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Despite unprecedented progress in developing COVID-19 vaccines, global vaccination levels needed to reach herd immunity remain a distant target, while new variants keep emerging. Obtaining near universal vaccine uptake relies on understanding and addressing vaccine resistance. Simple questions about vaccine acceptance however ignore that the vaccines being offered vary across countries and even population subgroups, and differ in terms of efficacy and side effects. By using advanced discrete choice models estimated on stated choice data collected in 18 countries/territories across six continents, we show a substantial influence of vaccine characteristics. Uptake increases if more efficacious vaccines (95% vs 60%) are offered (mean across study areas=3.9%, range of 0.6%-8.1%) or if vaccines offer at least 12 months of protection (mean across study areas=2.4%, range of 0.2%-5.8%), while an increase in severe side effects (from 0.001% to 0.01%) leads to reduced uptake (mean=-1.3%, range of -0.2% to -3.9%). Additionally, a large share of individuals (mean=55.2%, range of 28%-75.8%) would delay vaccination by 3 months to obtain a more efficacious (95% vs 60%) vaccine, where this increases further if the low efficacy vaccine has a higher risk (0.01% instead of 0.001%) of severe side effects (mean=65.9%, range of 41.4%-86.5%). Our work highlights that careful consideration of which vaccines to offer can be beneficial. In support of this, we provide an interactive tool to predict uptake in a country as a function of the vaccines being deployed, and also depending on the levels of infectiousness and severity of circulating variants of COVID-19.

Despite unprecedented progress in developing COVID-19 vaccines, global vaccination levels needed to reach herd immunity remain a distant target, while new variants keep emerging. Obtaining near universal vaccine uptake relies on understanding and addressing vaccine resistance. Simple questions about vaccine acceptance however ignore that the vaccines being offered vary across countries and even population subgroups, and differ in terms of efficacy and side effects. By using advanced discrete choice models estimated on stated choice data collected in 18 countries/territories across six continents, we show a substantial influence of vaccine characteristics. Uptake increases if more efficacious vaccines (95% vs 60%) are offered (mean across study areas=3.9%, range of 0.6%-8.1%) or if vaccines offer at least 12 months of protection (mean across study areas=2.4%, range of 0.2%-5.8%), while an increase in severe side effects (from 0.001% to 0.01%) leads to reduced uptake (mean=-1.3%, range of -0.2% to -3.9%). Additionally, a large share of individuals (mean=55.2%, range of 28%-75.8%) would delay vaccination by 3 months to obtain a more efficacious (95% vs 60%) vaccine, where this increases further if the low efficacy vaccine has a higher risk (0.01% instead of 0.001%) of severe side effects (mean=65.9%, range of 41.4%-86.5%). Our work highlights that careful consideration of which vaccines to offer can be beneficial. In support of this, we provide an interactive tool to predict uptake in a country as a function of the vaccines being deployed, and also depending on the levels of infectiousness and severity of circulating variants of COVID-19.

Endoscopy is the most widely used imaging technique for the diagnosis of cancerous lesions in hollow organs. However, endoscopic images are often affected by illumination artefacts: image parts may be over- or underexposed according to the light source pose and the tissue orientation. These artifacts have a strong negative impact on the performance of computer vision or AI-based diagnosis tools. Although endoscopic image enhancement methods are greatly required, little effort has been devoted to over- and under-exposition enhancement in real-time. This contribution presents an extension to the objective function of LMSPEC, a method originally introduced to enhance images from natural scenes. It is used here for the exposure correction in endoscopic imaging and the preservation of structural information. To the best of our knowledge, this contribution is the first one that addresses the enhancement of endoscopic images using deep learning (DL) methods. Tested on the Endo4IE dataset, the proposed implementation has yielded a significant improvement over LMSPEC reaching a SSIM increase of 4.40% and 4.21% for over- and underexposed images, respectively., Comment: This work has been submitted to the IEEE for possible publication. Copyright may be transferred without notice, after which this version may no longer be accessible

Despite unprecedented progress in developing COVID-19 vaccines, global vaccination levels needed to reach herd immunity remain a distant target, while new variants keep emerging. Obtaining near universal vaccine uptake relies on understanding and addressing vaccine resistance. Simple questions about vaccine acceptance however ignore that the vaccines being offered vary across countries and even population subgroups, and differ in terms of efficacy and side effects. By using advanced discrete choice models estimated on stated choice data collected in 18 countries/territories across six continents, we show a substantial influence of vaccine characteristics. Uptake increases if more efficacious vaccines (95% vs 60%) are offered (mean across study areas=3.9%, range of 0.6%-8.1%) or if vaccines offer at least 12 months of protection (mean across study areas=2.4%, range of 0.2%-5.8%), while an increase in severe side effects (from 0.001% to 0.01%) leads to reduced uptake (mean=-1.3%, range of -0.2% to -3.9%). Additionally, a large share of individuals (mean=55.2%, range of 28%-75.8%) would delay vaccination by 3 months to obtain a more efficacious (95% vs 60%) vaccine, where this increases further if the low efficacy vaccine has a higher risk (0.01% instead of 0.001%) of severe side effects (mean=65.9%, range of 41.4%-86.5%). Our work highlights that careful consideration of which vaccines to offer can be beneficial. In support of this, we provide an interactive tool to predict uptake in a country as a function of the vaccines being deployed, and also depending on the levels of infectiousness and severity of circulating variants of COVID-19.

Este proyecto aborda el diseño y construcción de un complejo hotelero para adultos en las islas del rosario, con el fin de promover el turismo en dicha isla, para que una vez construido, este sea operado por Tour Vacation Hoteles Azul SAS. Esta propuesta es una oportunidad de negocio basado en estudios y en proyectos ejecutados en otros países en donde el turismo “sin Niños” se está posesionando en el mercado del Caribe. Con el paso del tiempo, el turismo para adultos se ha ido incrementando, de allí surgió la necesidad de plantear de construir un complejo Hotelero en el caribe colombiano. El propósito de este trabajo de grado es de crear y dejar plasmado la necesidad de abrir otro nicho de mercado en el turismo con esta clase de cadena hotelera para adultos toda vez que, en el país, aun no existen dichas instalaciones, además la construcción de este ayudaría al desarrollo de la economía, y bienestar social de la isla. Y, por último, aplicar los conceptos de planificación basados en los lineamientos del PMI., This project addresses the design and construction of a hotel complex for adults in the Rosario Islands, in order to promote tourism on that Island, so that once built, it will be operated by Tour Vacation Hoteles Azul SAS.Co. This proposal is a business opportunity based on studies and projects executed in other countries where “without Children” tourism is taking possession of the Caribbean market. With the passage of time, tourism for adults has been increasing, hence the need arose to build a hotel complex in the Colombian Caribbean. The purpose of this degree work is to create and reflect the need to open another niche market in tourism with this kind of hotel chain for adults since in our country, there are still no such facilities, in addition to the construction of this it would help the development of the economy, and social welfare of the island. And finally, apply the planning concepts based on the PMI guidelines.

Este proyecto aborda el diseño y construcción de un complejo hotelero para adultos en las islas del rosario, con el fin de promover el turismo en dicha isla, para que una vez construido, este sea operado por Tour Vacation Hoteles Azul SAS. Esta propuesta es una oportunidad de negocio basado en estudios y en proyectos ejecutados en otros países en donde el turismo “sin Niños” se está posesionando en el mercado del Caribe. Con el paso del tiempo, el turismo para adultos se ha ido incrementando, de allí surgió la necesidad de plantear de construir un complejo Hotelero en el caribe colombiano. El propósito de este trabajo de grado es de crear y dejar plasmado la necesidad de abrir otro nicho de mercado en el turismo con esta clase de cadena hotelera para adultos toda vez que, en el país, aun no existen dichas instalaciones, además la construcción de este ayudaría al desarrollo de la economía, y bienestar social de la isla. Y, por último, aplicar los conceptos de planificación basados en los lineamientos del PMI., This project addresses the design and construction of a hotel complex for adults in the Rosario Islands, in order to promote tourism on that Island, so that once built, it will be operated by Tour Vacation Hoteles Azul SAS.Co. This proposal is a business opportunity based on studies and projects executed in other countries where “without Children” tourism is taking possession of the Caribbean market. With the passage of time, tourism for adults has been increasing, hence the need arose to build a hotel complex in the Colombian Caribbean. The purpose of this degree work is to create and reflect the need to open another niche market in tourism with this kind of hotel chain for adults since in our country, there are still no such facilities, in addition to the construction of this it would help the development of the economy, and social welfare of the island. And finally, apply the planning concepts based on the PMI guidelines.

In Colombia, a socioeconomic stratification (SES) system of households based on the physical characteristics of the dwelling and its surroundings is implemented in order to set subsidies to public services. Many studies use this classification as a proxy variable for the household income, mainly because of the ease to retrieve data. This investigation proposes an evaluation of the SES as an explanatory variable for the household income. Ordered logit regressions were estimated for the cities of Bogotá, Medellín, Cali and Barranquilla, where the dependent variable corresponds to the SES. Even though there is a positive correlation between SES and household income, the relation depends on certain characteristics of the household as it size, vehicle availability and percentage of workers and students. The results were validated by comparing trip generation models. By including the significant attributes from the ordinal regressions, trip generation models with income and SES had similar fit, which suggests that using the SES as a proxy variable for the income, might be appropriate as long as their correspondence is checked according to household characteristics., En Colombia se ha desarrollado un sistema de estratificación de viviendas basado en las características físicas del inmueble y su entorno, con el fin de establecer tarifas diferenciales a servicios públicos. Diversos estudios de transporte usan esta clasificación como variable sustituta del ingreso del hogar debido a la facilidad relativa para obtener dicha información. Este artículo realiza una evaluación del estrato como variable explicativa del ingreso del hogar desde la perspectiva de estudios de transporte. Se estimaron modelos de regresión logit ordinal para Bogotá, Medellín, Cali y Barranquilla, usando el ingreso como variable dependiente y el estrato del hogar como variable independiente. Se encontró que a pesar de que existe una correlación positiva entre el estrato y los ingresos del hogar, esta relación depende de ciertas características del hogar como su tamaño, la disponibilidad de vehículo y la proporción de trabajadores y estudiantes. Estos resultados se validaron mediante la comparación de modelos de generación de viajes por hogar. Al incluir los atributos significativos de las regresiones ordinales, se obtienen ajustes similares para modelos de generación de viajes con ingreso y estrato, lo que indica que usar el estrato como sustituto del ingreso puede ser adecuado, siempre y cuando se controle previamente la correspondencia entre las variables de las características del hogar.

In Colombia, a socioeconomic stratification (SES) system of households based on the physical characteristics of the dwelling and its surroundings is implemented in order to set subsidies to public services. Many studies use this classification as a proxy variable for the household income, mainly because of the ease to retrieve data. This investigation proposes an evaluation of the SES as an explanatory variable for the household income. Ordered logit regressions were estimated for the cities of Bogotá, Medellín, Cali and Barranquilla, where the dependent variable corresponds to the SES. Even though there is a positive correlation between SES and household income, the relation depends on certain characteristics of the household as it size, vehicle availability and percentage of workers and students. The results were validated by comparing trip generation models. By including the significant attributes from the ordinal regressions, trip generation models with income and SES had similar fit, which suggests that using the SES as a proxy variable for the income, might be appropriate as long as their correspondence is checked according to household characteristics, En Colombia se ha desarrollado un sistema de estratificación de viviendas basado en las características físicas del inmueble y su entorno, con el fin de establecer tarifas diferenciales a servicios públicos. Diversos estudios de transporte usan esta clasificación como variable sustituta del ingreso del hogar debido a la facilidad relativa para obtener dicha información. Este artículo realiza una evaluación del estrato como variable explicativa del ingreso del hogar desde la perspectiva de estudios de transporte. Se estimaron modelos de regresión logit ordinal para Bogotá, Medellín, Cali y Barranquilla, usando el ingreso como variable dependiente y el estrato del hogar como variable independiente. Se encontró que a pesar de que existe una correlación positiva entre el estrato y los ingresos del hogar, esta relación depende de ciertas características del hogar como su tamaño, la disponibilidad de vehículo y la proporción de trabajadores y estudiantes. Estos resultados se validaron mediante la comparación de modelos de generación de viajes por hogar. Al incluir los atributos significativos de las regresiones ordinales, se obtienen ajustes similares para modelos de generación de viajes con ingreso y estrato, lo que indica que usar el estrato como sustituto del ingreso puede ser adecuado, siempre y cuando se controle previamente la correspondencia entre las variables de las características del hogar

In Colombia, a socioeconomic stratification (SES) system of households based on the physical characteristics of the dwelling and its surroundings is implemented in order to set subsidies to public services. Many studies use this classification as a proxy variable for the household income, mainly because of the ease to retrieve data. This investigation proposes an evaluation of the SES as an explanatory variable for the household income. Ordered logit regressions were estimated for the cities of Bogotá, Medellín, Cali and Barranquilla, where the dependent variable corresponds to the SES. Even though there is a positive correlation between SES and household income, the relation depends on certain characteristics of the household as it size, vehicle availability and percentage of workers and students. The results were validated by comparing trip generation models. By including the significant attributes from the ordinal regressions, trip generation models with income and SES had similar fit, which suggests that using the SES as a proxy variable for the income, might be appropriate as long as their correspondence is checked according to household characteristics, En Colombia se ha desarrollado un sistema de estratificación de viviendas basado en las características físicas del inmueble y su entorno, con el fin de establecer tarifas diferenciales a servicios públicos. Diversos estudios de transporte usan esta clasificación como variable sustituta del ingreso del hogar debido a la facilidad relativa para obtener dicha información. Este artículo realiza una evaluación del estrato como variable explicativa del ingreso del hogar desde la perspectiva de estudios de transporte. Se estimaron modelos de regresión logit ordinal para Bogotá, Medellín, Cali y Barranquilla, usando el ingreso como variable dependiente y el estrato del hogar como variable independiente. Se encontró que a pesar de que existe una correlación positiva entre el estrato y los ingresos del hogar, esta relación depende de ciertas características del hogar como su tamaño, la disponibilidad de vehículo y la proporción de trabajadores y estudiantes. Estos resultados se validaron mediante la comparación de modelos de generación de viajes por hogar. Al incluir los atributos significativos de las regresiones ordinales, se obtienen ajustes similares para modelos de generación de viajes con ingreso y estrato, lo que indica que usar el estrato como sustituto del ingreso puede ser adecuado, siempre y cuando se controle previamente la correspondencia entre las variables de las características del hogar

In Colombia, a socioeconomic stratification (SES) system of households based on the physical characteristics of the dwelling and its surroundings is implemented in order to set subsidies to public services. Many studies use this classification as a proxy variable for the household income, mainly because of the ease to retrieve data. This investigation proposes an evaluation of the SES as an explanatory variable for the household income. Ordered logit regressions were estimated for the cities of Bogotá, Medellín, Cali and Barranquilla, where the dependent variable corresponds to the SES. Even though there is a positive correlation between SES and household income, the relation depends on certain characteristics of the household as it size, vehicle availability and percentage of workers and students. The results were validated by comparing trip generation models. By including the significant attributes from the ordinal regressions, trip generation models with income and SES had similar fit, which suggests that using the SES as a proxy variable for the income, might be appropriate as long as their correspondence is checked according to household characteristics., En Colombia se ha desarrollado un sistema de estratificación de viviendas basado en las características físicas del inmueble y su entorno, con el fin de establecer tarifas diferenciales a servicios públicos. Diversos estudios de transporte usan esta clasificación como variable sustituta del ingreso del hogar debido a la facilidad relativa para obtener dicha información. Este artículo realiza una evaluación del estrato como variable explicativa del ingreso del hogar desde la perspectiva de estudios de transporte. Se estimaron modelos de regresión logit ordinal para Bogotá, Medellín, Cali y Barranquilla, usando el ingreso como variable dependiente y el estrato del hogar como variable independiente. Se encontró que a pesar de que existe una correlación positiva entre el estrato y los ingresos del hogar, esta relación depende de ciertas características del hogar como su tamaño, la disponibilidad de vehículo y la proporción de trabajadores y estudiantes. Estos resultados se validaron mediante la comparación de modelos de generación de viajes por hogar. Al incluir los atributos significativos de las regresiones ordinales, se obtienen ajustes similares para modelos de generación de viajes con ingreso y estrato, lo que indica que usar el estrato como sustituto del ingreso puede ser adecuado, siempre y cuando se controle previamente la correspondencia entre las variables de las características del hogar.

In Colombia, a socioeconomic stratification (SES) system of households based on the physical characteristics of the dwelling and its surroundings is implemented in order to set subsidies to public services. Many studies use this classification as a proxy variable for the household income, mainly because of the ease to retrieve data. This investigation proposes an evaluation of the SES as an explanatory variable for the household income. Ordered logit regressions were estimated for the cities of Bogotá, Medellín, Cali and Barranquilla, where the dependent variable corresponds to the SES. Even though there is a positive correlation between SES and household income, the relation depends on certain characteristics of the household as it size, vehicle availability and percentage of workers and students. The results were validated by comparing trip generation models. By including the significant attributes from the ordinal regressions, trip generation models with income and SES had similar fit, which suggests that using the SES as a proxy variable for the income, might be appropriate as long as their correspondence is checked according to household characteristics, En Colombia se ha desarrollado un sistema de estratificación de viviendas basado en las características físicas del inmueble y su entorno, con el fin de establecer tarifas diferenciales a servicios públicos. Diversos estudios de transporte usan esta clasificación como variable sustituta del ingreso del hogar debido a la facilidad relativa para obtener dicha información. Este artículo realiza una evaluación del estrato como variable explicativa del ingreso del hogar desde la perspectiva de estudios de transporte. Se estimaron modelos de regresión logit ordinal para Bogotá, Medellín, Cali y Barranquilla, usando el ingreso como variable dependiente y el estrato del hogar como variable independiente. Se encontró que a pesar de que existe una correlación positiva entre el estrato y los ingresos del hogar, esta relación depende de ciertas características del hogar como su tamaño, la disponibilidad de vehículo y la proporción de trabajadores y estudiantes. Estos resultados se validaron mediante la comparación de modelos de generación de viajes por hogar. Al incluir los atributos significativos de las regresiones ordinales, se obtienen ajustes similares para modelos de generación de viajes con ingreso y estrato, lo que indica que usar el estrato como sustituto del ingreso puede ser adecuado, siempre y cuando se controle previamente la correspondencia entre las variables de las características del hogar

In Colombia, a socioeconomic stratification (SES) system of households based on the physical characteristics of the dwelling and its surroundings is implemented in order to set subsidies to public services. Many studies use this classification as a proxy variable for the household income, mainly because of the ease to retrieve data. This investigation proposes an evaluation of the SES as an explanatory variable for the household income. Ordered logit regressions were estimated for the cities of Bogotá, Medellín, Cali and Barranquilla, where the dependent variable corresponds to the SES. Even though there is a positive correlation between SES and household income, the relation depends on certain characteristics of the household as it size, vehicle availability and percentage of workers and students. The results were validated by comparing trip generation models. By including the significant attributes from the ordinal regressions, trip generation models with income and SES had similar fit, which suggests that using the SES as a proxy variable for the income, might be appropriate as long as their correspondence is checked according to household characteristics, En Colombia se ha desarrollado un sistema de estratificación de viviendas basado en las características físicas del inmueble y su entorno, con el fin de establecer tarifas diferenciales a servicios públicos. Diversos estudios de transporte usan esta clasificación como variable sustituta del ingreso del hogar debido a la facilidad relativa para obtener dicha información. Este artículo realiza una evaluación del estrato como variable explicativa del ingreso del hogar desde la perspectiva de estudios de transporte. Se estimaron modelos de regresión logit ordinal para Bogotá, Medellín, Cali y Barranquilla, usando el ingreso como variable dependiente y el estrato del hogar como variable independiente. Se encontró que a pesar de que existe una correlación positiva entre el estrato y los ingresos del hogar, esta relación depende de ciertas características del hogar como su tamaño, la disponibilidad de vehículo y la proporción de trabajadores y estudiantes. Estos resultados se validaron mediante la comparación de modelos de generación de viajes por hogar. Al incluir los atributos significativos de las regresiones ordinales, se obtienen ajustes similares para modelos de generación de viajes con ingreso y estrato, lo que indica que usar el estrato como sustituto del ingreso puede ser adecuado, siempre y cuando se controle previamente la correspondencia entre las variables de las características del hogar

Este trabajo expone algunas de las potencialidades con las que Colombia cuenta en el mercado de la Unión Europea, más exactamente en los países de Irlanda, Italia, Letonia, Lituania y Luxemburgo. Lo anterior tomando como referencia las cifras de exportaciones de Colombia hacia estos países durante los últimos 4 años, así como las importaciones de cada uno de los países provenientes de todo el mundo. Este análisis permite conocer las oportunidades que las Pymes Colombianas tienen frente a cada uno de los mercados de los países anteriormente mencionados, con el fin de proporcionar información pertinente y útil para futuras acciones y análisis. Cada país es analizado en cuanto a las cifras registradas en la base de datos WISERTrade para la operación comercial de importación de todos los bienes para los años 2012 a 2015 (acumulado). Esto permite hallar tendencias y el comportamiento del mercado para evidenciar oportunidades de penetración en dichos mercados., This paper exposes some of the potentialities which Colombia has in the market of the European Union, more precisely in the countries of Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania and Luxembourg. This job has taken as reference the value of Colombian exports to these countries over the past four years, as well as imports of each of the countries mentioned from around the world. This analysis allows to know the opportunities that Colombian SMEs have in front of each of the markets of the above countries, in order to provide relevant and useful for future actions and information analysis. Each country is analyzed in terms of the amount recorded in the WiserTrade data base, for the commercial operation of import of all commodities for the years 2012-2015 (cumulative). This allows us to find trends and market behavior to demonstrate opportunities to penetrate those markets., Universidad del Rosario

Cardiac catheterization through the radial artery approach (RA) has been shown to significantly reduce access-site complications compared with the femoral artery approach (FA) in many clinical settings. However, in the subset of patients with previous coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), optimal vascular access site for coronary angiography and intervention is still a matter of debate. We aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of available studies comparing RA with FA in patients with previous CABG. Data were extracted by two independent reviewers; weighted mean differences and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated for continuous outcomes, whereas odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI were calculated for dichotomous outcomes. Summary statistics were calculated by random-effects model using Review Manager 5.3 software. The meta-analysis included 1 randomized and 8 nonrandomized studies, with a total of 2,763 patients. Compared with FA, RA required similar procedural time (mean difference 3.24 minutes, 95% CI -1.76 to 8.25, p = 0.20), fluoroscopy time (mean difference 0.62 minutes, 95% CI -0.83 to 2.07, p = 0.40), and contrast volume (mean difference -2.58 ml, 95% CI -18.36 to 13.20, p = 0.75) and was associated with similar rate of procedural failure (OR 1.32, 95% CI 0.63 to 2.80, p = 0.46), higher rate of crossover to another vascular access (OR 7.0, 95% CI 2.74 to 17.87, p <0.0001), and lower risk of access-site complications (OR 0.46, 95%CI 0.26 to 0.80, p = 0.006). In conclusion, the present meta-analysis suggests that in patients with previous CABG undergoing coronary procedures, RA, compared with FA, is associated with increased crossover rate but may reduce access-site complications.

Colombia es un país reconocido internacionalmente por diferentes aspectos, dentro de los cuales encontramos: los gastronómicos, culturales, turísticos y patrimoniales, entre otros. Cartagena de Indias sobresale como uno de los sitios más representativos del país no solo por sus valores turísticos sino por su arquitectura colonial, sus playas tropicales, festivales nacionales e internacionales sin embargo solo una parte de sus habitantes y población flotante llega a conocer el fuerte contraste que ésta presenta; en ella se pueden encontrar casos de: pobreza extrema, falta de estructura vial, ausencia de alcantarillado e imagen urbana de mala calidad. Por tal motivo se ha decidido trabajar en éstas áreas vulnerables de la ciudad y darles solución a las problemáticas existentes, proporcionando los espacios mínimos vitales para el buen desarrollo arquitectónico, urbano y social de dichas áreas.

Colombia es un país reconocido internacionalmente por diferentes aspectos, dentro de los cuales encontramos: los gastronómicos, culturales, turísticos y patrimoniales, entre otros. Cartagena de Indias sobresale como uno de los sitios más representativos del país no solo por sus valores turísticos sino por su arquitectura colonial, sus playas tropicales, festivales nacionales e internacionales sin embargo solo una parte de sus habitantes y población flotante llega a conocer el fuerte contraste que ésta presenta; en ella se pueden encontrar casos de: pobreza extrema, falta de estructura vial, ausencia de alcantarillado e imagen urbana de mala calidad. Por tal motivo se ha decidido trabajar en éstas áreas vulnerables de la ciudad y darles solución a las problemáticas existentes, proporcionando los espacios mínimos vitales para el buen desarrollo arquitectónico, urbano y social de dichas áreas.

This article presents an alternative approach to the decision-making process in transport strategy design. The study explores the possibility of integrating forecasting, assessment and optimization procedures in support of a decision-making process designed to reach the best achievable scenario through mobility policies. Long-term evaluation, as required by a dynamic system such as a city, is provided by a strategic Land-Use and Transport Interaction (LUTI) model. The social welfare achieved by implementing mobility LUTI model policies is measured through a cost-benefit analysis and maximized through an optimization process throughout the evaluation period. The method is tested by optimizing a pricing policy scheme in Madrid on a cordon toll in a context requiring system efficiency, social equity and environmental quality. The optimized scheme yields an appreciable increase in social surplus through a relatively low rate compared to other similar pricing toll schemes. The results highlight the different considerations regarding mobility impacts on the case study area, as well as the major contributors to social welfare surplus. This leads the authors to reconsider the cost-analysis approach, as defined in the study, as the best option for formulating sustainability measures.

This article presents an alternative approach to the decision-making process in transport strategy design. The study explores the possibility of integrating forecasting, assessment and optimization procedures in support of a decision-making process designed to reach the best achievable scenario through mobility policies. Long-term evaluation, as required by a dynamic system such as a city, is provided by a strategic Land-Use and Transport Interaction (LUTI) model. The social welfare achieved by implementing mobility LUTI model policies is measured through a cost-benefit analysis and maximized through an optimization process throughout the evaluation period. The method is tested by optimizing a pricing policy scheme in Madrid on a cordon toll in a context requiring system efficiency, social equity and environmental quality. The optimized scheme yields an appreciable increase in social surplus through a relatively low rate compared to other similar pricing toll schemes. The results highlight the different considerations regarding mobility impacts on the case study area, as well as the major contributors to social welfare surplus. This leads the authors to reconsider the cost-analysis approach, as defined in the study, as the best option for formulating sustainability measures.

This article presents an alternative approach to the decision-making process in transport strategy design. The study explores the possibility of integrating forecasting, assessment and optimization procedures in support of a decision-making process designed to reach the best achievable scenario through mobility policies. Long-term evaluation, as required by a dynamic system such as a city, is provided by a strategic Land-Use and Transport Interaction (LUTI) model. The social welfare achieved by implementing mobility LUTI model policies is measured through a cost-benefit analysis and maximized through an optimization process throughout the evaluation period. The method is tested by optimizing a pricing policy scheme in Madrid on a cordon toll in a context requiring system efficiency, social equity and environmental quality. The optimized scheme yields an appreciable increase in social surplus through a relatively low rate compared to other similar pricing toll schemes. The results highlight the different considerations regarding mobility impacts on the case study area, as well as the major contributors to social welfare surplus. This leads the authors to reconsider the cost-analysis approach, as defined in the study, as the best option for formulating sustainability measures.

This article presents an alternative approach to the decision-making process in transport strategy design. The study explores the possibility of integrating forecasting, assessment and optimization procedures in support of a decision-making process designed to reach the best achievable scenario through mobility policies. Long-term evaluation, as required by a dynamic system such as a city, is provided by a strategic Land-Use and Transport Interaction (LUTI) model. The social welfare achieved by implementing mobility LUTI model policies is measured through a cost-benefit analysis and maximized through an optimization process throughout the evaluation period. The method is tested by optimizing a pricing policy scheme in Madrid on a cordon toll in a context requiring system efficiency, social equity and environmental quality. The optimized scheme yields an appreciable increase in social surplus through a relatively low rate compared to other similar pricing toll schemes. The results highlight the different considerations regarding mobility impacts on the case study area, as well as the major contributors to social welfare surplus. This leads the authors to reconsider the cost-analysis approach, as defined in the study, as the best option for formulating sustainability measures.

Colanta es una empresa del sector agroindustrial y lechero que constantemente está buscando la innovación como eje fundamental de su crecimiento. Lo cual, la ha llevado a ser una de las empresas más importantes del sector. Por ello y teniendo en cuenta la evolución que ha tenido la compañía a lo largo de su creación y a los cambios generados a causa de la apertura económica y a la entrada de nuevos competidores en el sector se ha considerado pertinente cuestionarse si al 2021 COLANTA seguirá siendo una empresa líder en el sector lechero y agroindustrial. Para ello se utilizará la prospectiva como herramienta de estudio; esta es descrita por Godet como “la anticipación al servicio de la acción”, (Ortega, p.3) es decir, que consiste en establecer las diferentes situaciones alternativas en las que por cualquier motivo podríamos encontrarnos en un futuro, así mismo se analiza como alternativa para diseñar escenarios futuros. En el análisis prospectivo, se dan constantemente interacciones entre la estrategia y el mejoramiento, dos términos que están muy relacionados entre sí. El primero consiste en la construcción de un futuro deseado, donde se le garantiza a la sociedad ventajas que avalen la perdurabilidad de la misma en el tiempo y el segundo es el resultado de la optimización de procesos o de actividades que la sociedad lleva a cabo. La prospectiva busca identificar los escenarios futuros más probables y deseables hacia los cuales debe encauzarse una organización, una región o un país por medio del uso de metodologías que son empleadas ampliamente en distintas disciplinas científicas., Colanta is a dairy and an agribusiness company that is constantly looking for innovation as something vital to growth. This has taken Colanta to be one of the leading companies in this business. Thus, taking into account developments that the company has had over his creation and the changes generated due to economic liberalization and the entry of new competitors in the business so has been interesting to question if COLANTA at 2021 will remain as a leader in the dairy and agribusiness industry. For this will used the foresight as a study tool; This is described by Godet as "anticipating the service of action" (Ortega, p.3) , which mean to establish the different alternative scenarios in which we could find for any reason in the future, also the foresight discusses designing alternative future scenarios. In the prospective analysis, we found constantly interactions between the strategy and improvement, two terms that are closely related. The first is the construction of a desired future, where the society benefits and the durability of it in time are guaranteed and the second is the result of the optimization of processes or activities that society holds. Foresight seeks to identify the most likely future and desirable scenarios in which should be directed towards an organization, a region or a country through the use of methodologies that are widely used in different scientific disciplines., Centro de Estudios Empresariales para la Perdurabilidad

Este trabajo es un proyecto de viabilidad en cuanto a la creación de una empresa exportadora de carne de caracol a Francia como mercado objetivo, en el proyecto se explora el sector de la helicicultura, sector que para la mayoría de la población es una palabra desconocida, un sector que podría abrir paso a un mercado muy grande de exportación y también podría llegar a ser una propuesta de negocio muy innovadora tanto nacional como internacionalmente. La helicicultura, tiene como propósito obtener la parte cárnica del caracol, este es un negocio que actualmente se encuentra en crecimiento y lo mas importante de todo es que su desarrollo es a nivel mundial ya que esta carne esta satisfaciendo una demanda alta debido a varias características que posee, como su alto contenido de elementos minerales y su bajo contenido de grasa. La idea principal es poder lograr una excelente producción de carne de caracol, equipados con alta capacidad técnica, infraestructura adecuada y tecnología para así poder generar los más altos estándares de calidad, creando las mejores condiciones del producto para lograr un proceso de producción y comercialización y ser competitivos en el mercado. En Colombia se hallan todas las facilidades para poner en práctica la helicicultura dado que la especie de caracol Hélix Aspersa se cultiva en trece de los treinta y dos departamentos Colombianos, lo que nos da una idea de cuan valiosa seria esta producción y el volumen que se podría producir para su posterior comercialización y su exportación hacia otros continentes., This Project analyses the feasibility of a snails meat exporting company that has France as a target market. Also the snail meat manufacturing sector is explored as this sector is unknown to the majority of the Colombian people and It could contribute to the opening of lots of business opportunities and be an innovative proposition to the local and international markets. The snail meat manufacturing process goal is to obtain the snail’s meat, this is a business that is now growing and the most important of all is that its growth is at an international level as this meat demand is increasing due to the meat’s features as is high concentration of minerals and low fat. The main idea is to achieve an excellent production of snail meat, equipped with high technical capacity, good infrastructure and technology to be able to generate the highest quality standards, creating the best product conditions to achieve a commercialization and production process to be competitive on the market. In Colombia we can find all the advantages to obtain snail meat because the species Helix Aspersa is grown in thirteen of the thirty two Colombian states which gives us and idea of how valuable could be its production and the volume that could be produced to be sold and exported to other countries.

Con el ánimo de lograr que Colombia sea competitivo en la exportación de productos agrícolas a nivel mundial, se realizó el programa MERLIN (Métodos de reinvención logística de agro exportación), apoyado entre otras entidades por el Banco de Desarrollo de América Latina-CAF, el cual tenía por objetivo principal demostrar que algunos productos agrícolas podrían ser enviados al exterior vía marítima, beneficiando al productor, al exportador y al consumidor, teniendo en cuenta que el costo de transporte es el factor que más impacta al precio final del producto. Es así como este trabajo de investigación, busca mostrar los resultados para las exportaciones realizadas por la vía marítima, frente a la vía aérea, que se han dado desde el año 2009 y principalmente demostrar a los principales actores del sector floricultor colombiano, que la vía marítima para la exportación puede ser confiablemente utilizada, manteniendo la excelente calidad del producto, disminuyendo los costos de transporte para ese importante sector en Colombia y fomentando la el desarrollo de puertos marítimos en el país., Looking to get a high competitive level in the Colombian’s exportation sector, the MERLIN programme (Methods of agricultural export logistics reinvention) was developed, supported by some entities as CAF, which had as main objective to demonstrate that some agricultural products could be sent to foreign countries by sea, giving benefit to producers, exporters and consumers, taking into account that the transport cost cause the higher impact to the final price. In this way, this research work shows the exportations results that Colombia has done during the period 2009-2011 by sea channel, in face of air channel, and as a big objective to demonstrate the different stakeholders of the flowers sector that sea channel can be used to transport products of excellent quality, decreasing transportation costs, giving profit to this important sector in Colombia and developing sea ports along the country., Centro de Estudios Empresariales para la Perdurabilidad

Por medio de este estudio, se logra presentar el impacto y utilidad del análisis prospectivo en la evolución y futuro de un sistema. Se utilizó como base de estudio, la Facultad de Administración de la Universidad del Rosario. Se hizo uso de varias herramientas tales como el programa MICMAC, MACTOR y SMIC, los cuales fueron facilitadores en el análisis del futuro a 2015 de la Facultad, pues fueron útiles desde el análisis del estado actual del sistema, hasta la elaboración de las estrategias que encaminaran a la facultad al escenario apuesta. Ahora bien, fue necesario para el desarrollo de este estudio, el apoyo de los miembros de la Facultad desde los estudiantes, hasta las directivas, y a su vez del conocimiento del estado actual y las tendencias de todas las Facultades de Administración., This project is able to present the impact and the utility of the prospective analysis in the evolution and the future of a system. The school of Management of the Rosario University was used as a focus for this project. There were many tools used as the programs MICMAC, MACTOR and SMIC, which were useful for analysis of the future state of the school in 2015, now that they provided the facilities to identify from the current state of the system until the identification of strategies which would take the school of Management to the expected scenery. Additionally, for the development of this study, the support of the school members including students, employees and directors was fundamental, as well as the knowledge of the current state and the tendencies of all business schools., Centro de Estudios Empresariales para la Perdurabilidad

This paper gives a survey on the current state of Web Service Compositions and the difficulties and solutions to automated Web Service Compositions. This first gives a definition of Web Service Composition and the motivation and goal of it. It then explores into why we need automated Web Service Compositions and formally defines the domains. Techniques and solutions are proposed by the papers we surveyed to solve the current difficulty of automated Web Service Composition. Verification and future work is discussed at the end to further extend the topic.

Comparison of programming languages is a common topic of discussion among software engineers. Few languages ever become sufficiently popular that they are used by more than a few people or find their niche in research or education; but professional programmers can easily use dozens of different languages during their career. Multiple programming languages are designed, specified, and implemented every year in order to keep up with the changing programming paradigms, hardware evolution, etc. In this paper we present a comparative study between ten programming languages: Haskell, Java, Perl, C++, AspectJ, COBOL, Ruby, PHP, Bash Scripts, and Scheme; with respect of the following criteria: Secure programming practices, web applications development, web services design and composition, object oriented-based abstraction, reflection, aspect-orientation, functional programming, declarative programming, batch scripting, and user interface prototype design., Comment: 10 pages

OBJECTIVE: To describe the current situation regarding protection, promotion and support of breast-feeding in Europe, as a first step towards the development of a blueprint for action. DESIGN AND SETTING: A questionnaire was completed by 29 key informants and 128 other informants in the EU, including member states, accession and candidate countries. RESULTS: EU countries do not fully comply with the policies and recommendations of the Global Strategy on Infant and Young Child Feeding that they endorsed during the 55th World Health Assembly in 2002. Some countries do not even comply with the targets of the Innocenti Declaration (1990). Pre-service training on breast-feeding practice is inadequate and in-service training achieves only low to medium coverage. The Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative is well developed only in three countries; in 19 countries, less than 15% of births occur in baby-friendly hospitals. The International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes, endorsed in 1981 by all countries, is not fully applied and submitted to independent monitoring. The legislation for working mothers meets on average the International Labour Organization standards, but covers only women with full formal employment. Voluntary mother-to-mother support groups and trained peer counsellors are present in 27 and 13 countries, respectively. Breast-feeding rates span over a wide range; comparisons are difficult due to use of non-standard methods. The rate of exclusive breast-feeding at 6 months is low everywhere, even in countries with high initiation rates. CONCLUSIONS: EU countries need to revise their policies and practices to meet the principles inscribed in the Global Strategy on Infant and Young Child Feeding in order to better protect, promote and support breast-feeding.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the current situation regarding protection, promotion and support of breast-feeding in Europe, as a first step towards the development of a blueprint for action. DESIGN AND SETTING: A questionnaire was completed by 29 key informants and 128 other informants in the EU, including member states, accession and candidate countries. RESULTS: EU countries do not fully comply with the policies and recommendations of the Global Strategy on Infant and Young Child Feeding that they endorsed during the 55th World Health Assembly in 2002. Some countries do not even comply with the targets of the Innocenti Declaration (1990). Pre-service training on breast-feeding practice is inadequate and in-service training achieves only low to medium coverage. The Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative is well developed only in three countries; in 19 countries, less than 15% of births occur in baby-friendly hospitals. The International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes, endorsed in 1981 by all countries, is not fully applied and submitted to independent monitoring. The legislation for working mothers meets on average the International Labour Organization standards, but covers only women with full formal employment. Voluntary mother-to-mother support groups and trained peer counsellors are present in 27 and 13 countries, respectively. Breast-feeding rates span over a wide range; comparisons are difficult due to use of non-standard methods. The rate of exclusive breast-feeding at 6 months is low everywhere, even in countries with high initiation rates. CONCLUSIONS: EU countries need to revise their policies and practices to meet the principles inscribed in the Global Strategy on Infant and Young Child Feeding in order to better protect, promote and support breast-feeding.

Pathfinders were deployed in different theaters of war under totally different types of warfare, enemy idiosyncrasies, terrain, strategy and tactics, and as such they were called on to rapidly evolve and adapt to these different situations. The primary focus of this study is to provide a historical account and analysis of the U.S. Pathfinder from 1942 to what they are today, in order to understand this adaptability. This study traces the late development of Pathfinder Operations by the U.S. Army during World War II (WWII), and selected employments of Pathfinders in both, the European and Pacific Theaters of operations. This historical account will also explore Pathfinder Operations and employment during the Vietnam and Afghanistan Wars. The research concept illustrates three archetypal historical examples: WWII, which was to see the development of full-scale Airborne Operations; the Vietnam War, which was the proving ground for Air Mobility Operations, and Afghanistan, were pathfinders added a new dimension to their capabilities by conducting personal recovery missions during Operation Enduring Freedom. The intent of this study is to give us a better optic on how the Pathfinder strategy has evolved over the course of 70 years, which will allow us to determine their specific contribution to mission success. In doing so, it will provide insights into Pathfinder doctrine, "tactics, techniques and procedures," strategy, technology and lessons learned from their origin at the British, 21st Independent Parachute Company to today's modern warfare. It aims to draw conclusions and recommendations to optimize the employment of Pathfinder and Pathfinder Operations to meet the threats and challenges of today's ever-changing environment.

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Copia digital : Biblioteca Digital Hispánica (Biblioteca Nacional de España), Segundo impresor tomado del colofón, Sign.: ¶\p6\s, A-Z\p8\s, 2A-2X\p8\s, 2Y\p4\s, 2Z\p8\s, Error de paginación, de página 725 pasa a 728, Portada con grabado xilográfico con el anagrama de la Compañía de Jesús, Texto a dos columnas, Grabado xilográfico en verso de página 298, La hoja de grabado xilográfico en hoja ¶\b6\s representa a la Anunciación

Copia digital : Biblioteca Digital Hispánica (Biblioteca Nacional de España), Colofón, Sign.: ¶\p6\s, A-Z\p8\s, 2A-2L\p8\s, 2M\p4\s, 2N\p7\s, Errores de paginación, de página 500 pasa a 505 y de página 556 pasa a 561, Portada con grabado xilográfico con el anagrama de la Compañía de Jesús, Texto a dos columnas, Sign.: ¶\p6\s, A-2L\p8\s, 2M\p4\s, 2N\p7\s, Errores de pag., de p. 500 pasa a 505, y de p. 556 pasa a 561, Texto a dos col, Port. con esc. xil. de la Compañía de Jesús

Primer impresor completado por colofón y segundo imp. tomado de colofón, Sign.: ¶\p6\s, A-Z\p8\s, 2A-2X\p8\s, 2Y\p4\s, 2Z\p8\s, Error de pag., de p. 725 pasa a p. 728, Texto a dos col, Port. con anagrama de la Compañía de Jesús, Il. xil. en v. de p. 298, La h. de grab. xil. en ¶\b6\s, representa la Anunciación

The use of fixtureless, non-contact coordinate measurement has become increasingly prevalent in manufacturing, problem solving. Manufacturers now routinely use measurement systems such as white light area scanners, photogrammetry, laser trackers, and portable laser scanners to conduct studies that require measuring upstream supplier parts, tooling, or inprocess, subassemblies. For part measurements in these studies, certified fixtures with alignment features such as tooling balls, often are not available. Instead, manufacturers rely on ad hoc part-holding fixtures or measure parts without fixtures and, perform alignments mathematically. Here, advancements in software are providing operators with numerous alignment options, and users are actively using this functionality. Naturally, these additional capabilities have led to inconsistencies in the, alignment method used across measurement studies, often affecting dimensional results., This paper reviews several common alignment or registration methods and provides a metric to assess systematic, alignment error. To demonstrate alignment effects, we present a measurement system study of a moderately complex part, requiring an over-constrained datum scheme. We first measure the part using a conventional fixture-based method to establish a, baseline for static and dynamic repeatability. We then compare these with results from two mathematically-based iterative, alignment methods based on fixtureless measurement. Next, we assess the systematic alignment error between the different, fixture/alignment alternatives. We show that for the same basic datum scheme provided on engineering drawings, the systematic, alignment error is a far more significant issue for problem solving than the repeatability error or equipment accuracy.