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Cervical cancer has killed millions of women over the past decade. In 2019 the World Health Organization launched the Cervical Cancer Elimination Strategy, which included ambitious targets for vaccination, screening, and treatment. The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted progress on the strategy, but lessons learned during the pandemic - especially in vaccination, self-administered testing, and coordinated mobilization on a global scale - may help with efforts to achieve its targets. However, we must also learn from the failure of the COVID-19 response to include adequate representation of global voices. Efforts to eliminate cervical cancer will only succeed if those countries most affected are involved from the very start of planning. In this article we summarize innovations and highlight missed opportunities in the COVID response, and make recommendations to leverage the COVID experience to accelerate the elimination of cervical cancer globally.

The Global Compact on Refugees, which is to be adopted in the autumn of 2018, represents an aspiration on the part of the international community towards strengthened solidarity with refugees and affected host countries and is the most ambitious instrument of its kind to date. Indeed, the creation of the Refugee Compact is timely, although perhaps also somewhat surprising in an era of rising populism, increasingly xenophobic electorates and growing security concerns. Precisely because of these reasons, however, an international initiative to cooperate in providing refugee protection becomes all the more important. Can the Refugee Compact reform global refugee protection? This thesis examines what, if any, impact the Global Compact on Refugees is likely to have on the continued development of international refugee law. The analysis consists of three main parts. First, it examines what status may be accorded to the Refugee Compact in relation to international law. As a non-binding instrument concluded between all the 193 UN Member States, it occupies a peculiar space in the international legal arena. It will be argued that the Refugee Compact is forming part of a larger development of international law which is partly moving away from traditional law-making and into a more informal arena, as a result of increased importance of new actors in international policy making. It then goes on to examine what impact the Compact is likely to have on responsibility sharing in international refugee law. It does so by analysing the Compact in the light of current practices and international law, earlier arrangements and scholarly proposals for reform. Third, it examines how the Compact is likely to affect human rights protection of refugees by drawing on three different rights complexes relevant to the Compact, namely: the right of access to asylum, non-penalisation of irregular entry, and the right of access to work. The thesis then concludes by noticing how the Compact, largely

The Global Compact on Refugees, which is to be adopted in the autumn of 2018, represents an aspiration on the part of the international community towards strengthened solidarity with refugees and affected host countries and is the most ambitious instrument of its kind to date. Indeed, the creation of the Refugee Compact is timely, although perhaps also somewhat surprising in an era of rising populism, increasingly xenophobic electorates and growing security concerns. Precisely because of these reasons, however, an international initiative to cooperate in providing refugee protection becomes all the more important. Can the Refugee Compact reform global refugee protection? This thesis examines what, if any, impact the Global Compact on Refugees is likely to have on the continued development of international refugee law. The analysis consists of three main parts. First, it examines what status may be accorded to the Refugee Compact in relation to international law. As a non-binding instrument concluded between all the 193 UN Member States, it occupies a peculiar space in the international legal arena. It will be argued that the Refugee Compact is forming part of a larger development of international law which is partly moving away from traditional law-making and into a more informal arena, as a result of increased importance of new actors in international policy making. It then goes on to examine what impact the Compact is likely to have on responsibility sharing in international refugee law. It does so by analysing the Compact in the light of current practices and international law, earlier arrangements and scholarly proposals for reform. Third, it examines how the Compact is likely to affect human rights protection of refugees by drawing on three different rights complexes relevant to the Compact, namely: the right of access to asylum, non-penalisation of irregular entry, and the right of access to work. The thesis then concludes by noticing how the Compact, largely

Disasters are a growing internation al con cern that has spurred the de velopme nt of politicalstrate gies and policies from international to local levels. T his paper analyzes how disasters areconstructed as a policy problem within the UN global strategy for disaster risk reducti on.Building on a social constructivist view of policy problems, we analyze how disasters anddisaster risks are being represented throug h the se global polic ies, while we also pay attention towhat this representation excludes and de-emphasizes. We show that the UN strategy is mostlyconcerned w ith adjustin g or adapting societies to hazards, and managing risks, rat her thanaddressin g the social processes that render people vulnerable to those hazards. The pre dominantconcern with technological and managerial solutions eclipses the need f or changes in the socia lstructures that create disaster risks. We argue t hat the understanding of disasters represented inthe UN strategy support s an emerging holistic paradigm. However, we also argue that the holismit represents is limited rather than radical. By making visible what is excluded or not properlyproblemat ized in this represent ation, we point to t he complexity of t he task and show where itslimitations lie.

Disasters are a growing internation al con cern that has spurred the de velopme nt of politicalstrate gies and policies from international to local levels. T his paper analyzes how disasters areconstructed as a policy problem within the UN global strategy for disaster risk reducti on.Building on a social constructivist view of policy problems, we analyze how disasters anddisaster risks are being represented throug h the se global polic ies, while we also pay attention towhat this representation excludes and de-emphasizes. We show that the UN strategy is mostlyconcerned w ith adjustin g or adapting societies to hazards, and managing risks, rat her thanaddressin g the social processes that render people vulnerable to those hazards. The pre dominantconcern with technological and managerial solutions eclipses the need f or changes in the socia lstructures that create disaster risks. We argue t hat the understanding of disasters represented inthe UN strategy support s an emerging holistic paradigm. However, we also argue that the holismit represents is limited rather than radical. By making visible what is excluded or not properlyproblemat ized in this represent ation, we point to t he complexity of t he task and show where itslimitations lie.

Disasters are a growing internation al con cern that has spurred the de velopme nt of politicalstrate gies and policies from international to local levels. T his paper analyzes how disasters areconstructed as a policy problem within the UN global strategy for disaster risk reducti on.Building on a social constructivist view of policy problems, we analyze how disasters anddisaster risks are being represented throug h the se global polic ies, while we also pay attention towhat this representation excludes and de-emphasizes. We show that the UN strategy is mostlyconcerned w ith adjustin g or adapting societies to hazards, and managing risks, rat her thanaddressin g the social processes that render people vulnerable to those hazards. The pre dominantconcern with technological and managerial solutions eclipses the need f or changes in the socia lstructures that create disaster risks. We argue t hat the understanding of disasters represented inthe UN strategy support s an emerging holistic paradigm. However, we also argue that the holismit represents is limited rather than radical. By making visible what is excluded or not properlyproblemat ized in this represent ation, we point to t he complexity of t he task and show where itslimitations lie.

Disasters are a growing internation al con cern that has spurred the de velopme nt of politicalstrate gies and policies from international to local levels. T his paper analyzes how disasters areconstructed as a policy problem within the UN global strategy for disaster risk reducti on.Building on a social constructivist view of policy problems, we analyze how disasters anddisaster risks are being represented throug h the se global polic ies, while we also pay attention towhat this representation excludes and de-emphasizes. We show that the UN strategy is mostlyconcerned w ith adjustin g or adapting societies to hazards, and managing risks, rat her thanaddressin g the social processes that render people vulnerable to those hazards. The pre dominantconcern with technological and managerial solutions eclipses the need f or changes in the socia lstructures that create disaster risks. We argue t hat the understanding of disasters represented inthe UN strategy support s an emerging holistic paradigm. However, we also argue that the holismit represents is limited rather than radical. By making visible what is excluded or not properlyproblemat ized in this represent ation, we point to t he complexity of t he task and show where itslimitations lie.

Disasters are a growing internation al con cern that has spurred the de velopme nt of politicalstrate gies and policies from international to local levels. T his paper analyzes how disasters areconstructed as a policy problem within the UN global strategy for disaster risk reducti on.Building on a social constructivist view of policy problems, we analyze how disasters anddisaster risks are being represented throug h the se global polic ies, while we also pay attention towhat this representation excludes and de-emphasizes. We show that the UN strategy is mostlyconcerned w ith adjustin g or adapting societies to hazards, and managing risks, rat her thanaddressin g the social processes that render people vulnerable to those hazards. The pre dominantconcern with technological and managerial solutions eclipses the need f or changes in the socia lstructures that create disaster risks. We argue t hat the understanding of disasters represented inthe UN strategy support s an emerging holistic paradigm. However, we also argue that the holismit represents is limited rather than radical. By making visible what is excluded or not properlyproblemat ized in this represent ation, we point to t he complexity of t he task and show where itslimitations lie.

Global employer and business associations at the peak level are neglected in research, but this paper argues that it is possible to develop collective action and represent interests in many policy fields through these encompassing entities, and they add to other forms of global business coordination. This study analyses all the global peak associations (International Chamber of Commerce, International Organisation of Employers, World Chambers Federation, Business and Industry Advisory Committee to the OECD, B20 Coalition, World Economic Forum and World Business Council for Sustainable Development and it shows that collective action is facilitated through multiple relations between these associations and their members (firms and national associations). Results show that firms and national associations provide important inputs into global associations, and they are active in different leadership functions, while global associations meet a variety of demands from their diverse constituencies and assist members in building capacities. These relations take many different forms, but they are important in all global associations, and the analysis of these patterns of collective action have implications for our understanding of global politics where new approaches are needed to analyse the institutionalisation of business interests.

Background: Health behaviors play a major role in the prevention of the most common oral diseases. To investigate health behaviors related to the potential transmission of oral bacteria from mother to child using novel multiple correspondence analysis (MCA). Methods: Mothers (n = 313) with children under three years attending two municipal child health clinics in Finland completed a self-administered questionnaire on health knowledge and behaviors such as sharing a spoon with their child, kissing on the lips, and the mothers' tooth brushing, smoking, age, and level of education. We used MCA to reveal the relationships between the mothers' behaviors and background factors, along with unconditional, binary, multivariable logistic regression models, odds ratios (OR) and their 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI). Results: Of the mothers, 38 % kissed their child on the lips and 14 % shared a spoon with their child; 11 % believed that oral bacteria cannot be transmitted from mother to child. Two-thirds (68 %) of them reported tooth brushing twice daily, and 80 % were non-smokers. MCA revealed two diverging dimensions of the mothers' behaviors: a 'horizontal' one showing clear evidence of relationships between tooth brushing, smoking, age and education, whereas the 'vertical' one revealed the mothers' habits of kissing the child on the lips and sharing a spoon related to each other. Spoon sharing was related to the kissing on lips (OR 10.3), a higher level of education (OR 3.1), and, inversely, older age (OR 0.1), whereas kissing on lips behavior was inversely related to a higher level of education (OR 0.5). Conclusion: The study revealed two diverging dimensions of the mothers' health behaviors. More emphasis in health education ought to be put to how to avoid bacterial transmission from caregiver to child during feeding.

Cholera, a disease with a long history, continues to devastate populations around the world. Due to the route of transmission of Vibrio cholerae, the bacterial pathogen that causes the disease, cholera only seems to affect developing countries, giving rise to a health disparity. For developed countries with adequate water and sewage treatment systems, the threat of cholera is irrelevant. Meanwhile, developing countries which have underlying vulnerabilities of poverty and lack basic access to clean water and proper sanitation are disproportionately affected. There are many factors that put different populations at risk for cholera outbreaks. Epidemiological studies of cholera outbreaks show that the combination of poverty with the effects of conflict or natural disaster produces the most vulnerable population of refugees or internally displaced persons (IDP). Not only are these populations more susceptible to the risk of cholera outbreak, but they are more vulnerable to its devastating effects. Refugee and IDP camps experience higher attack rates and case fatality rates (CFR) due to the scarcity of resources (Brown, Jacquier, Bachy, Bitar, & Legros, 2002). Cholera outbreaks in displaced populations present a public health hazard in an emergency context. If these outbreaks are not properly managed, they can develop into epidemics and pandemics. Thus, it is important to implement a swift and effective strategy to manage cholera outbreaks in refugee and IDP camps. To do this there are two main objectives: control transmission of the disease and emergency medical relief. Control of transmission must be accomplished through short- and long-term solutions: a supply of adequate water and sanitation combined with a public health campaign to promote knowledge and proper practices. Emergency medical relief would consist of establishment of cholera treatment centers (CTC) that would provide urgent intervention to efficiently diagnose and treat cases of cholera to reduce fa

Cholera, a disease with a long history, continues to devastate populations around the world. Due to the route of transmission of Vibrio cholerae, the bacterial pathogen that causes the disease, cholera only seems to affect developing countries, giving rise to a health disparity. For developed countries with adequate water and sewage treatment systems, the threat of cholera is irrelevant. Meanwhile, developing countries which have underlying vulnerabilities of poverty and lack basic access to clean water and proper sanitation are disproportionately affected. There are many factors that put different populations at risk for cholera outbreaks. Epidemiological studies of cholera outbreaks show that the combination of poverty with the effects of conflict or natural disaster produces the most vulnerable population of refugees or internally displaced persons (IDP). Not only are these populations more susceptible to the risk of cholera outbreak, but they are more vulnerable to its devastating effects. Refugee and IDP camps experience higher attack rates and case fatality rates (CFR) due to the scarcity of resources (Brown, Jacquier, Bachy, Bitar, & Legros, 2002). Cholera outbreaks in displaced populations present a public health hazard in an emergency context. If these outbreaks are not properly managed, they can develop into epidemics and pandemics. Thus, it is important to implement a swift and effective strategy to manage cholera outbreaks in refugee and IDP camps. To do this there are two main objectives: control transmission of the disease and emergency medical relief. Control of transmission must be accomplished through short- and long-term solutions: a supply of adequate water and sanitation combined with a public health campaign to promote knowledge and proper practices. Emergency medical relief would consist of establishment of cholera treatment centers (CTC) that would provide urgent intervention to efficiently diagnose and treat cases of cholera to reduce fa

This paper puts focus on the application of Near Field Communication technology (NFC) to mobile payments. Uncertainties about global policies open for a variety of local business policies. Taking into account different representations of actor interaction as described by different eco-systems by different policy forums the main research question to be discussed in the paper is: Can policies or standards describing actor roles and responsibilities for technical innovations like mobile payments remove obstacles for introduction of the innovation? Different types of industry forums are not only involved in strictly technical matters but also discuss and describe “visions” about how a new technique might be applied in business life. They suggest different “business architectures”, (not only a “technical architecture”), where roles of different type of actors and relations between actors are outlined based on ideas about so called “eco-systems”. Against this background the paper first discusses how NFC enabled mobile payments currently attracts a lot of attention and identifies four possible development paths “making it happen”. The paper discusses and compares how global policy networks describe the technical and business architectures for mobile payments. The paper uses a business practice analytical framework and an industrial network framework to identify major problems in connecting global and local policies. Some comments on further research finalize the paper., QC 20120214

This paper puts focus on the application of Near Field Communication technology (NFC) to mobile payments. Uncertainties about global policies open for a variety of local business policies. Taking into account different representations of actor interaction as described by different eco-systems by different policy forums the main research question to be discussed in the paper is: Can policies or standards describing actor roles and responsibilities for technical innovations like mobile payments remove obstacles for introduction of the innovation? Different types of industry forums are not only involved in strictly technical matters but also discuss and describe “visions” about how a new technique might be applied in business life. They suggest different “business architectures”, (not only a “technical architecture”), where roles of different type of actors and relations between actors are outlined based on ideas about so called “eco-systems”. Against this background the paper first discusses how NFC enabled mobile payments currently attracts a lot of attention and identifies four possible development paths “making it happen”. The paper discusses and compares how global policy networks describe the technical and business architectures for mobile payments. The paper uses a business practice analytical framework and an industrial network framework to identify major problems in connecting global and local policies. Some comments on further research finalize the paper., QC 20120214

In an effort to understand how the general public and individuals with specific religious traditions think that their spiritual faith intersects with global policy challenges, the Center for International and Security Studies at Maryland (CISSM) and its Program on International Policy Attitudes (PIPA) conducted a public opinion poll. This poll is part of a larger effort to engage faith communities in addressing these challenges. As national governments and civil society contend with these issues, the involvement of religious communities and the application of their convictions could prove decisive.

This document includes the complete survey questionnaire for the study "Faith and Global Policy Challenges," as well as the study's raw data.

This paper puts focus on the application of Near Field Communication technology (NFC) to mobile payments. Uncertainties about global policies open for a variety of local business policies. Taking into account different representations of actor interaction as described by different eco-systems by different policy forums the main research question to be discussed in the paper is: Can policies or standards describing actor roles and responsibilities for technical innovations like mobile payments remove obstacles for introduction of the innovation? Different types of industry forums are not only involved in strictly technical matters but also discuss and describe “visions” about how a new technique might be applied in business life. They suggest different “business architectures”, (not only a “technical architecture”), where roles of different type of actors and relations between actors are outlined based on ideas about so called “eco-systems”. Against this background the paper first discusses how NFC enabled mobile payments currently attracts a lot of attention and identifies four possible development paths “making it happen”. The paper discusses and compares how global policy networks describe the technical and business architectures for mobile payments. The paper uses a business practice analytical framework and an industrial network framework to identify major problems in connecting global and local policies. Some comments on further research finalize the paper., QC 20120214

This paper puts focus on the application of Near Field Communication technology (NFC) to mobile payments. Uncertainties about global policies open for a variety of local business policies. Taking into account different representations of actor interaction as described by different eco-systems by different policy forums the main research question to be discussed in the paper is: Can policies or standards describing actor roles and responsibilities for technical innovations like mobile payments remove obstacles for introduction of the innovation? Different types of industry forums are not only involved in strictly technical matters but also discuss and describe “visions” about how a new technique might be applied in business life. They suggest different “business architectures”, (not only a “technical architecture”), where roles of different type of actors and relations between actors are outlined based on ideas about so called “eco-systems”. Against this background the paper first discusses how NFC enabled mobile payments currently attracts a lot of attention and identifies four possible development paths “making it happen”. The paper discusses and compares how global policy networks describe the technical and business architectures for mobile payments. The paper uses a business practice analytical framework and an industrial network framework to identify major problems in connecting global and local policies. Some comments on further research finalize the paper., QC 20120214

This paper puts focus on the application of Near Field Communication technology (NFC) to mobile payments. Uncertainties about global policies open for a variety of local business policies. Taking into account different representations of actor interaction as described by different eco-systems by different policy forums the main research question to be discussed in the paper is: Can policies or standards describing actor roles and responsibilities for technical innovations like mobile payments remove obstacles for introduction of the innovation? Different types of industry forums are not only involved in strictly technical matters but also discuss and describe “visions” about how a new technique might be applied in business life. They suggest different “business architectures”, (not only a “technical architecture”), where roles of different type of actors and relations between actors are outlined based on ideas about so called “eco-systems”. Against this background the paper first discusses how NFC enabled mobile payments currently attracts a lot of attention and identifies four possible development paths “making it happen”. The paper discusses and compares how global policy networks describe the technical and business architectures for mobile payments. The paper uses a business practice analytical framework and an industrial network framework to identify major problems in connecting global and local policies. Some comments on further research finalize the paper., QC 20120214