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This is a translation of a W. V. O. Quine’s paper for an Advanced Psychology course, taught by Professor John Beebe-Center at Harvard. This unpublished text was submitted in the spring of 1931. It demonstrates a thorough knowledge of the state of the then young discipline of psychology, its most important names and its most outstanding schools at the time. The first and last sections contain elements of historiographical and philosophical interest for experts and those interested in Quine's thought. The second and third sections show the mastery of the subject from different points of view, namely optics, ocular physiology, the psychology of perception and, of course, the history of the philosophy underlying the approaches of the different psychological schools. It is accompanied by an introduction linking the ideas in this work to issues currently relevant to the philosophy of psychology and computational neuroscience in its debate with naturalism., Se presenta la traducción de un trabajo redactado por W. V. O. Quine para la asignatura sobre Psicología avanzada, impartida por el profesor John Beebe-Center en Harvard. Se trata de un texto inédito que Quine entregó en la primavera de 1931. En este escrito se demuestra un conocimiento exhaustivo del estado de la entonces joven disciplina psicológica, de sus nombres más relevantes y de sus escuelas más sobresalientes en la época. El primer y último apartados contienen elementos de interés historiográfico y filosófico para los expertos e interesados en el pensamiento de Quine. Los apartados segundo y tercero muestran el dominio de la materia desde distintos puntos de vista diferentes, a saber: la óptica, la fisiología ocular, la psicología de la percepción y, por supuesto, la historia de la filosofía que subyace a los planteamientos de las distintas escuelas psicológicas. Se presenta acompañado de una introducción que vincula las ideas que aparecen en este trabajo con cuestiones relevantes en la actualidad para la Filosofía de la Psicología y la Neurociencia computacional en su debate con el Naturalismo.

The article problematizes the approach to ethics in psychology research with children in the 20th century and its articulation with ethical codes and principles. Three points of inflection with the literature on the subject are elaborated, namely: (1) a questioning in the production of universals that always put the exclusion of a singular susceptible to be subjected to torture, (2) displacement of the idea that there is a good and a bad reading of prescriptive documents to install an emphasis on the multiplicity of readings and uses that arise from legal, normative, deontological and heuristic frameworks; and (3) an observation of the figure of the researcher enhancing his character marked in a position within socio-historical-material dynamics. Two cases of experimentation with infants in psychology are addressed, corresponding to the case of Little Albert by John B. Watson and Raslie Rayner in 1920, and the experimental protocol of the Strange Situation carried out in the 1970s by Mary Ainsworth and which was the basis of the Attachment Theory invented by John Bowlby. We conclude a series of challenges for training in research ethics in psychology that exceed the margins of an approach centered on the knowledge and management of legal, normative, deontological and heuristic frameworks for the resolution of ethical dilemmas., O artigo problematiza a abordagem da ética na pesquisa psicológica com crianças no século XX e sua articulação com códigos e princípios éticos. São elaborados três pontos de inflexão com a literatura sobre o assunto, a saber: (1) um questionamento da produção de universais que sempre colocam a exclusão de um singular suscetível de ser submetido à tortura, (2) o deslocamento da ideia de que há uma boa e uma má leitura de documentos prescritivos para instalar uma ênfase na multiplicidade de leituras e usos que surgem a partir de enquadramentos legais, normativos, deontológicos e heurísticos; e (3) uma observação da figura do pesquisador reforçando seu caráter marcante em uma posição dentro da dinâmica sócio-histórico-material. São abordados dois casos de experimentação com bebês na psicologia, correspondentes ao caso do Pequeno Albert, de John B. Watson e Raslie Rayner, em 1920, e ao protocolo experimental da Situação Estranha, realizado na década de 1970 por Mary Ainsworth e que foi a base da Teoria do Apego inventada por John Bowlby. Ele conclui uma série de desafios para o treinamento em ética de pesquisa em psicologia que vão além das margens de uma abordagem centrada no conhecimento e no gerenciamento de estruturas legais, normativas, deontológicas e heurísticas para a resolução de dilemas éticos., El artículo problematiza el abordaje de la ética en la investigación en psicología con infancias en el siglo XX y su articulación con los códigos y principios éticos. Se elaboran tres puntos de inflexión con la literatura en la materia, a saber: (1) un cuestionamiento en la producción de universales que ponen siempre la exclusión de un singular susceptible de ser sometido a suplicio, (2) desplazamiento de la idea de que existe una buena y una mala lectura de los documentos prescriptivos para instalar un énfasis en la multiplicidad de lecturas y usos que se desprenden de los marcos legales, normativos, deontológicos y heurísticos; y (3) una observación de la figura del investigador realzando su carácter marcado en una posición dentro de dinámicas socio-histórico-materiales. Son abordados dos casos de experimentación con infancias en psicología, correspondientes al caso del Pequeño Albert por John B. Watson y Raslie Rayner en 1920, y el protocolo experimental de la Situación Extraña realizado en la década de 1970 por Mary Ainsworth y que fue la base de la Teoría del Apego inventada por John Bowlby. Se concluyen una serie de desafíos para la formación en ética de la investigación en psicología que exceden los márgenes de un enfoque centrado en el conocimiento y manejo de marcos legales, normativos, deontológicos y heurísticos para la resolución de dilemas éticos

Wilhelm Wundt and Sigmund Freud are the founders of psychological modern thought. The concept citation context method was used to analyse the mutual influence. The results show that Wundt's work was important to explain the hallucinatory character of the dream. On the other side, Wundt's quotations about Freud show his refusal to recognize the unconscious as a valid hypothesis to explain any kind of psychological phenomenon. In conclusion, the Freudian unconscious is the excess of the lack of the Wundt ́s system to explain phenomena that exceed the study of normal consciousness., Wilhelm Wundt y Sigmund Freud son los fundadores del pensamiento psicológico moderno. Para analizar la influencia mutua se utilizó el método del contexto de las citas. Los resultados muestran que la obra de Wundt fue importante para explicar el carácter alucinatorio del sueño. Por otro lado, las citas de Wundt sobre Freud muestran su rechazo a reconocer el inconsciente como una hipótesis válida para explicar cualquier tipo de fenómeno psicológico. En conclusión, el inconsciente freudiano es el exceso de la incapacidad del sistema de Wundt para explicar los fenómenos que exceden el estudio de la conciencia normal.

The Psychology of Testimony has experienced extraordinary growth in recent decades, but its origins go back more than one hundred years. In this paper, the main milestones that have marked the development of the Psychology of Testimony as a discipline with its own identity in North America and Europe are reviewed. The advancement of scientific psychology, with different paradigm shifts, as well as the shattered relations with the law and social progress in human rights have marked its history. Thus, promising beginnings in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries took place, followed by a time of crisis around the forties and fifties, as a result of the Second World War and the abandonment of the studies on memory by the prevailing research paradigm. Cognitive Psychology and increased demand for psychologists in the administration of justice marked his rebirth in the seventies of the twentieth century. [RESUMEN]En el presente trabajo se recogen los principales hitos que han marcado a lo largo de más de cien años el desarrollo de la Psicología del Testimonio como una disciplina con entidad propia. El avance de la Psicología científica, con los diferentes cambios de paradigma, así como las maltrechas relaciones con el derecho y los avances sociales en derechos humanos han marcado su historia. Así, podemos hablar de un prometedor nacimiento a finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX, seguido de una época de crisis en torno a los años cuarenta y cincuenta, como consecuencia de la II Guerra Mundial y del abandono de los estudios sobre la memoria por el paradigma de investigación imperante. La Psicología cognitiva y el incremento de la demanda de psicólogos en la administración de justicia supuso su renacimiento., Depto. de Psicología Experimental, Procesos Cognitivos y Logopedia, Fac. de Psicología, TRUE, pub

This article reviews the latest advances in the historiography of Latin American psychology through the process of institutionalization of the Peruvian Society for the History of Psychology and its links with the Working Group on the History of Psychology of the Inter-American Society of Psychology. An analysis of the factors that have favored the development of the history of psychology as a disciplinary field that is the object of study of Latin American psychologists is made, emphasizing the historiographical production of Peruvian psychology within the institutional bosom of the Peruvian Society for the History of Psychology through the organization of seminars, books and specialized journals on the historical subject of psychology, El presente artículo revisa los últimos avances en la historiografía de la psicología latinoamericana a través del proceso de institucionalización de la Sociedad Peruana de Historia de la Psicología y sus nexos con el Grupo de Trabajo de Historia de la Psicología de la Sociedad Interamericana de Psicología. Se hace un análisis de los factores que han favorecido el desarrollo de la historia de la psicología como campo disciplinar que es objeto de estudio de los psicólogos latinoamericanos, enfatizando la producción historiográfica de la psicología peruana en el seno institucional de la Sociedad Peruana de Historia de la Psicología a través de la organización de seminarios, libros y revistas especializadas en la temática histórica de la psicología.

This article contributes to the historiography of scientific objectivity as well as to the broader attempt to historicize basic epistemic categories by examining the case of empirical psychology in eighteenth-century Germany. From the time when the philosopher Christian Wolff first presented empirical psychology in the late 1720s until Kantian philosophers elaborated on the topic towards the end of the century, the discourse hinged on discussions of how to obtain scientific knowledge of the soul. Whereas the work of Wolff and his followers reflected established epistemic techniques for accomplishing this, from the early 1770s philosophers highlighted a new category of difficulties connected to the development of a systematic method of psychological self-observations. These difficulties, I argue, both complement and complicate the picture of how the subject became an obstacle to knowledge first in the mid-nineteenth century.

This article contributes to the historiography of scientific objectivity as well as to the broader attempt to historicize basic epistemic categories by examining the case of empirical psychology in eighteenth-century Germany. From the time when the philosopher Christian Wolff first presented empirical psychology in the late 1720s until Kantian philosophers elaborated on the topic towards the end of the century, the discourse hinged on discussions of how to obtain scientific knowledge of the soul. Whereas the work of Wolff and his followers reflected established epistemic techniques for accomplishing this, from the early 1770s philosophers highlighted a new category of difficulties connected to the development of a systematic method of psychological self-observations. These difficulties, I argue, both complement and complicate the picture of how the subject became an obstacle to knowledge first in the mid-nineteenth century.

This article contributes to the historiography of scientific objectivity as well as to the broader attempt to historicize basic epistemic categories by examining the case of empirical psychology in eighteenth-century Germany. From the time when the philosopher Christian Wolff first presented empirical psychology in the late 1720s until Kantian philosophers elaborated on the topic towards the end of the century, the discourse hinged on discussions of how to obtain scientific knowledge of the soul. Whereas the work of Wolff and his followers reflected established epistemic techniques for accomplishing this, from the early 1770s philosophers highlighted a new category of difficulties connected to the development of a systematic method of psychological self-observations. These difficulties, I argue, both complement and complicate the picture of how the subject became an obstacle to knowledge first in the mid-nineteenth century.

The importance of experience in relation to intellectual work has been of growing interest within historical research, as it focuses on the subjective, biographical, and thus historical conditions preceding any claim to abstract or objective knowledge. This paper explores the connection between experience and intellectual thought in relation to the Swiss psychologist Carl Gustav Jung (1875–1961), primarily through an examination of his autobiography. The analysis shows that experience was essential to Jung in several ways, and that he struggled with it as an intellectual, epistemological, and personal problem. His encounters with Kant, Nietzsche and Freud were especially formative in this regard, as they brought him theoretical and practical insights into the limits of communicable knowledge. Mystical experiences, beginning from hischildhood, gave rise to a dichotomy between the inner and the outer world, and with it a deep sense of solitude, which remained important throughout his life and work. The sense of being outside of his time informed his psychological conceptions of “the shadow”, individuation and the collective unconscious. However, Jung’s struggle to lend credibility to his experiences resulted not so much in recognized scientific knowledge as in what Nietzsche once called a “personal confession”.

The importance of experience in relation to intellectual work has been of growing interest within historical research, as it focuses on the subjective, biographical, and thus historical conditions preceding any claim to abstract or objective knowledge. This paper explores the connection between experience and intellectual thought in relation to the Swiss psychologist Carl Gustav Jung (1875–1961), primarily through an examination of his autobiography. The analysis shows that experience was essential to Jung in several ways, and that he struggled with it as an intellectual, epistemological, and personal problem. His encounters with Kant, Nietzsche and Freud were especially formative in this regard, as they brought him theoretical and practical insights into the limits of communicable knowledge. Mystical experiences, beginning from hischildhood, gave rise to a dichotomy between the inner and the outer world, and with it a deep sense of solitude, which remained important throughout his life and work. The sense of being outside of his time informed his psychological conceptions of “the shadow”, individuation and the collective unconscious. However, Jung’s struggle to lend credibility to his experiences resulted not so much in recognized scientific knowledge as in what Nietzsche once called a “personal confession”.

This article contributes to the historiography of scientific objectivity as well as to the broader attempt to historicize basic epistemic categories by examining the case of empirical psychology in eighteenth-century Germany. From the time when the philosopher Christian Wolff first presented empirical psychology in the late 1720s until Kantian philosophers elaborated on the topic towards the end of the century, the discourse hinged on discussions of how to obtain scientific knowledge of the soul. Whereas the work of Wolff and his followers reflected established epistemic techniques for accomplishing this, from the early 1770s philosophers highlighted a new category of difficulties connected to the development of a systematic method of psychological self-observations. These difficulties, I argue, both complement and complicate the picture of how the subject became an obstacle to knowledge first in the mid-nineteenth century.

First, the antecedents of group psychotherapy are described, referring to the moment and circumstances of the discovery of group therapy as a therapeutic modality, as well as the beginning of the development of group concepts and techniques. Second, the beginnings of group psychodynamic psychotherapy are exposed, which was based essentially on the application of some psychoanalytic concepts to the group context. It also examines the contribution to this psychotherapeutic field of the concept of "group as a whole" and its influence on clinical practice. Next, the period of expansion of group psychotherapy is described, which involves the development of multiple and very diverse modalities of group psychotherapy and their application to very different environments and problems. Finally, the characteristics of integrative group therapy are exposed, which is characterized by the accumulation and integration of the various contributions, theoretical and technical, to this modality of psychotherapy that have been carried out over time from its inception to the present., Se describen, en primer lugar, los antecedentes de la psicoterapia de grupo haciendo referencia al momento y circunstancias del descubrimiento de la Terapia en grupo como modalidad terapéutica, así como al inicio del desarrollo de conceptos y técnicas grupales. En segundo lugar, se exponen los inicios de la psicoterapia psicodinámica de grupo, que se fundamentó en su inicio esencialmente en la aplicación de los conceptos psicoanalíticos al contexto grupal. Asimismo se examina la aportación a este campo psicoterapéutico del concepto de “grupo como totalidad” y su influencia en la práctica clínica. A continuación se analiza el periodo de expansión de la psicoterapia de grupo, que implicó el desarrollo de múltiples y muy diversas modalidades de psicoterapia de grupo y su aplicación a entornos y problemáticas muy diferentes. Por último, se exponen las características de la terapia de grupo integradora, que se caracteriza por la acumulación e integración de las diversas aportaciones, teóricas y técnicas, a esta modalidad de psicoterapia que se han realizado a lo largo del tiempo desde su inicio hasta la actualidad.

Memory is analyzed as a psychological process in the first developments of orientation and selection in Argentina. Its conceptualization and the practices linked to its evaluation in the framework of professional orientation and selection activities are considered. The work focuses on the developments of the Instituto de Psicotécnica y Orientación Profesional, based on primary sources linked to the institute, publications by its director Carlos Jesinghaus and other members of the institute. It is argued that the experimental line was partially used in the psychotechnical evaluations, since the evaluation of the uses of memory in more ecological situations was privileged. The evaluation of memory at work developed by the institute distinguished types of memory based on their uses in professional activities, which accounts for the importance of practical purposes for the evaluation of psychological functions., Se analiza la memoria como proceso psicológico en los primeros desarrollos de la orientación y selección en Argentina. Se considera su conceptualización y las prácticas ligadas a su evaluación en el marco de actividades de orientación y selección profesional. El trabajo se centra en los desarrollos del Instituto de Psicotécnica y Orientación Profesional, a partir de fuentes primarias ligadas al instituto, publicaciones de su director Carlos Jesinghaus y de otros miembros del instituto. Se sostiene que la línea experimental fue utilizada parcialmente en las evaluaciones psicotécnicas, dado que se privilegió la evaluación de los usos de la memoria en situaciones más ecológicas. La evaluación de la memoria en el trabajo desarrollado por el instituto distinguió tipos de memoria en función de sus usos en las actividades profesionales, lo cual da cuenta de la importancia de los fines prácticos para la evaluación de las funciones psicológicas.

This article examines the contributions of psychology to literacy,especially it investigates the presence of non-epistemic values regarding the psychological differences between boys and girls. To achieve this objective, it carries out a qualitative interpretive approach to the magazine El Monitor de la Educación Comúnin the period 1900-1930. The documentary corpus was built by selecting in this publication, the articles referring to the teaching and learningof reading and writing. From a critical history of psychology, it approaches the way in which psychological knowledge thematized the learning and teaching of the written language. As discussed later, the psychological knowledge addressing the problem of literacy are understood in terms of an area of confluence between a political-educational project and the role played by the regulation of corporeality in literacy. It is also pointed out that the psychological capacities of the subjects who had to become literate were understood in differential terms for men and women, in conjunction with the way in which psychological knowledge considered the psychological differences between men and women in the period examined. Finally, it is shown that these differences were linked to non-epistemic values regarding the social role of men and women and that they permeated the way of thinking of both the teaching topics, the examples offered and specific practices such as the teaching of spelling., Este artículo analiza los aportes de la psicología a la alfabetización, especialmente indaga la presencia de valores no epistémicos ligados a las diferencias psicológicas entre niños y niñas. Para ello, realiza un abordaje cualitativo interpretativo sobre la revistaEl Monitor de la Educación Comúnen el periodo 1900-1930. Se construyó un corpus documental seleccionando en esta publicación, los artículos referidos a la enseñanza y/o el aprendizaje de la lectura y escritura. Desde un enfoque histórico crítico de la psicología se releva el modo por el cual los saberes psicológicos tematizaron el aprendizaje y la enseñanza de la lengua escrita. Se destacan las características de los saberes psicológicos que abordaron el problema de la alfabetización, comprendida ésta en términos de un espacio de confluencias entre un proyecto político-educativo y el papel desempeñado por la regulación de las corporalidades en la alfabetización. Se señala que las capacidades psicológicas de los sujetos que debían alfabetizarse fueron comprendidas en términos diferenciales para varones y mujeres, en articulación con el modo por el cual los saberes psicológicos consideraron las diferencias psicológicas entre varones y mujeres en el periodo examinado. Se muestra que dichas diferencias se ligaron a valores no epistémicos respecto al rol social de varones y mujeres y que permearon el modo de pensar tanto los temas de enseñanza, los ejemplos ofrecidos y prácticas específicas tales como la enseñanza de la ortografía.

The history of psychology is a discipline funded by the contributions of the sociology of knowledge, the history of science and epistemology. These contributions provide said discipline with a more critical orientation: a quality necessary for its objective development in the face of the social reality in which it takes place. In this article, we review the development of the historiography of psychology, its institutionalization and its diffusion in Latin America, and analyze the reception of the critical history of psychology in Peru through its historiography, its representatives and, mainly, through the work of Reynaldo Alarcón, one of the greatest exponents of this branch in our country. Authorship contributionThe authors participated in the entire development of the article., A história da psicologia é uma disciplina que se baseia nas contribuições da sociologia do conhecimento, da história da ciência e da epistemologia, o que lhe dá uma orientação mais crítica, uma qualidade necessária para seu desenvolvimento objetivo diante da realidade social em que se desenvolve. Neste artigo revisamos o desenvolvimento da historiografia da psicologia, seu processo de institucionalização e sua difusão na América Latina, analisando a recepção que a história crítica da psicologia tem tido no Peru, através de sua historiografia, seus representantes e principalmente o trabalho de Reynaldo Alarcón, um dos maiores expoentes deste ramo em nosso país. Contribuição da autoriaOs autores estiveram envolvidos durante todo o desenvolvimento do artigo., La historia de la psicología es una disciplina que se nutre de los aportes de la sociología del conocimiento, la historia de la ciencia y la epistemología; que le brindan una orientación más crítica, cualidad necesaria para su desarrollo objetivo de cara a la realidad social en la que tiene lugar. En el presente artículo revisamos el desarrollo de la historiografía de la psicología, su proceso de institucionalización y su difusión en América Latina, analizando la recepción que ha tenido la historia crítica de la psicología en el Perú, a través de su historiografía, sus representantes, y principalmente de la obra de Reynaldo Alarcón, uno de los máximos exponentes de esta rama en nuestro país. Contribución de autoríaLos autores participaron en todo el desarrollo del artículo.

Brazilian Psychology has its history deeply related to the development of the Brazilian State and understanding the moments of both participants in this relationship provides bases for the interpretation of how Psychology has behaved politically as science and profession. Reviewing central moments in the formation and maintenance of the modern Brazilian State, from the bases of its dependent socioeconomic formation, we propose, with this article, to review key historical moments in the relationship between Psychology and the State. The aim is to propose the category of political praxis as a conceptual instrument for interpreting and overcoming the concept of social commitment, which is strongly present in Psychology's discourse, whether based on practices or theories., A Psicologia brasileira possui sua história profundamente relacionada com o desenvolvimento do Estado brasileiro e compreender os momentos de ambos participantes dessa relação fornece bases para interpretação de como a Psicologia tem se portado politicamente como ciência e profissão. Repassando momento centrais da formação e manutenção do Estado moderno brasileiro, a partir das bases de sua formação socioeconômica dependente, propomos, com o artigo, revisar momentos históricos importantes da relação entre a Psicologia e o Estado. O intuito é propor a categoria de práxis política como instrumento conceitual de interpretação e superação do conceito de compromisso social, fortemente presente no discurso da Psicologia, seja a partir das práticas ou de suas teorias., La Psicología brasileña tiene su historia profundamente relacionada con el desarrollo del Estado brasileño y la comprensión de los momentos de ambos participantes en esta relación proporciona bases para la interpretación de cómo la psicología se ha comportado políticamente como ciencia y profesión. Revisando momentos centrales en la formación y mantenimiento del Estado brasileño moderno, a partir de las bases de su formación socioeconómica dependiente, nos proponemos, con el artículo, revisar importantes momentos históricos en la relación entre Psicología y Estado. El objetivo es proponer la categoría de praxis política como instrumento conceptual para interpretar y superar el concepto de compromiso social fuertemente presente en el discurso de la Psicología, ya sea a partir de prácticas o desde teorías.

Experimental psychology was the subject of literary description, in the Colombian nineteenth century, by José Asunción Silva in his novel De Sobremesa. The novelistic approach to psychology was carried out with the aim of advancing a process of modernization of the ways of thinking about the development of one’s own personality, the care of mental illnesses and the way of stimulating poetic inspiration. The article offers a semblance of the psychological issues addressed: the image of the experimental psychologists of the time, the profile of the discipline and its approach methodology in topics such as depression and anxiety. The review of the literature makes it clear that aesthetic forms are a resource to historically trace the social reception of the discipline. The conclusions highlight the effort of the artistic establishment to bring the country closer to modern and secular visions of human consciousness., La psicología experimental fue objeto de descripción literaria, en el siglo XIX colombiano, por José Asunción Silva en su novela De Sobremesa. La aproximación novelística a la psicología fue llevada a cabo con el ánimo de adelantar un proceso de modernización de las formas de pensar el desarrollo de la propia personalidad, la atención de las dolencias psíquicas y el modo de estimular la inspiración poética. El artículo ofrece una semblanza de los asuntos psicológicos abordados: la imagen de los psicólogos experimentales de la época, el perfil de la disciplina y su metodología de abordaje en temas como la depresión y la ansiedad. La revisión de la literatura deja en claro que las formas estéticas son un recurso para rastrear históricamente la recepción social de la disciplina. Las conclusiones resaltan el esfuerzo del estamento artístico por acercar el país a las visiones modernas y seculares de la conciencia humana.

To account for the antecedents that contributed to the emergence of psychology as a new science, Edwin Boring (1886-1968) wrote “A History of Experimental Psychology.” This paper addresses the historiographical problems that Boring struggled with while he was writing the 1929 edition of his history. It then focuses on Boring’s life-experiences that conceivably influenced his interpretation of history. Boring’s development as a historian is demonstrated by comparing Boring’s 1929 interpretation of history with his 1950 revision. Foremost, Boring was interested in the psychological factors that influenced scientific progress. Boring’s theory of history evolved into a psychology of history., Para dar cuenta de los antecedentes que contribuyeron al surgimiento de la psicología como una nueva ciencia, Edwin Boring (1886-1968) escribió “Una historia de la psicología experimental”. Este artículo aborda los problemas historiográficos con los que Boring luchó mientras escribía la edición de 1929 de su historia. A continuación, se centra en las experiencias vitales de Boring que posiblemente influyeron en su interpretación de la historia. La evolución de Boring como historiador se demuestra comparando su interpretación de la historia de 1929 con su revisión de 1950. En primer lugar, Boring se interesó por los factores psicológicos que influían en el progreso científico. La teoría de la historia de Boring se convirtió en una psicología de la historia.

In this article, I approach mental hygiene and mental health programs as vehicles of psycholo-gization of Costa Rican society. I identify some of the strategies, discourses and fantasies adopted by psychologists associated with these paradigms through the study of documentary sources such as textbooks, curriculums, mental health laws and policies, and campaigns by the College of Professionals in Psychology of Costa Rica. I analyse the preventive and promotional projections at the communal, scholar, and familiar level as part of a generous vocation (Rose, 1998), with which the discipline has infiltrated socializing institutions. Subsequently, I address the problem of thepeutocratic cooptation of socialrights and its link to the rise of cognitive-behavioural approaches. Finally, I discuss the consensual aspirations of psychopolitics (de Vos, 2012) in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and neoliberal reform., En este artículo me aproximo a la higiene mental y a la salud mental como vehículos de la psi-cologización de la sociedad costarricense. Identifico algunas de las estrategias, discursos y fantasías de los psicólogos asociados a estos paradigmas a través de fuentes documentales: libros de texto, programas de estudio, leyes y políticas en salud mental, y campañas del Colegio de Profesionales en Psicología de Costa Rica, adoptando una perspectiva histórica-crítica. Analizo las proyecciones preventivas y de promoción a nivel comunitario, escolar, y familiar como par-te de una vocación generosa (Rose, 1998), con que la disciplina ha infiltrado las instituciones socializadoras. Posteriormente, abordo el problema de la cooptación terapeutocrática de derechos socialesen relación con el auge de los enfoques cognitivo-conductuales. Finalmente, discuto las aspiraciones consensuales de la psicopolítica (de Vos, 2012), en el contexto de pandemia por COVID-19 y reforma psiquiátrica

Brazilian Psychology has its history deeply related to the development of the Brazilian State and understanding the moments of both participants in this relationship provides bases for the interpretation of how Psychology has behaved politically as science and profession. Reviewing central moments in the formation and maintenance of the modern Brazilian State, from the bases of its dependent socioeconomic formation, we propose, with this article, to review key historical moments in the relationship between Psychology and the State. The aim is to propose the category of political praxis as a conceptual instrument for interpreting and overcoming the concept of social commitment, which is strongly present in Psychology's discourse, whether based on practices or theories., A Psicologia brasileira possui sua história profundamente relacionada com o desenvolvimento do Estado brasileiro e compreender os momentos de ambos participantes dessa relação fornece bases para interpretação de como a Psicologia tem se portado politicamente como ciência e profissão. Repassando momento centrais da formação e manutenção do Estado moderno brasileiro, a partir das bases de sua formação socioeconômica dependente, propomos, com o artigo, revisar momentos históricos importantes da relação entre a Psicologia e o Estado. O intuito é propor a categoria de práxis política como instrumento conceitual de interpretação e superação do conceito de compromisso social, fortemente presente no discurso da Psicologia, seja a partir das práticas ou de suas teorias., La Psicología brasileña tiene su historia profundamente relacionada con el desarrollo del Estado brasileño y la comprensión de los momentos de ambos participantes en esta relación proporciona bases para la interpretación de cómo la psicología se ha comportado políticamente como ciencia y profesión. Revisando momentos centrales en la formación y mantenimiento del Estado brasileño moderno, a partir de las bases de su formación socioeconómica dependiente, nos proponemos, con el artículo, revisar importantes momentos históricos en la relación entre Psicología y Estado. El objetivo es proponer la categoría de praxis política como instrumento conceptual para interpretar y superar el concepto de compromiso social fuertemente presente en el discurso de la Psicología, ya sea a partir de prácticas o desde teorías.

This article contributes to the historiography of scientific objectivity as well as to the broader attempt to historicize basic epistemic categories by examining the case of empirical psychology in eighteenth-century Germany. From the time when the philosopher Christian Wolff first presented empirical psychology in the late 1720s until Kantian philosophers elaborated on the topic towards the end of the century, the discourse hinged on discussions of how to obtain scientific knowledge of the soul. Whereas the work of Wolff and his followers reflected established epistemic techniques for accomplishing this, from the early 1770s philosophers highlighted a new category of difficulties connected to the development of a systematic method of psychological self-observations. These difficulties, I argue, both complement and complicate the picture of how the subject became an obstacle to knowledge first in the mid-nineteenth century.

This paper focuses on the organized working class of Santiago de Chile’s reception of the postulates of the psychological disciplines, specifically of mental hygiene. Focused on a historical reconstruction that takes on the communist, socialist and anarchist working-class press of the mid-twentieth century, the paper brings to light a concern about the mental consequences of capitalism on the working class. In this way, an alternative route to the history of psychological knowledge opens up, showing the agency of the popular metropolitan class in Chile., Este trabalho enfoca a recepção que a classe trabalhadora organizada de Santiago do Chile fez dos postulados das disciplinas psicológicas, especificamente da higiene mental. Voltado a uma reconstrução histórica, na qual se toma a imprensa anarquista, comunista e socialista de meados do século XX, evidencia a preocupação com as consequências mentais do capitalismo para a classe trabalhadora. Assinala-se, com este percurso uma via alternativa para a história dos saberes psicológicos, mostrando-se a agência da classe trabalhadora metropolitana no Chile., El presente trabajo se enfoca en la recepción que la clase trabajadora organizada de Santiago de Chile hizo de los postulados de las disciplinas psicológicas, específicamente de la higiene mental. Enfocados en una reconstrucción histórica, en la que se toma a la prensa obrera anarquista comunista y socialista de mediados del siglo XX, se evidencia una preocupación sobre las consecuencias mentales del capitalismo en la clase obrera. Se señala con este recorrido una ruta alterna a la historia de los saberes psicológicos con lo que se muestra la agencia de la clase popular metropolitana en Chile.

Gestalt Therapy has been growing and developing since its arrival in the 1950's. For some authors, Gestalt-therapy is involved in the process of receiving phenomenology in Humanistic Psychology. However, specifics and institutionalized aspects of its studies, as disciplinarization, are barely visible in Mato Grosso do Sul (MS). In this scenario, this research aims to describe and analyze Gestalt-Therapy's disciplinarization in MS, between 1980 and 1990. Methodologically, this is a research in History of Psychology that uses Documentary and Content Analysis from oral and textual sources. Results indicate that Gestalt-Therapy's disciplinarization happened at the same time the firsts psychologists graduated in the city. They also highlight the involvement in the Gestalt-Therapy's training as a possibility of expansion knowledge, considering the scenario of Campo Grande, at the time, made it difficult to access complementary education. Finally, they suggest an eminently female group profile that shows the importance of therapeutic experiences in the group formation. Therefore, by unveiling this process, we understand certain aspects of the history of Brazilian Psychology, in addition to clarifying untold aspects of this local history., A Gestalt-terapia vem crescendo e se desenvolvendo desde de sua recepção na década de 1950. Para alguns autores, a Gestalt-terapia está envolvida no processo de recepção da fenomenologia na psicologia Humanista. Todavia, aspectos que envolvem o processo de formação de um conhecimento especializado e institucionalizado, como a disciplinarização dessa abordagem, são pouco visíveis no Mato Grosso do Sul (MS). Nesse cenário, esta pesquisa objetiva descrever e analisar formas de disciplinarização da Gestalt-terapia, em Mato Grosso do Sul, entre 1980 e 1990. Metodologicamente, esta é uma pesquisa em História da Psicologia que opera com Análise Documental e Análise de Conteúdo de fontes orais e textuais. Os resultados indicam que a disciplinarização da Gestalt-terapia ocorreu simultaneamente à graduação dos primeiros psicólogos, na cidade. Eles destacam, também, envolvimento nessa formação como uma possibilidade de expansão de conhecimentos, já que o cenário campo-grandense, à época, dificultava o acesso a formações complementares. Por fim, sinalizam um perfil de grupo eminentemente feminino e que salienta a importância de vivências terapêuticas no grupo de formação. Assim, ao desvelarmos esse processo, compreende-se determinados aspectos da história da Psicologia brasileira além de clarificar aspectos não narrados da história local, até então., La Terapia gestáltica (GT), desde su recepción en la década de 1950, se ha desarrollado profusamente. Para algunos autores la terapia gestáltica está involucrada en el proceso de recepción de la fenomenología en la psicología humanística. Sin embargo, algunos aspectos disciplinares de ésta en Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) son poco visibles. En este escenario, esta investigación tiene como objetivo describir y analizar las formas de desarrollo disciplinar de la GT en MS, entre los años 1980 y 1990. Metodológicamente, este es un estudio en Historia de la Psicología que opera con análisis documental y de contenido de fuentes orales y textuales. Los resultados indican que el desarrollo disciplinar de la GT ocurrió junto con la graduación de los primeros psicólogos en la ciudad. Éstos destacan, que el interés en este enfoque terapéutico fue por la posibilidad de expansión de conocimientos, ya que el escenario campo-grandense de la época, dificultaba el acceso a formaciones complementarias. Finalmente, éstos señalan un perfil de grupo eminentemente femenino y que alentaba la importancia de vivencias terapéuticas en el grupo de formación. Es por ello que, al develar este proceso, se comprenden determinados aspectos de la historia de la psicología brasileña, además de clarificar aspectos hasta entonces no narrados de esa historia local.

Los cursos de historia de la psicología en las universidades están sufriendo una reducción (de dos semestres a uno). En el presente artículo el autor discute la importancia de las asignaturas de historia de la psicología y trata de los más importantes enfoques de la investigación histórica en psicología: el biográfico, el cronológico, el orientado a los problemas, el social, el contrafáctico y el de la historia de los aparatos., The courses of history of psychology at the universities are suffering a reduction (instead two semesters only one now). In this communication the author discusses the importance of the history of psychology asignatures and shows the most important approaches to the historical research in psychology: the biographical, the chronological, the problem-oriented, the social, the contrafactic. and the history of apparats.

This article’s main topic is the transnational circulation of sport’s psychology knowledge and its inscription in Argentina from 1965-1981. This work’s main objective is to present a first map of this itinerary of transnational circulation, and to collaborate in this way on the increase of knowledge about the history of psychology in Argentina, and of the history of the sport psychology at international and local level. Stadiummagazine constitutes the central clipping of this research, although other types of sources and bibliography were also consulted. In the first place, the diffusion in Argentina of the First International Congress of Sport Psychology of 1965 is approached. Later, some contacts between international sport psychology and Argentine specialists in the period 1965-1981 are located. Then, some attempts to apply psychology in Argentine sport during the study period are presented and discussed. Finally, it is hypothesized the role that Stadium could have played in the circulation of knowledge in Spanish language about sport psychology during this period. Last, in the conclusions there are proposed a series of points to be investigated in greater depth that would allow to expand the initial map and the transnational circulation circuit of sport psychology developed in this work., Este artículo tiene como tema central la circulación transnacional de saberes de psicología del deporte y su inscripción en Argentina durante el período 1965-1981. El objetivo principal del presente trabajo es proponer un primer mapa de dicho itinerario de circulación transnacional, y de este modo colaborar en el acrecentamiento de los saberes sobre la historia de la psicología en Argentina, y de la historia de la psicología del deporte a nivel internacional y local. La revista Stadium constituye el recorte central de esta investigación, aunque también se consultó otro tipo de fuentes y bibliografía. En primer lugar, se aborda la difusión en Argentina del Primer Congreso Internacional de Psicología del Deporte de 1965. A continuación, se sitúan algunos contactos entre la psicología del deporte internacional y especialistas argentinos en el período 1965-1981. Luego, se presentan y discuten algunos intentos de aplicación de la psicología en el deporte argentino durante el período de estudio. Por último, se hipotetiza respecto al papel que pudo haber cumplido Stadium en la circulación de saberes sobre psicología del deporte en lengua castellana durante este período. A modo de cierre, se propone en las conclusiones una serie de puntos a indagar en mayor profundidad que permitirían ampliar el mapa inicial y el circuito de circulación transnacional de psicología del deporte desarrollado en este trabajo.

Psychological assessment has a historical relevance for the development of Psychology as a science and profession in Brazil, since the history of psychological assessment in Brazil is confused with the history of Psychology as a science and profession in the country, as it occurs even before its professionalization with the creation of undergraduate courses and the provision of teaching psychological assessment. However, it is possible to perceive that the path of psychological assessment in Brazil has gone through some phases: first, a great interest in psychological tests, then a certain discredit and criticism due to the lack of quality and studies of standardization of the instruments used and the most current where a new flourishing of the area appears. Thus, this work aimed to trace a reflective history of the area, seeking an understanding of the paths taken, the weaknesses and difficulties faced in the area as well as future possibilities. In recent years, the Federal Council of Psychology has been making efforts to regulate the area through various actions and actions of Satepsi, as well as to reduce the gap still found in the ethical aspects that involve acting in psychological assessment. This study reflects on the impact of these actions on the role of the psychologist, his performance as professional and possible future directions for the area. It can be seen, therefore, that Psychology and the area of ??psychological assessment have undergone important changes aimed at qualifying professional training, valuing practices based on scientific evidence and paying attention to social demands., La evaluación psicológica tiene una relevancia histórica para el desarrollo de la Psicología como ciencia y profesión en Brasil, ya que la historia de la evaluación psicológica en Brasil se confunde con la historia de la Psicología como ciencia y profesión en el país, como ocurre incluso antes de su profesionalización con la creación de cursos de pregrado y la provisión de evaluación psicológica docente. Sin embargo, es posible percibir que el camino de la evaluación psicológica en Brasil ha pasado por algunas fases: primero, un gran interés por las pruebas psicológicas, luego un cierto descrédito y crítica por la falta de calidad y estudios de estandarización de los instrumentos utilizados y la más actual donde aparece un nuevo florecimiento de la zona. Así, este trabajo tuvo como objetivo trazar una historia reflexiva de la zona, buscando el conocimiento de los caminos tomados, las debilidades y dificultades enfrentadas en la zona, así como las posibilidades futuras. En los últimos años, el Consejo Federal de Psicología viene realizando esfuerzos para regular el área a través de diversas acciones y acciones de Satepsi, así como para reducir la brecha que aún se encuentra en los aspectos éticos que implican actuar en la evaluación psicológica. Este estudio reflexiona sobre el impacto de estas acciones sobre el rol del psicólogo, su desempeño como profesional y las posibles orientaciones futuras del área. Se observa, por tanto, que la Psicología y el área de la evaluación psicológica han experimentado cambios importantes encaminados a calificar la formación profesional, valorar las prácticas basadas en la evidencia científica y atender las demandas sociales., A avaliação psicológica tem uma relevância histórica para o desenvolvimento da Psicologia como ciência e profissão no Brasil, uma vez que a história da avaliação psicológica no Brasil se confunde com a própria história da Psicologia como ciência e profissão no país, pois ocorre antes mesmo da sua profissionalização com a criação dos cursos de graduação e a previsão de ensino de avaliação psicológica. Entretanto, é possível perceber que o caminho da área de avaliação psicológica no Brasil passou por algumas fases: primeiro um grande interesse pelos testes psicológicos, em seguida um certo descrédito e críticas em virtude da falta de qualidade e de estudos de normatização dos instrumentos usados e a mais atual onde surge um novo florescimento da área. Dessa forma esse trabalho teve como objetivo traçar um histórico reflexivo da área, buscando um entendimento dos caminhos percorridos, das fragilidades e dificuldades enfrentadas na área assim como as possibilidades futuras. Nos últimos anos o Conselho Federal de Psicologia vem empreendendo esforços no sentido de regulamentar a área através de diversas ações e atuação do Satepsi, bem como diminuir a lacuna ainda encontrada nos aspectos éticos que envolvem a atuação em avaliação psicológica. Este estudo reflete sobre o impacto dessas ações no papel do psicólogo, sua atuação como profissional e possíveis direções futuras para a área. Constata-se assim, que a Psicologia e a área de avaliação psicológica vêm passando por importantes mudanças que tem em vista a qualificação da formação profissional, a valorização das práticas baseadas em evidências científicas e atenção às demandas sociais.

Psychological assessment has a historical relevance for the development of Psychology as a science and profession in Brazil, since the history of psychological assessment in Brazil is confused with the history of Psychology as a science and profession in the country, as it occurs even before its professionalization with the creation of undergraduate courses and the provision of teaching psychological assessment. However, it is possible to perceive that the path of psychological assessment in Brazil has gone through some phases: first, a great interest in psychological tests, then a certain discredit and criticism due to the lack of quality and studies of standardization of the instruments used and the most current where a new flourishing of the area appears. Thus, this work aimed to trace a reflective history of the area, seeking an understanding of the paths taken, the weaknesses and difficulties faced in the area as well as future possibilities. In recent years, the Federal Council of Psychology has been making efforts to regulate the area through various actions and actions of Satepsi, as well as to reduce the gap still found in the ethical aspects that involve acting in psychological assessment. This study reflects on the impact of these actions on the role of the psychologist, his performance as professional and possible future directions for the area. It can be seen, therefore, that Psychology and the area of ??psychological assessment have undergone important changes aimed at qualifying professional training, valuing practices based on scientific evidence and paying attention to social demands., La evaluación psicológica tiene una relevancia histórica para el desarrollo de la Psicología como ciencia y profesión en Brasil, ya que la historia de la evaluación psicológica en Brasil se confunde con la historia de la Psicología como ciencia y profesión en el país, como ocurre incluso antes de su profesionalización con la creación de cursos de pregrado y la provisión de evaluación psicológica docente. Sin embargo, es posible percibir que el camino de la evaluación psicológica en Brasil ha pasado por algunas fases: primero, un gran interés por las pruebas psicológicas, luego un cierto descrédito y crítica por la falta de calidad y estudios de estandarización de los instrumentos utilizados y la más actual donde aparece un nuevo florecimiento de la zona. Así, este trabajo tuvo como objetivo trazar una historia reflexiva de la zona, buscando el conocimiento de los caminos tomados, las debilidades y dificultades enfrentadas en la zona, así como las posibilidades futuras. En los últimos años, el Consejo Federal de Psicología viene realizando esfuerzos para regular el área a través de diversas acciones y acciones de Satepsi, así como para reducir la brecha que aún se encuentra en los aspectos éticos que implican actuar en la evaluación psicológica. Este estudio reflexiona sobre el impacto de estas acciones sobre el rol del psicólogo, su desempeño como profesional y las posibles orientaciones futuras del área. Se observa, por tanto, que la Psicología y el área de la evaluación psicológica han experimentado cambios importantes encaminados a calificar la formación profesional, valorar las prácticas basadas en la evidencia científica y atender las demandas sociales., A avaliação psicológica tem uma relevância histórica para o desenvolvimento da Psicologia como ciência e profissão no Brasil, uma vez que a história da avaliação psicológica no Brasil se confunde com a própria história da Psicologia como ciência e profissão no país, pois ocorre antes mesmo da sua profissionalização com a criação dos cursos de graduação e a previsão de ensino de avaliação psicológica. Entretanto, é possível perceber que o caminho da área de avaliação psicológica no Brasil passou por algumas fases: primeiro um grande interesse pelos testes psicológicos, em seguida um certo descrédito e críticas em virtude da falta de qualidade e de estudos de normatização dos instrumentos usados e a mais atual onde surge um novo florescimento da área. Dessa forma esse trabalho teve como objetivo traçar um histórico reflexivo da área, buscando um entendimento dos caminhos percorridos, das fragilidades e dificuldades enfrentadas na área assim como as possibilidades futuras. Nos últimos anos o Conselho Federal de Psicologia vem empreendendo esforços no sentido de regulamentar a área através de diversas ações e atuação do Satepsi, bem como diminuir a lacuna ainda encontrada nos aspectos éticos que envolvem a atuação em avaliação psicológica. Este estudo reflete sobre o impacto dessas ações no papel do psicólogo, sua atuação como profissional e possíveis direções futuras para a área. Constata-se assim, que a Psicologia e a área de avaliação psicológica vêm passando por importantes mudanças que tem em vista a qualificação da formação profissional, a valorização das práticas baseadas em evidências científicas e atenção às demandas sociais.

Renzo Canestrari prompted the studies of history of psychology at the University of Bologna in order to understand both the multiple roots of scientific psychology and the complex transition from its early development to later ones in Italy in the 1950s and 1960s. He entrusted Giuseppe Mucciarelli, who had a philosophical and epistemological background, with the task of detailing the knowledge of the historical and epistemological bases of psychological sciences. In the 1980s and 1990s, Bologna became one of the most important Italian centers for the history of psychology. Mucciarelli carried out many studies on how the positivistic, psychophysical and phenomenological trends in Europe influenced the early development of psychology. In the same period Nicoletta Caramelli, by analyzing the relationships between the history of psychology and that of human sciences cast new light on the origin of cognitivism and the transition from Gestalt psychology to cognitive psychology in Italy.

Materials such as popular books, magazines, and newspapers have historically been important for the circulation of psychologists’ and psychiatrists’ expertise in the public sphere. In this article, I analyze an advice column published in the Swedish parenting magazine Vi Föräldrar [Us Parents], featuring the child psychologist Malin Alfvén. Drawing on the concept of figurations (Castañeda, 2002), denoting the process of outlining and defining an entity, I show how the expert framed the child-related problems brought up in the submitted letters as transient and a normal part of children’s development. In fact, most problems were considered beneficial for both parents and the child. Instead of interpreting children’s behavior through a medical framework, Alfvén’s explanations drew on 3 naturalizing figurations of the child: as being one of several kinds of children; as going through phases and ages; and as being a unique individual. For instance, a child could be rowdy and temperamental because he was a willful kind of child, not because, as suggested by some parents, he suffered from a neuropsychiatric disorder. I conclude by contrasting these findings to the claims made by some scholars that “psy” experts have contributed to an increasing medicalization of childhood as well as to a framing of children’s development as overwhelmingly determined by parents’ care. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)

Materials such as popular books, magazines, and newspapers have historically been important for the circulation of psychologists’ and psychiatrists’ expertise in the public sphere. In this article, I analyze an advice column published in the Swedish parenting magazine Vi Föräldrar [Us Parents], featuring the child psychologist Malin Alfvén. Drawing on the concept of figurations (Castañeda, 2002), denoting the process of outlining and defining an entity, I show how the expert framed the child-related problems brought up in the submitted letters as transient and a normal part of children’s development. In fact, most problems were considered beneficial for both parents and the child. Instead of interpreting children’s behavior through a medical framework, Alfvén’s explanations drew on 3 naturalizing figurations of the child: as being one of several kinds of children; as going through phases and ages; and as being a unique individual. For instance, a child could be rowdy and temperamental because he was a willful kind of child, not because, as suggested by some parents, he suffered from a neuropsychiatric disorder. I conclude by contrasting these findings to the claims made by some scholars that “psy” experts have contributed to an increasing medicalization of childhood as well as to a framing of children’s development as overwhelmingly determined by parents’ care. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)

This paper aims to analyze the definition of intelligence that appeared in the book Los Tests (1946) written by BélaSzékely, a Hungarian psychologist who emigrated to Argentina in 1938. Although Székely's work was mainly related to psychoanalysis and child psychology, the publication of this compilation of psychometric tests became one of his most influential works, in which he based his observations on the ideas of Wilhelm Stern, Sigmund Freud, and Alfred Adler. The methodology used in this article is based on a qualitative and interpretative analysis of bibliographical sources from the perspectives of the critical history of psychology and intellectual history in Argentina in the 1930s and 1940s. In using this approach, I analyze what other specialists thought of intelligence, in contrast to the ideas presented by Székely. The article approaches the issue first by briefly presenting the author in question, and his position within Hungarian and Argentinian intellectual groups. Then, it studies general understandings of 'intelligence' and 'intellectual level' in Argentina around the time that Székely's book made its first appearance and, finally, it examines to what extent his viewpoint was different. The articulation between epistemological and historical discussions allows us to reflect not only on the transformations present in scientific constructs such as intelligence but also on the implications they had within the scientific community and on a wider social and political level. If intelligence was considered to be a neutral concept, then a mere compilation of tests would be enough for its dissemination. Székely's book made an impact because it contributed to the availability of testing technology, the popularization of said technology, and the intelligence concept.

A review of the history of the University Clinic at the Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, is presented. The history of the Clinic can be viewed as a case illustrating more general trends at university clinics in Western societies. The history is viewed in relation to key points in the development of psychological science in general, with a special focus on clinical psychology and the emergence of social needs for clinical psychological practice in the wake of World War II. The so-called “scientist–practitioner” model is introduced, and it is argued that the higher priority given to research today is double-edged, entailing on the one hand the possibility of contributing to the development of research-based clinical theories and practices on a high level and on the other hand the risks of undermining university clinics tradition for clinical psychological practice and education.

In the history of psychology, historians have found that during the Nazi era in Germany there was a greater emphasis on the holistic and genetic approach, as well as a rise of applied psychology (psychotechnics). To this day, however, the question of what effects the political and scientific changes had on the contacts and the reputation of German psychology abroad has rarely been asked. How was the psychology of the Nazi era judged from the Spanish side? In the 1930s and 1940s in Spain, several positions can be found, often characterized by a certain ambivalence. In this book chapter I selected texts published by Spanish psychologists who were very interested in the work done in Germany, who spoke German and maintained personal contacts with academics in German institutions during that period. My research shows that there was concern and interest as well as criticisms with regard to the new trend. I point out several reasons Spanish scholars had for adopting their positions such as the typological comparison on a national level and the arrival of Jewish psychologists such as Wolff, who in 1933 started to work with Mira and his team at the Psychotechnical Institute in Barcelona.

This paper considers Nicholas of Cusa’s interpretation of Aristotle’s De anima with regard to the functioning of the internal senses in the gnoseological process: sensus communis, vis memorialis, vis aestimativa, phantasia and vis imaginativa. For the first time in the recent historiography on medieval theory of knowledge, the references to the Aristotelian doctrine of the internal senses in Nicholas of Cusa’s work are organized in a systematic and ordered philosophical reconstruction; as main source of the Cusanian doctrine of internal senses, Albert the Great’s Liber de anima is identified, En este trabajo se aborda la interpretación de Nicolás de Cusa sobre De anima de Aristóteles, en relación con el funcionamiento de los sentidos internos en el proceso gnoseológico: sensus communis, vis memorialis, vis aestimativa, phantasia y vis imaginativa. Por primera vez en la reciente historiografía sobre la teoría del conocimiento en la Edad Media, las referencias a la doctrina aristotélica de los sentidos internos en la obra de Nicolás de Cusa se organizan dentro de una reconstrucción filosófica sistemática y ordenada; como fuente principal de la doctrina cusana de los sentidos internos, se identifica el Liber de anima de Alberto Magno.

This theoretical essay analyses critically a metaphor, advanced by Brown and Stenner (2009), for the crises in social psychology and psychology, their objects of study and related philosophical anthropologies: Moby-Dick. In interpreting it symbolically as a myth, we argue that the core question for the crises was the concept of unconscious. Thus we reassess the social history and origins of such concept, centered around Freudian Psychoanalysis and its myth, the “Freudian legend” — how its notion of a subject, model of psychology, and concept of unconscious impacted (social) psychology, culminating in an analysis of the unconscious in social psychology today. We conclude by advancing a proposal: a different philosophical anthropology based on the rescue of a humanist concept of the unconscious, and the symbolic realm, as foundation for both the social (culture) and the subject, and thus for a new social psychology that re-unites Naturwissenschaft- and Geisteswissenschaft-models., Este ensayo teórico hace un análisis crítico de una metáfora (Brown & Stenner, 2009) para las crisis en psicología y psicología social, sus objetos de estudio y antropologías filosóficas relacionadas: Moby-Dick. Al interpretarla simbólicamente como mito, planteamos que la cuestión central para las crisis ha sido el concepto de inconsciente. Así revaloramos la historia y orígenes sociales del concepto, centrándonos en el psicoanálisis freudiano y su mito, “la leyenda freudiana”: cómo su noción de sujeto, modelo de psicología, y concepto de inconsciente han impactado la psicología (social), culminando con un análisis del inconsciente en la psicología social hoy. Concluimos presentando una propuesta: una antropología filosófica distinta basada en el rescate de un concepto humanista de inconsciente, y del campo simbólico, como fundamento para el social (cultura) y el sujeto, y así para una nueva psicología social que re-une modelos de las ciencias naturales y humanas.

Materials such as popular books, magazines, and newspapers have historically been important for the circulation of psychologists’ and psychiatrists’ expertise in the public sphere. In this article, I analyze an advice column published in the Swedish parenting magazine Vi Föräldrar [Us Parents], featuring the child psychologist Malin Alfvén. Drawing on the concept of figurations (Castañeda, 2002), denoting the process of outlining and defining an entity, I show how the expert framed the child-related problems brought up in the submitted letters as transient and a normal part of children’s development. In fact, most problems were considered beneficial for both parents and the child. Instead of interpreting children’s behavior through a medical framework, Alfvén’s explanations drew on 3 naturalizing figurations of the child: as being one of several kinds of children; as going through phases and ages; and as being a unique individual. For instance, a child could be rowdy and temperamental because he was a willful kind of child, not because, as suggested by some parents, he suffered from a neuropsychiatric disorder. I conclude by contrasting these findings to the claims made by some scholars that “psy” experts have contributed to an increasing medicalization of childhood as well as to a framing of children’s development as overwhelmingly determined by parents’ care. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)

This paper considers Nicholas of Cusa’s interpretation of Aristotle’s De anima with regard to the functioning of the internal senses in the gnoseological process: sensus communis, vis memorialis, vis aestimativa, phantasia and vis imaginativa. For the first time in the recent historiography on medieval theory of knowledge, the references to the Aristotelian doctrine of the internal senses in Nicholas of Cusa’s work are organized in a systematic and ordered philosophical reconstruction; as main source of the Cusanian doctrine of internal senses, Albert the Great’s Liber de anima is identified, En este trabajo se aborda la interpretación de Nicolás de Cusa sobre De anima de Aristóteles, en relación con el funcionamiento de los sentidos internos en el proceso gnoseológico: sensus communis, vis memorialis, vis aestimativa, phantasia y vis imaginativa. Por primera vez en la reciente historiografía sobre la teoría del conocimiento en la Edad Media, las referencias a la doctrina aristotélica de los sentidos internos en la obra de Nicolás de Cusa se organizan dentro de una reconstrucción filosófica sistemática y ordenada; como fuente principal de la doctrina cusana de los sentidos internos, se identifica el Liber de anima de Alberto Magno.

Based on the Hegelian principle that negation is history's driving force, we discuss the insurgent characteristics for psychiatric reform, also known as the anti-asylum struggle. Needless to say, the care of people with psychic disorders in history is far from being idyllic. At the beginning of this work, the historical inefficiency of segregation in psychiatric hospitals of people who suffer psychically is discussed. Then, we recovered some of the voices of the past and the present that, in their time and in their own way, arose in favor of changing the hegemonic isolationist paradigm as a treatment of psychological suffering. These voices compound the anti-asylum struggle. We also highlight some of these characters and the current situation in mental health care., En partant du principe hégélien que la négation est le moteur de l'histoire, nous avons comme objectif réfléchir sur le caractère d'insurgence du mouvement de la réforme psychiatrique ou la lutte anti-asilaire, vu que, historiquement, l'attention à la personne qui souffre psychiquement n'a rien d' idylique. On discutera, d'abord, l'inefficacité historique de la ségrégation dans des hôpitaux psychiatriques de la personne souffrant psychiquement. Ensuite, on récupérera quelque voix du passé et du présent qui, à leur temps et à leur manière, se sont insurgées (s'insurgent) pour le changement du paradigme hégémonique de l'isolement comme traitement de la souffrance psychique, en composant le choeur de la lutte anti-asilaire. On met en évidence, encore, quelques-uns de ces personnages et la situation actuelle dans l'attention à la santé mentale., Partindo do princípio hegeliano de que a negação é o motor da história temos como objetivo refletir sobre o caráter insurgente do movimento da reforma psiquiátrica ou luta antimanicomial, visto que, historicamente, o atendimento à pessoa que sofre psiquicamente nada tem de idílico. Discutimos inicialmente a histórica ineficácia da segregação em hospitais psiquiátricos da pessoa que sofre psiquicamente. Em seguida, recuperamos algumas das vozes do passado e do presente que, em seu tempo e a seu modo, insurgiram-se em prol da mudança do paradigma hegemônico isolacionista como tratamento do sofrimento psíquico, compondo o coro da luta antimanicomial. Destacamos, ainda, alguns destes personagens e a situação atual na atenção à saúde mental., Partiendo del principio hegeliano de que la negación es el motor de la historia, tenemos como objetivo reflexionar sobre el carácter insurgente del movimiento de la reforma psiquiátrica o la lucha antimanicomial, puesto que, historicamente, la atención a la persona que sufre psíquicamente no tiene nada de idílico. Discutiremos inicialmente la histórica ineficacia de la segregación en hospitales psiquiátricos de la persona que sufre psíquicamente. Em seguida, recuperamos algunas de las voces del pasado y del presente que, en su tiempo y a su modo, se insurgieron (se insurgen) para promover cambios del paradigma hegemónico isolacionista como tratamiento del sufrimiento psíquico, componiendo el estribillo de la lucha antimanicomial. Destacamos, aún, algunos de estos personajes y la situación actual en lo referente a la atención a la salud mental.

Materials such as popular books, magazines, and newspapers have historically been important for the circulation of psychologists’ and psychiatrists’ expertise in the public sphere. In this article, I analyze an advice column published in the Swedish parenting magazine Vi Föräldrar [Us Parents], featuring the child psychologist Malin Alfvén. Drawing on the concept of figurations (Castañeda, 2002), denoting the process of outlining and defining an entity, I show how the expert framed the child-related problems brought up in the submitted letters as transient and a normal part of children’s development. In fact, most problems were considered beneficial for both parents and the child. Instead of interpreting children’s behavior through a medical framework, Alfvén’s explanations drew on 3 naturalizing figurations of the child: as being one of several kinds of children; as going through phases and ages; and as being a unique individual. For instance, a child could be rowdy and temperamental because he was a willful kind of child, not because, as suggested by some parents, he suffered from a neuropsychiatric disorder. I conclude by contrasting these findings to the claims made by some scholars that “psy” experts have contributed to an increasing medicalization of childhood as well as to a framing of children’s development as overwhelmingly determined by parents’ care. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)

In the history of psychology, historians have found that during the Nazi era in Germany there was a greater emphasis on the holistic and genetic approach, as well as a rise of applied psychology (psychotechnics). To this day, however, the question of what effects the political and scientific changes had on the contacts and the reputation of German psychology abroad has rarely been asked. How was the psychology of the Nazi era judged from the Spanish side? In the 1930s and 1940s in Spain, several positions can be found, often characterized by a certain ambivalence. In this book chapter I selected texts published by Spanish psychologists who were very interested in the work done in Germany, who spoke German and maintained personal contacts with academics in German institutions during that period. My research shows that there was concern and interest as well as criticisms with regard to the new trend. I point out several reasons Spanish scholars had for adopting their positions such as the typological comparison on a national level and the arrival of Jewish psychologists such as Wolff, who in 1933 started to work with Mira and his team at the Psychotechnical Institute in Barcelona.

This theoretical essay analyses critically a metaphor, advanced by Brown and Stenner (2009), for the crises in social psychology and psychology, their objects of study and related philosophical anthropologies: Moby-Dick. In interpreting it symbolically as a myth, we argue that the core question for the crises was the concept of unconscious. Thus we reassess the social history and origins of such concept, centered around Freudian Psychoanalysis and its myth, the “Freudian legend” — how its notion of a subject, model of psychology, and concept of unconscious impacted (social) psychology, culminating in an analysis of the unconscious in social psychology today. We conclude by advancing a proposal: a different philosophical anthropology based on the rescue of a humanist concept of the unconscious, and the symbolic realm, as foundation for both the social (culture) and the subject, and thus for a new social psychology that re-unites Naturwissenschaft- and Geisteswissenschaft-models., Este ensayo teórico hace un análisis crítico de una metáfora (Brown & Stenner, 2009) para las crisis en psicología y psicología social, sus objetos de estudio y antropologías filosóficas relacionadas: Moby-Dick. Al interpretarla simbólicamente como mito, planteamos que la cuestión central para las crisis ha sido el concepto de inconsciente. Así revaloramos la historia y orígenes sociales del concepto, centrándonos en el psicoanálisis freudiano y su mito, “la leyenda freudiana”: cómo su noción de sujeto, modelo de psicología, y concepto de inconsciente han impactado la psicología (social), culminando con un análisis del inconsciente en la psicología social hoy. Concluimos presentando una propuesta: una antropología filosófica distinta basada en el rescate de un concepto humanista de inconsciente, y del campo simbólico, como fundamento para el social (cultura) y el sujeto, y así para una nueva psicología social que re-une modelos de las ciencias naturales y humanas.

A review of the history of the University Clinic at the Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, is presented. The history of the Clinic can be viewed as a case illustrating more general trends at university clinics in Western societies. The history is viewed in relation to key points in the development of psychological science in general, with a special focus on clinical psychology and the emergence of social needs for clinical psychological practice in the wake of World War II. The so-called “scientist–practitioner” model is introduced, and it is argued that the higher priority given to research today is double-edged, entailing on the one hand the possibility of contributing to the development of research-based clinical theories and practices on a high level and on the other hand the risks of undermining university clinics tradition for clinical psychological practice and education.

Based on the Hegelian principle that negation is history's driving force, we discuss the insurgent characteristics for psychiatric reform, also known as the anti-asylum struggle. Needless to say, the care of people with psychic disorders in history is far from being idyllic. At the beginning of this work, the historical inefficiency of segregation in psychiatric hospitals of people who suffer psychically is discussed. Then, we recovered some of the voices of the past and the present that, in their time and in their own way, arose in favor of changing the hegemonic isolationist paradigm as a treatment of psychological suffering. These voices compound the anti-asylum struggle. We also highlight some of these characters and the current situation in mental health care., En partant du principe hégélien que la négation est le moteur de l'histoire, nous avons comme objectif réfléchir sur le caractère d'insurgence du mouvement de la réforme psychiatrique ou la lutte anti-asilaire, vu que, historiquement, l'attention à la personne qui souffre psychiquement n'a rien d' idylique. On discutera, d'abord, l'inefficacité historique de la ségrégation dans des hôpitaux psychiatriques de la personne souffrant psychiquement. Ensuite, on récupérera quelque voix du passé et du présent qui, à leur temps et à leur manière, se sont insurgées (s'insurgent) pour le changement du paradigme hégémonique de l'isolement comme traitement de la souffrance psychique, en composant le choeur de la lutte anti-asilaire. On met en évidence, encore, quelques-uns de ces personnages et la situation actuelle dans l'attention à la santé mentale., Partindo do princípio hegeliano de que a negação é o motor da história temos como objetivo refletir sobre o caráter insurgente do movimento da reforma psiquiátrica ou luta antimanicomial, visto que, historicamente, o atendimento à pessoa que sofre psiquicamente nada tem de idílico. Discutimos inicialmente a histórica ineficácia da segregação em hospitais psiquiátricos da pessoa que sofre psiquicamente. Em seguida, recuperamos algumas das vozes do passado e do presente que, em seu tempo e a seu modo, insurgiram-se em prol da mudança do paradigma hegemônico isolacionista como tratamento do sofrimento psíquico, compondo o coro da luta antimanicomial. Destacamos, ainda, alguns destes personagens e a situação atual na atenção à saúde mental., Partiendo del principio hegeliano de que la negación es el motor de la historia, tenemos como objetivo reflexionar sobre el carácter insurgente del movimiento de la reforma psiquiátrica o la lucha antimanicomial, puesto que, historicamente, la atención a la persona que sufre psíquicamente no tiene nada de idílico. Discutiremos inicialmente la histórica ineficacia de la segregación en hospitales psiquiátricos de la persona que sufre psíquicamente. Em seguida, recuperamos algunas de las voces del pasado y del presente que, en su tiempo y a su modo, se insurgieron (se insurgen) para promover cambios del paradigma hegemónico isolacionista como tratamiento del sufrimiento psíquico, componiendo el estribillo de la lucha antimanicomial. Destacamos, aún, algunos de estos personajes y la situación actual en lo referente a la atención a la salud mental.

Materials such as popular books, magazines, and newspapers have historically been important for the circulation of psychologists’ and psychiatrists’ expertise in the public sphere. In this article, I analyze an advice column published in the Swedish parenting magazine Vi Föräldrar [Us Parents], featuring the child psychologist Malin Alfvén. Drawing on the concept of figurations (Castañeda, 2002), denoting the process of outlining and defining an entity, I show how the expert framed the child-related problems brought up in the submitted letters as transient and a normal part of children’s development. In fact, most problems were considered beneficial for both parents and the child. Instead of interpreting children’s behavior through a medical framework, Alfvén’s explanations drew on 3 naturalizing figurations of the child: as being one of several kinds of children; as going through phases and ages; and as being a unique individual. For instance, a child could be rowdy and temperamental because he was a willful kind of child, not because, as suggested by some parents, he suffered from a neuropsychiatric disorder. I conclude by contrasting these findings to the claims made by some scholars that “psy” experts have contributed to an increasing medicalization of childhood as well as to a framing of children’s development as overwhelmingly determined by parents’ care. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)

Materials such as popular books, magazines, and newspapers have historically been important for the circulation of psychologists’ and psychiatrists’ expertise in the public sphere. In this article, I analyze an advice column published in the Swedish parenting magazine Vi Föräldrar [Us Parents], featuring the child psychologist Malin Alfvén. Drawing on the concept of figurations (Castañeda, 2002), denoting the process of outlining and defining an entity, I show how the expert framed the child-related problems brought up in the submitted letters as transient and a normal part of children’s development. In fact, most problems were considered beneficial for both parents and the child. Instead of interpreting children’s behavior through a medical framework, Alfvén’s explanations drew on 3 naturalizing figurations of the child: as being one of several kinds of children; as going through phases and ages; and as being a unique individual. For instance, a child could be rowdy and temperamental because he was a willful kind of child, not because, as suggested by some parents, he suffered from a neuropsychiatric disorder. I conclude by contrasting these findings to the claims made by some scholars that “psy” experts have contributed to an increasing medicalization of childhood as well as to a framing of children’s development as overwhelmingly determined by parents’ care. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)

Il dibattito sui temi di “abitudine” e “follia” ha attraversato l’intero arco del pensiero filosofico e psicologico. Nonostante la loro apparente marginalità o appartenenza ad ambiti di discussione specifici e specialistici, abitudine e follia rappresentano a ben vedere due categorie dalle svariate implicazioni teoriche. Ponendosi, infatti, all’incontro di più prospettive d’indagine, esse hanno avuto la capacità di favorire l’interazione tra sapere medico, psichiatrico e psicologico, ma soprattutto di sollecitare lo sguardo filosofico e condurlo a una revisione dei propri presupposti. In questo scritto, si analizzano alcune prospettive filosofiche, con una particolare attenzione alla tradizione francese (Maine de Biran, Victor Cousin, Félix Ravaisson, Paul Janet), e alle sue influenze su dibattiti medico-psichiatrici del tempo e su alcune riflessioni di metà Novecento.

Nel 1887, William James, all’epoca professore di psicologia e filosofia alla Harvard University, pubblica sulla rivista The Popular Science Monthly un articolo interamente dedicato alle leggi dell’abitudine. Il tema dell’abitudine godeva al tempo di un interesse di tutta eccezione, ponendosi periodicamente al centro dei dibattiti filosofici, psicologici e medico-scientifici. L’abitudine rappresentava, infatti, una dinamica dalle molte facce e applicazioni. Oggetto di attenzione da parte della fisiologia, interessata alle sue applicazioni corporee e organiche, della filosofia – che ne faceva una legge di spiegazione dei rapporti del fisico e dello psichico – e della psicologia, l’abitudine incarnava una speciale forma di apprendimento ad amplissimo spettro. Vi è, allora, un’interessante corrispondenza tra la natura multiforme dell’abitudine e l’impostazione della teoria jamesiana, la quale andava approfondendo la complessa relazione tra processi cerebrali e risposte comportamentali.