisis financiero, que tiene como objetivo identificar la viabilidad del proyecto. Este se desarrolla mediante un diagrama de flujo de egresos, obteniendo al final un diferencial de los valores VPN para los procesos actuales, es decir la instalación de las facilidades de producción y tratamiento de agua, y el caso planteado en este proyecto, la instalación del hidrociclón, dando como resultado unos costos operativos bajos a una proyección de diez años.

En este proyecto se presentan los métodos más usados en la separación de fluidos de producción enfocados principalmente al tratamiento del agua de producción, y se presentan las generalidades de los hidrociclones usados en la industria petrolera, como lo son los desarenadores en la fase de perforación y los desaceitadores en la fase de producción; haciendo una descripción detallada en los hidrociclones tipo desaceitadores, donde se definen de forma general los parámetros de diseño y de forma detallada los parámetros de operación y la afectación que tienen sobre la eficiencia de separación. La empresa ASAP utiliza como método de tratamiento de aguas residuales los hidrociclones desaceitadores, pero actualmente no tienen los rangos de operación más efectivos para la implementación en campo, y es por ello que su instalación es empírica y se basa en el método de ensayo y error. Para encontrar esos rangos de operación se realizan simulaciones computacionales las cuales muestran el comportamiento de los fluidos dentro del hidrociclón y permiten su análisis. Además, los resultados generados serán reunidos y expuestos por medio de una matriz de resultados con el fin de tecnificar la instalación de los hidrociclones. Finalmente se realiza una evaluación financiera comparando el método de selección utilizado por la empresa y el propuesto por el proyecto. Para realizar la evaluación se utiliza como indicador financiero el costo anual uniforme equivalente (CAUE), el cual muestra una proyección a 5 años del ahorro generado por la empresa al implementar el proyecto.

Para el desarrollo de este proyecto, se efectuaron simulaciones con dos softwares especializados (PROSPER Y WELLCAT), mediante los cuales se efectuó análisis nodal y análisis de esfuerzos para el completamiento, esto con el fin de identificar las condiciones operativas óptimas para una correcta instalación del hidrociclón en campo. Posteriormente, se lleva a cabo una descripción detallada de las operaciones a realizar, en las cuales se tiene en cuenta la conversión de un pozo productor a inyector, con sus respectivos tiempos y pasos a seguir. Finalmente se lleva a cabo un análisis financiero, que tiene como objetivo identificar la viabilidad del proyecto. Este se desarrolla mediante un diagrama de flujo de egresos, obteniendo al final un diferencial de los valores VPN para los procesos actuales, es decir la instalación de las facilidades de producción y tratamiento de agua, y el caso planteado en este proyecto, la instalación del hidrociclón, dando como resultado unos costos operativos bajos a una proyección de diez años.

Hydrocyclone density-driven particle separation may offer up improved settling performance for wastewater treatment facilities experiencing poor settleability. Hydrocyclones are fed mixed liquor through the feed inlet and experience a centrifugal motion that separates solids based on density. The variation in hydrocyclone nozzle sizes will report different calculated hydraulic and mass split percentages for the overflow and underflow. Previous research conducted with hydrocyclones have at multiple full-scale facilities used a 10 m3/hr hydrocyclone to promote better settleability as well as aid the formation of aerobic granular sludge (AGS). There has been a multitude of settling improvement experiments and initiatives for full scale wastewater treatment. However, little research has been produced utilizing larger hydrocyclones (20 m3/hr) at a full-scale wastewater treatment facility during continuous operation. Two Hampton Roads Sanitation District (HRSD) plants served as sites for this research: James River (JR) Wastewater Treatment Plant located in Newport News, VA and Urbanna (UB) Wastewater Treatment Plant located in Urbanna, VA. Both treatment facilities have utilized the hydrocyclone for more than two years, to fulfill wasting requirements. The JR plant operates the hydrocyclone continuously for wasting purposes, while UB only uses the hydrocyclone for approximately 30-45 minutes per day. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the hydrocyclone and its overall impact on settleability at the JR plant, eight hydrocyclones were installed. JR samples were taken from the underflow sample port (representing a mixture of underflow samples representing the number of hydrocyclones operational at the sample time) and overflow samples were taken from the outfall point of a single hydrocyclone. The UB plant only operated one 5 m3/hr hydrocyclone on Treatment Train 1 during wasting operations, while Treatment Train 2 served as the control train for the duration of this r

En este proyecto se presentan los métodos más usados en la separación de fluidos de producción enfocados principalmente al tratamiento del agua de producción, y se presentan las generalidades de los hidrociclones usados en la industria petrolera, como lo son los desarenadores en la fase de perforación y los desaceitadores en la fase de producción; haciendo una descripción detallada en los hidrociclones tipo desaceitadores, donde se definen de forma general los parámetros de diseño y de forma detallada los parámetros de operación y la afectación que tienen sobre la eficiencia de separación. La empresa ASAP utiliza como método de tratamiento de aguas residuales los hidrociclones desaceitadores, pero actualmente no tienen los rangos de operación más efectivos para la implementación en campo, y es por ello que su instalación es empírica y se basa en el método de ensayo y error. Para encontrar esos rangos de operación se realizan simulaciones computacionales las cuales muestran el comportamiento de los fluidos dentro del hidrociclón y permiten su análisis. Además, los resultados generados serán reunidos y expuestos por medio de una matriz de resultados con el fin de tecnificar la instalación de los hidrociclones. Finalmente se realiza una evaluación financiera comparando el método de selección utilizado por la empresa y el propuesto por el proyecto. Para realizar la evaluación se utiliza como indicador financiero el costo anual uniforme equivalente (CAUE), el cual muestra una proyección a 5 años del ahorro generado por la empresa al implementar el proyecto.

Para el desarrollo de este proyecto, se efectuaron simulaciones con dos softwares especializados (PROSPER Y WELLCAT), mediante los cuales se efectuó análisis nodal y análisis de esfuerzos para el completamiento, esto con el fin de identificar las condiciones operativas óptimas para una correcta instalación del hidrociclón en campo. Posteriormente, se lleva a cabo una descripción detallada de las operaciones a realizar, en las cuales se tiene en cuenta la conversión de un pozo productor a inyector, con sus respectivos tiempos y pasos a seguir. Finalmente se lleva a cabo un análisis financiero, que tiene como objetivo identificar la viabilidad del proyecto. Este se desarrolla mediante un diagrama de flujo de egresos, obteniendo al final un diferencial de los valores VPN para los procesos actuales, es decir la instalación de las facilidades de producción y tratamiento de agua, y el caso planteado en este proyecto, la instalación del hidrociclón, dando como resultado unos costos operativos bajos a una proyección de diez años.

Para el desarrollo de este proyecto, se efectuaron simulaciones con dos softwares especializados (PROSPER Y WELLCAT), mediante los cuales se efectuó análisis nodal y análisis de esfuerzos para el completamiento, esto con el fin de identificar las condiciones operativas óptimas para una correcta instalación del hidrociclón en campo. Posteriormente, se lleva a cabo una descripción detallada de las operaciones a realizar, en las cuales se tiene en cuenta la conversión de un pozo productor a inyector, con sus respectivos tiempos y pasos a seguir. Finalmente se lleva a cabo un análisis financiero, que tiene como objetivo identificar la viabilidad del proyecto. Este se desarrolla mediante un diagrama de flujo de egresos, obteniendo al final un diferencial de los valores VPN para los procesos actuales, es decir la instalación de las facilidades de producción y tratamiento de agua, y el caso planteado en este proyecto, la instalación del hidrociclón, dando como resultado unos costos operativos bajos a una proyección de diez años.

En este proyecto se presentan los métodos más usados en la separación de fluidos de producción enfocados principalmente al tratamiento del agua de producción, y se presentan las generalidades de los hidrociclones usados en la industria petrolera, como lo son los desarenadores en la fase de perforación y los desaceitadores en la fase de producción; haciendo una descripción detallada en los hidrociclones tipo desaceitadores, donde se definen de forma general los parámetros de diseño y de forma detallada los parámetros de operación y la afectación que tienen sobre la eficiencia de separación. La empresa ASAP utiliza como método de tratamiento de aguas residuales los hidrociclones desaceitadores, pero actualmente no tienen los rangos de operación más efectivos para la implementación en campo, y es por ello que su instalación es empírica y se basa en el método de ensayo y error. Para encontrar esos rangos de operación se realizan simulaciones computacionales las cuales muestran el comportamiento de los fluidos dentro del hidrociclón y permiten su análisis. Además, los resultados generados serán reunidos y expuestos por medio de una matriz de resultados con el fin de tecnificar la instalación de los hidrociclones. Finalmente se realiza una evaluación financiera comparando el método de selección utilizado por la empresa y el propuesto por el proyecto. Para realizar la evaluación se utiliza como indicador financiero el costo anual uniforme equivalente (CAUE), el cual muestra una proyección a 5 años del ahorro generado por la empresa al implementar el proyecto.

Para el desarrollo de este proyecto, se efectuaron simulaciones con dos softwares especializados (PROSPER Y WELLCAT), mediante los cuales se efectuó análisis nodal y análisis de esfuerzos para el completamiento, esto con el fin de identificar las condiciones operativas óptimas para una correcta instalación del hidrociclón en campo. Posteriormente, se lleva a cabo una descripción detallada de las operaciones a realizar, en las cuales se tiene en cuenta la conversión de un pozo productor a inyector, con sus respectivos tiempos y pasos a seguir. Finalmente se lleva a cabo un análisis financiero, que tiene como objetivo identificar la viabilidad del proyecto. Este se desarrolla mediante un diagrama de flujo de egresos, obteniendo al final un diferencial de los valores VPN para los procesos actuales, es decir la instalación de las facilidades de producción y tratamiento de agua, y el caso planteado en este proyecto, la instalación del hidrociclón, dando como resultado unos costos operativos bajos a una proyección de diez años.

Работа посвящена современным способам интенсификации процесса деаэрации и снижения затрат за счет многоступенчатого процесса, включающего предварительную дегазацию воды в закрученном потоке. Автор рассматривает теоретические основы центробежно-вихревого метода деаэрации, раскрывает особенности комбинированного использования вихревой и термической деаэрации, а также приводит и обрабатывает результаты опытно-промышленных исследований деаэрационных установок., The work is devoted to modern methods intensification of de-aeration and reduce the cost of the process due to the multi-stage process comprising pre-degassed water into a swirling stream. The author examines the theoretical basis of centrifugal vortex method of de-aeration, reveals features the combined use of a vortex and thermal de-aeration, as well as results and processes the results of pilot studies de-aeration plants.

The hydrocyclone is widely used throughout the mineral processing industry when working with slurries. It is either used for classifying, desliming or dewatering. Hydrocyclones are inexpensive, application-efficient and relatively small to employ. In order to quantify its separation efficiency, models are utilised to estimate the cut-size and sharpness of classification coefficient, usually in the form of a partition curve. Most models are based on experimentally obtained data and are therefore not always universally applicable. Over the last decade researchers have started employing Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) in order to obtain a dynamic model. This study endeavoured to use experimentally acquired data to develop models that predict the cut-size. The models are discussed and evaluated in detail and the best predicting model was compared to a conventional model from literature

The hydrocyclone is widely used throughout the mineral processing industry when working with slurries. It is either used for classifying, desliming or dewatering. Hydrocyclones are inexpensive, application-efficient and relatively small to employ. In order to quantify its separation efficiency, models are utilised to estimate the cut-size and sharpness of classification coefficient, usually in the form of a partition curve. Most models are based on experimentally obtained data and are therefore not always universally applicable. Over the last decade researchers have started employing Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) in order to obtain a dynamic model. This study endeavoured to use experimentally acquired data to develop models that predict the cut-size. The models are discussed and evaluated in detail and the best predicting model was compared to a conventional model from literature

Mechanical pulps are used in paper products such as magazine or news grade printing papers or paperboard. Mechanical pulping gives a high yield; nearly everything in the tree except the bark is used in the paper. This means that mechanical pulping consumes much less wood than chemical pulping, especially to produce a unit area of printing surface. A drawback of mechanical pulp production is the high amounts of electrical energy needed to separate and refine the fibers to a given fiber quality. Mechanical pulps are often produced from slow growing spruce trees of forests in the northern hemisphere resulting in long, slender fibers that are well suited for mechanical pulp products. These fibers have large varieties in geometry, mainly wall thickness and width, depending on seasonal variations and growth conditions. Earlywood fibers typically have thin walls and latewood fibers thick. The background to this study was that a more detailed fiber characterization involving evaluations of distributions of fiber characteristics, may give improved possibilities to optimize the mechanical pulping process and thereby reduce the total electric energy needed to reach a given quality of the pulp and final product. This would result in improved competitiveness as well as less environmental impact. This study evaluated the relation between fiber characteristics in three types of mechanical pulps made from Norway spruce (Picea abies), thermomechanical pulp(TMP), stone groundwood pulp (SGW) and chemithermomechanical pulp (CTMP). In addition, the influence of fibers from these pulp types on sheet characteristics, mainly tensile index, was studied. A comparatively rapid method was presented on how to evaluate the propensity of each fiber to form sheets of high tensile index, by the use of raw data from a commercially available fiber analyzer (FiberLabTM). The developed method gives novel opportunities of evaluating the effect on the fibers of each stage in the mechanical pulping proces

Mechanical pulps are used in paper products such as magazine or news grade printing papers or paperboard. Mechanical pulping gives a high yield; nearly everything in the tree except the bark is used in the paper. This means that mechanical pulping consumes much less wood than chemical pulping, especially to produce a unit area of printing surface. A drawback of mechanical pulp production is the high amounts of electrical energy needed to separate and refine the fibers to a given fiber quality. Mechanical pulps are often produced from slow growing spruce trees of forests in the northern hemisphere resulting in long, slender fibers that are well suited for mechanical pulp products. These fibers have large varieties in geometry, mainly wall thickness and width, depending on seasonal variations and growth conditions. Earlywood fibers typically have thin walls and latewood fibers thick. The background to this study was that a more detailed fiber characterization involving evaluations of distributions of fiber characteristics, may give improved possibilities to optimize the mechanical pulping process and thereby reduce the total electric energy needed to reach a given quality of the pulp and final product. This would result in improved competitiveness as well as less environmental impact. This study evaluated the relation between fiber characteristics in three types of mechanical pulps made from Norway spruce (Picea abies), thermomechanical pulp(TMP), stone groundwood pulp (SGW) and chemithermomechanical pulp (CTMP). In addition, the influence of fibers from these pulp types on sheet characteristics, mainly tensile index, was studied. A comparatively rapid method was presented on how to evaluate the propensity of each fiber to form sheets of high tensile index, by the use of raw data from a commercially available fiber analyzer (FiberLabTM). The developed method gives novel opportunities of evaluating the effect on the fibers of each stage in the mechanical pulping proces

Mechanical pulps are used in paper products such as magazine or news grade printing papers or paperboard. Mechanical pulping gives a high yield; nearly everything in the tree except the bark is used in the paper. This means that mechanical pulping consumes much less wood than chemical pulping, especially to produce a unit area of printing surface. A drawback of mechanical pulp production is the high amounts of electrical energy needed to separate and refine the fibers to a given fiber quality. Mechanical pulps are often produced from slow growing spruce trees of forests in the northern hemisphere resulting in long, slender fibers that are well suited for mechanical pulp products. These fibers have large varieties in geometry, mainly wall thickness and width, depending on seasonal variations and growth conditions. Earlywood fibers typically have thin walls and latewood fibers thick. The background to this study was that a more detailed fiber characterization involving evaluations of distributions of fiber characteristics, may give improved possibilities to optimize the mechanical pulping process and thereby reduce the total electric energy needed to reach a given quality of the pulp and final product. This would result in improved competitiveness as well as less environmental impact. This study evaluated the relation between fiber characteristics in three types of mechanical pulps made from Norway spruce (Picea abies), thermomechanical pulp(TMP), stone groundwood pulp (SGW) and chemithermomechanical pulp (CTMP). In addition, the influence of fibers from these pulp types on sheet characteristics, mainly tensile index, was studied. A comparatively rapid method was presented on how to evaluate the propensity of each fiber to form sheets of high tensile index, by the use of raw data from a commercially available fiber analyzer (FiberLabTM). The developed method gives novel opportunities of evaluating the effect on the fibers of each stage in the mechanical pulping proces

This project utilizes hydrocyclones in wastewater treatment to select for heavier solids, and has been used before in multiple small-scale systems. This is the first implementation of hydrocyclones in a full-scale plant for the purpose of increased settleability, while also achieving enhanced biological phosphorus removal without the use of an anaerobic selector. Hydrocyclones receive mixed liquor tangentially and separate light solids from more dense solids through their tapered shape, increasing the velocity of liquid as it moves downward and allowing for selection of a certain solids fraction. The hydrocyclones receive flow from the waste stream, selecting for dense solids to recycle through the process while light solids are wasted, creating a balance of granules and flocs with superior settling characteristics in which phosphorus is removed through phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAO). This project was implemented at a wastewater treatment plant rated at 20 MGD utilizing a 4-stage Bardenpho configuration with an IFAS system. This plant routinely experienced moderate settleability issues with an average SVI of 141 and a 90th percentile SVI of 179. Over time data was collected to characterize settleability and activity of PAO, GAO, and filaments. Using an external selector to achieve biological phosphorus is significant in that most wastewater treatment plants cannot do this without the use of an anaerobic selector. This has the potential to apply external selectors to existing infrastructure throughout plants worldwide to achieve not only biological phosphorus removal, but also improved settleability with a very minor capital investment.

Plant fibres are an important part of modern daily life. The most obvious consumer products manufactured from them are paper, cardboard and the fibreboards used in the construction and furniture industries. Plants producing a woody stem are the most widely used raw materials for these fibre products but fibres originating from other plants, i.e. non-wood fibres, are used too. One of the most promising potential non-wood fibre resource categories is that of grasses, of which the cereals are the most important plants grown worldwide. A huge amount of straw is generated as an agricultural by-product annually, but the amount used as an industrial raw material is low because it contains components that are detrimental either to processability or to product quality. The purpose of pulp fractionation is to divide pulp into fractions with distinct properties. Industrially feasible fractionation methods are pressure screening, hydrocyclone fractionation and flotation. In pressure screening, separation is based on a mechanical barrier and particles are fractionated according to their dimensions, while a hydrocyclone fractionates particles according to their density and specific surface area and flotation fractionates particles according to their surface chemistry. These methods are traditionally used for removing impurities from pulp but numerous reports on pulp fractionation can also be found. Previous fractionation experiments were performed using wood-based pulps, whereas no previous studies are available concerning the fractionation of pulps manufactured using grasses. The aim of the present work was to determine whether it is possible to fractionate wheat straw pulp by methods that are feasible on an industrial scale. The experimental part was concerned with wheat straw pulp fractionation by pressure screening, hydrocyclone fractionation and flotation. The results show that all these fractionation methods were able to divide the wheat straw pulp into fractions w, Tiivistelmä Kasvisoluja sisältävät tuotteet ovat laajalti mukana ihmisten jokapäiväisessä elämässä. Kaikista näkyvimpiä tuotteita ovat paperi- ja kartonkituotteet sekä rakennus- ja huonekaluteollisuuden käyttämät kuitulevyt. Perinteisesti kasvikuidut näihin tuotteisiin on saatu puuvartisista kasveista, mutta raaka-aineena käytetään muitakin kasveja, niin kutsuttuja non-wood kasveja. Yksi potentiaalinen kasviryhmä teollisuuden raaka-aineeksi ovat heinäkasvit. Muun muassa tärkeimmät viljakasvit ovat heinäkasveja, ja maatalouden sivutuotteina syntyy korsimateriaalia maailmanlaajuisesti huomattava määrä. Heinäkasvien teollinen hyödyntäminen on kuitenkin vähäistä sillä ne sisältävät komponentteja, jotka haittaavat materiaalin prosessointia tai ovat lopputuotteen ominaisuuksia heikentäviä. Kuitususpension fraktioinnin tarkoituksena on jakaa suspensio kahteen tai useampaan jakeeseen, joiden kuituominaisuudet tai solukoostumus ovat erilaiset. Teollisesti käytettävissä olevia fraktiointilaitteita ovat painelajitin, hydrosykloni ja flotaatio: painelajittimessa erottuminen perustuu mekaaniseen esteeseen ja partikkelit erottuvat pääasiassa partikkelin dimensioiden perusteella, hydrosyklonissa erottuminen tapahtuu partikkelien tiheyden ja ominaispinta-alan mukaan kun taas flotaatiolla voidaan erottaa pintakemialtaan erilaisia partikkeleita. Näitä laitteita on perinteisesti käytetty epäpuhtauksien poistamiseen kuitususpensiosta, mutta laitteiden käyttöä puusta valmistettujen massojen fraktiointiin on tutkittu laajasti. Heinäkasveista valmistettujen massojen fraktiointiin näitä menetelmiä ei ole sovellettu. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää vehnämassan sisältämien solujen fraktiointia teollisuuden käyttöön soveltuvilla menetelmillä. Työn kokeellisessa osassa fraktiointiin vehnäsellua painelajittimella, hydrosyklonilla ja flotaatiolla. Työn tulokset osoittavat, että kaikki tutkitut fraktiointimenetelmät pystyvät jakamaan vehnämassan jakeisiin, joilla on erilaiset soluje

Mechanical pulps are used in paper products such as magazine or news grade printing papers or paperboard. Mechanical pulping gives a high yield; nearly everything in the tree except the bark is used in the paper. This means that mechanical pulping consumes much less wood than chemical pulping, especially to produce a unit area of printing surface. A drawback of mechanical pulp production is the high amounts of electrical energy needed to separate and refine the fibers to a given fiber quality. Mechanical pulps are often produced from slow growing spruce trees of forests in the northern hemisphere resulting in long, slender fibers that are well suited for mechanical pulp products. These fibers have large varieties in geometry, mainly wall thickness and width, depending on seasonal variations and growth conditions. Earlywood fibers typically have thin walls and latewood fibers thick. The background to this study was that a more detailed fiber characterization involving evaluations of distributions of fiber characteristics, may give improved possibilities to optimize the mechanical pulping process and thereby reduce the total electric energy needed to reach a given quality of the pulp and final product. This would result in improved competitiveness as well as less environmental impact. This study evaluated the relation between fiber characteristics in three types of mechanical pulps made from Norway spruce (Picea abies), thermomechanical pulp(TMP), stone groundwood pulp (SGW) and chemithermomechanical pulp (CTMP). In addition, the influence of fibers from these pulp types on sheet characteristics, mainly tensile index, was studied. A comparatively rapid method was presented on how to evaluate the propensity of each fiber to form sheets of high tensile index, by the use of raw data from a commercially available fiber analyzer (FiberLabTM). The developed method gives novel opportunities of evaluating the effect on the fibers of each stage in the mechanical pulping proces

Mechanical pulps are used in paper products such as magazine or news grade printing papers or paperboard. Mechanical pulping gives a high yield; nearly everything in the tree except the bark is used in the paper. This means that mechanical pulping consumes much less wood than chemical pulping, especially to produce a unit area of printing surface. A drawback of mechanical pulp production is the high amounts of electrical energy needed to separate and refine the fibers to a given fiber quality. Mechanical pulps are often produced from slow growing spruce trees of forests in the northern hemisphere resulting in long, slender fibers that are well suited for mechanical pulp products. These fibers have large varieties in geometry, mainly wall thickness and width, depending on seasonal variations and growth conditions. Earlywood fibers typically have thin walls and latewood fibers thick. The background to this study was that a more detailed fiber characterization involving evaluations of distributions of fiber characteristics, may give improved possibilities to optimize the mechanical pulping process and thereby reduce the total electric energy needed to reach a given quality of the pulp and final product. This would result in improved competitiveness as well as less environmental impact. This study evaluated the relation between fiber characteristics in three types of mechanical pulps made from Norway spruce (Picea abies), thermomechanical pulp(TMP), stone groundwood pulp (SGW) and chemithermomechanical pulp (CTMP). In addition, the influence of fibers from these pulp types on sheet characteristics, mainly tensile index, was studied. A comparatively rapid method was presented on how to evaluate the propensity of each fiber to form sheets of high tensile index, by the use of raw data from a commercially available fiber analyzer (FiberLabTM). The developed method gives novel opportunities of evaluating the effect on the fibers of each stage in the mechanical pulping proces

Mechanical pulps are used in paper products such as magazine or news grade printing papers or paperboard. Mechanical pulping gives a high yield; nearly everything in the tree except the bark is used in the paper. This means that mechanical pulping consumes much less wood than chemical pulping, especially to produce a unit area of printing surface. A drawback of mechanical pulp production is the high amounts of electrical energy needed to separate and refine the fibers to a given fiber quality. Mechanical pulps are often produced from slow growing spruce trees of forests in the northern hemisphere resulting in long, slender fibers that are well suited for mechanical pulp products. These fibers have large varieties in geometry, mainly wall thickness and width, depending on seasonal variations and growth conditions. Earlywood fibers typically have thin walls and latewood fibers thick. The background to this study was that a more detailed fiber characterization involving evaluations of distributions of fiber characteristics, may give improved possibilities to optimize the mechanical pulping process and thereby reduce the total electric energy needed to reach a given quality of the pulp and final product. This would result in improved competitiveness as well as less environmental impact. This study evaluated the relation between fiber characteristics in three types of mechanical pulps made from Norway spruce (Picea abies), thermomechanical pulp(TMP), stone groundwood pulp (SGW) and chemithermomechanical pulp (CTMP). In addition, the influence of fibers from these pulp types on sheet characteristics, mainly tensile index, was studied. A comparatively rapid method was presented on how to evaluate the propensity of each fiber to form sheets of high tensile index, by the use of raw data from a commercially available fiber analyzer (FiberLabTM). The developed method gives novel opportunities of evaluating the effect on the fibers of each stage in the mechanical pulping proces

To improve the operation and energy efficiency of mechanical pulping processes, the effect of each stage of the process on the fibres should be carefully evaluated. Fibre-data from an optical analyser were used to predict tensile index by calculating BIN (Bonding ability /Nfluence). Wall volume weighted averages of wall thickness index and fibrillation index gave the most accurate predictions of the tensile index of laboratory sheets made from long fibre fractions of various mechanical pulps. Fibre width index, when used as a single factor, reduced the accuracy of the model. The ranking of some samples changed when fibre width was wall volume weighted compared to arithmetic. When fibre width was combined with wall thickness to give a collapse resistance index, no rankings changed. Weighted averages based on squared fibre length (length(2)) showed poor correlation to wall volume weighted averages for cross-sectional fibre dimensions, and resulted in different levels of correlation to long fibre tensile index for the five evaluated pulps.

Mechanical pulps are used in paper products such as magazine or news grade printing papers or paperboard. Mechanical pulping gives a high yield; nearly everything in the tree except the bark is used in the paper. This means that mechanical pulping consumes much less wood than chemical pulping, especially to produce a unit area of printing surface. A drawback of mechanical pulp production is the high amounts of electrical energy needed to separate and refine the fibers to a given fiber quality. Mechanical pulps are often produced from slow growing spruce trees of forests in the northern hemisphere resulting in long, slender fibers that are well suited for mechanical pulp products. These fibers have large varieties in geometry, mainly wall thickness and width, depending on seasonal variations and growth conditions. Earlywood fibers typically have thin walls and latewood fibers thick. The background to this study was that a more detailed fiber characterization involving evaluations of distributions of fiber characteristics, may give improved possibilities to optimize the mechanical pulping process and thereby reduce the total electric energy needed to reach a given quality of the pulp and final product. This would result in improved competitiveness as well as less environmental impact. This study evaluated the relation between fiber characteristics in three types of mechanical pulps made from Norway spruce (Picea abies), thermomechanical pulp(TMP), stone groundwood pulp (SGW) and chemithermomechanical pulp (CTMP). In addition, the influence of fibers from these pulp types on sheet characteristics, mainly tensile index, was studied. A comparatively rapid method was presented on how to evaluate the propensity of each fiber to form sheets of high tensile index, by the use of raw data from a commercially available fiber analyzer (FiberLabTM). The developed method gives novel opportunities of evaluating the effect on the fibers of each stage in the mechanical pulping proces

Hydrocyclone is a device commonly used in mineral processing industry. Many studies attempt to understand size separation phenomenon but, none of them has taken an energy point of view. This paper presents the results of modeling underflow energy dissipation in hydrocyclone operation from a mechanical energy balance. The results related to newtonian suspensions show that underflow energy dissipation does not control the operation. That magnitude is small compared to interior energy dissipation but provides enough information to describe underflow conditions. The most important dimensionless parameters to this study about hydrocyclone energy modeling are exit diameters ratio, split ratio, normalized air core diameter and discharge angle, El hidrociclón es un equipo de uso extendido en la industria del procesamiento de minerales. Aunque existen numerosos estudios que intentan comprender los fenómenos que explican la separación por tamaños que ocurre en estos equipos, ninguno de ellos ha abordado la perspectiva energética. Se presentan los resultados obtenidos desde un balance de energía mecánica para el modelado de la disipación de energía en la descarga de un hidrociclón. Los principales resultados operando con suspensiones newtonianas mostraron que si bien la disipación de energía en la descarga no controla la operación del equipo pues su magnitud es muy pequeña en comparación con la disipación energética al interior del volumen de control (cuerpo del hidrociclón), si brinda información suficiente para describir la forma de la descarga en términos de variables adimensionales como la relación geométrica de diámetros de salida, la partición de caudales, el diámetro de aire en la descarga normalizado y el ángulo en a descarga

Hydrocyclone is a device commonly used in mineral processing industry. Many studies attempt to understand size separation phenomenon but, none of them has taken an energy point of view. This paper presents the results of modeling underflow energy dissipation in hydrocyclone operation from a mechanical energy balance. The results related to newtonian suspensions show that underflow energy dissipation does not control the operation. That magnitude is small compared to interior energy dissipation but provides enough information to describe underflow conditions. The most important dimensionless parameters to this study about hydrocyclone energy modeling are exit diameters ratio, split ratio, normalized air core diameter and discharge angle, El hidrociclón es un equipo de uso extendido en la industria del procesamiento de minerales. Aunque existen numerosos estudios que intentan comprender los fenómenos que explican la separación por tamaños que ocurre en estos equipos, ninguno de ellos ha abordado la perspectiva energética. Se presentan los resultados obtenidos desde un balance de energía mecánica para el modelado de la disipación de energía en la descarga de un hidrociclón. Los principales resultados operando con suspensiones newtonianas mostraron que si bien la disipación de energía en la descarga no controla la operación del equipo pues su magnitud es muy pequeña en comparación con la disipación energética al interior del volumen de control (cuerpo del hidrociclón), si brinda información suficiente para describir la forma de la descarga en términos de variables adimensionales como la relación geométrica de diámetros de salida, la partición de caudales, el diámetro de aire en la descarga normalizado y el ángulo en a descarga

Multiphase gas-liquid-solid swirling flow within hydrocyclone is simulated. Geometry and boundary conditions are based on Hsiehs 75 mm hydrocyclone. Extensive simulations point that standard mixture model with careful selection of interphase drag law is suitable for correct prediction of particle classification in case of dilute suspensions. However this approach fails for higher mass loading. It is also confirmed that Reynolds stress model is the best choice for multiphase modeling of the swirling flow on relatively coarse grids., Bylo simulováno vícefázové proudění směsi: voda-vzduch-pevné částice. Geometrie a okrajové podmínky odpovídají 75 mm hydrocyklonu dle Hsieh. Simulace ukázaly, že mixture model se správným modelem odporu mezi fázemi je schopen korektně simulovat distribuci pevných částic v řídkých suspenzích. Pro vyšší koncentraci částic tento model ovšem selhává. Potvrdilo se též, že model Reynoldsových napětí je nejlepším přístupem k simulování silně vírového proudění na relativně hrubých výpočetních sítích.

Multiphase gas-liquid-solid swirling flow within hydrocyclone is simulated. Geometry and boundary conditions are based on Hsiehs 75 mm hydrocyclone. Extensive simulations point that standard mixture model with careful selection of interphase drag law is suitable for correct prediction of particle classification in case of dilute suspensions. However this approach fails for higher mass loading. It is also confirmed that Reynolds stress model is the best choice for multiphase modeling of the swirling flow on relatively coarse grids., Bylo simulováno vícefázové proudění směsi: voda-vzduch-pevné částice. Geometrie a okrajové podmínky odpovídají 75 mm hydrocyklonu dle Hsieh. Simulace ukázaly, že mixture model se správným modelem odporu mezi fázemi je schopen korektně simulovat distribuci pevných částic v řídkých suspenzích. Pro vyšší koncentraci částic tento model ovšem selhává. Potvrdilo se též, že model Reynoldsových napětí je nejlepším přístupem k simulování silně vírového proudění na relativně hrubých výpočetních sítích.

Hydrocyclones have been traditionally applied for long times in many industrial fields, such as in mineral processing and mining, chemical and petrochemical, and food industries. They have many characteristics that favor them as separation system in solid/liquid, gas/liquid and liquid/liquid processes. During the last two decades, they have been evaluated for their possible application in the separation of microbial and mammalian cells. Nowadays, mammalian cells are widely used for the production of a large number of valuable therapeutic proteins, antibodies, hormones and vaccines. This review highlights the potential of the application of hydrocyclones for mammalian cell separation in continuous perfusion biorecators. The discussion will cover the structure of hydrocyclone, mechanism of separation inside hydrocyclones, different theories describing the separation process, as well as the effect of changing different geometrical variables on the efficiency and performance of the separation process. Furthermore, we will focus on the latest developments achieved in the field of separation of living cells in both laboratory and pilot plant cultivation scales.

Hydrocyclone is a device commonly used in mineral processing industry. Many studies attempt to understand size separation phenomenon but, none of them has taken an energy point of view. This paper presents the results of modeling underflow energy dissipation in hydrocyclone operation from a mechanical energy balance. The results related to newtonian suspensions show that underflow energy dissipation does not control the operation. That magnitude is small compared to interior energy dissipation but provides enough information to describe underflow conditions. The most important dimensionless parameters to this study about hydrocyclone energy modeling are exit diameters ratio, split ratio, normalized air core diameter and discharge angle, El hidrociclón es un equipo de uso extendido en la industria del procesamiento de minerales. Aunque existen numerosos estudios que intentan comprender los fenómenos que explican la separación por tamaños que ocurre en estos equipos, ninguno de ellos ha abordado la perspectiva energética. Se presentan los resultados obtenidos desde un balance de energía mecánica para el modelado de la disipación de energía en la descarga de un hidrociclón. Los principales resultados operando con suspensiones newtonianas mostraron que si bien la disipación de energía en la descarga no controla la operación del equipo pues su magnitud es muy pequeña en comparación con la disipación energética al interior del volumen de control (cuerpo del hidrociclón), si brinda información suficiente para describir la forma de la descarga en términos de variables adimensionales como la relación geométrica de diámetros de salida, la partición de caudales, el diámetro de aire en la descarga normalizado y el ángulo en a descarga

This paper presents a numerical study of multiphase flow in commercial package CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics). Article aims to simulate particles movement within centrifugal gravity concentration equipment (hydrocyclone) and fluidized bed (jig) operating with mineral suspensions of different densities and particle sizes. It evaluates particles trajectory and its effects in operation of both gravity concentrators. Results are important to understand mechanisms governing separation efficiency and thus help to explain origin of hydrodynamic phenomena important from industrial application perspective, if trajectory is know., Se presenta un estudio numérico de flujo multifase realizado en un paquete comercial de CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) que pretende simular el movimiento de partículas al interior de equipos de concentración gravimétrica centrífuga (hidrociclón) y en lecho (jig) cuando se opera con suspensiones minerales de diferentes densidades y tamaños de partícula. Se evalúa la trayectoria de las partículas, aspecto que condiciona el funcionamiento de ambos equipos como concentradores gravitacionales. Los resultados son claves para la comprensión de los mecanismos que rigen la separación y la eficiencia pues permiten explicar el origen de fenómenos hidrodinámicos importantes desde la perspectiva de aplicación industrial, una vez conocida la trayectoria.

Influence of particle shape on hydrocyclone classification was investigated. Classification tests using hydrocyclone and cyclosizer showed that coarse fractions of plate-like particles such as PTFE and glass flake used here were not necessarily recovered as underflow product, especially at relatively high inlet velocity. Settling velocity of the glass flake particles in centrifugal field was estimated using a centrifugal particle size analyzer, and it was revealed that differences in settling velocity between coarse and fine glass flake particles became smaller with increases in angular velocity. Moreover, settling test of glass plate in water or glycerin solution was conducted to know relationship between particle Reynolds number (Re) and settling velocity of the plate. At smaller Re condition, the glass plate settled straight and stably, and larger plate settled faster than smaller plate. However, oscillating motion of the plate occurred in the region of high Re, and settling velocities of the large plate became smaller than that of the small plate in such conditions. Drag coefficient (C) calculated based on the settling velocity of the glass plate is similar to that of glass spheres below Re of about 50, above which it became larger than that of glass sphere. Approximation formula of correlaton between Re and C suggests that the influence of the Re on C can be neglected in the region of high Re, and C increases with increases in the ratio of the particle diameter to thickness (D/T). The decrease of the difference in settling velocity recognized in the centrifugal settling test and the effect of the particle shape (D/T) on C at high Re region are considered to be able to affect the hydrocyclone classification. The misplacement of coarse plate-like particles in the hydrocyclone and cyclosizer tests could be ascribed to the particle shape effects.

This paper presents a numerical study of multiphase flow in commercial package CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics). Article aims to simulate particles movement within centrifugal gravity concentration equipment (hydrocyclone) and fluidized bed (jig) operating with mineral suspensions of different densities and particle sizes. It evaluates particles trajectory and its effects in operation of both gravity concentrators. Results are important to understand mechanisms governing separation efficiency and thus help to explain origin of hydrodynamic phenomena important from industrial application perspective, if trajectory is know., Se presenta un estudio numérico de flujo multifase realizado en un paquete comercial de CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) que pretende simular el movimiento de partículas al interior de equipos de concentración gravimétrica centrífuga (hidrociclón) y en lecho (jig) cuando se opera con suspensiones minerales de diferentes densidades y tamaños de partícula. Se evalúa la trayectoria de las partículas, aspecto que condiciona el funcionamiento de ambos equipos como concentradores gravitacionales. Los resultados son claves para la comprensión de los mecanismos que rigen la separación y la eficiencia pues permiten explicar el origen de fenómenos hidrodinámicos importantes desde la perspectiva de aplicación industrial, una vez conocida la trayectoria.

Influence of particle shape on hydrocyclone classification was investigated. Classification tests using hydrocyclone and cyclosizer showed that coarse fractions of plate-like particles such as PTFE and glass flake used here were not necessarily recovered as underflow product, especially at relatively high inlet velocity. Settling velocity of the glass flake particles in centrifugal field was estimated using a centrifugal particle size analyzer, and it was revealed that differences in settling velocity between coarse and fine glass flake particles became smaller with increases in angular velocity. Moreover, settling test of glass plate in water or glycerin solution was conducted to know relationship between particle Reynolds number (Re) and settling velocity of the plate. At smaller Re condition, the glass plate settled straight and stably, and larger plate settled faster than smaller plate. However, oscillating motion of the plate occurred in the region of high Re, and settling velocities of the large plate became smaller than that of the small plate in such conditions. Drag coefficient (C) calculated based on the settling velocity of the glass plate is similar to that of glass spheres below Re of about 50, above which it became larger than that of glass sphere. Approximation formula of correlaton between Re and C suggests that the influence of the Re on C can be neglected in the region of high Re, and C increases with increases in the ratio of the particle diameter to thickness (D/T). The decrease of the difference in settling velocity recognized in the centrifugal settling test and the effect of the particle shape (D/T) on C at high Re region are considered to be able to affect the hydrocyclone classification. The misplacement of coarse plate-like particles in the hydrocyclone and cyclosizer tests could be ascribed to the particle shape effects.

In today's society there is an aim at a more environmentally conscious approach to the use of natural resources, which means that you need to review the use of for intance. natural gravel and evaluate possible alternative substitutes. Natural gravel is created by natural processes such as water movements, which sort and edge encounter material to be rounded. This process causes the natural gravel to get properties that is preferred by, among others, the industry. Since gravel is a finite resource, the ambition to current legislation and environmental goals is to reduce the use of natural gravel and allow alternative methods, thus preserving natural gravel that build up many of our aquifers for future generations. The purpose of this report is to study and describe a refinement process using a hydrocyclone to see if the produced ballast material holds a sufficient standard to act as a substitute and then serve as an alternative to natural gravel. A fieldwork took place in the Blentarp quarry in Skåne, southern Sweden, where there is a processing plant that processes/sorts crushed rock. The processing method uses today crushed rock but is planned for future use also for till (naturally unsorted material). The refining process has been studied and is described in this report. Based on results from the field study it has been possible to demonstrate that the plant can produce materials that can be used as a substitute for natural gravel. The technology exists to produce substitutes for gravel, and the processed crushed rocks in the Blentarp plant contribute to the preservation of Sweden's aquifers. The problem is that it is still more economical to use the gravel because there are fewer process steps in the extraction of natural gravel than for the extraction of alternative material. This means that it is either necessary to use restrictions on the use of natural gravel or incentives for alternative materials., Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning I dagens samhälle eftersträvas en mer miljömedveten syn på användandet av samhällets naturresurser vilket innebär att man behöver se över användningen av bland annat naturgrus och utvärdera möjliga alternativa substitut. Naturgrus skapas genom naturliga processer – vattenrörelser kan till exempel sortera och kantstöta materialet så att gruskornen blir rundade. Dessa processer medför att naturgruset får egenskaper som eftertraktas av bland annat industrin. Eftersom naturgrus är en ändlig resurs är ambitionen att nuvarande lagstiftning och miljömål ska minska användandet av naturgrus och möjliggöra alternativa metoder och på så sätt bevara naturgruset som bland annat utgör viktiga grundvattenmagasin för kommande generationer. Syftet med denna rapport är att studera och översiktligt beskriva förädlingsprocessen med hjälp av en hydrocyklon för att se om sorterat ballast-material kan hålla tillräckligt god standard för att fungera som ersättningsmaterial och då fungera som ett alternativ till naturgrus. Ett fältarbete har ägt rum på Blentarpstäkten i Skåne där det finns en förädlingsanläggning som förädlar/sorterar krossat berg. Förädlingsmetoden används idag för krossat bergmaterial men planeras i framtiden att användas även för morän (naturligt osorterat material). Förädlingsprocessen har studerats och beskrivits i denna rapport. Resultat från fältstudien har kunnat påvisa att det vid anläggningen har kunnat tas fram material som kan användas som substitut till naturgrus. Teknologin finns för att framställa ersättningsmaterial till naturgrus och i Blentarpsanläggningen förädlas krossat bergmaterial vilket bidrar till ett bevarande av Sveriges akvifärer. Problemet ligger i att det fortfarande är mer ekonomiskt att använda sig av naturgrus då det är färre processteg i utvinningen av naturgrus än vid utvinning av alternativt material. Detta innebär att det antingen behövs restriktioner för användandet av naturgrus alternativt incitament

Hydrocyclones are widely applied in both chemical and mineral processing industries. Despiteits simple design, the flow behaviour that governs separation within the device is quite complex andtherefore difficult to control. Overall process efficiency, together with economics, promotes thedevelopment of an effective monitoring technique. In the past, numerous techniques have been tried, with varied success, but none have found broad adoption yet. The reasons for this are that the techniques lack robustness, while others are intrusive to the process or completely uneconomical.Previous work has indicated that there exists a relationship between the underflow and the operating state of a hydrocyclone, which could be exploited for monitoring purposes. In view of this, the use of image analysis of the underflow is evaluated as an on-line monitoring technique.Underflow widths are determined from video recordings of two different data sets: gold ore and PGM(Platinum Group Metals) ore. Time series analysis of the data indicates identifiable clusters which relateto normal operating conditions as well as troublesome states like roping and blocking. Groups ofscattered clusters further correspond to the oscillatory behaviour experienced during the transition fromnormal to roping (or blocking). The predictive potential of the gold ore data set was also investigated, and suggests that the technique can be used to forecast the onset of such troublesome states.

This thesis presents a method of measuring the distribution of fiber bonding ability in mechanical pulp furnishes. The method is intended for industrial use, where today only average values are used to describe fiber bonding ability, despite the differences in morphology of the fibers entering the mill. Fiber bonding ability in this paper refers to the mechanical fiber’s flexibility and ability to form large contact areas to other fibers, characteristics required for good paper surfaces and strength. Five mechanical pulps (Pulps A-E), all produced in different processes from Norway spruce (Picea Abies) were fractionated in hydrocyclones with respect to the fiber bonding ability. Five streams were formed from the hydrocyclone fractionation, Streams 1-5. Each stream plus the feed (Stream 0) was fractionated according to fiber length in a Bauer McNett classifier to compare the fibers at equal fiber lengths (Bauer McNett screens 16, 30, 50, and 100 mesh were used). Stream 1 was found to have the highest fiber bonding ability, evaluated as tensile strength and apparent density of long fiber laboratory sheets. External fibrillation and collapse resistance index measured in FiberLabTM, an optical measurement device, also showed this result. Stream 5 was found to have the lowest fiber bonding ability, with a consecutively falling scale between Stream 1 and Stream 5. The results from acoustic emission measurements and cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy analysis concluded the same pattern. The amount of fibers in each hydrocyclone stream was also regarded as a measure of the fibers’ bonding ability in each pulp. The equation for predicted Bonding Indicator (BIN) was calculated by combining, through linear regression, the collapse resistance index and external fibrillation of the P16/R30 fractions for Pulps A and B. Predicted Bonding Indicator was found to correlate well with measured tensile strength. The BIN-equation was then applied also to the data for Pulp, Den här studien presenterar en metod för att mäta fördelning av fiberbindning i mekaniska massor. Metoden hoppas kunna användas industriellt, där i dagsläget enbart medelvärden används för att mäta fiberbindnings-fördelning, trots råvarans (fibrernas) morfologiska skillnader. Fem mekaniska massor (Massa A-E) från olika massaprocesser men från samma råvara, norsk gran (Picea Abies), har fraktionerats i hydrocykloner med avseende på fiberbindningsförmåga. Från hydrocyklon-fraktioneringen bildades fem strömmar, Ström 1-5. Varje ström plus injektet (Ström 0) fraktionerades också med avseende på fiberlängd i en Bauer McNett för att kunna jämföra fibrerna vid samma fiberlängd (Bauer McNett silplåtarna 16, 30, 50 och 100 mesh användes). Fiberbindingsförmåga i den här studien härrör till fiberns flexibilitet och förmåga att skapa stora kontaktytor med andra fibrer, vilket bidrar till papprets yt- och styrkeegenskaper. Ström 1 visade sig ha den högsta fiberbindningsförmågan, utvärderat som dragstyrka och densitet av långfiberark, samt yttre fibrillering och kollaps resistans index mätt i den optiska analysatorn FiberLabTM. Akustisk emission och tvärsnittsanalyser visade samma resultat. Ström 5 visade sig ha den lägsta fiberbindningsförmågan, med en avtagande skala från Ström 1 till Ström 5. Andelen fibrer från injektet som gick ut med varje hydrocyklon-ström ansågs också vara ett mått på fibrernas bindningsförmåga i varje massa. Genom att kombinera fiberegenskaperna kollaps resistans och yttre fibrillering från den optiska mätningen på varje fiber genom linjär regression, kunde Bindnings Indikator (BIN) predikteras. Medelvärdet av Bindnings Indikator för varje hydrocyklon-ström korrelerar med dragstyrka för långfiber-labark. Det visade sig att predikterad Bindnings Indikator inte bara fungerade för Massa A och Massa B P16/R30 fraktionen, som var de fraktioner som användes i den linjära regressionen, utan även för Massa C-E, P16/R30, och Massa A-E P30/R50 som också, FSCN – Fibre Science and Communication Network, Bonding ability distribution of fibers in mechanical pulp furnishes

This thesis presents a method of measuring the distribution of fiber bonding ability in mechanical pulp furnishes. The method is intended for industrial use, where today only average values are used to describe fiber bonding ability, despite the differences in morphology of the fibers entering the mill. Fiber bonding ability in this paper refers to the mechanical fiber’s flexibility and ability to form large contact areas to other fibers, characteristics required for good paper surfaces and strength. Five mechanical pulps (Pulps A-E), all produced in different processes from Norway spruce (Picea Abies) were fractionated in hydrocyclones with respect to the fiber bonding ability. Five streams were formed from the hydrocyclone fractionation, Streams 1-5. Each stream plus the feed (Stream 0) was fractionated according to fiber length in a Bauer McNett classifier to compare the fibers at equal fiber lengths (Bauer McNett screens 16, 30, 50, and 100 mesh were used). Stream 1 was found to have the highest fiber bonding ability, evaluated as tensile strength and apparent density of long fiber laboratory sheets. External fibrillation and collapse resistance index measured in FiberLabTM, an optical measurement device, also showed this result. Stream 5 was found to have the lowest fiber bonding ability, with a consecutively falling scale between Stream 1 and Stream 5. The results from acoustic emission measurements and cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy analysis concluded the same pattern. The amount of fibers in each hydrocyclone stream was also regarded as a measure of the fibers’ bonding ability in each pulp. The equation for predicted Bonding Indicator (BIN) was calculated by combining, through linear regression, the collapse resistance index and external fibrillation of the P16/R30 fractions for Pulps A and B. Predicted Bonding Indicator was found to correlate well with measured tensile strength. The BIN-equation was then applied also to the data for Pulps C-E, Den här studien presenterar en metod för att mäta fördelning av fiberbindning i mekaniska massor. Metoden hoppas kunna användas industriellt, där i dagsläget enbart medelvärden används för att mäta fiberbindnings-fördelning, trots råvarans (fibrernas) morfologiska skillnader. Fem mekaniska massor (Massa A-E) från olika massaprocesser men från samma råvara, norsk gran (Picea Abies), har fraktionerats i hydrocykloner med avseende på fiberbindningsförmåga. Från hydrocyklon-fraktioneringen bildades fem strömmar, Ström 1-5. Varje ström plus injektet (Ström 0) fraktionerades också med avseende på fiberlängd i en Bauer McNett för att kunna jämföra fibrerna vid samma fiberlängd (Bauer McNett silplåtarna 16, 30, 50 och 100 mesh användes). Fiberbindingsförmåga i den här studien härrör till fiberns flexibilitet och förmåga att skapa stora kontaktytor med andra fibrer, vilket bidrar till papprets yt- och styrkeegenskaper. Ström 1 visade sig ha den högsta fiberbindningsförmågan, utvärderat som dragstyrka och densitet av långfiberark, samt yttre fibrillering och kollaps resistans index mätt i den optiska analysatorn FiberLabTM. Akustisk emission och tvärsnittsanalyser visade samma resultat. Ström 5 visade sig ha den lägsta fiberbindningsförmågan, med en avtagande skala från Ström 1 till Ström 5. Andelen fibrer från injektet som gick ut med varje hydrocyklon-ström ansågs också vara ett mått på fibrernas bindningsförmåga i varje massa. Genom att kombinera fiberegenskaperna kollaps resistans och yttre fibrillering från den optiska mätningen på varje fiber genom linjär regression, kunde Bindnings Indikator (BIN) predikteras. Medelvärdet av Bindnings Indikator för varje hydrocyklon-ström korrelerar med dragstyrka för långfiber-labark. Det visade sig att predikterad Bindnings Indikator inte bara fungerade för Massa A och Massa B P16/R30 fraktionen, som var de fraktioner som användes i den linjära regressionen, utan även för Massa C-E, P16/R30, och Massa A-E P30/R50 som också visade g, FSCN – Fibre Science and Communication Network, Bonding ability distribution of fibers in mechanical pulp furnishes

This thesis presents a method of measuring the distribution of fiber bonding ability in mechanical pulp furnishes. The method is intended for industrial use, where today only average values are used to describe fiber bonding ability, despite the differences in morphology of the fibers entering the mill. Fiber bonding ability in this paper refers to the mechanical fiber’s flexibility and ability to form large contact areas to other fibers, characteristics required for good paper surfaces and strength. Five mechanical pulps (Pulps A-E), all produced in different processes from Norway spruce (Picea Abies) were fractionated in hydrocyclones with respect to the fiber bonding ability. Five streams were formed from the hydrocyclone fractionation, Streams 1-5. Each stream plus the feed (Stream 0) was fractionated according to fiber length in a Bauer McNett classifier to compare the fibers at equal fiber lengths (Bauer McNett screens 16, 30, 50, and 100 mesh were used). Stream 1 was found to have the highest fiber bonding ability, evaluated as tensile strength and apparent density of long fiber laboratory sheets. External fibrillation and collapse resistance index measured in FiberLabTM, an optical measurement device, also showed this result. Stream 5 was found to have the lowest fiber bonding ability, with a consecutively falling scale between Stream 1 and Stream 5. The results from acoustic emission measurements and cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy analysis concluded the same pattern. The amount of fibers in each hydrocyclone stream was also regarded as a measure of the fibers’ bonding ability in each pulp. The equation for predicted Bonding Indicator (BIN) was calculated by combining, through linear regression, the collapse resistance index and external fibrillation of the P16/R30 fractions for Pulps A and B. Predicted Bonding Indicator was found to correlate well with measured tensile strength. The BIN-equation was then applied also to the data for Pulps C-E, Den här studien presenterar en metod för att mäta fördelning av fiberbindning i mekaniska massor. Metoden hoppas kunna användas industriellt, där i dagsläget enbart medelvärden används för att mäta fiberbindnings-fördelning, trots råvarans (fibrernas) morfologiska skillnader. Fem mekaniska massor (Massa A-E) från olika massaprocesser men från samma råvara, norsk gran (Picea Abies), har fraktionerats i hydrocykloner med avseende på fiberbindningsförmåga. Från hydrocyklon-fraktioneringen bildades fem strömmar, Ström 1-5. Varje ström plus injektet (Ström 0) fraktionerades också med avseende på fiberlängd i en Bauer McNett för att kunna jämföra fibrerna vid samma fiberlängd (Bauer McNett silplåtarna 16, 30, 50 och 100 mesh användes). Fiberbindingsförmåga i den här studien härrör till fiberns flexibilitet och förmåga att skapa stora kontaktytor med andra fibrer, vilket bidrar till papprets yt- och styrkeegenskaper. Ström 1 visade sig ha den högsta fiberbindningsförmågan, utvärderat som dragstyrka och densitet av långfiberark, samt yttre fibrillering och kollaps resistans index mätt i den optiska analysatorn FiberLabTM. Akustisk emission och tvärsnittsanalyser visade samma resultat. Ström 5 visade sig ha den lägsta fiberbindningsförmågan, med en avtagande skala från Ström 1 till Ström 5. Andelen fibrer från injektet som gick ut med varje hydrocyklon-ström ansågs också vara ett mått på fibrernas bindningsförmåga i varje massa. Genom att kombinera fiberegenskaperna kollaps resistans och yttre fibrillering från den optiska mätningen på varje fiber genom linjär regression, kunde Bindnings Indikator (BIN) predikteras. Medelvärdet av Bindnings Indikator för varje hydrocyklon-ström korrelerar med dragstyrka för långfiber-labark. Det visade sig att predikterad Bindnings Indikator inte bara fungerade för Massa A och Massa B P16/R30 fraktionen, som var de fraktioner som användes i den linjära regressionen, utan även för Massa C-E, P16/R30, och Massa A-E P30/R50 som också visade g, FSCN – Fibre Science and Communication Network, Bonding ability distribution of fibers in mechanical pulp furnishes

This thesis presents a method of measuring the distribution of fiber bonding ability in mechanical pulp furnishes. The method is intended for industrial use, where today only average values are used to describe fiber bonding ability, despite the differences in morphology of the fibers entering the mill. Fiber bonding ability in this paper refers to the mechanical fiber’s flexibility and ability to form large contact areas to other fibers, characteristics required for good paper surfaces and strength. Five mechanical pulps (Pulps A-E), all produced in different processes from Norway spruce (Picea Abies) were fractionated in hydrocyclones with respect to the fiber bonding ability. Five streams were formed from the hydrocyclone fractionation, Streams 1-5. Each stream plus the feed (Stream 0) was fractionated according to fiber length in a Bauer McNett classifier to compare the fibers at equal fiber lengths (Bauer McNett screens 16, 30, 50, and 100 mesh were used). Stream 1 was found to have the highest fiber bonding ability, evaluated as tensile strength and apparent density of long fiber laboratory sheets. External fibrillation and collapse resistance index measured in FiberLabTM, an optical measurement device, also showed this result. Stream 5 was found to have the lowest fiber bonding ability, with a consecutively falling scale between Stream 1 and Stream 5. The results from acoustic emission measurements and cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy analysis concluded the same pattern. The amount of fibers in each hydrocyclone stream was also regarded as a measure of the fibers’ bonding ability in each pulp. The equation for predicted Bonding Indicator (BIN) was calculated by combining, through linear regression, the collapse resistance index and external fibrillation of the P16/R30 fractions for Pulps A and B. Predicted Bonding Indicator was found to correlate well with measured tensile strength. The BIN-equation was then applied also to the data for Pulp, Den här studien presenterar en metod för att mäta fördelning av fiberbindning i mekaniska massor. Metoden hoppas kunna användas industriellt, där i dagsläget enbart medelvärden används för att mäta fiberbindnings-fördelning, trots råvarans (fibrernas) morfologiska skillnader. Fem mekaniska massor (Massa A-E) från olika massaprocesser men från samma råvara, norsk gran (Picea Abies), har fraktionerats i hydrocykloner med avseende på fiberbindningsförmåga. Från hydrocyklon-fraktioneringen bildades fem strömmar, Ström 1-5. Varje ström plus injektet (Ström 0) fraktionerades också med avseende på fiberlängd i en Bauer McNett för att kunna jämföra fibrerna vid samma fiberlängd (Bauer McNett silplåtarna 16, 30, 50 och 100 mesh användes). Fiberbindingsförmåga i den här studien härrör till fiberns flexibilitet och förmåga att skapa stora kontaktytor med andra fibrer, vilket bidrar till papprets yt- och styrkeegenskaper. Ström 1 visade sig ha den högsta fiberbindningsförmågan, utvärderat som dragstyrka och densitet av långfiberark, samt yttre fibrillering och kollaps resistans index mätt i den optiska analysatorn FiberLabTM. Akustisk emission och tvärsnittsanalyser visade samma resultat. Ström 5 visade sig ha den lägsta fiberbindningsförmågan, med en avtagande skala från Ström 1 till Ström 5. Andelen fibrer från injektet som gick ut med varje hydrocyklon-ström ansågs också vara ett mått på fibrernas bindningsförmåga i varje massa. Genom att kombinera fiberegenskaperna kollaps resistans och yttre fibrillering från den optiska mätningen på varje fiber genom linjär regression, kunde Bindnings Indikator (BIN) predikteras. Medelvärdet av Bindnings Indikator för varje hydrocyklon-ström korrelerar med dragstyrka för långfiber-labark. Det visade sig att predikterad Bindnings Indikator inte bara fungerade för Massa A och Massa B P16/R30 fraktionen, som var de fraktioner som användes i den linjära regressionen, utan även för Massa C-E, P16/R30, och Massa A-E P30/R50 som också, FSCN – Fibre Science and Communication Network, Bonding ability distribution of fibers in mechanical pulp furnishes