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Glaspärlor är en viktig del av vikingatidens dräkt. Syftet med denna studie är att få en inblick i hur befolkningen i Fröjel såg på och använde pärlor. Aktörskap som teori används i studien. Undersökningsmaterialet är 100 glaspärlor som kan dateras mellan 900–1000 e.v.t och har hittats i Fröjel, genom Fröjel Discovery Programme. Pärltyperna sorterades med Callmers typologi och har tillsammans med pärlornas fyndplats analyserats och diskuterats. Undersökningsmaterialet har diskuterats utifrån tidigare forskning kring vikingatiden, handelssystem och glaspärlor, som ett material och föremål. Callmers typologi bidrog till att urskilja pärlornas ursprung vilka stämmer med Fröjels handelsvägar. Studien visar, med hjälp av Callmers typologi och rumslig spridning, att pärlorna är av värde och ett resultat av social struktur, handel och val gjorda av både individen och grupper vilket ökar relevansen av aktörskap vad gäller individers val och kläddetaljer., Glass beads have long been a part of the viking age costume. The purpose of this study is to get an insight to how the population of Fröjel viewed and used the beads. Agency as a theory was used in the study. The research material is 100 glass beads that can be dated between 900-1000 CE, have been found in Fröjel, through Fröjel Discovery Programme. The bead types have been sorted with Callmers typology and along with the location of the finds have been analyzed and discussed. The research material has been discussed based on previous research surrounding the viking age, trade systems and glass beads as a material and item. The origins of the beads which could be distinguished through Callmers typology matches with Fröjels trade networks. The study shows, with the help of Callmer’s typology and the spatial spread of the beads, that the beads are an accessory of value and a result of social structure, such as trade, and choices made by both the individual and groups which heightens the relevance of agency regarding individuals and clothing details.

Glaspärlor är en viktig del av vikingatidens dräkt. Syftet med denna studie är att få en inblick i hur befolkningen i Fröjel såg på och använde pärlor. Aktörskap som teori används i studien. Undersökningsmaterialet är 100 glaspärlor som kan dateras mellan 900–1000 e.v.t och har hittats i Fröjel, genom Fröjel Discovery Programme. Pärltyperna sorterades med Callmers typologi och har tillsammans med pärlornas fyndplats analyserats och diskuterats. Undersökningsmaterialet har diskuterats utifrån tidigare forskning kring vikingatiden, handelssystem och glaspärlor, som ett material och föremål. Callmers typologi bidrog till att urskilja pärlornas ursprung vilka stämmer med Fröjels handelsvägar. Studien visar, med hjälp av Callmers typologi och rumslig spridning, att pärlorna är av värde och ett resultat av social struktur, handel och val gjorda av både individen och grupper vilket ökar relevansen av aktörskap vad gäller individers val och kläddetaljer., Glass beads have long been a part of the viking age costume. The purpose of this study is to get an insight to how the population of Fröjel viewed and used the beads. Agency as a theory was used in the study. The research material is 100 glass beads that can be dated between 900-1000 CE, have been found in Fröjel, through Fröjel Discovery Programme. The bead types have been sorted with Callmers typology and along with the location of the finds have been analyzed and discussed. The research material has been discussed based on previous research surrounding the viking age, trade systems and glass beads as a material and item. The origins of the beads which could be distinguished through Callmers typology matches with Fröjels trade networks. The study shows, with the help of Callmer’s typology and the spatial spread of the beads, that the beads are an accessory of value and a result of social structure, such as trade, and choices made by both the individual and groups which heightens the relevance of agency regarding individuals and clothing details.

Buttle Änge and Nygårds has been excavated by Uppsala University, Campus Gotland and also by Högskolan on Gotland since year 2009 and by Gothenburg University year 2009 and 2013. During the 20 excavations that has taken place there has been 112 glass beads found. They were found by the picture stones, in graves, in and around the stone foundation houses. The beads from the picture stones can be interpreted as grave deposits and the ones found in a cremation grave could have been part of a bead necklace combined with a pendant which belonged to a girl aged 0-14. The beads by the stone foundation houses had a larger concentration of beads in its three houses compared to Vallhagar which had the same number of beads found over 20 house foundations. In close connection to the stone foundation houses were glass mosaic fragments found that could have been used to make beads or could have been residuals from the beadmaking process from another place with productions of glass beads., Buttle Änge och Nygårds har sedan 2009 undersökts genom utgrävningar från Uppsala universitet, Campus Gotland men även med en utgrävning år 2009 av Högskolan på Gotland och av Göteborgsuniversitet år 2009 och 2013. Under de 10 utgrävningar som skett på platsen har det påträffats 112 pärlor av glas. Dessa påträffades vid bildstenar, i gravar, i och runtomkring stengrundshus. Pärlorna vid bildstenarna kan tolkas som gravdepositioner och de i en brandgrav kan ha varit en del av ett pärlgarnityr tillsammans med ett hängsmycke som kan ha tillhört en flicka i åldern 0–14. Pärlorna vid stengrundshusen hade en större koncentration av pärlor i sina tre hus jämfört med Vallhagar som hade lika många påträffade från över 20 hus. I anslutning till stengrundshusen påträffades även fragment av glasmosaik som kan ha använts för att skapa pärlor eller varit tillverkningsspill från en annan hantverksplats för glaspärlor.

This article presents the discovery and analysis of a new glass bead assemblage from the Swahili site of Mkokotoni, an early second millennium AD settlement in northwestern Zanzibar. It explores the possibilities for local production of glass beads using imported glass cullet or glass tubes at this site. Glass beads are ubiquitous at archaeological sites from the second millennium on the East African coast. They are presumed to have been traded via long-distance networks from South and Southeast Asia, and used locally in personal adornment, barter, and ritual practices. However, the data from Mkokotoni offers a new and unique perspective on glass bead-making traditions, which places the East African coast as an area of production and distribution.

This article presents the discovery and analysis of a new glass bead assemblage from the Swahili site of Mkokotoni, an early second millennium AD settlement in northwestern Zanzibar. It explores the possibilities for local production of glass beads using imported glass cullet or glass tubes at this site. Glass beads are ubiquitous at archaeological sites from the second millennium on the East African coast. They are presumed to have been traded via long-distance networks from South and Southeast Asia, and used locally in personal adornment, barter, and ritual practices. However, the data from Mkokotoni offers a new and unique perspective on glass bead-making traditions, which places the East African coast as an area of production and distribution.

This article presents the discovery and analysis of a new glass bead assemblage from the Swahili site of Mkokotoni, an early second millennium AD settlement in northwestern Zanzibar. It explores the possibilities for local production of glass beads using imported glass cullet or glass tubes at this site. Glass beads are ubiquitous at archaeological sites from the second millennium on the East African coast. They are presumed to have been traded via long-distance networks from South and Southeast Asia, and used locally in personal adornment, barter, and ritual practices. However, the data from Mkokotoni offers a new and unique perspective on glass bead-making traditions, which places the East African coast as an area of production and distribution.

This article presents the discovery and analysis of a new glass bead assemblage from the Swahili site of Mkokotoni, an early second millennium AD settlement in northwestern Zanzibar. It explores the possibilities for local production of glass beads using imported glass cullet or glass tubes at this site. Glass beads are ubiquitous at archaeological sites from the second millennium on the East African coast. They are presumed to have been traded via long-distance networks from South and Southeast Asia, and used locally in personal adornment, barter, and ritual practices. However, the data from Mkokotoni offers a new and unique perspective on glass bead-making traditions, which places the East African coast as an area of production and distribution.

Buttle Änge and Nygårds has been excavated by Uppsala University, Campus Gotland and also by Högskolan on Gotland since year 2009 and by Gothenburg University year 2009 and 2013. During the 20 excavations that has taken place there has been 112 glass beads found. They were found by the picture stones, in graves, in and around the stone foundation houses. The beads from the picture stones can be interpreted as grave deposits and the ones found in a cremation grave could have been part of a bead necklace combined with a pendant which belonged to a girl aged 0-14. The beads by the stone foundation houses had a larger concentration of beads in its three houses compared to Vallhagar which had the same number of beads found over 20 house foundations. In close connection to the stone foundation houses were glass mosaic fragments found that could have been used to make beads or could have been residuals from the beadmaking process from another place with productions of glass beads., Buttle Änge och Nygårds har sedan 2009 undersökts genom utgrävningar från Uppsala universitet, Campus Gotland men även med en utgrävning år 2009 av Högskolan på Gotland och av Göteborgsuniversitet år 2009 och 2013. Under de 10 utgrävningar som skett på platsen har det påträffats 112 pärlor av glas. Dessa påträffades vid bildstenar, i gravar, i och runtomkring stengrundshus. Pärlorna vid bildstenarna kan tolkas som gravdepositioner och de i en brandgrav kan ha varit en del av ett pärlgarnityr tillsammans med ett hängsmycke som kan ha tillhört en flicka i åldern 0–14. Pärlorna vid stengrundshusen hade en större koncentration av pärlor i sina tre hus jämfört med Vallhagar som hade lika många påträffade från över 20 hus. I anslutning till stengrundshusen påträffades även fragment av glasmosaik som kan ha använts för att skapa pärlor eller varit tillverkningsspill från en annan hantverksplats för glaspärlor.

This article presents the discovery and analysis of a new glass bead assemblage from the Swahili site of Mkokotoni, an early second millennium AD settlement in northwestern Zanzibar. It explores the possibilities for local production of glass beads using imported glass cullet or glass tubes at this site. Glass beads are ubiquitous at archaeological sites from the second millennium on the East African coast. They are presumed to have been traded via long-distance networks from South and Southeast Asia, and used locally in personal adornment, barter, and ritual practices. However, the data from Mkokotoni offers a new and unique perspective on glass bead-making traditions, which places the East African coast as an area of production and distribution.

This work reflects on the meaning of glass beads in the Hispanic monarchy, founded on their linguistic expressions. It is based on the idea developed by sociologists Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann that reality is constructed through social and language interaction to approach the different areas in which these objects participated in the daily life of New Spain. In this way, it is intended to contribute to decolonial turn and to provide a broader understanding of the meaning of these objects from the first globalization. At that time the expressions of Castilian took new forms under the flow of important intercultural changes that historians and anthropologists fail to capture. Changing the focus and incorporating the analysis of the language to interpret the semantic load of these objects in the past, provide new perspectives under which to understand the diffusion and use of these adornments., Este trabajo reflexiona sobre el significado de las cuentas de vidrio en el mundo hispánico a partir de sus expresiones lingüísticas. Se parte de la idea desarrollada por los sociólogos Peter Berger y Thomas Luckmann de que la realidad se construye a través de la interacción social y del lenguaje para acercarse a los diferentes ámbitos en que esas piezas participaron en la vida cotidiana de la Nueva España. De esa manera se pretende proporcionar un entendimiento más amplio del significado de estos objetos durante la modernidad. En ese momento las expresiones del castellano adquirieron nuevas formas bajo el flujo de importantes cambios interculturales que un análisis estrictamente histórico de la cultura material no logra captar. Al cambiar el enfoque e incorporar el análisis del lenguaje para interpretar la carga semántica de estos objetos en las expresiones del pasado, se aportan nuevas perspectivas bajo las cuales entender la difusión y uso de estas piezas entre personas de habla castellana.

To turn table olives into appropriate carriers of beneficial bacteria and yeasts to consumers, it is essential to have reliable methods for analysing microorganisms in biofilms. This work validates the application of a non-destructive procedure to study the lactic acid bacteria and yeasts distribution in fruits during Spanish-style green table olive fermentations. Laboratory-scale fermentations were inoculated simultaneously with three Lactiplantibacillus pentosus strains (LPG1, 119, and 13B4) and two yeasts (Wickerhamomyces anomalus Y12 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y30), all of them natives of table olive fermentations. Data showed that L. pentosus LPG1 and yeasts W. anomalus Y12 were quite prone to colonise olive biofilms, but only the Lactiplantibacillus strain also can penetrate the epidermis of the fruit and colonise the flesh. Applying a non-destructive treatment consisting in shelling the fruits with glass beads led to obtaining similar lactic acid bacteria and yeast recovery than the classical stomacher destructive method. However, the glass bead procedure improved the quality of the metagenomics analysis (especially when using 16 S rRNA gene-based sequencing). Results show the great utility of procedures that do not destroy the fruit for studying fermented vegetable biofilms.

Sulfate-reducing microbial communities remain a suitable option for the remediation of acid mine drainage using several types of carrier materials and appropriate reactor configurations. However, acetate prevails as a product derived from the incomplete oxidation of most organic substrates by sulfate reducers, limiting the efficiency of the whole process. An established sulfate-reducing consortium, able to degrade acetate at initial acidic pH (3.0), was used to develop biofilms over granular activated carbon (GAC), glass beads, and zeolite as carrier materials. In batch assays using glycerol, biofilms successfully formed on zeolite, glass beads, and GAC with sulfide production rates of 0.32, 0.26, and 0.14 mmol H2S/L·d, respectively, but only with glass beads and zeolite, acetate was degraded completely. The planktonic and biofilm communities were determined by the 16S rRNA gene analysis to evaluate the microbial selectivity of the carrier materials. In total, 46 OTUs (family level) composed the microbial communities. Ruminococcaceae and Clostridiaceae families were present in zeolite and glass beads, whereas Peptococcaceae was mostly enriched on zeolite and Desulfovibrionaceae on glass beads. The most abundant sulfate reducer in the biofilm of zeolite was Desulfotomaculum sp., while Desulfatirhabdium sp. abounded in the planktonic community. With glass beads, Desulfovibrio sp. dominated the biofilm and the planktonic communities. Our results indicate that both materials (glass beads and zeolite) selected different key sulfate-reducing microorganisms able to oxidize glycerol completely at initial acidic pH, which is relevant for a future application of the consortium in continuous bioreactors to treat acidic streams. Key points: • Complete consumption of glycerol and acetate at acidic pH by sulfate reduction. • Glass beads and zeolite are suitable materials to form sulfate-reducing biofilms. • Acetotrophic sulfate-reducing bacteria attached to zeolite pref

[EN] A set of beads made of glass, gastropod mollusk shell, and fishbone from a Swahili occupation level on Ibo Island (northern Mozambique) is dated to the eleventh and twelfth centuries AD. The chemical composition of the glass beads and their chromophores, and the shell and fishbone materials, are studied to understand the local and trading provenance of these items. Representative samples of each material, including two flat glass shards, were characterized using optical microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) with energy dispersive X-ray (EDS) microanalysis attached, UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometry, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Glass beads represent 60% of the bead assemblage. The shell and fishbone beads are 38.75% and 1.25%, respectively. Three groups of glasses were identified: (1) mineral-soda alumina glass beads associated with the recently identified m-Na-Al 6 group that come from Western India; (2) vegetal-soda alumina, represented by one flat glass shard probably from the Middle East, and beads of v-Na-Al glass of type A that came from Central Asia; and (3) conventional soda-lime silicate glasses, of modern chronology and probable European origin. Groups 1 and 2 show a variety of chromophores, both ionic and colloidal. A ruby-color bead was also identified as belonging to the Na2O-ZnO-SiO2 system and colored with cadmium sulfoselenide colloids, but this was of modern chronology. Shell beads were made from Lambis lambis gastropod mollusk shells and were locally produced. The fishbone beads may have been from a cartilaginous fish of the Chondrichthyes class, but it is difficult to specify the taxonomical level. The results of the analysis suggest that Ibo Island was integrated very early into the Swahili trade networks of the Indian Ocean., [FR] Un ensemble de perles en verre, coquille de mollusque gastéropode et arête de poisson provenant d'une occupation Swahili dans l'île d'Ibo (nord du Mozambique) est daté des 11ème et 12ème siècles après JC. La composition chimique des perles de verre et leurs chromophores, ainsi que les matériaux en coquille et en arête de poisson, sont étudiés pour comprendre la provenance locale ou commerciale de ces objects. Des échantillons représentatifs de chaque matériau, y compris deux éclats de verre plats, ont été caractérisés par microscopie optique, microscopie électronique à balayage à émission de champ (FESEM) avec microanalyse à rayons X à dispersion d'énergie (EDS) attachée, spectrophotométrie UV-Vis-NIR et diffraction des rayons X (XRD). Les perles de verre représentent 60% de l'ensemble, tandis que les perles de coquille (38,75%) et d’arêtes de poissons (1,25%) représentent le reste. Trois groupes de verres ont été identifiés: 1) des perles d’alumine de soude minérale associées au groupe m-Na-Al 6 récemment identifié qui proviennent de l’Inde occidentale; 2) unéclat de verre plat d’alumine de soude végétale et alumina, probablement du Moyen-Orient, et des perles de verre v-Na-Al de type A provenant d’Asie centrale; et 3) des verres conventionnels de silicate sodo-calcique, de chronologie moderne et probablemente d’origine européenne. Les groupes 1 et 2 ont montré une variété de chromophores, à la fois ioniques et colloïdaux. Une perle de couleur rubis a été également identifiée comme appartenant au système Na2O-ZnO-SiO2 et colorée par des colloïdes de sulfoséléniure de cadmium, mais celle-ci etait de la chronologie moderne. Les perles de coquillages ont été fabriquées à partir de coquilles de mollusques gastéropodes Lambis lambis et ont été produites localement. Les perles en arête de poisson peuvent provenir d'un poisson cartilagineux de la classe des Chondrichthyes, mais il est difficile de préciser le niveau taxonomique. Les données et contextualisation qui e

New research has shed light on the origin of the Danish glass beads dating to the BronzeAge and the increase in long-distance exchange during this period. This has provided newknowledge about glass beads during the Bronze Age, which unlocked the question of whatit looks like in the rest of Scandinavia. To get a broader perspective I have chosen to studythe first evidence of early craft sites where glass beads were made in Scandinavia. Then acomparison is made between the Bronze and Iron Ages from a broader perspective, whichincludes both the use of glass beads and the glass productions sites. I have therefore chosento study glass beads from a long-term perspective, from the introduction of the first glassbeads in Scandinavia during the Early Bronze Age until the Vendel period when the firstglass beads were manufactured in Scandinavia. By studying glass beads from a long-termperspective, we can learn more about the significance of glass beads in society.

New research has shed light on the origin of the Danish glass beads dating to the BronzeAge and the increase in long-distance exchange during this period. This has provided newknowledge about glass beads during the Bronze Age, which unlocked the question of whatit looks like in the rest of Scandinavia. To get a broader perspective I have chosen to studythe first evidence of early craft sites where glass beads were made in Scandinavia. Then acomparison is made between the Bronze and Iron Ages from a broader perspective, whichincludes both the use of glass beads and the glass productions sites. I have therefore chosento study glass beads from a long-term perspective, from the introduction of the first glassbeads in Scandinavia during the Early Bronze Age until the Vendel period when the firstglass beads were manufactured in Scandinavia. By studying glass beads from a long-termperspective, we can learn more about the significance of glass beads in society.

Written sources document the pursuit of trade between India and the Mediterranean world during the early Middle Ages. These traded goods, notably spices, perfume, and luxury fabrics, rarely leave material remains as a result of their perishable nature. Two types of archaeological finds dated from the fifth and sixth centuries have helped fill some of the gaps in the documentary sources. The first includes small beads of green-colored glass found in graves in which the beads appear to have been sewn onto pieces of clothing. As their chemical composition and the specific method of their manufacture reveal, these beads were produced in southern India and Sri Lanka and are known termed Indo-Pacific. The second type of archaeological find are garnets, which are found throughout western Europe at the start of the Merovingian period, decorating weapons, jewelry, and clothing accessories, most often in the cloisonné style. Recent chemical analysis of the garnets and their specific inclusion has been conducted with precision laboratory techniques. This analysis demonstrates that they came from deposits in India (mainly Rajasthan) and Sri Lanka, at least until around 600. For historical and economic reasons that remain unclear, the emporia in southern India and Sri Lanka at this time ceased to export the Indo-Pacific beads, and later garnets, to the Red Sea and the Mediterranean basin., SCOPUS: ch.b, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The south-eastern part of the Carpathian Basin in the period traditionally known as the Late Hallstatt (6th-4th century BC) turned out to be the space of highly dynamic changes, most easily recognisable in funerary practice. In such an environment cultural unity cannot be expected. One of these cultural groups was the Syrmia group. One of the necropolises of the Syrmia group which was defined as such with certainty is the Stubarlija necropolis. It is situated on the right bank of the lower Tisa, near the village Mošorin. It contained five skeletal graves with inventory which included pottery finds with tradition of the Bosut group, and imported goods: Certosa fibulae, glass beads and cowry shells. The imported material confirms strong relations with other regions. According to P. Medović, the explorer of the site, this area was under the strong influence from the west, the river Sava being main communication route. However, the importance of the Tisa as an important transversal northward should not be neglected. The Stubarlija necropolis was chronologically positioned at the 4th and the beginning of the 3rd century BC, but material confirmations for such datation are not as firm as they must be. Having this in mind, generally earlier dates should be taken into consideration.

Glass beads have recently been proposed for use as radiation therapy dosimeters. Glass beads have a number of characteristics that make them suitable for in vivo skin dose measurements, including an ability to be worn on a string, and therefore avoid possible patient discomfort that may result from the use of adhesives. In this study, their use for in vivo dose measurements in total skin electron irradiation treatments has been tested. First, the dosimetric properties of cylindrical beads with a 3 mm diameter were characterised using electron fields produced by a linear accelerator. The mean individual bead reproducibility was demonstrated to be within 3%; and a batch variation of 7% was observed. The beads were shown to have a linear dose response, and both dose rate and beam energy independence, within the measurement uncertainty. Phantom measurements were then performed for a total skin electron irradiation beam arrangement, and results compared against optically stimulated luminescent dosimeters at five anatomical sites. For a majority of measurement locations, agreement within 3% was observed between the two dosimetry techniques, demonstrating the feasibility of glass beads as in vivo dosimeters for total skin electron irradiation; though further investigation may be needed to minimise uncertainty in results.

[EN] This work presents the analysis of the materials recovered from the silo of ‘El Pontarró’, located in La Secuita (Tarragona), filled with debris at the end of the 5th century BC or the beginnings of the 4th century BC. Among them, a number of bronze ornaments and about 6,000 glass beads stand out, together with pottery, spindle whorls, querns, as well as faunal, malacological (mainly Cypraea) and archaeobotanical remains. Most elements are rare and related with funerary or ritual practices. This supports the hypothesis that the filling of the silo could correspond to a ritual action, perhaps after the destruction of a necropolis. The accidental discovery of the finding as well as the altered conditions of the field, where no further archaeological intervention is possible at the moment, prevent to gain more information about the context of the deposit. Nevertheless, the discovery constitutes the biggest assemblage of glass beads so far, and is thus an unicum in the Protohistory of the the Iberian Peninsula., [ES] Se presenta el estudio de los materiales recuperados en el silo de El Pontarró, en La Secuita (Tarragona), amortizado a finales del siglo V o inicios del IV a.C. Entre ellos destacan un conjunto de elementos de ornamentación de bronce y unas 6.000 cuentas de collar de vidrio, junto a vasijas cerámicas, fusayolas, molinos, restos de fauna terrestre y malacológica (en su mayoría de Cypraea) y otros arqueobotánicos. Algunos de estos objetos son muy poco frecuentes y, en su mayoría, se vinculan con el mundo funerario o ritual. Ello sugiere que el silo se colmató en un acto ritual, tal vez tras la destrucción de una necrópolis. El carácter fortuito del hallazgo y el estado de arrasamiento del terreno donde, además, es difícil continuar la intervención arqueológica impiden obtener más información sobre el contexto y condiciones del depósito. No obstante este es el mayor conjunto de cuentas de vidrio, descubierto hasta la fecha, lo que le convierte en un unicum en la Protohistoria de la Península Ibérica.

As our project was suspended since the fifth quarter due to insufficient funds in this second year, here we will report our findings during the fifth quarter. Nonetheless, we still have some potable outcomes to report toward the end of this report. We have now understood better about the slight disagreements or inconsistencies between CISSCO results and phase values inside straws. The problem is due to interactions between particles (or molecules) and water. From the past literature, this is called hyperfine shifts in NMR studies. All of our re-analyzed results from gadolinium and ferritin solutions are consistent between different echo times from MRI measurements, but results from calcium solutions remain inconsistent. In fact, results from calcium solutions do not seem repeatable. This may be due to very high concentrations of calcium solutions (at least 5% in volume). CISSCO results from low concentration nanoparticle solutions also agree with phase values inside straws but accuracies become an issue. Also in the fifth quarter, from a phantom study with one straw in the phantom, we have compared results from CISSCO, SWIM, and a quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) method from the Cornell group. Results from CISSCO are consistent and accurate but results from SWIM and Cornell QSM are not. Lastly, we have applied the 3D CISSCO method for the susceptibility quantifications of some air bubbles and glass beads., The original document contains color images.

In this article we analyse the role played by glass beads in Cashinahua myth and ritual, comparing our results with data on other Amerindian groups and showing how this small item of exchange permits us to discuss themes important for contemporary Amerindian ethnology. First of all we have the Amerindian search for knowledge about fabrication, origin and ownership of the materials they use in daily life and ritual. The role played by the incorporation of the agency of Others in the constitution of the person is central to Amerindian sociality. We show how the «captivation» of the exogenous forces contained in glass beads follows a local aesthetics. Finally we argue for the theoretical interest of indigenous discourses that systematically superpose bodies and artefacts, showing how similar are their inner structure, way of fabrication and agency., Este artículo tiene por objetivo mostrar, a partir del análisis del papel de la chaquira en el mito y en el ritual kaxinawa y de su comparación con otros grupos amerindios, cómo este ítem puede permitirnos arrojar nuevas luces sobre temas importantes en la discusión contemporánea de la etnología amerindia, como la importancia dada por los amerindios al «saber hacer» o el conocimiento del origen y el papel de los dueños de las substancias y de los dominios. Otro tema central en la socialidad amerindia es el papel de la incorporación de las fuerzas agentivas de la alteridad en la constitución de la persona. Mostramos que la «captura» de las fuerzas exógenas contenidas en la chaquira sigue una lógica estética local. Por último, el artículo llama la atención sobre el rendimiento teórico de la superposición sistemática de los discursos amerindios que se refieren a los artefactos y a los cuerpos.

In this article we analyse the role played by glass beads in Cashinahua myth and ritual, comparing our results with data on other Amerindian groups and showing how this small item of exchange permits us to discuss themes important for contemporary Amerindian ethnology. First of all we have the Amerindian search for knowledge about fabrication, origin and ownership of the materials they use in daily life and ritual. The role played by the incorporation of the agency of Others in the constitution of the person is central to Amerindian sociality. We show how the «captivation» of the exogenous forces contained in glass beads follows a local aesthetics. Finally we argue for the theoretical interest of indigenous discourses that systematically superpose bodies and artefacts, showing how similar are their inner structure, way of fabrication and agency., Este artículo tiene por objetivo mostrar, a partir del análisis del papel de la chaquira en el mito y en el ritual kaxinawa y de su comparación con otros grupos amerindios, cómo este ítem puede permitirnos arrojar nuevas luces sobre temas importantes en la discusión contemporánea de la etnología amerindia, como la importancia dada por los amerindios al «saber hacer» o el conocimiento del origen y el papel de los dueños de las substancias y de los dominios. Otro tema central en la socialidad amerindia es el papel de la incorporación de las fuerzas agentivas de la alteridad en la constitución de la persona. Mostramos que la «captura» de las fuerzas exógenas contenidas en la chaquira sigue una lógica estética local. Por último, el artículo llama la atención sobre el rendimiento teórico de la superposición sistemática de los discursos amerindios que se refieren a los artefactos y a los cuerpos.

There has been increased interest in the dynamic behavior of sand throughout scientific and engineering communities due, mainly, to its damaging mechanisms against armored military vehicles upon sudden acceleration from buried improvised explosive devices. NASA is also interested in the properties of sand as a stimulant for powdered planetary materials. This thesis focused on developing the experimental techniques to successfully measure its dynamic response to shock impacts. However, sand has widely variant compositions based on its geographic location and environmental conditions making it difficult to repeat experimental results. This research has examined the use of widely available commercial technical sand composed of uniform sized, nearly spherical soda lime glass beads as a viable alternative for modeling sand. This allows for the repetition of experimental results independent of geographical location, thus providing a basis to better correlate and compare data between various focus areas of research. The objective of this thesis was to establish/develop the required experimental setup and procedures that will account for the inherent difficulty of experimentation with this material due to their solid and fluid like properties. Additionally, the first several Hugoniot data points were measured for this technical sand at pressures below one GPa., The original document contains color images.

Many tens of thousands of glass beads have been recovered from well-dated 8(th) to 16(th) century archaeological sites in southern Africa, making it possible to develop a temporally sensitive bead sequence which is made up of seven series. The series were developed based on morphological characteristics and recent chemical analysis has confirmed those results. The bead series are described in detail along with possible origins for the glass used to create them. Chemical composition of the glasses used to make the beads demonstrates that three major changes in glass chemistry occurred between the 8(th) and 15(th) centuries, suggesting the different glasses originated in geographically disparate regions and indicating that trade patterns connecting southern Africa to other Indian Ocean entities were far from static.

Applications of lead and strontium isotope analysis were made on archaeological materials from three different contexts in both the Old and New Worlds. These materials comprised pre-Hispanic glaze painted ceramics from Arizona, U.S.A., glass beads from late first millennium AD Igbo-Ukwu, Nigeria, and copper-based metals from early first millennium AD Kissi, Burkina Faso. All materials contain lead at major, minor, or trace concentrations, and lead isotope analysis was employed to determine a provenance for that lead. Strontium isotope analysis also was applied to glass beads from Igbo-Ukwu to determine provenance(s) for strontium found in the glass. Furthermore, application of elemental composition analysis was or had been employed on all samples for additional data comparisons within assemblages and with comparable archaeological materials.Results of these analyses determined, in most cases, regional provenance with high degrees of confidence for lead contained in the analyzed samples. Strontium and elemental composition analysis data also proved valuable in confirming the regional provenance of the raw glass used to produce the glass beads. Leads in the glaze paints from Arizona, which demonstrated a range of resources exploitation, were confidently restricted to a few regions for their procurement. Likewise leads in most glass beads from Igbo-Ukwu were confidently restricted to two main source regions, with a third strong contender also being identified. The elemental composition and strontium isotope data determined with confidence the production regions for the primary raw glasses used to make the glass beads. Finally, leads in copper-based metals from Burkina Faso also were restricted to a few regions, although some inconclusiveness in provenance determination was attributed to mixing of metals from difference sources.These results confirm the utility of heavy isotope analysis of archaeological materials for provenance determination. The combination of these d

This study investigated miscible fingering phenomena in a saturated porous medium due solely to fluid density differences. The objective was to determine dissolved salt concentrations in the porous medium and, thus, local fluid density with high temporal resolution and covering substantial volume. A magnetic resonance imaging method, which can achieve this goal by adding Cu(II)SO4 to salt solutions, has been developed. This method was applied here to observe and quantify three-dimensional miscible fingering for the initial unstable layering of saltwater above freshwater. Additionally, characteristic properties were defined and evaluated to facilitate a more meaningful comparison with numerical simulations.

Agitation with glass beads, electroporation and microparticle bombardment are all used to transfer exogenous genes into unicellular eukaryotic algae (microalgae). For nuclear transformation most researchers use glass beads techniques or, to a lesser extent, electroporation, while for chloroplast transformation bombardment is often used. Glass bead agitation and electroporation require the removal of the cell wall while bombardment can be performed with intact microalgae. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has been the microalga most commonly transformed, but success has also been reported with Volvox carteri, Chlorella spp.;Dunaliella salina, Haematococcus pluvialis, Euglena gracilis, diatoms (Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Navicula saprophila, Cyclotella cryptica and Thalassiosira weissflogii), dinoflagellates (Amphidinium klebsii and Symbiodinium microadriaticum) and red algae (Porphyridium spp and Cyanidioschyzon merolae). The first C. reinhardtii transformants produced by making use of Agrobacterium tumefaciens have also been reported. A comparison of the above methods might help provide the information necessary to successfully transform further microalgal species.

規格品のガラスビーズを用いて底生付着珪藻Nitzschia sp.の増殖に対する付着基質のサイズの影響を実験的に調べた。Nitzschia sp.の増殖はガラスビーズを添加した方が良く, 最も粒径の小さいガラスビーズ(平均直径=0.115mm)で最高の比増殖速度0.39day-1が得られ, 最大収量2.2×105cells ml-1が得られた。一方, 最も粒径の大きいガラスビーズ(平均直径=1.244mm)では比増殖速度は最も低く(0.23day-1), ガラスビーズを加えなかった対照区の比増殖速度(0.25day-1)とほとんど差は無かった。本研究で得られた結果は, 粒径の小さいガラスビーズがNitzschia sp.の付着基質として適しているということだけではなく, 付着基質のサイズが底生微細藻類の増殖に対する重要な環境因子であるということを示唆している。, Effects of grain size of substrate on the growth of a benthic microalgae Nitzschia sp. (diatoms) were experimentally investigated with commercial glass beads. The growth of Nitzschia sp. was enhanced with addition of glass beads, with the highest growth rate of 0.39 day-1 and the maximum estimated yield of 2.2×105 cells ml-1 at the smallest glass beads (mean diameter=0.115 mm). On the other hand, with the largest glass beads (mean diameter=1.244 mm), the growth rate was lowest (0.23 day-1), which was not significantly different from the blank experiment with no glass beads (0.25 day-1). The results in the present study indicate that not only the small glass beads are suitable for the growth of Nitzschia sp. but also the size of substrate is an important environmental factor for the growth of benthic microalgae.

This report describes an investigation into the performance of pavement markings in wet night conditions. The performance of a typical pavement marking will degrade when it gets wet. This is a result of the flooding of the marking optics, thereby reducing retroreflectivity. Several technologies are available to improve wet marking performance. In this project, six technologies were tested using both standard measurement methods and participant evaluations. The results show that two of the marking technologies, raised retroreflective markers and wet retroreflective tape, outperformed the group under all conditions. These markings were also highly accepted by the participants. The results also show that the standard paint and glass beads technology is the worst performing and the least desirable of those evaluated. A comparison of the ASTM retroreflectivity measurement methods and the measured luminance results also indicates that the methods are suitable for the conditions used in the evaluation; however, possible additions and corrections to the methods are outlined in this report. A follow-up study is underway to allow development of a performance-based specification for pavement markings for wet night visibility.

This report describes an investigation into the performance of pavement markings in wet night conditions. The performance of a typical pavement marking will degrade when it gets wet. This is a result of the flooding of the marking optics, thereby reducing retroreflectivity. Several technologies are available to improve wet marking performance. In this project, six technologies were tested using both standard measurement methods and participant evaluations. The results show that two of the marking technologies, raised retroreflective markers and wet retroreflective tape, outperformed the group under all conditions. These markings were also highly accepted by the participants. The results also show that the standard paint and glass beads technology is the worst performing and the least desirable of those evaluated. A comparison of the ASTM retroreflectivity measurement methods and the measured luminance results also indicates that the methods are suitable for the conditions used in the evaluation; however, possible additions and corrections to the methods are outlined in this report. A follow-up study is underway to allow development of a performance-based specification for pavement markings for wet night visibility.

This report describes an investigation into the performance of pavement markings in wet night conditions. The performance of a typical pavement marking will degrade when it gets wet. This is a result of the flooding of the marking optics, thereby reducing retroreflectivity. Several technologies are available to improve wet marking performance. In this project, six technologies were tested using both standard measurement methods and participant evaluations. The results show that two of the marking technologies, raised retroreflective markers and wet retroreflective tape, outperformed the group under all conditions. These markings were also highly accepted by the participants. The results also show that the standard paint and glass beads technology is the worst performing and the least desirable of those evaluated. A comparison of the ASTM retroreflectivity measurement methods and the measured luminance results also indicates that the methods are suitable for the conditions used in the evaluation; however, possible additions and corrections to the methods are outlined in this report. A follow-up study is underway to allow development of a performance-based specification for pavement markings for wet night visibility.

This research investigates the scattering of an acoustic field from bubbles embedded in a fluid saturated sediment. The primary objective is the establishment of underlying physical mechanisms for resonance scattering near the monopole resonance. Bubbles are known to be present in naturally occurring sediments particularly in littoral regions, and it has been proposed that these bubbles are primary contributors to volume scattering of sediment penetrating sonars., See also ADM002252.

The use of internal ovens is common in high-temperature–high-pressure experiments. Improving the thermal insulation means better efficiency and lower thermal strain on pressure vessels and feedthroughs, but is difficult when using solid media. The addition of a layer of amorphous solid (glass) in the form of a mixed powder is reported to give a significant reduction (20%–50%) in the power dissipated in a high pressure oven.

X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) is one of the easiest and most rapid analytical methods that can be used for major and trace element analyses of rock samples. This paper presents an analytical technique for major elements in rock samples by XRF. Grinding experiments were done by the planetary ball mill Fritsch P-5,and granodiorite and andesite were used as hard and less hard samples. First, samples were crushed into small pieces ( < 4 mm in diameter). Approximately 20-25 g of samples were set in containers made of tungsten carbide (WC) and agate. A rotation speed of 200-300 rpm and a grinding time of 20 min yielded rock powders with an average grain size of 3.7-8.4 μm and a dispersion of 11.7-122 μm^2 for WC containers, and an average grain size of 5.9-6.2 μm and a dispersion of 34.8-69.2 μm^2 for agate containers. However, agate containers could not grind granodiorite samples completely. Rock powder was fused into a glass bead by a glass-bead sampler Philips THG-5. The rock powder was put into an oven and dried overnight at 110 'C. The mixing ratio of the sample : flux was chosen to be I : 10 to reduce matrix effects and 0.5000 g of the sample and 5.000 g of Li_2B_4O_7 were weighed and put into a Pt cup. After trial and error, the most suitable conditions of fusion were determined. To correct for variations in X-ray intensity, three corrections were made : monitor and drift corrections to adjust the temporal variations for long and short periods, and a bead correction to cancel variations arising from the roughness of the bottom of the Pt cup. Among these, the drift correction was found unnecessary because of the stabile X-ray intensity during the measurement. The bead correction is expected to be useful, but its effect could not be confirmed. 36 samples ranging in composition from basalt to dacite were analysed by XRF ma-chines of Shizuoka University and the Institute of Earthquake Research, University of Tokyo. Both gave consistent results with relative errors, publisher

Department: Program in Museum Studies.

Department: Program in Museum Studies.

The analysis of performance evaluation samples is a routine part of most quality assurance programs. However, performance evaluation samples are not commercially available for many contaminants. This report describes the development of performance evaluation samples for white phosphorus (P4) analysis. To represent the wide range of concentrations that have been measured in field-contaminated sediment/soil samples, two types of performance evaluation samples were prepared. High concentration samples contained particulate white phosphorus in wet soil, and concentrations were stable for over 100 days. Low concentration soil samples containing white phosphorus dissolved in water or organic solvent were unstable. when silt-size glass beads were substituted for the soil, and a solution of white phosphorus in mineral oil added, concentrations were stable for over two months.

This report provides details on two tests performed to determine if 1.5 Index of Refraction (IOR) glass beads are suitable retroreflective material for USA airfield markings. The tests were done at Ellsworth AFB SD from 25 Sep 91 through 9 Jun 92 and at Tyndall AFB FL from 12 Dec 93 through 24 March 95. During the first phase of the project, two taxiway centerline stripes, separated by a six-inch gap were applied on the primary aircraft taxi route at Ellsworth AFB SD. Each was reflectorized with glass beads applied at approximately the same rate, but one was reflectorized using Federal Specification TT-B-l325B, Type 1(1.5 IOR) beads and the other with Type III(1.9 IOR) beads. The test stripes were evaluated by 91 pilots and civil engineer personnel for approximately nine months through visual comparison and measurement of the retroreflective intensities of the two lines. The empirical data demonstrates the 1.5 IOR beads were more durable than were the 1.9 IOR beads. The pilots' evaluations showed that 1.5 IOR beads are suitable for airfield apron and taxiway markings. During the second phase of the project, the primary runway at Tyndall AFB FL was marked, again using the two different types of glass beads; however, these were procured under Federal Specification TT-B-1325C, an updated version modified to improve the performance of the Type III beads. The pavement markings applied on the north side of the runway centerline were reflectorized with Type I glass beads, and Type III glass beads were used 10 reflectorize the markings on the south side of the runway centerline. The test stripes were evaluated by 35 pilots and civil engineer personnel for approximately 15 months through visual comparison and measurement of the retroreflective intensities of the two lines.

This report identifies the results of a 1-year comparative evaluation on the use of retro-reflective glass beads in airport surface pavement markings. Class beads meeting Federal Specification TT-B-1325B, Type I and III were tested at three airports for retro-reflectivity, effects on runway friction, conspicuity, and durability. The three test airports were Atlantic City, Greater Pittsburgh, and Phoenix Sky Harbor International airports. Data from this study show the use of beaded materials in airport markings increased the conspicuity and quality of the airport markings. Also discovered in this evaluation was the friction enhancement gained from the incorporation of beads and silica additives into the paint materials. As a result of the findings of this study, certain modifications are recommended for the two existing specifications regarding airport pavement markings, AC 150/5370-lOA, Standards for Specifying Construction on Airports and AC 150/5340-1G Standards for Airport Markings. -BKA

Department: Program in Museum Studies.

Department: Program in Museum Studies.

Rotating bending fatigue tests have established that glass bead and alumina grit blasting have only a slight effect on the fatigue properties of 2014-T6 aluminium alloy. Exposure to salt fog for 8 hours or alternate immersion in 3 1/2% salt solution for 3 days reduces the fatigue strength from 170 MPa to 107 MPa and 64 MPa respectively but substantial improvements in fatigue strength may be achieved by abrasive blast cleaning to remove the corrosion. Total immersion tests made in 3 1/2% salt solution to examine the effects of abrasive blasting on corrosion have demonstrated that the corrosion rate and type of pitting attack on 2014-T6 aluminium alloy sheet are dependent on the abrasive used and on the amount of corrosion which has occurred prior to blast cleaning.

Measurements have been made of the tear strength, tensile strength, and energy dissipated during stretching for model filled elastomers consisting of polybutadiene with glass beads incorporated. The glass beads were pretreated with various silanes, some of which could, in principle, form covalent bonds with the polybutadiene matrix during free-radical crosslinking of the latter and some of which could not. The tear strength of the elastomer was increased by the addition of glass beads, by about 25 per cent for the largest beads, having a mean diameter of 150 micrometers. This effect is attributed to increased roughness of the tear path. The breaking elongation in tension was reduced by the addition of glass beads but the breaking stress was only seriously reduced for the least-well-adhering beads.