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1. The GAPS Programme at TNG: XXI. A GIARPS case study of known young planetary candidates: Confirmation of HD 285507 b and refutation of AD Leonis b

Author: Carleo, I, Malavolta, L, Lanza, A, Damasso, M, Desidera, S, Borsa, F, Mallonn, M, Pinamonti, M, Gratton, R, Alei, E, Benatti, S, Mancini, L, Maldonado, J, Biazzo, K, Esposito, M, Frustagli, G, Gonzalez-Alvarez, E, Micela, G, Scandariato, G, Sozzetti, A, Affer, L, Bignamini, A, Bonomo, A, Claudi, R, Cosentino, R, Covino, E, Fiorenzano, A, Giacobbe, P, Harutyunyan, A, Leto, G, Maggio, A, Molinari, E, Nascimbeni, V, Pagano, I, Pedani, M, Piotto, G, Poretti, E, Rainer, M, Redfield, S, Baffa, C, Baruffolo, A, Buchschacher, N, Billotti, V, Cecconi, M, Falcini, G, Fantinel, D, Fini, L, Galli, A, Ghedina, A, Ghinassi, F, Giani, E, Gonzalez, C, Gonzalez, M, Guerra, J, Hernandez DIaz, M, Hernandez, N, Iuzzolino, M, Lodi, M, Oliva, E, Origlia, L, Perez Ventura, H, Puglisi, A, Riverol, C, Riverol, L, San Juan, J, Sanna, N, Scuderi, S, Seemann, U, Sozzi, M, Tozzi, A, Carleo I., Malavolta L., Lanza A. F., Damasso M., Desidera S., Borsa F., Mallonn M., Pinamonti M., Gratton R., Alei E., Benatti S., Mancini L., Maldonado J., Biazzo K., Esposito M., Frustagli G., Gonzalez-Alvarez E., Micela G., Scandariato G., Sozzetti A., Affer L., Bignamini A., Bonomo A. S., Claudi R., Cosentino R., Covino E., Fiorenzano A. F. M., Giacobbe P., Harutyunyan A., Leto G., Maggio A., Molinari E., Nascimbeni V., Pagano I., Pedani M., Piotto G., Poretti E., Rainer M., Redfield S., Baffa C., Baruffolo A., Buchschacher N., Billotti V., Cecconi M., Falcini G., Fantinel D., Fini L., Galli A., Ghedina A., Ghinassi F., Giani E., Gonzalez C., Gonzalez M., Guerra J., Hernandez DIaz M., Hernandez N., Iuzzolino M., Lodi M., Oliva E., Origlia L., Perez Ventura H., Puglisi A., Riverol C., Riverol L., San Juan J., Sanna N., Scuderi S., Seemann U., Sozzi M., Tozzi A., Carleo, I, Malavolta, L, Lanza, A, Damasso, M, Desidera, S, Borsa, F, Mallonn, M, Pinamonti, M, Gratton, R, Alei, E, Benatti, S, Mancini, L, Maldonado, J, Biazzo, K, Esposito, M, Frustagli, G, Gonzalez-Alvarez, E, Micela, G, Scandariato, G, Sozzetti, A, Affer, L, Bignamini, A, Bonomo, A, Claudi, R, Cosentino, R, Covino, E, Fiorenzano, A, Giacobbe, P, Harutyunyan, A, Leto, G, Maggio, A, Molinari, E, Nascimbeni, V, Pagano, I, Pedani, M, Piotto, G, Poretti, E, Rainer, M, Redfield, S, Baffa, C, Baruffolo, A, Buchschacher, N, Billotti, V, Cecconi, M, Falcini, G, Fantinel, D, Fini, L, Galli, A, Ghedina, A, Ghinassi, F, Giani, E, Gonzalez, C, Gonzalez, M, Guerra, J, Hernandez DIaz, M, Hernandez, N, Iuzzolino, M, Lodi, M, Oliva, E, Origlia, L, Perez Ventura, H, Puglisi, A, Riverol, C, Riverol, L, San Juan, J, Sanna, N, Scuderi, S, Seemann, U, Sozzi, M, Tozzi, A, Carleo I., Malavolta L., Lanza A. F., Damasso M., Desidera S., Borsa F., Mallonn M., Pinamonti M., Gratton R., Alei E., Benatti S., Mancini L., Maldonado J., Biazzo K., Esposito M., Frustagli G., Gonzalez-Alvarez E., Micela G., Scandariato G., Sozzetti A., Affer L., Bignamini A., Bonomo A. S., Claudi R., Cosentino R., Covino E., Fiorenzano A. F. M., Giacobbe P., Harutyunyan A., Leto G., Maggio A., Molinari E., Nascimbeni V., Pagano I., Pedani M., Piotto G., Poretti E., Rainer M., Redfield S., Baffa C., Baruffolo A., Buchschacher N., Billotti V., Cecconi M., Falcini G., Fantinel D., Fini L., Galli A., Ghedina A., Ghinassi F., Giani E., Gonzalez C., Gonzalez M., Guerra J., Hernandez DIaz M., Hernandez N., Iuzzolino M., Lodi M., Oliva E., Origlia L., Perez Ventura H., Puglisi A., Riverol C., Riverol L., San Juan J., Sanna N., Scuderi S., Seemann U., Sozzi M., and Tozzi A.
Abstract: Context. The existence of hot Jupiters is still not well understood. Two main channels are thought to be responsible for their current location: a smooth planet migration through the protoplanetary disk or the circularization of an initial highly eccentric orbit by tidal dissipation leading to a strong decrease in the semimajor axis. Different formation scenarios result in different observable effects, such as orbital parameters (obliquity and eccentricity) or frequency of planets at different stellar ages. Aims. In the context of the GAPS Young Objects project, we are carrying out a radial velocity survey with the aim of searching and characterizing young hot-Jupiter planets. Our purpose is to put constraints on evolutionary models and establish statistical properties, such as the frequency of these planets from a homogeneous sample. Methods. Since young stars are in general magnetically very active, we performed multi-band (visible and near-infrared) spectroscopy with simultaneous GIANO-B + HARPS-N (GIARPS) observing mode at TNG. This helps in dealing with stellar activity and distinguishing the nature of radial velocity variations: stellar activity will introduce a wavelength-dependent radial velocity amplitude, whereas a Keplerian signal is achromatic. As a pilot study, we present here the cases of two known hot Jupiters orbiting young stars: HD 285507 b and AD Leo b. Results. Our analysis of simultaneous high-precision GIARPS spectroscopic data confirms the Keplerian nature of the variation in the HD 285507 radial velocities and refines the orbital parameters of the hot Jupiter, obtaining an eccentricity consistent with a circular orbit. Instead, our analysis does not confirm the signal previously attributed to a planet orbiting AD Leo. This demonstrates the power of the multi-band spectroscopic technique when observing active stars.
Published: 2020

2. The GAPS Programme at TNG. XXIX. No detection of reflected light from 51 Peg b using optical high-resolution spectroscopy

Author: Scandariato, G, Borsa, F, Sicilia, D, Malavolta, L, Biazzo, K, Bonomo, A, Bruno, G, Claudi, R, Covino, E, Di Marcantonio, P, Esposito, M, Frustagli, G, Lanza, A, Maldonado, J, Maggio, A, Mancini, L, Micela, G, Nardiello, D, Rainer, M, Singh, V, Sozzetti, A, Affer, L, Benatti, S, Bignamini, A, Biliotti, V, Capuzzo-Dolcetta, R, Carleo, I, Cosentino, R, Damasso, M, Desidera, S, Garcia de Gurtubai, A, Ghedina, A, Giacobbe, P, Giani, E, Harutyunyan, A, Hernandez, N, Hernandez Diaz, M, Knapic, C, Leto, G, Martìnez Fiorenzano, A, Molinari, E, Nascimbeni, V, Pagano, I, Pedani, M, Piotto, G, Poretti, E, Stoev, H, G. Scandariato, F. Borsa, D. Sicilia, L. Malavolta, K. Biazzo, A. S. Bonomo, G. Bruno, R. Claudi, E. Covino, P. Di Marcantonio, M. Esposito, G. Frustagli, A. F. Lanza, J. Maldonado, A. Maggio, L. Mancini, G. Micela, D. Nardiello, M. Rainer, V. Singh, A. Sozzetti, L. Affer, S. Benatti, A. Bignamini, V. Biliotti, R. Capuzzo-Dolcetta, I. Carleo, R. Cosentino, M. Damasso, S. Desidera, A. Garcia de Gurtubai, A. Ghedina, P. Giacobbe, E. Giani, A. Harutyunyan, N. Hernandez, M. Hernandez Diaz, C. Knapic, G. Leto, A. F. Martìnez Fiorenzano, E. Molinari, V. Nascimbeni, I. Pagano, M. Pedani, G. Piotto, E. Poretti, H. Stoev, Scandariato, G, Borsa, F, Sicilia, D, Malavolta, L, Biazzo, K, Bonomo, A, Bruno, G, Claudi, R, Covino, E, Di Marcantonio, P, Esposito, M, Frustagli, G, Lanza, A, Maldonado, J, Maggio, A, Mancini, L, Micela, G, Nardiello, D, Rainer, M, Singh, V, Sozzetti, A, Affer, L, Benatti, S, Bignamini, A, Biliotti, V, Capuzzo-Dolcetta, R, Carleo, I, Cosentino, R, Damasso, M, Desidera, S, Garcia de Gurtubai, A, Ghedina, A, Giacobbe, P, Giani, E, Harutyunyan, A, Hernandez, N, Hernandez Diaz, M, Knapic, C, Leto, G, Martìnez Fiorenzano, A, Molinari, E, Nascimbeni, V, Pagano, I, Pedani, M, Piotto, G, Poretti, E, Stoev, H, G. Scandariato, F. Borsa, D. Sicilia, L. Malavolta, K. Biazzo, A. S. Bonomo, G. Bruno, R. Claudi, E. Covino, P. Di Marcantonio, M. Esposito, G. Frustagli, A. F. Lanza, J. Maldonado, A. Maggio, L. Mancini, G. Micela, D. Nardiello, M. Rainer, V. Singh, A. Sozzetti, L. Affer, S. Benatti, A. Bignamini, V. Biliotti, R. Capuzzo-Dolcetta, I. Carleo, R. Cosentino, M. Damasso, S. Desidera, A. Garcia de Gurtubai, A. Ghedina, P. Giacobbe, E. Giani, A. Harutyunyan, N. Hernandez, M. Hernandez Diaz, C. Knapic, G. Leto, A. F. Martìnez Fiorenzano, E. Molinari, V. Nascimbeni, I. Pagano, M. Pedani, G. Piotto, E. Poretti, and H. Stoev
Abstract: Context. The analysis of exoplanetary atmospheres by means of high-resolution spectroscopy is an expanding research field which provides information on the chemical composition, thermal structure, atmospheric dynamics, and orbital velocity of exoplanets. Aims. In this work, we aim to detect the light reflected by the exoplanet 51 Peg b by employing optical high-resolution spectroscopy. Methods. To detect the light reflected by the planetary dayside, we used optical High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher and High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher for the Northern hemisphere spectra taken near the superior conjunction of the planet, when the flux contrast between the planet and the star is maximum. To search for the weak planetary signal, we cross-correlated the observed spectra with a high signal-to-noise ratio stellar spectrum. Results. We homogeneously analyze the available datasets and derive a 10-5 upper limit on the planet-to-star flux contrast in the optical. Conclusions. The upper limit on the planet-to-star flux contrast of 10-5 translates into a low albedo of the planetary atmosphere (Ag 0.05-0.15 for an assumed planetary radius in the range of 1.5-0.9 RJup, as estimated from the planet's mass).
Published: 2021

3. The GAPS Programme at TNG XXI -- A GIARPS case-study of known young planetary candidates: confirmation of HD 285507 b and refutation of AD Leo b

Author: Carleo, I., Malavolta, L., Lanza, A. F., Damasso, M., Desidera, S., Borsa, F., Mallonn, M., Pinamonti, M., Gratton, R., Alei, E., Benatti, S., Mancini, L., Maldonado, J., Biazzo, K., Esposito, M., Frustagli, G., González-Álvarez, E., Micela, G., Scandariato, G., Sozzetti, A., Affer, L., Bignamini, A., Bonomo, A. S., Claudi, R., Cosentino, R., Covino, E., Fiorenzano, A. F. M., Giacobbe, P., Harutyunyan, A., Leto, G., Maggio, A., Molinari, E., Nascimbeni, V., Pagano, I., Pedani, M., Piotto, G., Poretti, E., Rainer, M., Redfield, S., Baffa, C., Baruffolo, A., Buchschacher, N., Billotti, V., Cecconi, M., Falcini, G., Fantinel, D., Fini, L., Galli, A., Ghedina, A., Ghinassi, F., Giani, E., Gonzalez, C., Gonzalez, M., Guerra, J., Diaz, M. Hernandez, Hernandez, N., Iuzzolino, M., Lodi, M., Oliva, E., Origlia, L., Ventura, H. Perez, Puglisi, A., Riverol, C., Riverol, L., Juan, J. San, Sanna, N., Scuderi, S., Seemann, U., Sozzi, M., Tozzi, A., Carleo, I., Malavolta, L., Lanza, A. F., Damasso, M., Desidera, S., Borsa, F., Mallonn, M., Pinamonti, M., Gratton, R., Alei, E., Benatti, S., Mancini, L., Maldonado, J., Biazzo, K., Esposito, M., Frustagli, G., González-Álvarez, E., Micela, G., Scandariato, G., Sozzetti, A., Affer, L., Bignamini, A., Bonomo, A. S., Claudi, R., Cosentino, R., Covino, E., Fiorenzano, A. F. M., Giacobbe, P., Harutyunyan, A., Leto, G., Maggio, A., Molinari, E., Nascimbeni, V., Pagano, I., Pedani, M., Piotto, G., Poretti, E., Rainer, M., Redfield, S., Baffa, C., Baruffolo, A., Buchschacher, N., Billotti, V., Cecconi, M., Falcini, G., Fantinel, D., Fini, L., Galli, A., Ghedina, A., Ghinassi, F., Giani, E., Gonzalez, C., Gonzalez, M., Guerra, J., Diaz, M. Hernandez, Hernandez, N., Iuzzolino, M., Lodi, M., Oliva, E., Origlia, L., Ventura, H. Perez, Puglisi, A., Riverol, C., Riverol, L., Juan, J. San, Sanna, N., Scuderi, S., Seemann, U., Sozzi, M., and Tozzi, A.
Abstract: The existence of hot Jupiters is still not well understood. Two main channels are thought to be responsible for their current location: a smooth planet migration through the proto-planetary disk or the circularization of an initial high eccentric orbit by tidal dissipation leading to a strong decrease of the semimajor axis. Different formation scenarios result in different observable effects, such as orbital parameters (obliquity/eccentricity), or frequency of planets at different stellar ages. In the context of the GAPS Young-Objects project, we are carrying out a radial velocity survey with the aim to search and characterize young hot-Jupiter planets. Our purpose is to put constraints on evolutionary models and establish statistical properties, such as the frequency of these planets from a homogeneous sample. Since young stars are in general magnetically very active, we performed multi-band (visible and near-infrared) spectroscopy with simultaneous GIANO-B + HARPS-N (GIARPS) observing mode at TNG. This helps to deal with stellar activity and distinguish the nature of radial velocity variations: stellar activity will introduce a wavelength-dependent radial velocity amplitude, whereas a Keplerian signal is achromatic. As a pilot study, we present here the cases of two already claimed hot Jupiters orbiting young stars: HD285507 b and AD Leo b. Our analysis of simultaneous high-precision GIARPS spectroscopic data confirms the Keplerian nature of HD285507's radial velocities variation and refines the orbital parameters of the hot Jupiter, obtaining an eccentricity consistent with a circular orbit. On the other hand, our analysis does not confirm the signal previously attributed to a planet orbiting AD Leo. This demonstrates the power of the multi-band spectroscopic technique when observing active stars.
Published: 2020
Full Text: View/download PDF

4. The GAPS Programme at TNG. XXIX. No detection of reflected light from 51 Peg b using optical high-resolution spectroscopy

Author: Scandariato, G., Borsa, F., Sicilia, D., Malavolta, L., Biazzo, K., Bonomo, A. S., Bruno, G., Claudi, R., Covino, E., Di Marcantonio, P., Esposito, M., Frustagli, G., Lanza, A. F., Maldonado, J., Maggio, A., Mancini, L., Micela, G., Nardiello, D., Rainer, M., Singh, V., Sozzetti, A., Affer, L., Benatti, S., Bignamini, A., Biliotti, V., Capuzzo-Dolcetta, R., Carleo, I., Cosentino, R., Damasso, M., Desidera, S., de Gurtubai, A. Garcia, Ghedina, A., Giacobbe, P., Giani, E., Harutyunyan, A., Hernandez, N., Diaz, M. Hernandez, Knapic, C., Leto, G., Fiorenzano, A. F. Martìnez, Molinari, E., Nascimbeni, V., Pagano, I., Pedani, M., Piotto, G., Poretti, E., Stoev, H., Scandariato, G., Borsa, F., Sicilia, D., Malavolta, L., Biazzo, K., Bonomo, A. S., Bruno, G., Claudi, R., Covino, E., Di Marcantonio, P., Esposito, M., Frustagli, G., Lanza, A. F., Maldonado, J., Maggio, A., Mancini, L., Micela, G., Nardiello, D., Rainer, M., Singh, V., Sozzetti, A., Affer, L., Benatti, S., Bignamini, A., Biliotti, V., Capuzzo-Dolcetta, R., Carleo, I., Cosentino, R., Damasso, M., Desidera, S., de Gurtubai, A. Garcia, Ghedina, A., Giacobbe, P., Giani, E., Harutyunyan, A., Hernandez, N., Diaz, M. Hernandez, Knapic, C., Leto, G., Fiorenzano, A. F. Martìnez, Molinari, E., Nascimbeni, V., Pagano, I., Pedani, M., Piotto, G., Poretti, E., and Stoev, H.
Abstract: The analysis of exoplanetary atmospheres by means of high-resolution spectroscopy is an expanding research field which provides information on chemical composition, thermal structure, atmospheric dynamics and orbital velocity of exoplanets. In this work, we aim at the detection of the light reflected by the exoplanet 51~Peg~b employing optical high-resolution spectroscopy. To detect the light reflected by the planetary dayside we use optical HARPS and HARPS-N spectra taken near the superior conjunction of the planet, when the flux contrast between the planet and the star is maximum. To search for the weak planetary signal, we cross-correlate the observed spectra with a high S/N stellar spectrum. We homogeneously analyze the available datasets and derive a $10^{-5}$ upper limit on the planet-to-star flux contrast in the optical. The upper limit on the planet-to-star flux contrast of $10^{-5}$ translates into a low albedo of the planetary atmosphere ($\rm A_g\lesssim0.05-0.15$ for an assumed planetary radius in the range $\rm 1.5-0.9~R_{Jup}$, as estimated from the planet's mass).
Published: 2020
Full Text: View/download PDF

5. The GAPS Programme at TNG XXI -- A GIARPS case-study of known young planetary candidates: confirmation of HD 285507 b and refutation of AD Leo b

Author: Carleo, I., Malavolta, L., Lanza, A. F., Damasso, M., Desidera, S., Borsa, F., Mallonn, M., Pinamonti, M., Gratton, R., Alei, E., Benatti, S., Mancini, L., Maldonado, J., Biazzo, K., Esposito, M., Frustagli, G., González-Álvarez, E., Micela, G., Scandariato, G., Sozzetti, A., Affer, L., Bignamini, A., Bonomo, A. S., Claudi, R., Cosentino, R., Covino, E., Fiorenzano, A. F. M., Giacobbe, P., Harutyunyan, A., Leto, G., Maggio, A., Molinari, E., Nascimbeni, V., Pagano, I., Pedani, M., Piotto, G., Poretti, E., Rainer, M., Redfield, S., Baffa, C., Baruffolo, A., Buchschacher, N., Billotti, V., Cecconi, M., Falcini, G., Fantinel, D., Fini, L., Galli, A., Ghedina, A., Ghinassi, F., Giani, E., Gonzalez, C., Gonzalez, M., Guerra, J., Diaz, M. Hernandez, Hernandez, N., Iuzzolino, M., Lodi, M., Oliva, E., Origlia, L., Ventura, H. Perez, Puglisi, A., Riverol, C., Riverol, L., Juan, J. San, Sanna, N., Scuderi, S., Seemann, U., Sozzi, M., Tozzi, A., Carleo, I., Malavolta, L., Lanza, A. F., Damasso, M., Desidera, S., Borsa, F., Mallonn, M., Pinamonti, M., Gratton, R., Alei, E., Benatti, S., Mancini, L., Maldonado, J., Biazzo, K., Esposito, M., Frustagli, G., González-Álvarez, E., Micela, G., Scandariato, G., Sozzetti, A., Affer, L., Bignamini, A., Bonomo, A. S., Claudi, R., Cosentino, R., Covino, E., Fiorenzano, A. F. M., Giacobbe, P., Harutyunyan, A., Leto, G., Maggio, A., Molinari, E., Nascimbeni, V., Pagano, I., Pedani, M., Piotto, G., Poretti, E., Rainer, M., Redfield, S., Baffa, C., Baruffolo, A., Buchschacher, N., Billotti, V., Cecconi, M., Falcini, G., Fantinel, D., Fini, L., Galli, A., Ghedina, A., Ghinassi, F., Giani, E., Gonzalez, C., Gonzalez, M., Guerra, J., Diaz, M. Hernandez, Hernandez, N., Iuzzolino, M., Lodi, M., Oliva, E., Origlia, L., Ventura, H. Perez, Puglisi, A., Riverol, C., Riverol, L., Juan, J. San, Sanna, N., Scuderi, S., Seemann, U., Sozzi, M., and Tozzi, A.
Abstract: The existence of hot Jupiters is still not well understood. Two main channels are thought to be responsible for their current location: a smooth planet migration through the proto-planetary disk or the circularization of an initial high eccentric orbit by tidal dissipation leading to a strong decrease of the semimajor axis. Different formation scenarios result in different observable effects, such as orbital parameters (obliquity/eccentricity), or frequency of planets at different stellar ages. In the context of the GAPS Young-Objects project, we are carrying out a radial velocity survey with the aim to search and characterize young hot-Jupiter planets. Our purpose is to put constraints on evolutionary models and establish statistical properties, such as the frequency of these planets from a homogeneous sample. Since young stars are in general magnetically very active, we performed multi-band (visible and near-infrared) spectroscopy with simultaneous GIANO-B + HARPS-N (GIARPS) observing mode at TNG. This helps to deal with stellar activity and distinguish the nature of radial velocity variations: stellar activity will introduce a wavelength-dependent radial velocity amplitude, whereas a Keplerian signal is achromatic. As a pilot study, we present here the cases of two already claimed hot Jupiters orbiting young stars: HD285507 b and AD Leo b. Our analysis of simultaneous high-precision GIARPS spectroscopic data confirms the Keplerian nature of HD285507's radial velocities variation and refines the orbital parameters of the hot Jupiter, obtaining an eccentricity consistent with a circular orbit. On the other hand, our analysis does not confirm the signal previously attributed to a planet orbiting AD Leo. This demonstrates the power of the multi-band spectroscopic technique when observing active stars.
Published: 2020
Full Text: View/download PDF

6. Alimentazione, lavoro e salute: una esperienza italiana

Author: Sironi, VA, Morini, G, Carruba, MO, Bracale, R, Clementi, C, Lafranconi, A, Masera, G, Albini, A, Minelli, E, D'Orso, MI, Giani, E, Capatti, A, Rumiati, R, Foroni F, Cavanna, F, Casiraghi, M, Migliorini, P, Bernasconi, S, Sorlini, C, Destro, G, Petrini, C, D'Orso, M, D'ORSO, MARCO ITALO, Giani, E., Sironi, VA, Morini, G, Carruba, MO, Bracale, R, Clementi, C, Lafranconi, A, Masera, G, Albini, A, Minelli, E, D'Orso, MI, Giani, E, Capatti, A, Rumiati, R, Foroni F, Cavanna, F, Casiraghi, M, Migliorini, P, Bernasconi, S, Sorlini, C, Destro, G, Petrini, C, D'Orso, M, D'ORSO, MARCO ITALO, and Giani, E.
Published: 2015

7. GIARPS: commissioning and first scientific results

Author: Claudi, R., Benatti, S., Carleo, I., Ghedina, A., Guerra, J., Ghinassi, F., Harutyunyan, A., Micela, G., Molinari, E., Oliva, E., Rainer, M., Tozzi, A., Baffa, C., Baruffolo, A., Biliotti, V., Buchschacher, N., Cecconi, M., Cosentino, R., Falcini, G., Fantinel, D., Fini, L., Giani, E., Gonzalez--Alvarez, E., Gonzalez, M., Gonzalez, C., Gratton, R., Hernandez, N., Iuzzolino, M., Lodi, M., Malavolta, L., Maldonado, J., Origlia, L., Puglisi, A., Sanna, N., Juan, J. San, Scuderi, S., Seemann, U., Sozzetti, A., Sozzi, M., Ventura, H. Perez, Diaz, M. Hernandez, Galli, A., Riverol, L., Riverol, C., Claudi, R., Benatti, S., Carleo, I., Ghedina, A., Guerra, J., Ghinassi, F., Harutyunyan, A., Micela, G., Molinari, E., Oliva, E., Rainer, M., Tozzi, A., Baffa, C., Baruffolo, A., Biliotti, V., Buchschacher, N., Cecconi, M., Cosentino, R., Falcini, G., Fantinel, D., Fini, L., Giani, E., Gonzalez--Alvarez, E., Gonzalez, M., Gonzalez, C., Gratton, R., Hernandez, N., Iuzzolino, M., Lodi, M., Malavolta, L., Maldonado, J., Origlia, L., Puglisi, A., Sanna, N., Juan, J. San, Scuderi, S., Seemann, U., Sozzetti, A., Sozzi, M., Ventura, H. Perez, Diaz, M. Hernandez, Galli, A., Riverol, L., and Riverol, C.
Abstract: GIARPS (GIAno \& haRPS) is a project devoted to have on the same focal station of the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG) both high resolution spectrographs, HARPS-N (VIS) and GIANO-B (NIR), working simultaneously. This could be considered the first and unique worldwide instrument providing cross-dispersed echelle spectroscopy at a resolution of 50,000 in the NIR range and 115,000 in the VIS and over in a wide spectral range ($0.383 - 2.45\ \mu$m) in a single exposure. The science case is very broad, given the versatility of such an instrument and its large wavelength range. A number of outstanding science cases encompassing mainly extra-solar planet science starting from rocky planets search and hot Jupiters to atmosphere characterization can be considered. Furthermore both instruments can measure high precision radial velocities by means the simultaneous thorium technique (HARPS-N) and absorbing cell technique (GIANO-B) in a single exposure. Other science cases are also possible. GIARPS, as a brand new observing mode of the TNG started after the moving of GIANO-A (fiber fed spectrograph) from Nasmyth-A to Nasmyth-B where it was re-born as GIANO-B (no more fiber feed spectrograph). The official Commissioning finished on March 2017 and then it was offered to the community. Despite the work is not finished yet. In this paper we describe the preliminary scientific results obtained with GIANO-B and GIARPS observing mode with data taken during commissioning and first open time observations., Comment: 10 pages, 11 figures, Telescopes and Astronomical instrumentation, SPIE Conf. 2018
Published: 2018

8. Multi-band high resolution spectroscopy rules out the hot Jupiter BD+20 1790b - First data from the GIARPS Commissioning

Author: Carleo, I., Benatti, S., Lanza, A. F., Gratton, R., Claudi, R., Desidera, S., Mace, G. N., Messina, S., Sanna, N., Sissa, E., Ghedina, A., Ghinassi, F., Guerra, J., Harutyunyan, A., Micela, G., Molinari, E., Oliva, E., Tozzi, A., Baffa, C., Baruffolo, A., Bignamini, A., Buchschacher, N., Cecconi, M., Cosentino, R., Endl, M., Falcini, G., Fantinel, D., Fini, L., Fugazza, D., Galli, A., Giani, E., González, C., González-Álvarez, E., González, M., Hernandez, N., Diaz, M. Hernandez, Iuzzolino, M., Kaplan, K. F., Kidder, B. T., Lodi, M., Malavolta, L., Maldonado, J., Origlia, L., Ventura, H. Perez, Puglisi, A., Rainer, M., Riverol, L., Riverol, C., Juan, J. San, Scuderi, S., Seemann, U., Sokal, K. R., Sozzetti, A., Sozzi, M., Carleo, I., Benatti, S., Lanza, A. F., Gratton, R., Claudi, R., Desidera, S., Mace, G. N., Messina, S., Sanna, N., Sissa, E., Ghedina, A., Ghinassi, F., Guerra, J., Harutyunyan, A., Micela, G., Molinari, E., Oliva, E., Tozzi, A., Baffa, C., Baruffolo, A., Bignamini, A., Buchschacher, N., Cecconi, M., Cosentino, R., Endl, M., Falcini, G., Fantinel, D., Fini, L., Fugazza, D., Galli, A., Giani, E., González, C., González-Álvarez, E., González, M., Hernandez, N., Diaz, M. Hernandez, Iuzzolino, M., Kaplan, K. F., Kidder, B. T., Lodi, M., Malavolta, L., Maldonado, J., Origlia, L., Ventura, H. Perez, Puglisi, A., Rainer, M., Riverol, L., Riverol, C., Juan, J. San, Scuderi, S., Seemann, U., Sokal, K. R., Sozzetti, A., and Sozzi, M.
Abstract: Context. Stellar activity is currently challenging the detection of young planets via the radial velocity (RV) technique. Aims. We attempt to definitively discriminate the nature of the RV variations for the young active K5 star BD+20 1790, for which visible (VIS) RV measurements show divergent results on the existence of a substellar companion. Methods. We compare VIS data with high precision RVs in the near infrared (NIR) range by using the GIANO - B and IGRINS spectrographs. In addition, we present for the first time simultaneous VIS-NIR observations obtained with GIARPS (GIANO - B and HARPS - N) at Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG). Orbital RVs are achromatic, so the RV amplitude does not change at different wavelengths, while stellar activity induces wavelength-dependent RV variations, which are significantly reduced in the NIR range with respect to the VIS. Results. The NIR radial velocity measurements from GIANO - B and IGRINS show an average amplitude of about one quarter with respect to previously published VIS data, as expected when the RV jitter is due to stellar activity. Coeval multi-band photometry surprisingly shows larger amplitudes in the NIR range, explainable with a mixture of cool and hot spots in the same active region. Conclusions. In this work, the claimed massive planet around BD+20 1790 is ruled out by our data. We exploited the crucial role of multi- wavelength spectroscopy when observing young active stars: thanks to facilities like GIARPS that provide simultaneous observations, this method can reach its maximum potential., Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures
Published: 2018
Full Text: View/download PDF

9. GIARPS: commissioning and first scientific results

Author: Claudi, R., Benatti, S., Carleo, I., Ghedina, A., Guerra, J., Ghinassi, F., Harutyunyan, A., Micela, G., Molinari, E., Oliva, E., Rainer, M., Tozzi, A., Baffa, C., Baruffolo, A., Biliotti, V., Buchschacher, N., Cecconi, M., Cosentino, R., Falcini, G., Fantinel, D., Fini, L., Giani, E., Gonzalez--Alvarez, E., Gonzalez, M., Gonzalez, C., Gratton, R., Hernandez, N., Iuzzolino, M., Lodi, M., Malavolta, L., Maldonado, J., Origlia, L., Puglisi, A., Sanna, N., Juan, J. San, Scuderi, S., Seemann, U., Sozzetti, A., Sozzi, M., Ventura, H. Perez, Diaz, M. Hernandez, Galli, A., Riverol, L., Riverol, C., Claudi, R., Benatti, S., Carleo, I., Ghedina, A., Guerra, J., Ghinassi, F., Harutyunyan, A., Micela, G., Molinari, E., Oliva, E., Rainer, M., Tozzi, A., Baffa, C., Baruffolo, A., Biliotti, V., Buchschacher, N., Cecconi, M., Cosentino, R., Falcini, G., Fantinel, D., Fini, L., Giani, E., Gonzalez--Alvarez, E., Gonzalez, M., Gonzalez, C., Gratton, R., Hernandez, N., Iuzzolino, M., Lodi, M., Malavolta, L., Maldonado, J., Origlia, L., Puglisi, A., Sanna, N., Juan, J. San, Scuderi, S., Seemann, U., Sozzetti, A., Sozzi, M., Ventura, H. Perez, Diaz, M. Hernandez, Galli, A., Riverol, L., and Riverol, C.
Abstract: GIARPS (GIAno \& haRPS) is a project devoted to have on the same focal station of the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG) both high resolution spectrographs, HARPS-N (VIS) and GIANO-B (NIR), working simultaneously. This could be considered the first and unique worldwide instrument providing cross-dispersed echelle spectroscopy at a resolution of 50,000 in the NIR range and 115,000 in the VIS and over in a wide spectral range ($0.383 - 2.45\ \mu$m) in a single exposure. The science case is very broad, given the versatility of such an instrument and its large wavelength range. A number of outstanding science cases encompassing mainly extra-solar planet science starting from rocky planets search and hot Jupiters to atmosphere characterization can be considered. Furthermore both instruments can measure high precision radial velocities by means the simultaneous thorium technique (HARPS-N) and absorbing cell technique (GIANO-B) in a single exposure. Other science cases are also possible. GIARPS, as a brand new observing mode of the TNG started after the moving of GIANO-A (fiber fed spectrograph) from Nasmyth-A to Nasmyth-B where it was re-born as GIANO-B (no more fiber feed spectrograph). The official Commissioning finished on March 2017 and then it was offered to the community. Despite the work is not finished yet. In this paper we describe the preliminary scientific results obtained with GIANO-B and GIARPS observing mode with data taken during commissioning and first open time observations., Comment: 10 pages, 11 figures, Telescopes and Astronomical instrumentation, SPIE Conf. 2018
Published: 2018

10. Multi-band high resolution spectroscopy rules out the hot Jupiter BD+20 1790b - First data from the GIARPS Commissioning

Author: Carleo, I., Benatti, S., Lanza, A. F., Gratton, R., Claudi, R., Desidera, S., Mace, G. N., Messina, S., Sanna, N., Sissa, E., Ghedina, A., Ghinassi, F., Guerra, J., Harutyunyan, A., Micela, G., Molinari, E., Oliva, E., Tozzi, A., Baffa, C., Baruffolo, A., Bignamini, A., Buchschacher, N., Cecconi, M., Cosentino, R., Endl, M., Falcini, G., Fantinel, D., Fini, L., Fugazza, D., Galli, A., Giani, E., González, C., González-Álvarez, E., González, M., Hernandez, N., Diaz, M. Hernandez, Iuzzolino, M., Kaplan, K. F., Kidder, B. T., Lodi, M., Malavolta, L., Maldonado, J., Origlia, L., Ventura, H. Perez, Puglisi, A., Rainer, M., Riverol, L., Riverol, C., Juan, J. San, Scuderi, S., Seemann, U., Sokal, K. R., Sozzetti, A., Sozzi, M., Carleo, I., Benatti, S., Lanza, A. F., Gratton, R., Claudi, R., Desidera, S., Mace, G. N., Messina, S., Sanna, N., Sissa, E., Ghedina, A., Ghinassi, F., Guerra, J., Harutyunyan, A., Micela, G., Molinari, E., Oliva, E., Tozzi, A., Baffa, C., Baruffolo, A., Bignamini, A., Buchschacher, N., Cecconi, M., Cosentino, R., Endl, M., Falcini, G., Fantinel, D., Fini, L., Fugazza, D., Galli, A., Giani, E., González, C., González-Álvarez, E., González, M., Hernandez, N., Diaz, M. Hernandez, Iuzzolino, M., Kaplan, K. F., Kidder, B. T., Lodi, M., Malavolta, L., Maldonado, J., Origlia, L., Ventura, H. Perez, Puglisi, A., Rainer, M., Riverol, L., Riverol, C., Juan, J. San, Scuderi, S., Seemann, U., Sokal, K. R., Sozzetti, A., and Sozzi, M.
Abstract: Context. Stellar activity is currently challenging the detection of young planets via the radial velocity (RV) technique. Aims. We attempt to definitively discriminate the nature of the RV variations for the young active K5 star BD+20 1790, for which visible (VIS) RV measurements show divergent results on the existence of a substellar companion. Methods. We compare VIS data with high precision RVs in the near infrared (NIR) range by using the GIANO - B and IGRINS spectrographs. In addition, we present for the first time simultaneous VIS-NIR observations obtained with GIARPS (GIANO - B and HARPS - N) at Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG). Orbital RVs are achromatic, so the RV amplitude does not change at different wavelengths, while stellar activity induces wavelength-dependent RV variations, which are significantly reduced in the NIR range with respect to the VIS. Results. The NIR radial velocity measurements from GIANO - B and IGRINS show an average amplitude of about one quarter with respect to previously published VIS data, as expected when the RV jitter is due to stellar activity. Coeval multi-band photometry surprisingly shows larger amplitudes in the NIR range, explainable with a mixture of cool and hot spots in the same active region. Conclusions. In this work, the claimed massive planet around BD+20 1790 is ruled out by our data. We exploited the crucial role of multi- wavelength spectroscopy when observing young active stars: thanks to facilities like GIARPS that provide simultaneous observations, this method can reach its maximum potential., Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures
Published: 2018
Full Text: View/download PDF

11. Pulsar Searches with the SKA

Author: Levin, L., Armour, W., Baffa, C., Barr, E., Cooper, S., Eatough, R., Ensor, A., Giani, E., Karastergiou, A., Karuppusamy, R., Keith, M., Kramer, M., Lyon, R., Mackintosh, M., Mickaliger, M., van Nieuwpoort, R, Pearson, M., Prabu, T., Roy, J., Sinnen, O., Spitler, L., Spreeuw, H., Stappers, B. W., van Straten, W., Williams, C., Wang, H., Wiesner, K., Levin, L., Armour, W., Baffa, C., Barr, E., Cooper, S., Eatough, R., Ensor, A., Giani, E., Karastergiou, A., Karuppusamy, R., Keith, M., Kramer, M., Lyon, R., Mackintosh, M., Mickaliger, M., van Nieuwpoort, R, Pearson, M., Prabu, T., Roy, J., Sinnen, O., Spitler, L., Spreeuw, H., Stappers, B. W., van Straten, W., Williams, C., Wang, H., and Wiesner, K.
Abstract: The Square Kilometre Array will be an amazing instrument for pulsar astronomy. While the full SKA will be sensitive enough to detect all pulsars in the Galaxy visible from Earth, already with SKA1, pulsar searches will discover enough pulsars to increase the currently known population by a factor of four, no doubt including a range of amazing unknown sources. Real time processing is needed to deal with the 60 PB of pulsar search data collected per day, using a signal processing pipeline required to perform more than 10 POps. Here we present the suggested design of the pulsar search engine for the SKA and discuss challenges and solutions to the pulsar search venture., Comment: 4 pages, 1 figure. To be published in Proceedings of IAU Symposium 337: Pulsar Astrophysics - The Next 50 Years
Published: 2017
Full Text: View/download PDF

12. GIARPS@TNG GIANO-B & HARPS-N together for a wider wavelength range spectroscopy

Author: Claudi, R., Benatti, S., Carleo, I., Ghedina, A., Guerra, J., Micela, G., Molinari, E., Oliva, E., Rainer, M., Tozzi, A., Baffa, C., Baruffolo, A., Buchschacher, N., Cecconi, M., Cosentino, R., Fantinel, D., Fini, L., Ghinassi, F., Giani, E., Gonzalez, E., Gonzalez, M., Gratton, R., Harutyunyan, A., Hernandez, N., Lodi, M., Malavolta, L., Maldonado, J., Origlia, L., Sanna, N., Sanjuan, J., Scuderi, S., Seemann, U., Sozzetti, A., Ventura, H. Perez, Diaz, M. Hernandez, Galli, A., Gonzalez, C., Riverol, L., Riverol, C., Claudi, R., Benatti, S., Carleo, I., Ghedina, A., Guerra, J., Micela, G., Molinari, E., Oliva, E., Rainer, M., Tozzi, A., Baffa, C., Baruffolo, A., Buchschacher, N., Cecconi, M., Cosentino, R., Fantinel, D., Fini, L., Ghinassi, F., Giani, E., Gonzalez, E., Gonzalez, M., Gratton, R., Harutyunyan, A., Hernandez, N., Lodi, M., Malavolta, L., Maldonado, J., Origlia, L., Sanna, N., Sanjuan, J., Scuderi, S., Seemann, U., Sozzetti, A., Ventura, H. Perez, Diaz, M. Hernandez, Galli, A., Gonzalez, C., Riverol, L., and Riverol, C.
Abstract: Since 2012, thanks to the installation of the high resolution echelle spectrograph in the optical range HARPS-N, the Italian telescope TNG (La Palma) became one of the key facilities for the study of the extrasolar planets. In 2014 TNG also offered GIANO to the scientific community, providing a near-infrared (NIR) cross-dispersed echelle spectroscopy covering 0.97 - 2.45 micron at a resolution of 50,000. GIANO, although designed for direct light-feed from the telescope at the Nasmyth-B focus, was provisionally mounted on the rotating building and connected via fibers to only available interface at the Nasmyth-A focal plane. The synergy between these two instruments is particularly appealing for a wide range of science cases, especially for the search for exoplanets around young and active stars and the characterisation of their atmosphere. Through the funding scheme "WOW" (a Way to Others Worlds), the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) proposed to position GIANO at the focal station for which it was originally designed and the simultaneous use of these spectrographs with the aim to achieve high-resolution spectroscopy in a wide wavelength range (0.383-2.45 micron) obtained in a single exposure, giving rise to the project called GIARPS (GIANO-B & HARPS-N). Because of its characteristics GIARPS can be considered the first and unique worldwide instrument providing not only high resolution in a large wavelength band, but also a high precision radial velocity measurement both in the visible and in the NIR arm, since in the next future GIANO-B will be equipped with gas absorption cells., Comment: EPJP - Focus Point on Highlights on Planetary Sciences in Italy
Published: 2017

13. Pulsar Searches with the SKA

Author: Levin, L., Armour, W., Baffa, C., Barr, E., Cooper, S., Eatough, R., Ensor, A., Giani, E., Karastergiou, A., Karuppusamy, R., Keith, M., Kramer, M., Lyon, R., Mackintosh, M., Mickaliger, M., van Nieuwpoort, R, Pearson, M., Prabu, T., Roy, J., Sinnen, O., Spitler, L., Spreeuw, H., Stappers, B. W., van Straten, W., Williams, C., Wang, H., Wiesner, K., Levin, L., Armour, W., Baffa, C., Barr, E., Cooper, S., Eatough, R., Ensor, A., Giani, E., Karastergiou, A., Karuppusamy, R., Keith, M., Kramer, M., Lyon, R., Mackintosh, M., Mickaliger, M., van Nieuwpoort, R, Pearson, M., Prabu, T., Roy, J., Sinnen, O., Spitler, L., Spreeuw, H., Stappers, B. W., van Straten, W., Williams, C., Wang, H., and Wiesner, K.
Abstract: The Square Kilometre Array will be an amazing instrument for pulsar astronomy. While the full SKA will be sensitive enough to detect all pulsars in the Galaxy visible from Earth, already with SKA1, pulsar searches will discover enough pulsars to increase the currently known population by a factor of four, no doubt including a range of amazing unknown sources. Real time processing is needed to deal with the 60 PB of pulsar search data collected per day, using a signal processing pipeline required to perform more than 10 POps. Here we present the suggested design of the pulsar search engine for the SKA and discuss challenges and solutions to the pulsar search venture., Comment: 4 pages, 1 figure. To be published in Proceedings of IAU Symposium 337: Pulsar Astrophysics - The Next 50 Years
Published: 2017
Full Text: View/download PDF

14. GIARPS@TNG GIANO-B & HARPS-N together for a wider wavelength range spectroscopy

Author: Claudi, R., Benatti, S., Carleo, I., Ghedina, A., Guerra, J., Micela, G., Molinari, E., Oliva, E., Rainer, M., Tozzi, A., Baffa, C., Baruffolo, A., Buchschacher, N., Cecconi, M., Cosentino, R., Fantinel, D., Fini, L., Ghinassi, F., Giani, E., Gonzalez, E., Gonzalez, M., Gratton, R., Harutyunyan, A., Hernandez, N., Lodi, M., Malavolta, L., Maldonado, J., Origlia, L., Sanna, N., Sanjuan, J., Scuderi, S., Seemann, U., Sozzetti, A., Ventura, H. Perez, Diaz, M. Hernandez, Galli, A., Gonzalez, C., Riverol, L., Riverol, C., Claudi, R., Benatti, S., Carleo, I., Ghedina, A., Guerra, J., Micela, G., Molinari, E., Oliva, E., Rainer, M., Tozzi, A., Baffa, C., Baruffolo, A., Buchschacher, N., Cecconi, M., Cosentino, R., Fantinel, D., Fini, L., Ghinassi, F., Giani, E., Gonzalez, E., Gonzalez, M., Gratton, R., Harutyunyan, A., Hernandez, N., Lodi, M., Malavolta, L., Maldonado, J., Origlia, L., Sanna, N., Sanjuan, J., Scuderi, S., Seemann, U., Sozzetti, A., Ventura, H. Perez, Diaz, M. Hernandez, Galli, A., Gonzalez, C., Riverol, L., and Riverol, C.
Abstract: Since 2012, thanks to the installation of the high resolution echelle spectrograph in the optical range HARPS-N, the Italian telescope TNG (La Palma) became one of the key facilities for the study of the extrasolar planets. In 2014 TNG also offered GIANO to the scientific community, providing a near-infrared (NIR) cross-dispersed echelle spectroscopy covering 0.97 - 2.45 micron at a resolution of 50,000. GIANO, although designed for direct light-feed from the telescope at the Nasmyth-B focus, was provisionally mounted on the rotating building and connected via fibers to only available interface at the Nasmyth-A focal plane. The synergy between these two instruments is particularly appealing for a wide range of science cases, especially for the search for exoplanets around young and active stars and the characterisation of their atmosphere. Through the funding scheme "WOW" (a Way to Others Worlds), the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) proposed to position GIANO at the focal station for which it was originally designed and the simultaneous use of these spectrographs with the aim to achieve high-resolution spectroscopy in a wide wavelength range (0.383-2.45 micron) obtained in a single exposure, giving rise to the project called GIARPS (GIANO-B & HARPS-N). Because of its characteristics GIARPS can be considered the first and unique worldwide instrument providing not only high resolution in a large wavelength band, but also a high precision radial velocity measurement both in the visible and in the NIR arm, since in the next future GIANO-B will be equipped with gas absorption cells., Comment: EPJP - Focus Point on Highlights on Planetary Sciences in Italy
Published: 2017

15. The EChO science case

Author: Tinetti, Giovanna, Drossart, Pierre, Eccleston, Paul, Hartogh, Paul, Isaak, Kate, Linder, Martin, Lovis, Christophe, Micela, Giusi, Ollivier, Marc, Puig, Ludovic, Ribas, Ignasi, Snellen, Ignas, Swinyard, Bruce, Allard, France, Barstow, Joanna, Cho, James, Coustenis, Athena, Cockell, Charles, Correia, Alexandre, Decin, Leen, de Kok, Remco, Deroo, Pieter, Encrenaz, Therese, Forget, Francois, Glasse, Alistair, Griffith, Caitlin, Guillot, Tristan, Koskinen, Tommi, Lammer, Helmut, Leconte, Jeremy, Maxted, Pierre, Mueller-Wodarg, Ingo, Nelson, Richard, North, Chris, Palle, Enric, Pagano, Isabella, Piccioni, Guseppe, Pinfield, David, Selsis, Franck, Sozzetti, Alessandro, Stixrude, Lars, Tennyson, Jonathan, Turrini, Diego, Zapatero-Osorio, Mariarosa, Beaulieu, Jean-Philippe, Grodent, Denis, Guedel, Manuel, Luz, David, Norgaard-Nielsen, Hans Ulrik, Ray, Tom, Rickman, Hans, Selig, Avri, Swain, Mark, Banaszkiewicz, Marek, Barlow, Mike, Bowles, Neil, Branduardi-Raymont, Graziella, du Foresto, Vincent Coude, Gerard, Jean-Claude, Gizon, Laurent, Hornstrup, Allan, Jarchow, Christopher, Kerschbaum, Franz, Kovacs, Geza, Lagage, Pierre-Olivier, Lim, Tanya, Lopez-Morales, Mercedes, Malaguti, Giuseppe, Pace, Emanuele, Pascale, Enzo, Vandenbussche, Bart, Wright, Gillian, Ramos Zapata, Gonzalo, Adriani, Alberto, Azzollini, Ruyman, Balado, Ana, Bryson, Ian, Burston, Raymond, Colome, Josep, Crook, Martin, Di Giorgio, Anna, Griffin, Matt, Hoogeveen, Ruud, Ottensamer, Roland, Irshad, Ranah, Middleton, Kevin, Morgante, Gianluca, Pinsard, Frederic, Rataj, Mirek, Reess, Jean-Michel, Savini, Giorgio, Schrader, Jan-Rutger, Stamper, Richard, Winter, Berend, Abe, L., Abreu, M., Achilleos, N., Ade, P., Adybekian, V., Affer, L., Agnor, C., Agundez, M., Alard, C., Alcala, J., Allende Prieto, C., Alonso Floriano, F. J., Altieri, F., Alvarez Iglesias, C. A., Amado, P., Andersen, A., Aylward, A., Baffa, C., Bakos, G., Ballerini, P., Banaszkiewicz, M., Barber, R. J., Barrado, D., Barton, E. J., Batista, V., Bellucci, G., Belmonte Aviles, J. A., Berry, D., Bezard, B., Biondi, D., Blecka, M., Boisse, I., Bonfond, B., Borde, P., Boerner, P., Bouy, H., Brown, L., Buchhave, L., Budaj, J., Bulgarelli, A., Burleigh, M., Cabral, A., Capria, M. T., Cassan, A., Cavarroc, C., Cecchi-Pestellini, C., Cerulli, R., Chadney, J., Chamberlain, S., Charnoz, S., Jessen, N. Christian, Ciaravella, A., Claret, A., Claudi, R., Coates, A., Cole, R., Collura, A., Cordier, D., Covino, E., Danielski, C., Damasso, M., Deeg, H. J., Delgado-Mena, E., Del Vecchio, C., Demangeon, O., De Sio, A., De Wit, J., Dobrijevic, M., Doel, P., Dominic, C., Dorfi, E., Eales, S., Eiroa, C., Espinoza Contreras, M., Esposito, M., Eymet, V., Fabrizio, N., Fernandez, M., Femena Castella, B., Figueira, P., Filacchione, G., Fletcher, L., Focardi, M., Fossey, S., Fouque, P., Frith, J., Galand, M., Gambicorti, L., Gaulme, P., Garcia Lopez, R. J., Garcia-Piquer, A., Gear, W., Gerard, J. -C, Gesa, L., Giani, E., Gianotti, F., Gillon, M., Giro, E., Giuranna, M., Gomez, H., Gomez-Leal, I., Gonzalez Hernandez, J., Gonzalez Merino, B., Graczyk, R., Grassi, D., Guardia, J., Guio, P., Gustin, J., Hargrave, P., Haigh, J., Hebrard, E., Heiter, Ulrike, Heredero, R. L., Herrero, E., Hersant, F., Heyrovsky, D., Hollis, M., Hubert, B., Hueso, R., Israelian, G., Iro, N., Irwin, P., Jacquemoud, S., Jones, G., Jones, H., Justtanont, K., Kehoe, T., Kerschbaum, F., Kerins, E., Kervella, P., Kipping, D., Koskinen, T., Krupp, N., Lahav, O., Laken, B., Lanza, N., Lellouch, E., Leto, G., Licandro Goldaracena, J., Lithgow-Bertelloni, C., Liu, S. J., Lo Cicero, U., Lodieu, N., Lognonne, P., Lopez-Puertas, M., Lopez-Valverde, M. A., Rasmussen, I. Lundgaard, Luntzer, A., Machado, P., MacTavish, C., Maggio, A., Maillard, J. -P, Magnes, W., Maldonado, J., Mall, U., Marquette, J. -B, Mauskopf, P., Massi, F., Maurin, A. -S, Medvedev, A., Michaut, C., Miles-Paez, P., Montalto, M., Montanes Rodriguez, P., Monteiro, M., Montes, D., Morais, H., Morales, J. C., Morales-Calderon, M., Morello, G., Moro Martin, A., Moses, J., Moya Bedon, A., Murgas Alcaino, F., Oliva, E., Orton, G., Palla, F., Pancrazzi, M., Pantin, E., Parmentier, V., Parviainen, H., Pena Ramirez, K. Y., Peralta, J., Perez-Hoyos, S., Petrov, R., Pezzuto, S., Pietrzak, R., Pilat-Lohinger, E., Piskunov, Nikolai, Prinja, R., Prisinzano, L., Polichtchouk, I., Poretti, E., Radioti, A., Ramos, A. A., Rank-Lueftinger, T., Read, P., Readorn, K., Rebolo Lopez, R., Rebordao, J., Rengel, M., Rezac, L., Rocchetto, M., Rodler, F., Sanchez Bejar, V. J., Lavega, A. Sanchez, Sanroma, E., Santos, N., Sanz Forcada, J., Scandariato, G., Schmider, F. -X, Scholz, A., Scuderi, S., Sethenadh, J., Shore, S., Showman, A., Sicardy, B., Sitek, P., Smith, A., Soret, L., Sousa, S., Stiepen, A., Stolarski, M., Strazzulla, G., Tabernero, H. M., Tanga, P., Tecsa, M., Temple, J., Terenzi, L., Tessenyi, M., Testi, L., Thompson, S., Thrastarson, H., Tingley, B. W., Trifoglio, M., Martin Torres, J., Tozzi, A., Turrini, D., Varley, R., Vakili, F., de Val-Borro, M., Valdivieso, M. L., Venot, O., Villaver, E., Vinatier, S., Viti, S., Waldmann, I., Waltham, D., Ward-Thompson, D., Waters, R., Watkins, C., Watson, D., Wawer, P., Wawrzaszk, A., White, G., Widemann, T., Winek, W., Wisniowski, T., Yelle, R., Yung, Y., Yurchenko, S. N., Tinetti, Giovanna, Drossart, Pierre, Eccleston, Paul, Hartogh, Paul, Isaak, Kate, Linder, Martin, Lovis, Christophe, Micela, Giusi, Ollivier, Marc, Puig, Ludovic, Ribas, Ignasi, Snellen, Ignas, Swinyard, Bruce, Allard, France, Barstow, Joanna, Cho, James, Coustenis, Athena, Cockell, Charles, Correia, Alexandre, Decin, Leen, de Kok, Remco, Deroo, Pieter, Encrenaz, Therese, Forget, Francois, Glasse, Alistair, Griffith, Caitlin, Guillot, Tristan, Koskinen, Tommi, Lammer, Helmut, Leconte, Jeremy, Maxted, Pierre, Mueller-Wodarg, Ingo, Nelson, Richard, North, Chris, Palle, Enric, Pagano, Isabella, Piccioni, Guseppe, Pinfield, David, Selsis, Franck, Sozzetti, Alessandro, Stixrude, Lars, Tennyson, Jonathan, Turrini, Diego, Zapatero-Osorio, Mariarosa, Beaulieu, Jean-Philippe, Grodent, Denis, Guedel, Manuel, Luz, David, Norgaard-Nielsen, Hans Ulrik, Ray, Tom, Rickman, Hans, Selig, Avri, Swain, Mark, Banaszkiewicz, Marek, Barlow, Mike, Bowles, Neil, Branduardi-Raymont, Graziella, du Foresto, Vincent Coude, Gerard, Jean-Claude, Gizon, Laurent, Hornstrup, Allan, Jarchow, Christopher, Kerschbaum, Franz, Kovacs, Geza, Lagage, Pierre-Olivier, Lim, Tanya, Lopez-Morales, Mercedes, Malaguti, Giuseppe, Pace, Emanuele, Pascale, Enzo, Vandenbussche, Bart, Wright, Gillian, Ramos Zapata, Gonzalo, Adriani, Alberto, Azzollini, Ruyman, Balado, Ana, Bryson, Ian, Burston, Raymond, Colome, Josep, Crook, Martin, Di Giorgio, Anna, Griffin, Matt, Hoogeveen, Ruud, Ottensamer, Roland, Irshad, Ranah, Middleton, Kevin, Morgante, Gianluca, Pinsard, Frederic, Rataj, Mirek, Reess, Jean-Michel, Savini, Giorgio, Schrader, Jan-Rutger, Stamper, Richard, Winter, Berend, Abe, L., Abreu, M., Achilleos, N., Ade, P., Adybekian, V., Affer, L., Agnor, C., Agundez, M., Alard, C., Alcala, J., Allende Prieto, C., Alonso Floriano, F. J., Altieri, F., Alvarez Iglesias, C. A., Amado, P., Andersen, A., Aylward, A., Baffa, C., Bakos, G., Ballerini, P., Banaszkiewicz, M., Barber, R. J., Barrado, D., Barton, E. J., Batista, V., Bellucci, G., Belmonte Aviles, J. A., Berry, D., Bezard, B., Biondi, D., Blecka, M., Boisse, I., Bonfond, B., Borde, P., Boerner, P., Bouy, H., Brown, L., Buchhave, L., Budaj, J., Bulgarelli, A., Burleigh, M., Cabral, A., Capria, M. T., Cassan, A., Cavarroc, C., Cecchi-Pestellini, C., Cerulli, R., Chadney, J., Chamberlain, S., Charnoz, S., Jessen, N. Christian, Ciaravella, A., Claret, A., Claudi, R., Coates, A., Cole, R., Collura, A., Cordier, D., Covino, E., Danielski, C., Damasso, M., Deeg, H. J., Delgado-Mena, E., Del Vecchio, C., Demangeon, O., De Sio, A., De Wit, J., Dobrijevic, M., Doel, P., Dominic, C., Dorfi, E., Eales, S., Eiroa, C., Espinoza Contreras, M., Esposito, M., Eymet, V., Fabrizio, N., Fernandez, M., Femena Castella, B., Figueira, P., Filacchione, G., Fletcher, L., Focardi, M., Fossey, S., Fouque, P., Frith, J., Galand, M., Gambicorti, L., Gaulme, P., Garcia Lopez, R. J., Garcia-Piquer, A., Gear, W., Gerard, J. -C, Gesa, L., Giani, E., Gianotti, F., Gillon, M., Giro, E., Giuranna, M., Gomez, H., Gomez-Leal, I., Gonzalez Hernandez, J., Gonzalez Merino, B., Graczyk, R., Grassi, D., Guardia, J., Guio, P., Gustin, J., Hargrave, P., Haigh, J., Hebrard, E., Heiter, Ulrike, Heredero, R. L., Herrero, E., Hersant, F., Heyrovsky, D., Hollis, M., Hubert, B., Hueso, R., Israelian, G., Iro, N., Irwin, P., Jacquemoud, S., Jones, G., Jones, H., Justtanont, K., Kehoe, T., Kerschbaum, F., Kerins, E., Kervella, P., Kipping, D., Koskinen, T., Krupp, N., Lahav, O., Laken, B., Lanza, N., Lellouch, E., Leto, G., Licandro Goldaracena, J., Lithgow-Bertelloni, C., Liu, S. J., Lo Cicero, U., Lodieu, N., Lognonne, P., Lopez-Puertas, M., Lopez-Valverde, M. A., Rasmussen, I. Lundgaard, Luntzer, A., Machado, P., MacTavish, C., Maggio, A., Maillard, J. -P, Magnes, W., Maldonado, J., Mall, U., Marquette, J. -B, Mauskopf, P., Massi, F., Maurin, A. -S, Medvedev, A., Michaut, C., Miles-Paez, P., Montalto, M., Montanes Rodriguez, P., Monteiro, M., Montes, D., Morais, H., Morales, J. C., Morales-Calderon, M., Morello, G., Moro Martin, A., Moses, J., Moya Bedon, A., Murgas Alcaino, F., Oliva, E., Orton, G., Palla, F., Pancrazzi, M., Pantin, E., Parmentier, V., Parviainen, H., Pena Ramirez, K. Y., Peralta, J., Perez-Hoyos, S., Petrov, R., Pezzuto, S., Pietrzak, R., Pilat-Lohinger, E., Piskunov, Nikolai, Prinja, R., Prisinzano, L., Polichtchouk, I., Poretti, E., Radioti, A., Ramos, A. A., Rank-Lueftinger, T., Read, P., Readorn, K., Rebolo Lopez, R., Rebordao, J., Rengel, M., Rezac, L., Rocchetto, M., Rodler, F., Sanchez Bejar, V. J., Lavega, A. Sanchez, Sanroma, E., Santos, N., Sanz Forcada, J., Scandariato, G., Schmider, F. -X, Scholz, A., Scuderi, S., Sethenadh, J., Shore, S., Showman, A., Sicardy, B., Sitek, P., Smith, A., Soret, L., Sousa, S., Stiepen, A., Stolarski, M., Strazzulla, G., Tabernero, H. M., Tanga, P., Tecsa, M., Temple, J., Terenzi, L., Tessenyi, M., Testi, L., Thompson, S., Thrastarson, H., Tingley, B. W., Trifoglio, M., Martin Torres, J., Tozzi, A., Turrini, D., Varley, R., Vakili, F., de Val-Borro, M., Valdivieso, M. L., Venot, O., Villaver, E., Vinatier, S., Viti, S., Waldmann, I., Waltham, D., Ward-Thompson, D., Waters, R., Watkins, C., Watson, D., Wawer, P., Wawrzaszk, A., White, G., Widemann, T., Winek, W., Wisniowski, T., Yelle, R., Yung, Y., and Yurchenko, S. N.
Abstract: The discovery of almost two thousand exoplanets has revealed an unexpectedly diverse planet population. We see gas giants in few-day orbits, whole multi-planet systems within the orbit of Mercury, and new populations of planets with masses between that of the Earth and Neptune-all unknown in the Solar System. Observations to date have shown that our Solar System is certainly not representative of the general population of planets in our Milky Way. The key science questions that urgently need addressing are therefore: What are exoplanets made of? Why are planets as they are? How do planetary systems work and what causes the exceptional diversity observed as compared to the Solar System? The EChO (Exoplanet Characterisation Observatory) space mission was conceived to take up the challenge to explain this diversity in terms of formation, evolution, internal structure and planet and atmospheric composition. This requires in-depth spectroscopic knowledge of the atmospheres of a large and well-defined planet sample for which precise physical, chemical and dynamical information can be obtained. In order to fulfil this ambitious scientific program, EChO was designed as a dedicated survey mission for transit and eclipse spectroscopy capable of observing a large, diverse and well-defined planet sample within its 4-year mission lifetime. The transit and eclipse spectroscopy method, whereby the signal from the star and planet are differentiated using knowledge of the planetary ephemerides, allows us to measure atmospheric signals from the planet at levels of at least 10(-4) relative to the star. This can only be achieved in conjunction with a carefully designed stable payload and satellite platform. It is also necessary to provide broad instantaneous wavelength coverage to detect as many molecular species as possible, to probe the thermal structure of the planetary atmospheres and to correct for the contaminating effects of the stellar photosphere. This requires wavelength cove
Published: 2015
Full Text: View/download PDF

16. The EChO science case

Author: Tinetti, Giovanna, Drossart, Pierre, Eccleston, Paul, Hartogh, Paul, Isaak, Kate, Linder, Martin, Lovis, Christophe, Micela, Giusi, Ollivier, Marc, Puig, Ludovic, Ribas, Ignasi, Snellen, Ignas, Swinyard, Bruce, Allard, France, Barstow, Joanna, Cho, James, Coustenis, Athena, Cockell, Charles, Correia, Alexandre, Decin, Leen, de Kok, Remco, Deroo, Pieter, Encrenaz, Therese, Forget, Francois, Glasse, Alistair, Griffith, Caitlin, Guillot, Tristan, Koskinen, Tommi, Lammer, Helmut, Leconte, Jeremy, Maxted, Pierre, Mueller-Wodarg, Ingo, Nelson, Richard, North, Chris, Palle, Enric, Pagano, Isabella, Piccioni, Guseppe, Pinfield, David, Selsis, Franck, Sozzetti, Alessandro, Stixrude, Lars, Tennyson, Jonathan, Turrini, Diego, Zapatero-Osorio, Mariarosa, Beaulieu, Jean-Philippe, Grodent, Denis, Guedel, Manuel, Luz, David, Norgaard-Nielsen, Hans Ulrik, Ray, Tom, Rickman, Hans, Selig, Avri, Swain, Mark, Banaszkiewicz, Marek, Barlow, Mike, Bowles, Neil, Branduardi-Raymont, Graziella, du Foresto, Vincent Coude, Gerard, Jean-Claude, Gizon, Laurent, Hornstrup, Allan, Jarchow, Christopher, Kerschbaum, Franz, Kovacs, Geza, Lagage, Pierre-Olivier, Lim, Tanya, Lopez-Morales, Mercedes, Malaguti, Giuseppe, Pace, Emanuele, Pascale, Enzo, Vandenbussche, Bart, Wright, Gillian, Ramos Zapata, Gonzalo, Adriani, Alberto, Azzollini, Ruyman, Balado, Ana, Bryson, Ian, Burston, Raymond, Colome, Josep, Crook, Martin, Di Giorgio, Anna, Griffin, Matt, Hoogeveen, Ruud, Ottensamer, Roland, Irshad, Ranah, Middleton, Kevin, Morgante, Gianluca, Pinsard, Frederic, Rataj, Mirek, Reess, Jean-Michel, Savini, Giorgio, Schrader, Jan-Rutger, Stamper, Richard, Winter, Berend, Abe, L., Abreu, M., Achilleos, N., Ade, P., Adybekian, V., Affer, L., Agnor, C., Agundez, M., Alard, C., Alcala, J., Allende Prieto, C., Alonso Floriano, F. J., Altieri, F., Alvarez Iglesias, C. A., Amado, P., Andersen, A., Aylward, A., Baffa, C., Bakos, G., Ballerini, P., Banaszkiewicz, M., Barber, R. J., Barrado, D., Barton, E. J., Batista, V., Bellucci, G., Belmonte Aviles, J. A., Berry, D., Bezard, B., Biondi, D., Blecka, M., Boisse, I., Bonfond, B., Borde, P., Boerner, P., Bouy, H., Brown, L., Buchhave, L., Budaj, J., Bulgarelli, A., Burleigh, M., Cabral, A., Capria, M. T., Cassan, A., Cavarroc, C., Cecchi-Pestellini, C., Cerulli, R., Chadney, J., Chamberlain, S., Charnoz, S., Jessen, N. Christian, Ciaravella, A., Claret, A., Claudi, R., Coates, A., Cole, R., Collura, A., Cordier, D., Covino, E., Danielski, C., Damasso, M., Deeg, H. J., Delgado-Mena, E., Del Vecchio, C., Demangeon, O., De Sio, A., De Wit, J., Dobrijevic, M., Doel, P., Dominic, C., Dorfi, E., Eales, S., Eiroa, C., Espinoza Contreras, M., Esposito, M., Eymet, V., Fabrizio, N., Fernandez, M., Femena Castella, B., Figueira, P., Filacchione, G., Fletcher, L., Focardi, M., Fossey, S., Fouque, P., Frith, J., Galand, M., Gambicorti, L., Gaulme, P., Garcia Lopez, R. J., Garcia-Piquer, A., Gear, W., Gerard, J. -C, Gesa, L., Giani, E., Gianotti, F., Gillon, M., Giro, E., Giuranna, M., Gomez, H., Gomez-Leal, I., Gonzalez Hernandez, J., Gonzalez Merino, B., Graczyk, R., Grassi, D., Guardia, J., Guio, P., Gustin, J., Hargrave, P., Haigh, J., Hebrard, E., Heiter, Ulrike, Heredero, R. L., Herrero, E., Hersant, F., Heyrovsky, D., Hollis, M., Hubert, B., Hueso, R., Israelian, G., Iro, N., Irwin, P., Jacquemoud, S., Jones, G., Jones, H., Justtanont, K., Kehoe, T., Kerschbaum, F., Kerins, E., Kervella, P., Kipping, D., Koskinen, T., Krupp, N., Lahav, O., Laken, B., Lanza, N., Lellouch, E., Leto, G., Licandro Goldaracena, J., Lithgow-Bertelloni, C., Liu, S. J., Lo Cicero, U., Lodieu, N., Lognonne, P., Lopez-Puertas, M., Lopez-Valverde, M. A., Rasmussen, I. Lundgaard, Luntzer, A., Machado, P., MacTavish, C., Maggio, A., Maillard, J. -P, Magnes, W., Maldonado, J., Mall, U., Marquette, J. -B, Mauskopf, P., Massi, F., Maurin, A. -S, Medvedev, A., Michaut, C., Miles-Paez, P., Montalto, M., Montanes Rodriguez, P., Monteiro, M., Montes, D., Morais, H., Morales, J. C., Morales-Calderon, M., Morello, G., Moro Martin, A., Moses, J., Moya Bedon, A., Murgas Alcaino, F., Oliva, E., Orton, G., Palla, F., Pancrazzi, M., Pantin, E., Parmentier, V., Parviainen, H., Pena Ramirez, K. Y., Peralta, J., Perez-Hoyos, S., Petrov, R., Pezzuto, S., Pietrzak, R., Pilat-Lohinger, E., Piskunov, Nikolai, Prinja, R., Prisinzano, L., Polichtchouk, I., Poretti, E., Radioti, A., Ramos, A. A., Rank-Lueftinger, T., Read, P., Readorn, K., Rebolo Lopez, R., Rebordao, J., Rengel, M., Rezac, L., Rocchetto, M., Rodler, F., Sanchez Bejar, V. J., Lavega, A. Sanchez, Sanroma, E., Santos, N., Sanz Forcada, J., Scandariato, G., Schmider, F. -X, Scholz, A., Scuderi, S., Sethenadh, J., Shore, S., Showman, A., Sicardy, B., Sitek, P., Smith, A., Soret, L., Sousa, S., Stiepen, A., Stolarski, M., Strazzulla, G., Tabernero, H. M., Tanga, P., Tecsa, M., Temple, J., Terenzi, L., Tessenyi, M., Testi, L., Thompson, S., Thrastarson, H., Tingley, B. W., Trifoglio, M., Martin Torres, J., Tozzi, A., Turrini, D., Varley, R., Vakili, F., de Val-Borro, M., Valdivieso, M. L., Venot, O., Villaver, E., Vinatier, S., Viti, S., Waldmann, I., Waltham, D., Ward-Thompson, D., Waters, R., Watkins, C., Watson, D., Wawer, P., Wawrzaszk, A., White, G., Widemann, T., Winek, W., Wisniowski, T., Yelle, R., Yung, Y., Yurchenko, S. N., Tinetti, Giovanna, Drossart, Pierre, Eccleston, Paul, Hartogh, Paul, Isaak, Kate, Linder, Martin, Lovis, Christophe, Micela, Giusi, Ollivier, Marc, Puig, Ludovic, Ribas, Ignasi, Snellen, Ignas, Swinyard, Bruce, Allard, France, Barstow, Joanna, Cho, James, Coustenis, Athena, Cockell, Charles, Correia, Alexandre, Decin, Leen, de Kok, Remco, Deroo, Pieter, Encrenaz, Therese, Forget, Francois, Glasse, Alistair, Griffith, Caitlin, Guillot, Tristan, Koskinen, Tommi, Lammer, Helmut, Leconte, Jeremy, Maxted, Pierre, Mueller-Wodarg, Ingo, Nelson, Richard, North, Chris, Palle, Enric, Pagano, Isabella, Piccioni, Guseppe, Pinfield, David, Selsis, Franck, Sozzetti, Alessandro, Stixrude, Lars, Tennyson, Jonathan, Turrini, Diego, Zapatero-Osorio, Mariarosa, Beaulieu, Jean-Philippe, Grodent, Denis, Guedel, Manuel, Luz, David, Norgaard-Nielsen, Hans Ulrik, Ray, Tom, Rickman, Hans, Selig, Avri, Swain, Mark, Banaszkiewicz, Marek, Barlow, Mike, Bowles, Neil, Branduardi-Raymont, Graziella, du Foresto, Vincent Coude, Gerard, Jean-Claude, Gizon, Laurent, Hornstrup, Allan, Jarchow, Christopher, Kerschbaum, Franz, Kovacs, Geza, Lagage, Pierre-Olivier, Lim, Tanya, Lopez-Morales, Mercedes, Malaguti, Giuseppe, Pace, Emanuele, Pascale, Enzo, Vandenbussche, Bart, Wright, Gillian, Ramos Zapata, Gonzalo, Adriani, Alberto, Azzollini, Ruyman, Balado, Ana, Bryson, Ian, Burston, Raymond, Colome, Josep, Crook, Martin, Di Giorgio, Anna, Griffin, Matt, Hoogeveen, Ruud, Ottensamer, Roland, Irshad, Ranah, Middleton, Kevin, Morgante, Gianluca, Pinsard, Frederic, Rataj, Mirek, Reess, Jean-Michel, Savini, Giorgio, Schrader, Jan-Rutger, Stamper, Richard, Winter, Berend, Abe, L., Abreu, M., Achilleos, N., Ade, P., Adybekian, V., Affer, L., Agnor, C., Agundez, M., Alard, C., Alcala, J., Allende Prieto, C., Alonso Floriano, F. J., Altieri, F., Alvarez Iglesias, C. A., Amado, P., Andersen, A., Aylward, A., Baffa, C., Bakos, G., Ballerini, P., Banaszkiewicz, M., Barber, R. J., Barrado, D., Barton, E. J., Batista, V., Bellucci, G., Belmonte Aviles, J. A., Berry, D., Bezard, B., Biondi, D., Blecka, M., Boisse, I., Bonfond, B., Borde, P., Boerner, P., Bouy, H., Brown, L., Buchhave, L., Budaj, J., Bulgarelli, A., Burleigh, M., Cabral, A., Capria, M. T., Cassan, A., Cavarroc, C., Cecchi-Pestellini, C., Cerulli, R., Chadney, J., Chamberlain, S., Charnoz, S., Jessen, N. Christian, Ciaravella, A., Claret, A., Claudi, R., Coates, A., Cole, R., Collura, A., Cordier, D., Covino, E., Danielski, C., Damasso, M., Deeg, H. J., Delgado-Mena, E., Del Vecchio, C., Demangeon, O., De Sio, A., De Wit, J., Dobrijevic, M., Doel, P., Dominic, C., Dorfi, E., Eales, S., Eiroa, C., Espinoza Contreras, M., Esposito, M., Eymet, V., Fabrizio, N., Fernandez, M., Femena Castella, B., Figueira, P., Filacchione, G., Fletcher, L., Focardi, M., Fossey, S., Fouque, P., Frith, J., Galand, M., Gambicorti, L., Gaulme, P., Garcia Lopez, R. J., Garcia-Piquer, A., Gear, W., Gerard, J. -C, Gesa, L., Giani, E., Gianotti, F., Gillon, M., Giro, E., Giuranna, M., Gomez, H., Gomez-Leal, I., Gonzalez Hernandez, J., Gonzalez Merino, B., Graczyk, R., Grassi, D., Guardia, J., Guio, P., Gustin, J., Hargrave, P., Haigh, J., Hebrard, E., Heiter, Ulrike, Heredero, R. L., Herrero, E., Hersant, F., Heyrovsky, D., Hollis, M., Hubert, B., Hueso, R., Israelian, G., Iro, N., Irwin, P., Jacquemoud, S., Jones, G., Jones, H., Justtanont, K., Kehoe, T., Kerschbaum, F., Kerins, E., Kervella, P., Kipping, D., Koskinen, T., Krupp, N., Lahav, O., Laken, B., Lanza, N., Lellouch, E., Leto, G., Licandro Goldaracena, J., Lithgow-Bertelloni, C., Liu, S. J., Lo Cicero, U., Lodieu, N., Lognonne, P., Lopez-Puertas, M., Lopez-Valverde, M. A., Rasmussen, I. Lundgaard, Luntzer, A., Machado, P., MacTavish, C., Maggio, A., Maillard, J. -P, Magnes, W., Maldonado, J., Mall, U., Marquette, J. -B, Mauskopf, P., Massi, F., Maurin, A. -S, Medvedev, A., Michaut, C., Miles-Paez, P., Montalto, M., Montanes Rodriguez, P., Monteiro, M., Montes, D., Morais, H., Morales, J. C., Morales-Calderon, M., Morello, G., Moro Martin, A., Moses, J., Moya Bedon, A., Murgas Alcaino, F., Oliva, E., Orton, G., Palla, F., Pancrazzi, M., Pantin, E., Parmentier, V., Parviainen, H., Pena Ramirez, K. Y., Peralta, J., Perez-Hoyos, S., Petrov, R., Pezzuto, S., Pietrzak, R., Pilat-Lohinger, E., Piskunov, Nikolai, Prinja, R., Prisinzano, L., Polichtchouk, I., Poretti, E., Radioti, A., Ramos, A. A., Rank-Lueftinger, T., Read, P., Readorn, K., Rebolo Lopez, R., Rebordao, J., Rengel, M., Rezac, L., Rocchetto, M., Rodler, F., Sanchez Bejar, V. J., Lavega, A. Sanchez, Sanroma, E., Santos, N., Sanz Forcada, J., Scandariato, G., Schmider, F. -X, Scholz, A., Scuderi, S., Sethenadh, J., Shore, S., Showman, A., Sicardy, B., Sitek, P., Smith, A., Soret, L., Sousa, S., Stiepen, A., Stolarski, M., Strazzulla, G., Tabernero, H. M., Tanga, P., Tecsa, M., Temple, J., Terenzi, L., Tessenyi, M., Testi, L., Thompson, S., Thrastarson, H., Tingley, B. W., Trifoglio, M., Martin Torres, J., Tozzi, A., Turrini, D., Varley, R., Vakili, F., de Val-Borro, M., Valdivieso, M. L., Venot, O., Villaver, E., Vinatier, S., Viti, S., Waldmann, I., Waltham, D., Ward-Thompson, D., Waters, R., Watkins, C., Watson, D., Wawer, P., Wawrzaszk, A., White, G., Widemann, T., Winek, W., Wisniowski, T., Yelle, R., Yung, Y., and Yurchenko, S. N.
Abstract: The discovery of almost two thousand exoplanets has revealed an unexpectedly diverse planet population. We see gas giants in few-day orbits, whole multi-planet systems within the orbit of Mercury, and new populations of planets with masses between that of the Earth and Neptune-all unknown in the Solar System. Observations to date have shown that our Solar System is certainly not representative of the general population of planets in our Milky Way. The key science questions that urgently need addressing are therefore: What are exoplanets made of? Why are planets as they are? How do planetary systems work and what causes the exceptional diversity observed as compared to the Solar System? The EChO (Exoplanet Characterisation Observatory) space mission was conceived to take up the challenge to explain this diversity in terms of formation, evolution, internal structure and planet and atmospheric composition. This requires in-depth spectroscopic knowledge of the atmospheres of a large and well-defined planet sample for which precise physical, chemical and dynamical information can be obtained. In order to fulfil this ambitious scientific program, EChO was designed as a dedicated survey mission for transit and eclipse spectroscopy capable of observing a large, diverse and well-defined planet sample within its 4-year mission lifetime. The transit and eclipse spectroscopy method, whereby the signal from the star and planet are differentiated using knowledge of the planetary ephemerides, allows us to measure atmospheric signals from the planet at levels of at least 10(-4) relative to the star. This can only be achieved in conjunction with a carefully designed stable payload and satellite platform. It is also necessary to provide broad instantaneous wavelength coverage to detect as many molecular species as possible, to probe the thermal structure of the planetary atmospheres and to correct for the contaminating effects of the stellar photosphere. This requires wavelength cove
Published: 2015
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17. The EChO science case

Author: Tinetti, Giovanna, Drossart, Pierre, Eccleston, Paul, Hartogh, Paul, Isaak, Kate, Linder, Martin, Lovis, Christophe, Micela, Giusi, Ollivier, Marc, Puig, Ludovic, Ribas, Ignasi, Snellen, Ignas, Swinyard, Bruce, Allard, France, Barstow, Joanna, Cho, James, Coustenis, Athena, Cockell, Charles, Correia, Alexandre, Decin, Leen, de Kok, Remco, Deroo, Pieter, Encrenaz, Therese, Forget, Francois, Glasse, Alistair, Griffith, Caitlin, Guillot, Tristan, Koskinen, Tommi, Lammer, Helmut, Leconte, Jeremy, Maxted, Pierre, Mueller-Wodarg, Ingo, Nelson, Richard, North, Chris, Palle, Enric, Pagano, Isabella, Piccioni, Guseppe, Pinfield, David, Selsis, Franck, Sozzetti, Alessandro, Stixrude, Lars, Tennyson, Jonathan, Turrini, Diego, Zapatero-Osorio, Mariarosa, Beaulieu, Jean-Philippe, Grodent, Denis, Guedel, Manuel, Luz, David, Norgaard-Nielsen, Hans Ulrik, Ray, Tom, Rickman, Hans, Selig, Avri, Swain, Mark, Banaszkiewicz, Marek, Barlow, Mike, Bowles, Neil, Branduardi-Raymont, Graziella, du Foresto, Vincent Coude, Gerard, Jean-Claude, Gizon, Laurent, Hornstrup, Allan, Jarchow, Christopher, Kerschbaum, Franz, Kovacs, Geza, Lagage, Pierre-Olivier, Lim, Tanya, Lopez-Morales, Mercedes, Malaguti, Giuseppe, Pace, Emanuele, Pascale, Enzo, Vandenbussche, Bart, Wright, Gillian, Ramos Zapata, Gonzalo, Adriani, Alberto, Azzollini, Ruyman, Balado, Ana, Bryson, Ian, Burston, Raymond, Colome, Josep, Crook, Martin, Di Giorgio, Anna, Griffin, Matt, Hoogeveen, Ruud, Ottensamer, Roland, Irshad, Ranah, Middleton, Kevin, Morgante, Gianluca, Pinsard, Frederic, Rataj, Mirek, Reess, Jean-Michel, Savini, Giorgio, Schrader, Jan-Rutger, Stamper, Richard, Winter, Berend, Abe, L., Abreu, M., Achilleos, N., Ade, P., Adybekian, V., Affer, L., Agnor, C., Agundez, M., Alard, C., Alcala, J., Allende Prieto, C., Alonso Floriano, F. J., Altieri, F., Alvarez Iglesias, C. A., Amado, P., Andersen, A., Aylward, A., Baffa, C., Bakos, G., Ballerini, P., Banaszkiewicz, M., Barber, R. J., Barrado, D., Barton, E. J., Batista, V., Bellucci, G., Belmonte Aviles, J. A., Berry, D., Bezard, B., Biondi, D., Blecka, M., Boisse, I., Bonfond, B., Borde, P., Boerner, P., Bouy, H., Brown, L., Buchhave, L., Budaj, J., Bulgarelli, A., Burleigh, M., Cabral, A., Capria, M. T., Cassan, A., Cavarroc, C., Cecchi-Pestellini, C., Cerulli, R., Chadney, J., Chamberlain, S., Charnoz, S., Jessen, N. Christian, Ciaravella, A., Claret, A., Claudi, R., Coates, A., Cole, R., Collura, A., Cordier, D., Covino, E., Danielski, C., Damasso, M., Deeg, H. J., Delgado-Mena, E., Del Vecchio, C., Demangeon, O., De Sio, A., De Wit, J., Dobrijevic, M., Doel, P., Dominic, C., Dorfi, E., Eales, S., Eiroa, C., Espinoza Contreras, M., Esposito, M., Eymet, V., Fabrizio, N., Fernandez, M., Femena Castella, B., Figueira, P., Filacchione, G., Fletcher, L., Focardi, M., Fossey, S., Fouque, P., Frith, J., Galand, M., Gambicorti, L., Gaulme, P., Garcia Lopez, R. J., Garcia-Piquer, A., Gear, W., Gerard, J. -C, Gesa, L., Giani, E., Gianotti, F., Gillon, M., Giro, E., Giuranna, M., Gomez, H., Gomez-Leal, I., Gonzalez Hernandez, J., Gonzalez Merino, B., Graczyk, R., Grassi, D., Guardia, J., Guio, P., Gustin, J., Hargrave, P., Haigh, J., Hebrard, E., Heiter, Ulrike, Heredero, R. L., Herrero, E., Hersant, F., Heyrovsky, D., Hollis, M., Hubert, B., Hueso, R., Israelian, G., Iro, N., Irwin, P., Jacquemoud, S., Jones, G., Jones, H., Justtanont, K., Kehoe, T., Kerschbaum, F., Kerins, E., Kervella, P., Kipping, D., Koskinen, T., Krupp, N., Lahav, O., Laken, B., Lanza, N., Lellouch, E., Leto, G., Licandro Goldaracena, J., Lithgow-Bertelloni, C., Liu, S. J., Lo Cicero, U., Lodieu, N., Lognonne, P., Lopez-Puertas, M., Lopez-Valverde, M. A., Rasmussen, I. Lundgaard, Luntzer, A., Machado, P., MacTavish, C., Maggio, A., Maillard, J. -P, Magnes, W., Maldonado, J., Mall, U., Marquette, J. -B, Mauskopf, P., Massi, F., Maurin, A. -S, Medvedev, A., Michaut, C., Miles-Paez, P., Montalto, M., Montanes Rodriguez, P., Monteiro, M., Montes, D., Morais, H., Morales, J. C., Morales-Calderon, M., Morello, G., Moro Martin, A., Moses, J., Moya Bedon, A., Murgas Alcaino, F., Oliva, E., Orton, G., Palla, F., Pancrazzi, M., Pantin, E., Parmentier, V., Parviainen, H., Pena Ramirez, K. Y., Peralta, J., Perez-Hoyos, S., Petrov, R., Pezzuto, S., Pietrzak, R., Pilat-Lohinger, E., Piskunov, Nikolai, Prinja, R., Prisinzano, L., Polichtchouk, I., Poretti, E., Radioti, A., Ramos, A. A., Rank-Lueftinger, T., Read, P., Readorn, K., Rebolo Lopez, R., Rebordao, J., Rengel, M., Rezac, L., Rocchetto, M., Rodler, F., Sanchez Bejar, V. J., Lavega, A. Sanchez, Sanroma, E., Santos, N., Sanz Forcada, J., Scandariato, G., Schmider, F. -X, Scholz, A., Scuderi, S., Sethenadh, J., Shore, S., Showman, A., Sicardy, B., Sitek, P., Smith, A., Soret, L., Sousa, S., Stiepen, A., Stolarski, M., Strazzulla, G., Tabernero, H. M., Tanga, P., Tecsa, M., Temple, J., Terenzi, L., Tessenyi, M., Testi, L., Thompson, S., Thrastarson, H., Tingley, B. W., Trifoglio, M., Martin Torres, J., Tozzi, A., Turrini, D., Varley, R., Vakili, F., de Val-Borro, M., Valdivieso, M. L., Venot, O., Villaver, E., Vinatier, S., Viti, S., Waldmann, I., Waltham, D., Ward-Thompson, D., Waters, R., Watkins, C., Watson, D., Wawer, P., Wawrzaszk, A., White, G., Widemann, T., Winek, W., Wisniowski, T., Yelle, R., Yung, Y., Yurchenko, S. N., Tinetti, Giovanna, Drossart, Pierre, Eccleston, Paul, Hartogh, Paul, Isaak, Kate, Linder, Martin, Lovis, Christophe, Micela, Giusi, Ollivier, Marc, Puig, Ludovic, Ribas, Ignasi, Snellen, Ignas, Swinyard, Bruce, Allard, France, Barstow, Joanna, Cho, James, Coustenis, Athena, Cockell, Charles, Correia, Alexandre, Decin, Leen, de Kok, Remco, Deroo, Pieter, Encrenaz, Therese, Forget, Francois, Glasse, Alistair, Griffith, Caitlin, Guillot, Tristan, Koskinen, Tommi, Lammer, Helmut, Leconte, Jeremy, Maxted, Pierre, Mueller-Wodarg, Ingo, Nelson, Richard, North, Chris, Palle, Enric, Pagano, Isabella, Piccioni, Guseppe, Pinfield, David, Selsis, Franck, Sozzetti, Alessandro, Stixrude, Lars, Tennyson, Jonathan, Turrini, Diego, Zapatero-Osorio, Mariarosa, Beaulieu, Jean-Philippe, Grodent, Denis, Guedel, Manuel, Luz, David, Norgaard-Nielsen, Hans Ulrik, Ray, Tom, Rickman, Hans, Selig, Avri, Swain, Mark, Banaszkiewicz, Marek, Barlow, Mike, Bowles, Neil, Branduardi-Raymont, Graziella, du Foresto, Vincent Coude, Gerard, Jean-Claude, Gizon, Laurent, Hornstrup, Allan, Jarchow, Christopher, Kerschbaum, Franz, Kovacs, Geza, Lagage, Pierre-Olivier, Lim, Tanya, Lopez-Morales, Mercedes, Malaguti, Giuseppe, Pace, Emanuele, Pascale, Enzo, Vandenbussche, Bart, Wright, Gillian, Ramos Zapata, Gonzalo, Adriani, Alberto, Azzollini, Ruyman, Balado, Ana, Bryson, Ian, Burston, Raymond, Colome, Josep, Crook, Martin, Di Giorgio, Anna, Griffin, Matt, Hoogeveen, Ruud, Ottensamer, Roland, Irshad, Ranah, Middleton, Kevin, Morgante, Gianluca, Pinsard, Frederic, Rataj, Mirek, Reess, Jean-Michel, Savini, Giorgio, Schrader, Jan-Rutger, Stamper, Richard, Winter, Berend, Abe, L., Abreu, M., Achilleos, N., Ade, P., Adybekian, V., Affer, L., Agnor, C., Agundez, M., Alard, C., Alcala, J., Allende Prieto, C., Alonso Floriano, F. J., Altieri, F., Alvarez Iglesias, C. A., Amado, P., Andersen, A., Aylward, A., Baffa, C., Bakos, G., Ballerini, P., Banaszkiewicz, M., Barber, R. J., Barrado, D., Barton, E. J., Batista, V., Bellucci, G., Belmonte Aviles, J. A., Berry, D., Bezard, B., Biondi, D., Blecka, M., Boisse, I., Bonfond, B., Borde, P., Boerner, P., Bouy, H., Brown, L., Buchhave, L., Budaj, J., Bulgarelli, A., Burleigh, M., Cabral, A., Capria, M. T., Cassan, A., Cavarroc, C., Cecchi-Pestellini, C., Cerulli, R., Chadney, J., Chamberlain, S., Charnoz, S., Jessen, N. Christian, Ciaravella, A., Claret, A., Claudi, R., Coates, A., Cole, R., Collura, A., Cordier, D., Covino, E., Danielski, C., Damasso, M., Deeg, H. J., Delgado-Mena, E., Del Vecchio, C., Demangeon, O., De Sio, A., De Wit, J., Dobrijevic, M., Doel, P., Dominic, C., Dorfi, E., Eales, S., Eiroa, C., Espinoza Contreras, M., Esposito, M., Eymet, V., Fabrizio, N., Fernandez, M., Femena Castella, B., Figueira, P., Filacchione, G., Fletcher, L., Focardi, M., Fossey, S., Fouque, P., Frith, J., Galand, M., Gambicorti, L., Gaulme, P., Garcia Lopez, R. J., Garcia-Piquer, A., Gear, W., Gerard, J. -C, Gesa, L., Giani, E., Gianotti, F., Gillon, M., Giro, E., Giuranna, M., Gomez, H., Gomez-Leal, I., Gonzalez Hernandez, J., Gonzalez Merino, B., Graczyk, R., Grassi, D., Guardia, J., Guio, P., Gustin, J., Hargrave, P., Haigh, J., Hebrard, E., Heiter, Ulrike, Heredero, R. L., Herrero, E., Hersant, F., Heyrovsky, D., Hollis, M., Hubert, B., Hueso, R., Israelian, G., Iro, N., Irwin, P., Jacquemoud, S., Jones, G., Jones, H., Justtanont, K., Kehoe, T., Kerschbaum, F., Kerins, E., Kervella, P., Kipping, D., Koskinen, T., Krupp, N., Lahav, O., Laken, B., Lanza, N., Lellouch, E., Leto, G., Licandro Goldaracena, J., Lithgow-Bertelloni, C., Liu, S. J., Lo Cicero, U., Lodieu, N., Lognonne, P., Lopez-Puertas, M., Lopez-Valverde, M. A., Rasmussen, I. Lundgaard, Luntzer, A., Machado, P., MacTavish, C., Maggio, A., Maillard, J. -P, Magnes, W., Maldonado, J., Mall, U., Marquette, J. -B, Mauskopf, P., Massi, F., Maurin, A. -S, Medvedev, A., Michaut, C., Miles-Paez, P., Montalto, M., Montanes Rodriguez, P., Monteiro, M., Montes, D., Morais, H., Morales, J. C., Morales-Calderon, M., Morello, G., Moro Martin, A., Moses, J., Moya Bedon, A., Murgas Alcaino, F., Oliva, E., Orton, G., Palla, F., Pancrazzi, M., Pantin, E., Parmentier, V., Parviainen, H., Pena Ramirez, K. Y., Peralta, J., Perez-Hoyos, S., Petrov, R., Pezzuto, S., Pietrzak, R., Pilat-Lohinger, E., Piskunov, Nikolai, Prinja, R., Prisinzano, L., Polichtchouk, I., Poretti, E., Radioti, A., Ramos, A. A., Rank-Lueftinger, T., Read, P., Readorn, K., Rebolo Lopez, R., Rebordao, J., Rengel, M., Rezac, L., Rocchetto, M., Rodler, F., Sanchez Bejar, V. J., Lavega, A. Sanchez, Sanroma, E., Santos, N., Sanz Forcada, J., Scandariato, G., Schmider, F. -X, Scholz, A., Scuderi, S., Sethenadh, J., Shore, S., Showman, A., Sicardy, B., Sitek, P., Smith, A., Soret, L., Sousa, S., Stiepen, A., Stolarski, M., Strazzulla, G., Tabernero, H. M., Tanga, P., Tecsa, M., Temple, J., Terenzi, L., Tessenyi, M., Testi, L., Thompson, S., Thrastarson, H., Tingley, B. W., Trifoglio, M., Martin Torres, J., Tozzi, A., Turrini, D., Varley, R., Vakili, F., de Val-Borro, M., Valdivieso, M. L., Venot, O., Villaver, E., Vinatier, S., Viti, S., Waldmann, I., Waltham, D., Ward-Thompson, D., Waters, R., Watkins, C., Watson, D., Wawer, P., Wawrzaszk, A., White, G., Widemann, T., Winek, W., Wisniowski, T., Yelle, R., Yung, Y., and Yurchenko, S. N.
Abstract: The discovery of almost two thousand exoplanets has revealed an unexpectedly diverse planet population. We see gas giants in few-day orbits, whole multi-planet systems within the orbit of Mercury, and new populations of planets with masses between that of the Earth and Neptune-all unknown in the Solar System. Observations to date have shown that our Solar System is certainly not representative of the general population of planets in our Milky Way. The key science questions that urgently need addressing are therefore: What are exoplanets made of? Why are planets as they are? How do planetary systems work and what causes the exceptional diversity observed as compared to the Solar System? The EChO (Exoplanet Characterisation Observatory) space mission was conceived to take up the challenge to explain this diversity in terms of formation, evolution, internal structure and planet and atmospheric composition. This requires in-depth spectroscopic knowledge of the atmospheres of a large and well-defined planet sample for which precise physical, chemical and dynamical information can be obtained. In order to fulfil this ambitious scientific program, EChO was designed as a dedicated survey mission for transit and eclipse spectroscopy capable of observing a large, diverse and well-defined planet sample within its 4-year mission lifetime. The transit and eclipse spectroscopy method, whereby the signal from the star and planet are differentiated using knowledge of the planetary ephemerides, allows us to measure atmospheric signals from the planet at levels of at least 10(-4) relative to the star. This can only be achieved in conjunction with a carefully designed stable payload and satellite platform. It is also necessary to provide broad instantaneous wavelength coverage to detect as many molecular species as possible, to probe the thermal structure of the planetary atmospheres and to correct for the contaminating effects of the stellar photosphere. This requires wavelength cove
Published: 2015
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18. GIANO-TNG spectroscopy of red supergiants in the young star cluster RSGC3

Author: Origlia, L., Oliva, E., Sanna, N., Mucciarelli, A., Dalessandro, E., Scuderi, S., Baffa, C., Biliotti, V., Carbonaro, L., Falcini, G., Giani, E., Iuzzolino, M., Massi, F., Sozzi, M., Tozzi, A., Ghedina, A., Ghinassi, F., Lodi, M., Harutyunyan, A., Pedani, M., Origlia, L., Oliva, E., Sanna, N., Mucciarelli, A., Dalessandro, E., Scuderi, S., Baffa, C., Biliotti, V., Carbonaro, L., Falcini, G., Giani, E., Iuzzolino, M., Massi, F., Sozzi, M., Tozzi, A., Ghedina, A., Ghinassi, F., Lodi, M., Harutyunyan, A., and Pedani, M.
Abstract: The Scutum complex in the inner disk of the Galaxy has a number of young star clusters dominated by red supergiants that are heavily obscured by dust extinction and observable only at infrared wavelengths. These clusters are important tracers of the recent star formation and chemical enrichment history in the inner Galaxy. During the technical commissioning and as a first science verification of the GIANO spectrograph at the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo, we secured high-resolution (R=50,000) near-infrared spectra of five red supergiants in the young Scutum cluster RSGC3. Taking advantage of the full YJHK spectral coverage of GIANO in a single exposure, we were able to measure several tens of atomic and molecular lines that were suitable for determining chemical abundances. By means of spectral synthesis and line equivalent width measurements, we obtained abundances of Fe and iron-peak elements such as Ni, Cr, and Cu, alpha (O, Mg, Si, Ca, Ti), other light elements (C, N, F, Na, Al, and Sc), and some s-process elements (Y, Sr). We found average half-solar iron abundances and solar-scaled [X/Fe] abundance patterns for most of the elements, consistent with a thin-disk chemistry. We found depletion of [C/Fe] and enhancement of [N/Fe], consistent with standard CN burning, and low 12C/13C abundance ratios (between 9 and 11), which require extra-mixing processes in the stellar interiors during the post-main sequence evolution. We also found local standard of rest V(LSR)=106 km/s and heliocentric V(HEL)=90 km/s radial velocities with a dispersion of 2.3 km/s. The inferred radial velocities, abundances, and abundance patterns of RSGC3 are very similar to those previously measured in the other two young clusters of the Scutum complex, RSGC1 and RSGC2, suggesting a common kinematics and chemistry within the Scutum complex.
Published: 2015
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19. Lines and continuum sky emission in the near infrared: observational constraints from deep high spectral resolution spectra with GIANO-TNG

Author: Oliva, E., Origlia, L., Scuderi, S., Benatti, S., Carleo, I., Lapenna, E., Mucciarelli, A., Baffa, C., Biliotti, V., Carbonaro, L., Falcini, G., Giani, E., Iuzzolino, M., Massi, F., Sanna, N., Sozzi, M., Tozzi, A, Ghedina, A., Ghinassi, F., Lodi, M., Harutyunyan, A., Pedani, M., Oliva, E., Origlia, L., Scuderi, S., Benatti, S., Carleo, I., Lapenna, E., Mucciarelli, A., Baffa, C., Biliotti, V., Carbonaro, L., Falcini, G., Giani, E., Iuzzolino, M., Massi, F., Sanna, N., Sozzi, M., Tozzi, A, Ghedina, A., Ghinassi, F., Lodi, M., Harutyunyan, A., and Pedani, M.
Abstract: Aims Determining the intensity of lines and continuum airglow emission in the H-band is important for the design of faint-object infrared spectrographs. Existing spectra at low/medium resolution cannot disentangle the true sky-continuum from instrumental effects (e.g. diffuse light in the wings of strong lines). We aim to obtain, for the first time, a high resolution infrared spectrum deep enough to set significant constraints on the continuum emission between the lines in the H-band. Methods During the second commissioning run of the GIANO high-resolution infrared spectrograph at La Palma Observatory, we pointed the instrument directly to the sky and obtained a deep spectrum that extends from 0.97 to 2.4 micron. Results The spectrum shows about 1500 emission lines, a factor of two more than in previous works. Of these, 80% are identified as OH transitions; half of these are from highly excited molecules (hot-OH component) that are not included in the OH airglow emission models normally used for astronomical applications. The other lines are attributable to O2 or unidentified. Several of the faint lines are in spectral regions that were previously believed to be free of line emission. The continuum in the H-band is marginally detected at a level of about 300 photons/m^2/s/arcsec^2/micron, equivalent to 20.1 AB-mag/arcsec^2. The observed spectrum and the list of observed sky-lines are published in electronic format. Conclusions Our measurements indicate that the sky continuum in the H-band could be even darker than previously believed. However, the myriad of airglow emission lines severely limits the spectral ranges where very low background can be effectively achieved with low/medium resolution spectrographs. We identify a few spectral bands that could still remain quite dark at the resolving power foreseen for VLT-MOONS (R ~6,600)., Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, to be published in Astronomy & Astrophysics
Published: 2015
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20. The EChO science case

Author: Tinetti, Giovanna, Drossart, Pierre, Eccleston, Paul, Hartogh, Paul, Isaak, Kate, Linder, Martin, Lovis, Christophe, Micela, Giusi, Ollivier, Marc, Puig, Ludovic, Ribas, Ignasi, Snellen, Ignas, Allard, Bruce Swinyard. France, Barstow, Joanna, Cho, James, Coustenis, Athena, Cockell, Charles, Correia, Alexandre, Decin, Leen, de Kok, Remco, Deroo, Pieter, Encrenaz, Therese, Forget, Francois, Glasse, Alistair, Griffith, Caitlin, Guillot, Tristan, Koskinen, Tommi, Lammer, Helmut, Leconte, Jeremy, Maxted, Pierre, Mueller-Wodarg, Ingo, Nelson, Richard, North, Chris, Pallé, Enric, Pagano, Isabella, Piccioni, Guseppe, Pinfield, David, Selsis, Franck, Sozzetti, Alessandro, Stixrude, Lars, Tennyson, Jonathan, Turrini, Diego, Beaulieu, Mariarosa Zapatero-Osorio. Jean-Philippe, Grodent, Denis, Guedel, Manuel, Luz, David, Nørgaard-Nielsen, Hans Ulrik, Ray, Tom, Rickman, Hans, Selig, Avri, Banaszkiewicz, Mark Swain. Marek, Barlow, Mike, Bowles, Neil, Branduardi-Raymont, Graziella, Foresto, Vincent Coudé du, Gerard, Jean-Claude, Gizon, Laurent, Hornstrup, Allan, Jarchow, Christopher, Kerschbaum, Franz, Kovacs, Géza, Lagage, Pierre-Olivier, Lim, Tanya, Lopez-Morales, Mercedes, Malaguti, Giuseppe, Pace, Emanuele, Pascale, Enzo, Vandenbussche, Bart, Wright, Gillian, Adriani, Gonzalo Ramos Zapata. Alberto, Azzollini, Ruymán, Balado, Ana, Bryson, Ian, Burston, Raymond, Colomé, Josep, Crook, Martin, Di Giorgio, Anna, Griffin, Matt, Hoogeveen, Ruud, Ottensamer, Roland, Irshad, Ranah, Middleton, Kevin, Morgante, Gianluca, Pinsard, Frederic, Rataj, Mirek, Reess, Jean-Michel, Savini, Giorgio, Schrader, Jan-Rutger, Stamper, Richard, Abe, Berend Winter. L., Abreu, M., Achilleos, N., Ade, P., Adybekian, V., Affer, L., Agnor, C., Agundez, M., Alard, C., Alcala, J., Prieto, C. Allende, Floriano, F. J. Alonso, Altieri, F., Iglesias, C. A. Alvarez, Amado, P., Andersen, A., Aylward, A., Baffa, C., Bakos, G., Ballerini, P., Banaszkiewicz, M., Barber, R. J., Barrado, D., Barton, E. J., Batista, V., Bellucci, G., Avilés, J. A. Belmonte, Berry, D., Bézard, B., Biondi, D., Błęcka, M., Boisse, I., Bonfond, B., Bordé, P., Börner, P., Bouy, H., Brown, L., Buchhave, L., Budaj, J., Bulgarelli, A., Burleigh, M., Cabral, A., Capria, M. T., Cassan, A., Cavarroc, C., Cecchi-Pestellini, C., Cerulli, R., Chadney, J., Chamberlain, S., Charnoz, S., Jessen, N. Christian, Ciaravella, A., Claret, A., Claudi, R., Coates, A., Cole, R., Collura, A., Cordier, D., Covino, E., Danielski, C., Damasso, M., Deeg, H. J., Delgado-Mena, E., Del Vecchio, C., Demangeon, O., De Sio, A., De Wit, J., Dobrijévic, M., Doel, P., Dominic, C., Dorfi, E., Eales, S., Eiroa, C., Contreras, M. Espinoza, Esposito, M., Eymet, V., Fabrizio, N., Fernández, M., Castella, B. Femenía, Figueira, P., Filacchione, G., Fletcher, L., Focardi, M., Fossey, S., Fouqué, P., Frith, J., Galand, M., Gambicorti, L., Gaulme, P., López, R. J. García, Garcia-Piquer, A., Gear, W., Gerard, J. -C., Gesa, L., Giani, E., Gianotti, F., Gillon, M., Giro, E., Giuranna, M., Gomez, H., Gomez-Leal, I., Hernandez, J. Gonzalez, Merino, B. González, Graczyk, R., Grassi, D., Guardia, J., Guio, P., Gustin, J., Hargrave, P., Haigh, J., Hébrard, E., Heiter, U., Heredero, R. L., Herrero, E., Hersant, F., Heyrovsky, D., Hollis, M., Hubert, B., Hueso, R., Israelian, G., Iro, N., Irwin, P., Jacquemoud, S., Jones, G., Jones, H., Justtanont, K., Kehoe, T., Kerschbaum, F., Kerins, E., Kervella, P., Kipping, D., Koskinen, T., Krupp, N., Lahav, O., Laken, B., Lanza, N., Lellouch, E., Leto, G., Goldaracena, J. Licandro, Lithgow-Bertelloni, C., Liu, S. J., Cicero, U. Lo, Lodieu, N., Lognonné, P., Lopez-Puertas, M., Lopez-Valverde, M. A., Rasmussen, I. Lundgaard, Luntzer, A., Machado, P., MacTavish, C., Maggio, A., Maillard, J. -P., Magnes, W., Maldonado, J., Mall, U., Marquette, J. -B., Mauskopf, P., Massi, F., Maurin, A. -S., Medvedev, A., Michaut, C., Miles-Paez, P., Montalto, M., Rodríguez, P. Montañés, Monteiro, M., Montes, D., Morais, H., Morales, J. C., Morales-Calderón, M., Morello, G., Martín, A. Moro, Moses, J., Bedon, A. Moya, Alcaino, F. Murgas, Oliva, E., Orton, G., Palla, F., Pancrazzi, M., Pantin, E., Parmentier, V., Parviainen, H., Ramírez, K. Y. Peña, Peralta, J., Perez-Hoyos, S., Petrov, R., Pezzuto, S., Pietrzak, R., Pilat-Lohinger, E., Piskunov, N., Prinja, R., Prisinzano, L., Polichtchouk, I., Poretti, E., Radioti, A., Ramos, A. A., Rank-Lüftinger, T., Read, P., Readorn, K., López, R. Rebolo, Rebordão, J., Rengel, M., Rezac, L., Rocchetto, M., Rodler, F., Béjar, V. J. Sánchez, Lavega, A. Sanchez, Sanromá, E., Santos, N., Forcada, J. Sanz, Scandariato, G., Schmider, F. -X., Scholz, A., Scuderi, S., Sethenadh, J., Shore, S., Showman, A., Sicardy, B., Sitek, P., Smith, A., Soret, L., Sousa, S., Stiepen, A., Stolarski, M., Strazzulla, G., Tabernero, H. M, Tanga, P., Tecsa, M., Temple, J., Terenzi, L., Tessenyi, M., Testi, L., Thompson, S., Thrastarson, H., Tingley, B. W., Trifoglio, M., Torres, J. Martín, Tozzi, A., Turrini, D., Varley, R., Vakili, F., de Val-Borro, M., Valdivieso, M. L., Venot, O., Villaver, E., Vinatier, S., Viti, S., Waldmann, I., Waltham, D., Ward-Thompson, D., Waters, R., Watkins, C., Watson, D., Wawer, P., Wawrzaszk, A., White, G., Widemann, T., Winek, W., Wiśniowski, T., Yelle, R., Yung, Y., Yurchenko, S. N., Tinetti, Giovanna, Drossart, Pierre, Eccleston, Paul, Hartogh, Paul, Isaak, Kate, Linder, Martin, Lovis, Christophe, Micela, Giusi, Ollivier, Marc, Puig, Ludovic, Ribas, Ignasi, Snellen, Ignas, Allard, Bruce Swinyard. France, Barstow, Joanna, Cho, James, Coustenis, Athena, Cockell, Charles, Correia, Alexandre, Decin, Leen, de Kok, Remco, Deroo, Pieter, Encrenaz, Therese, Forget, Francois, Glasse, Alistair, Griffith, Caitlin, Guillot, Tristan, Koskinen, Tommi, Lammer, Helmut, Leconte, Jeremy, Maxted, Pierre, Mueller-Wodarg, Ingo, Nelson, Richard, North, Chris, Pallé, Enric, Pagano, Isabella, Piccioni, Guseppe, Pinfield, David, Selsis, Franck, Sozzetti, Alessandro, Stixrude, Lars, Tennyson, Jonathan, Turrini, Diego, Beaulieu, Mariarosa Zapatero-Osorio. Jean-Philippe, Grodent, Denis, Guedel, Manuel, Luz, David, Nørgaard-Nielsen, Hans Ulrik, Ray, Tom, Rickman, Hans, Selig, Avri, Banaszkiewicz, Mark Swain. Marek, Barlow, Mike, Bowles, Neil, Branduardi-Raymont, Graziella, Foresto, Vincent Coudé du, Gerard, Jean-Claude, Gizon, Laurent, Hornstrup, Allan, Jarchow, Christopher, Kerschbaum, Franz, Kovacs, Géza, Lagage, Pierre-Olivier, Lim, Tanya, Lopez-Morales, Mercedes, Malaguti, Giuseppe, Pace, Emanuele, Pascale, Enzo, Vandenbussche, Bart, Wright, Gillian, Adriani, Gonzalo Ramos Zapata. Alberto, Azzollini, Ruymán, Balado, Ana, Bryson, Ian, Burston, Raymond, Colomé, Josep, Crook, Martin, Di Giorgio, Anna, Griffin, Matt, Hoogeveen, Ruud, Ottensamer, Roland, Irshad, Ranah, Middleton, Kevin, Morgante, Gianluca, Pinsard, Frederic, Rataj, Mirek, Reess, Jean-Michel, Savini, Giorgio, Schrader, Jan-Rutger, Stamper, Richard, Abe, Berend Winter. L., Abreu, M., Achilleos, N., Ade, P., Adybekian, V., Affer, L., Agnor, C., Agundez, M., Alard, C., Alcala, J., Prieto, C. Allende, Floriano, F. J. Alonso, Altieri, F., Iglesias, C. A. Alvarez, Amado, P., Andersen, A., Aylward, A., Baffa, C., Bakos, G., Ballerini, P., Banaszkiewicz, M., Barber, R. J., Barrado, D., Barton, E. J., Batista, V., Bellucci, G., Avilés, J. A. Belmonte, Berry, D., Bézard, B., Biondi, D., Błęcka, M., Boisse, I., Bonfond, B., Bordé, P., Börner, P., Bouy, H., Brown, L., Buchhave, L., Budaj, J., Bulgarelli, A., Burleigh, M., Cabral, A., Capria, M. T., Cassan, A., Cavarroc, C., Cecchi-Pestellini, C., Cerulli, R., Chadney, J., Chamberlain, S., Charnoz, S., Jessen, N. Christian, Ciaravella, A., Claret, A., Claudi, R., Coates, A., Cole, R., Collura, A., Cordier, D., Covino, E., Danielski, C., Damasso, M., Deeg, H. J., Delgado-Mena, E., Del Vecchio, C., Demangeon, O., De Sio, A., De Wit, J., Dobrijévic, M., Doel, P., Dominic, C., Dorfi, E., Eales, S., Eiroa, C., Contreras, M. Espinoza, Esposito, M., Eymet, V., Fabrizio, N., Fernández, M., Castella, B. Femenía, Figueira, P., Filacchione, G., Fletcher, L., Focardi, M., Fossey, S., Fouqué, P., Frith, J., Galand, M., Gambicorti, L., Gaulme, P., López, R. J. García, Garcia-Piquer, A., Gear, W., Gerard, J. -C., Gesa, L., Giani, E., Gianotti, F., Gillon, M., Giro, E., Giuranna, M., Gomez, H., Gomez-Leal, I., Hernandez, J. Gonzalez, Merino, B. González, Graczyk, R., Grassi, D., Guardia, J., Guio, P., Gustin, J., Hargrave, P., Haigh, J., Hébrard, E., Heiter, U., Heredero, R. L., Herrero, E., Hersant, F., Heyrovsky, D., Hollis, M., Hubert, B., Hueso, R., Israelian, G., Iro, N., Irwin, P., Jacquemoud, S., Jones, G., Jones, H., Justtanont, K., Kehoe, T., Kerschbaum, F., Kerins, E., Kervella, P., Kipping, D., Koskinen, T., Krupp, N., Lahav, O., Laken, B., Lanza, N., Lellouch, E., Leto, G., Goldaracena, J. Licandro, Lithgow-Bertelloni, C., Liu, S. J., Cicero, U. Lo, Lodieu, N., Lognonné, P., Lopez-Puertas, M., Lopez-Valverde, M. A., Rasmussen, I. Lundgaard, Luntzer, A., Machado, P., MacTavish, C., Maggio, A., Maillard, J. -P., Magnes, W., Maldonado, J., Mall, U., Marquette, J. -B., Mauskopf, P., Massi, F., Maurin, A. -S., Medvedev, A., Michaut, C., Miles-Paez, P., Montalto, M., Rodríguez, P. Montañés, Monteiro, M., Montes, D., Morais, H., Morales, J. C., Morales-Calderón, M., Morello, G., Martín, A. Moro, Moses, J., Bedon, A. Moya, Alcaino, F. Murgas, Oliva, E., Orton, G., Palla, F., Pancrazzi, M., Pantin, E., Parmentier, V., Parviainen, H., Ramírez, K. Y. Peña, Peralta, J., Perez-Hoyos, S., Petrov, R., Pezzuto, S., Pietrzak, R., Pilat-Lohinger, E., Piskunov, N., Prinja, R., Prisinzano, L., Polichtchouk, I., Poretti, E., Radioti, A., Ramos, A. A., Rank-Lüftinger, T., Read, P., Readorn, K., López, R. Rebolo, Rebordão, J., Rengel, M., Rezac, L., Rocchetto, M., Rodler, F., Béjar, V. J. Sánchez, Lavega, A. Sanchez, Sanromá, E., Santos, N., Forcada, J. Sanz, Scandariato, G., Schmider, F. -X., Scholz, A., Scuderi, S., Sethenadh, J., Shore, S., Showman, A., Sicardy, B., Sitek, P., Smith, A., Soret, L., Sousa, S., Stiepen, A., Stolarski, M., Strazzulla, G., Tabernero, H. M, Tanga, P., Tecsa, M., Temple, J., Terenzi, L., Tessenyi, M., Testi, L., Thompson, S., Thrastarson, H., Tingley, B. W., Trifoglio, M., Torres, J. Martín, Tozzi, A., Turrini, D., Varley, R., Vakili, F., de Val-Borro, M., Valdivieso, M. L., Venot, O., Villaver, E., Vinatier, S., Viti, S., Waldmann, I., Waltham, D., Ward-Thompson, D., Waters, R., Watkins, C., Watson, D., Wawer, P., Wawrzaszk, A., White, G., Widemann, T., Winek, W., Wiśniowski, T., Yelle, R., Yung, Y., and Yurchenko, S. N.
Abstract: The discovery of almost 2000 exoplanets has revealed an unexpectedly diverse planet population. Observations to date have shown that our Solar System is certainly not representative of the general population of planets in our Milky Way. The key science questions that urgently need addressing are therefore: What are exoplanets made of? Why are planets as they are? What causes the exceptional diversity observed as compared to the Solar System? EChO (Exoplanet Characterisation Observatory) has been designed as a dedicated survey mission for transit and eclipse spectroscopy capable of observing a large and diverse planet sample within its four-year mission lifetime. EChO can target the atmospheres of super-Earths, Neptune-like, and Jupiter-like planets, in the very hot to temperate zones (planet temperatures of 300K-3000K) of F to M-type host stars. Over the next ten years, several new ground- and space-based transit surveys will come on-line (e.g. NGTS, CHEOPS, TESS, PLATO), which will specifically focus on finding bright, nearby systems. The current rapid rate of discovery would allow the target list to be further optimised in the years prior to EChO's launch and enable the atmospheric characterisation of hundreds of planets. Placing the satellite at L2 provides a cold and stable thermal environment, as well as a large field of regard to allow efficient time-critical observation of targets randomly distributed over the sky. A 1m class telescope is sufficiently large to achieve the necessary spectro-photometric precision. The spectral coverage (0.5-11 micron, goal 16 micron) and SNR to be achieved by EChO, thanks to its high stability and dedicated design, would enable a very accurate measurement of the atmospheric composition and structure of hundreds of exoplanets., Comment: 50 pages, 30 figures. Experimental Astronomy
Published: 2015
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21. The EChO science case

Author: Tinetti, Giovanna, Drossart, Pierre, Eccleston, Paul, Hartogh, Paul, Isaak, Kate, Linder, Martin, Lovis, Christophe, Micela, Giusi, Ollivier, Marc, Puig, Ludovic, Ribas, Ignasi, Snellen, Ignas, Swinyard, Bruce, Allard, France, Barstow, Joanna, Cho, James, Coustenis, Athena, Cockell, Charles, Correia, Alexandre, Decin, Leen, de Kok, Remco, Deroo, Pieter, Encrenaz, Therese, Forget, Francois, Glasse, Alistair, Griffith, Caitlin, Guillot, Tristan, Koskinen, Tommi, Lammer, Helmut, Leconte, Jeremy, Maxted, Pierre, Mueller-Wodarg, Ingo, Nelson, Richard, North, Chris, Palle, Enric, Pagano, Isabella, Piccioni, Guseppe, Pinfield, David, Selsis, Franck, Sozzetti, Alessandro, Stixrude, Lars, Tennyson, Jonathan, Turrini, Diego, Zapatero-Osorio, Mariarosa, Beaulieu, Jean-Philippe, Grodent, Denis, Guedel, Manuel, Luz, David, Norgaard-Nielsen, Hans Ulrik, Ray, Tom, Rickman, Hans, Selig, Avri, Swain, Mark, Banaszkiewicz, Marek, Barlow, Mike, Bowles, Neil, Branduardi-Raymont, Graziella, du Foresto, Vincent Coude, Gerard, Jean-Claude, Gizon, Laurent, Hornstrup, Allan, Jarchow, Christopher, Kerschbaum, Franz, Kovacs, Geza, Lagage, Pierre-Olivier, Lim, Tanya, Lopez-Morales, Mercedes, Malaguti, Giuseppe, Pace, Emanuele, Pascale, Enzo, Vandenbussche, Bart, Wright, Gillian, Ramos Zapata, Gonzalo, Adriani, Alberto, Azzollini, Ruyman, Balado, Ana, Bryson, Ian, Burston, Raymond, Colome, Josep, Crook, Martin, Di Giorgio, Anna, Griffin, Matt, Hoogeveen, Ruud, Ottensamer, Roland, Irshad, Ranah, Middleton, Kevin, Morgante, Gianluca, Pinsard, Frederic, Rataj, Mirek, Reess, Jean-Michel, Savini, Giorgio, Schrader, Jan-Rutger, Stamper, Richard, Winter, Berend, Abe, L., Abreu, M., Achilleos, N., Ade, P., Adybekian, V., Affer, L., Agnor, C., Agundez, M., Alard, C., Alcala, J., Allende Prieto, C., Alonso Floriano, F. J., Altieri, F., Alvarez Iglesias, C. A., Amado, P., Andersen, A., Aylward, A., Baffa, C., Bakos, G., Ballerini, P., Banaszkiewicz, M., Barber, R. J., Barrado, D., Barton, E. J., Batista, V., Bellucci, G., Belmonte Aviles, J. A., Berry, D., Bezard, B., Biondi, D., Blecka, M., Boisse, I., Bonfond, B., Borde, P., Boerner, P., Bouy, H., Brown, L., Buchhave, L., Budaj, J., Bulgarelli, A., Burleigh, M., Cabral, A., Capria, M. T., Cassan, A., Cavarroc, C., Cecchi-Pestellini, C., Cerulli, R., Chadney, J., Chamberlain, S., Charnoz, S., Jessen, N. Christian, Ciaravella, A., Claret, A., Claudi, R., Coates, A., Cole, R., Collura, A., Cordier, D., Covino, E., Danielski, C., Damasso, M., Deeg, H. J., Delgado-Mena, E., Del Vecchio, C., Demangeon, O., De Sio, A., De Wit, J., Dobrijevic, M., Doel, P., Dominic, C., Dorfi, E., Eales, S., Eiroa, C., Espinoza Contreras, M., Esposito, M., Eymet, V., Fabrizio, N., Fernandez, M., Femena Castella, B., Figueira, P., Filacchione, G., Fletcher, L., Focardi, M., Fossey, S., Fouque, P., Frith, J., Galand, M., Gambicorti, L., Gaulme, P., Garcia Lopez, R. J., Garcia-Piquer, A., Gear, W., Gerard, J. -C, Gesa, L., Giani, E., Gianotti, F., Gillon, M., Giro, E., Giuranna, M., Gomez, H., Gomez-Leal, I., Gonzalez Hernandez, J., Gonzalez Merino, B., Graczyk, R., Grassi, D., Guardia, J., Guio, P., Gustin, J., Hargrave, P., Haigh, J., Hebrard, E., Heiter, Ulrike, Heredero, R. L., Herrero, E., Hersant, F., Heyrovsky, D., Hollis, M., Hubert, B., Hueso, R., Israelian, G., Iro, N., Irwin, P., Jacquemoud, S., Jones, G., Jones, H., Justtanont, K., Kehoe, T., Kerschbaum, F., Kerins, E., Kervella, P., Kipping, D., Koskinen, T., Krupp, N., Lahav, O., Laken, B., Lanza, N., Lellouch, E., Leto, G., Licandro Goldaracena, J., Lithgow-Bertelloni, C., Liu, S. J., Lo Cicero, U., Lodieu, N., Lognonne, P., Lopez-Puertas, M., Lopez-Valverde, M. A., Rasmussen, I. Lundgaard, Luntzer, A., Machado, P., MacTavish, C., Maggio, A., Maillard, J. -P, Magnes, W., Maldonado, J., Mall, U., Marquette, J. -B, Mauskopf, P., Massi, F., Maurin, A. -S, Medvedev, A., Michaut, C., Miles-Paez, P., Montalto, M., Montanes Rodriguez, P., Monteiro, M., Montes, D., Morais, H., Morales, J. C., Morales-Calderon, M., Morello, G., Moro Martin, A., Moses, J., Moya Bedon, A., Murgas Alcaino, F., Oliva, E., Orton, G., Palla, F., Pancrazzi, M., Pantin, E., Parmentier, V., Parviainen, H., Pena Ramirez, K. Y., Peralta, J., Perez-Hoyos, S., Petrov, R., Pezzuto, S., Pietrzak, R., Pilat-Lohinger, E., Piskunov, Nikolai, Prinja, R., Prisinzano, L., Polichtchouk, I., Poretti, E., Radioti, A., Ramos, A. A., Rank-Lueftinger, T., Read, P., Readorn, K., Rebolo Lopez, R., Rebordao, J., Rengel, M., Rezac, L., Rocchetto, M., Rodler, F., Sanchez Bejar, V. J., Lavega, A. Sanchez, Sanroma, E., Santos, N., Sanz Forcada, J., Scandariato, G., Schmider, F. -X, Scholz, A., Scuderi, S., Sethenadh, J., Shore, S., Showman, A., Sicardy, B., Sitek, P., Smith, A., Soret, L., Sousa, S., Stiepen, A., Stolarski, M., Strazzulla, G., Tabernero, H. M., Tanga, P., Tecsa, M., Temple, J., Terenzi, L., Tessenyi, M., Testi, L., Thompson, S., Thrastarson, H., Tingley, B. W., Trifoglio, M., Martin Torres, J., Tozzi, A., Turrini, D., Varley, R., Vakili, F., de Val-Borro, M., Valdivieso, M. L., Venot, O., Villaver, E., Vinatier, S., Viti, S., Waldmann, I., Waltham, D., Ward-Thompson, D., Waters, R., Watkins, C., Watson, D., Wawer, P., Wawrzaszk, A., White, G., Widemann, T., Winek, W., Wisniowski, T., Yelle, R., Yung, Y., Yurchenko, S. N., Tinetti, Giovanna, Drossart, Pierre, Eccleston, Paul, Hartogh, Paul, Isaak, Kate, Linder, Martin, Lovis, Christophe, Micela, Giusi, Ollivier, Marc, Puig, Ludovic, Ribas, Ignasi, Snellen, Ignas, Swinyard, Bruce, Allard, France, Barstow, Joanna, Cho, James, Coustenis, Athena, Cockell, Charles, Correia, Alexandre, Decin, Leen, de Kok, Remco, Deroo, Pieter, Encrenaz, Therese, Forget, Francois, Glasse, Alistair, Griffith, Caitlin, Guillot, Tristan, Koskinen, Tommi, Lammer, Helmut, Leconte, Jeremy, Maxted, Pierre, Mueller-Wodarg, Ingo, Nelson, Richard, North, Chris, Palle, Enric, Pagano, Isabella, Piccioni, Guseppe, Pinfield, David, Selsis, Franck, Sozzetti, Alessandro, Stixrude, Lars, Tennyson, Jonathan, Turrini, Diego, Zapatero-Osorio, Mariarosa, Beaulieu, Jean-Philippe, Grodent, Denis, Guedel, Manuel, Luz, David, Norgaard-Nielsen, Hans Ulrik, Ray, Tom, Rickman, Hans, Selig, Avri, Swain, Mark, Banaszkiewicz, Marek, Barlow, Mike, Bowles, Neil, Branduardi-Raymont, Graziella, du Foresto, Vincent Coude, Gerard, Jean-Claude, Gizon, Laurent, Hornstrup, Allan, Jarchow, Christopher, Kerschbaum, Franz, Kovacs, Geza, Lagage, Pierre-Olivier, Lim, Tanya, Lopez-Morales, Mercedes, Malaguti, Giuseppe, Pace, Emanuele, Pascale, Enzo, Vandenbussche, Bart, Wright, Gillian, Ramos Zapata, Gonzalo, Adriani, Alberto, Azzollini, Ruyman, Balado, Ana, Bryson, Ian, Burston, Raymond, Colome, Josep, Crook, Martin, Di Giorgio, Anna, Griffin, Matt, Hoogeveen, Ruud, Ottensamer, Roland, Irshad, Ranah, Middleton, Kevin, Morgante, Gianluca, Pinsard, Frederic, Rataj, Mirek, Reess, Jean-Michel, Savini, Giorgio, Schrader, Jan-Rutger, Stamper, Richard, Winter, Berend, Abe, L., Abreu, M., Achilleos, N., Ade, P., Adybekian, V., Affer, L., Agnor, C., Agundez, M., Alard, C., Alcala, J., Allende Prieto, C., Alonso Floriano, F. J., Altieri, F., Alvarez Iglesias, C. A., Amado, P., Andersen, A., Aylward, A., Baffa, C., Bakos, G., Ballerini, P., Banaszkiewicz, M., Barber, R. J., Barrado, D., Barton, E. J., Batista, V., Bellucci, G., Belmonte Aviles, J. A., Berry, D., Bezard, B., Biondi, D., Blecka, M., Boisse, I., Bonfond, B., Borde, P., Boerner, P., Bouy, H., Brown, L., Buchhave, L., Budaj, J., Bulgarelli, A., Burleigh, M., Cabral, A., Capria, M. T., Cassan, A., Cavarroc, C., Cecchi-Pestellini, C., Cerulli, R., Chadney, J., Chamberlain, S., Charnoz, S., Jessen, N. Christian, Ciaravella, A., Claret, A., Claudi, R., Coates, A., Cole, R., Collura, A., Cordier, D., Covino, E., Danielski, C., Damasso, M., Deeg, H. J., Delgado-Mena, E., Del Vecchio, C., Demangeon, O., De Sio, A., De Wit, J., Dobrijevic, M., Doel, P., Dominic, C., Dorfi, E., Eales, S., Eiroa, C., Espinoza Contreras, M., Esposito, M., Eymet, V., Fabrizio, N., Fernandez, M., Femena Castella, B., Figueira, P., Filacchione, G., Fletcher, L., Focardi, M., Fossey, S., Fouque, P., Frith, J., Galand, M., Gambicorti, L., Gaulme, P., Garcia Lopez, R. J., Garcia-Piquer, A., Gear, W., Gerard, J. -C, Gesa, L., Giani, E., Gianotti, F., Gillon, M., Giro, E., Giuranna, M., Gomez, H., Gomez-Leal, I., Gonzalez Hernandez, J., Gonzalez Merino, B., Graczyk, R., Grassi, D., Guardia, J., Guio, P., Gustin, J., Hargrave, P., Haigh, J., Hebrard, E., Heiter, Ulrike, Heredero, R. L., Herrero, E., Hersant, F., Heyrovsky, D., Hollis, M., Hubert, B., Hueso, R., Israelian, G., Iro, N., Irwin, P., Jacquemoud, S., Jones, G., Jones, H., Justtanont, K., Kehoe, T., Kerschbaum, F., Kerins, E., Kervella, P., Kipping, D., Koskinen, T., Krupp, N., Lahav, O., Laken, B., Lanza, N., Lellouch, E., Leto, G., Licandro Goldaracena, J., Lithgow-Bertelloni, C., Liu, S. J., Lo Cicero, U., Lodieu, N., Lognonne, P., Lopez-Puertas, M., Lopez-Valverde, M. A., Rasmussen, I. Lundgaard, Luntzer, A., Machado, P., MacTavish, C., Maggio, A., Maillard, J. -P, Magnes, W., Maldonado, J., Mall, U., Marquette, J. -B, Mauskopf, P., Massi, F., Maurin, A. -S, Medvedev, A., Michaut, C., Miles-Paez, P., Montalto, M., Montanes Rodriguez, P., Monteiro, M., Montes, D., Morais, H., Morales, J. C., Morales-Calderon, M., Morello, G., Moro Martin, A., Moses, J., Moya Bedon, A., Murgas Alcaino, F., Oliva, E., Orton, G., Palla, F., Pancrazzi, M., Pantin, E., Parmentier, V., Parviainen, H., Pena Ramirez, K. Y., Peralta, J., Perez-Hoyos, S., Petrov, R., Pezzuto, S., Pietrzak, R., Pilat-Lohinger, E., Piskunov, Nikolai, Prinja, R., Prisinzano, L., Polichtchouk, I., Poretti, E., Radioti, A., Ramos, A. A., Rank-Lueftinger, T., Read, P., Readorn, K., Rebolo Lopez, R., Rebordao, J., Rengel, M., Rezac, L., Rocchetto, M., Rodler, F., Sanchez Bejar, V. J., Lavega, A. Sanchez, Sanroma, E., Santos, N., Sanz Forcada, J., Scandariato, G., Schmider, F. -X, Scholz, A., Scuderi, S., Sethenadh, J., Shore, S., Showman, A., Sicardy, B., Sitek, P., Smith, A., Soret, L., Sousa, S., Stiepen, A., Stolarski, M., Strazzulla, G., Tabernero, H. M., Tanga, P., Tecsa, M., Temple, J., Terenzi, L., Tessenyi, M., Testi, L., Thompson, S., Thrastarson, H., Tingley, B. W., Trifoglio, M., Martin Torres, J., Tozzi, A., Turrini, D., Varley, R., Vakili, F., de Val-Borro, M., Valdivieso, M. L., Venot, O., Villaver, E., Vinatier, S., Viti, S., Waldmann, I., Waltham, D., Ward-Thompson, D., Waters, R., Watkins, C., Watson, D., Wawer, P., Wawrzaszk, A., White, G., Widemann, T., Winek, W., Wisniowski, T., Yelle, R., Yung, Y., and Yurchenko, S. N.
Abstract: The discovery of almost two thousand exoplanets has revealed an unexpectedly diverse planet population. We see gas giants in few-day orbits, whole multi-planet systems within the orbit of Mercury, and new populations of planets with masses between that of the Earth and Neptune-all unknown in the Solar System. Observations to date have shown that our Solar System is certainly not representative of the general population of planets in our Milky Way. The key science questions that urgently need addressing are therefore: What are exoplanets made of? Why are planets as they are? How do planetary systems work and what causes the exceptional diversity observed as compared to the Solar System? The EChO (Exoplanet Characterisation Observatory) space mission was conceived to take up the challenge to explain this diversity in terms of formation, evolution, internal structure and planet and atmospheric composition. This requires in-depth spectroscopic knowledge of the atmospheres of a large and well-defined planet sample for which precise physical, chemical and dynamical information can be obtained. In order to fulfil this ambitious scientific program, EChO was designed as a dedicated survey mission for transit and eclipse spectroscopy capable of observing a large, diverse and well-defined planet sample within its 4-year mission lifetime. The transit and eclipse spectroscopy method, whereby the signal from the star and planet are differentiated using knowledge of the planetary ephemerides, allows us to measure atmospheric signals from the planet at levels of at least 10(-4) relative to the star. This can only be achieved in conjunction with a carefully designed stable payload and satellite platform. It is also necessary to provide broad instantaneous wavelength coverage to detect as many molecular species as possible, to probe the thermal structure of the planetary atmospheres and to correct for the contaminating effects of the stellar photosphere. This requires wavelength cove
Published: 2015
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22. GIANO-TNG spectroscopy of red supergiants in the young star cluster RSGC3

Author: Origlia, L., Oliva, E., Sanna, N., Mucciarelli, A., Dalessandro, E., Scuderi, S., Baffa, C., Biliotti, V., Carbonaro, L., Falcini, G., Giani, E., Iuzzolino, M., Massi, F., Sozzi, M., Tozzi, A., Ghedina, A., Ghinassi, F., Lodi, M., Harutyunyan, A., Pedani, M., Origlia, L., Oliva, E., Sanna, N., Mucciarelli, A., Dalessandro, E., Scuderi, S., Baffa, C., Biliotti, V., Carbonaro, L., Falcini, G., Giani, E., Iuzzolino, M., Massi, F., Sozzi, M., Tozzi, A., Ghedina, A., Ghinassi, F., Lodi, M., Harutyunyan, A., and Pedani, M.
Abstract: The Scutum complex in the inner disk of the Galaxy has a number of young star clusters dominated by red supergiants that are heavily obscured by dust extinction and observable only at infrared wavelengths. These clusters are important tracers of the recent star formation and chemical enrichment history in the inner Galaxy. During the technical commissioning and as a first science verification of the GIANO spectrograph at the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo, we secured high-resolution (R=50,000) near-infrared spectra of five red supergiants in the young Scutum cluster RSGC3. Taking advantage of the full YJHK spectral coverage of GIANO in a single exposure, we were able to measure several tens of atomic and molecular lines that were suitable for determining chemical abundances. By means of spectral synthesis and line equivalent width measurements, we obtained abundances of Fe and iron-peak elements such as Ni, Cr, and Cu, alpha (O, Mg, Si, Ca, Ti), other light elements (C, N, F, Na, Al, and Sc), and some s-process elements (Y, Sr). We found average half-solar iron abundances and solar-scaled [X/Fe] abundance patterns for most of the elements, consistent with a thin-disk chemistry. We found depletion of [C/Fe] and enhancement of [N/Fe], consistent with standard CN burning, and low 12C/13C abundance ratios (between 9 and 11), which require extra-mixing processes in the stellar interiors during the post-main sequence evolution. We also found local standard of rest V(LSR)=106 km/s and heliocentric V(HEL)=90 km/s radial velocities with a dispersion of 2.3 km/s. The inferred radial velocities, abundances, and abundance patterns of RSGC3 are very similar to those previously measured in the other two young clusters of the Scutum complex, RSGC1 and RSGC2, suggesting a common kinematics and chemistry within the Scutum complex.
Published: 2015
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23. Lines and continuum sky emission in the near infrared: observational constraints from deep high spectral resolution spectra with GIANO-TNG

Author: Oliva, E., Origlia, L., Scuderi, S., Benatti, S., Carleo, I., Lapenna, E., Mucciarelli, A., Baffa, C., Biliotti, V., Carbonaro, L., Falcini, G., Giani, E., Iuzzolino, M., Massi, F., Sanna, N., Sozzi, M., Tozzi, A, Ghedina, A., Ghinassi, F., Lodi, M., Harutyunyan, A., Pedani, M., Oliva, E., Origlia, L., Scuderi, S., Benatti, S., Carleo, I., Lapenna, E., Mucciarelli, A., Baffa, C., Biliotti, V., Carbonaro, L., Falcini, G., Giani, E., Iuzzolino, M., Massi, F., Sanna, N., Sozzi, M., Tozzi, A, Ghedina, A., Ghinassi, F., Lodi, M., Harutyunyan, A., and Pedani, M.
Abstract: Aims Determining the intensity of lines and continuum airglow emission in the H-band is important for the design of faint-object infrared spectrographs. Existing spectra at low/medium resolution cannot disentangle the true sky-continuum from instrumental effects (e.g. diffuse light in the wings of strong lines). We aim to obtain, for the first time, a high resolution infrared spectrum deep enough to set significant constraints on the continuum emission between the lines in the H-band. Methods During the second commissioning run of the GIANO high-resolution infrared spectrograph at La Palma Observatory, we pointed the instrument directly to the sky and obtained a deep spectrum that extends from 0.97 to 2.4 micron. Results The spectrum shows about 1500 emission lines, a factor of two more than in previous works. Of these, 80% are identified as OH transitions; half of these are from highly excited molecules (hot-OH component) that are not included in the OH airglow emission models normally used for astronomical applications. The other lines are attributable to O2 or unidentified. Several of the faint lines are in spectral regions that were previously believed to be free of line emission. The continuum in the H-band is marginally detected at a level of about 300 photons/m^2/s/arcsec^2/micron, equivalent to 20.1 AB-mag/arcsec^2. The observed spectrum and the list of observed sky-lines are published in electronic format. Conclusions Our measurements indicate that the sky continuum in the H-band could be even darker than previously believed. However, the myriad of airglow emission lines severely limits the spectral ranges where very low background can be effectively achieved with low/medium resolution spectrographs. We identify a few spectral bands that could still remain quite dark at the resolving power foreseen for VLT-MOONS (R ~6,600)., Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, to be published in Astronomy & Astrophysics
Published: 2015
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24. The EChO science case

Author: Tinetti, Giovanna, Drossart, Pierre, Eccleston, Paul, Hartogh, Paul, Isaak, Kate, Linder, Martin, Lovis, Christophe, Micela, Giusi, Ollivier, Marc, Puig, Ludovic, Ribas, Ignasi, Snellen, Ignas, Allard, Bruce Swinyard. France, Barstow, Joanna, Cho, James, Coustenis, Athena, Cockell, Charles, Correia, Alexandre, Decin, Leen, de Kok, Remco, Deroo, Pieter, Encrenaz, Therese, Forget, Francois, Glasse, Alistair, Griffith, Caitlin, Guillot, Tristan, Koskinen, Tommi, Lammer, Helmut, Leconte, Jeremy, Maxted, Pierre, Mueller-Wodarg, Ingo, Nelson, Richard, North, Chris, Pallé, Enric, Pagano, Isabella, Piccioni, Guseppe, Pinfield, David, Selsis, Franck, Sozzetti, Alessandro, Stixrude, Lars, Tennyson, Jonathan, Turrini, Diego, Beaulieu, Mariarosa Zapatero-Osorio. Jean-Philippe, Grodent, Denis, Guedel, Manuel, Luz, David, Nørgaard-Nielsen, Hans Ulrik, Ray, Tom, Rickman, Hans, Selig, Avri, Banaszkiewicz, Mark Swain. Marek, Barlow, Mike, Bowles, Neil, Branduardi-Raymont, Graziella, Foresto, Vincent Coudé du, Gerard, Jean-Claude, Gizon, Laurent, Hornstrup, Allan, Jarchow, Christopher, Kerschbaum, Franz, Kovacs, Géza, Lagage, Pierre-Olivier, Lim, Tanya, Lopez-Morales, Mercedes, Malaguti, Giuseppe, Pace, Emanuele, Pascale, Enzo, Vandenbussche, Bart, Wright, Gillian, Adriani, Gonzalo Ramos Zapata. Alberto, Azzollini, Ruymán, Balado, Ana, Bryson, Ian, Burston, Raymond, Colomé, Josep, Crook, Martin, Di Giorgio, Anna, Griffin, Matt, Hoogeveen, Ruud, Ottensamer, Roland, Irshad, Ranah, Middleton, Kevin, Morgante, Gianluca, Pinsard, Frederic, Rataj, Mirek, Reess, Jean-Michel, Savini, Giorgio, Schrader, Jan-Rutger, Stamper, Richard, Abe, Berend Winter. L., Abreu, M., Achilleos, N., Ade, P., Adybekian, V., Affer, L., Agnor, C., Agundez, M., Alard, C., Alcala, J., Prieto, C. Allende, Floriano, F. J. Alonso, Altieri, F., Iglesias, C. A. Alvarez, Amado, P., Andersen, A., Aylward, A., Baffa, C., Bakos, G., Ballerini, P., Banaszkiewicz, M., Barber, R. J., Barrado, D., Barton, E. J., Batista, V., Bellucci, G., Avilés, J. A. Belmonte, Berry, D., Bézard, B., Biondi, D., Błęcka, M., Boisse, I., Bonfond, B., Bordé, P., Börner, P., Bouy, H., Brown, L., Buchhave, L., Budaj, J., Bulgarelli, A., Burleigh, M., Cabral, A., Capria, M. T., Cassan, A., Cavarroc, C., Cecchi-Pestellini, C., Cerulli, R., Chadney, J., Chamberlain, S., Charnoz, S., Jessen, N. Christian, Ciaravella, A., Claret, A., Claudi, R., Coates, A., Cole, R., Collura, A., Cordier, D., Covino, E., Danielski, C., Damasso, M., Deeg, H. J., Delgado-Mena, E., Del Vecchio, C., Demangeon, O., De Sio, A., De Wit, J., Dobrijévic, M., Doel, P., Dominic, C., Dorfi, E., Eales, S., Eiroa, C., Contreras, M. Espinoza, Esposito, M., Eymet, V., Fabrizio, N., Fernández, M., Castella, B. Femenía, Figueira, P., Filacchione, G., Fletcher, L., Focardi, M., Fossey, S., Fouqué, P., Frith, J., Galand, M., Gambicorti, L., Gaulme, P., López, R. J. García, Garcia-Piquer, A., Gear, W., Gerard, J. -C., Gesa, L., Giani, E., Gianotti, F., Gillon, M., Giro, E., Giuranna, M., Gomez, H., Gomez-Leal, I., Hernandez, J. Gonzalez, Merino, B. González, Graczyk, R., Grassi, D., Guardia, J., Guio, P., Gustin, J., Hargrave, P., Haigh, J., Hébrard, E., Heiter, U., Heredero, R. L., Herrero, E., Hersant, F., Heyrovsky, D., Hollis, M., Hubert, B., Hueso, R., Israelian, G., Iro, N., Irwin, P., Jacquemoud, S., Jones, G., Jones, H., Justtanont, K., Kehoe, T., Kerschbaum, F., Kerins, E., Kervella, P., Kipping, D., Koskinen, T., Krupp, N., Lahav, O., Laken, B., Lanza, N., Lellouch, E., Leto, G., Goldaracena, J. Licandro, Lithgow-Bertelloni, C., Liu, S. J., Cicero, U. Lo, Lodieu, N., Lognonné, P., Lopez-Puertas, M., Lopez-Valverde, M. A., Rasmussen, I. Lundgaard, Luntzer, A., Machado, P., MacTavish, C., Maggio, A., Maillard, J. -P., Magnes, W., Maldonado, J., Mall, U., Marquette, J. -B., Mauskopf, P., Massi, F., Maurin, A. -S., Medvedev, A., Michaut, C., Miles-Paez, P., Montalto, M., Rodríguez, P. Montañés, Monteiro, M., Montes, D., Morais, H., Morales, J. C., Morales-Calderón, M., Morello, G., Martín, A. Moro, Moses, J., Bedon, A. Moya, Alcaino, F. Murgas, Oliva, E., Orton, G., Palla, F., Pancrazzi, M., Pantin, E., Parmentier, V., Parviainen, H., Ramírez, K. Y. Peña, Peralta, J., Perez-Hoyos, S., Petrov, R., Pezzuto, S., Pietrzak, R., Pilat-Lohinger, E., Piskunov, N., Prinja, R., Prisinzano, L., Polichtchouk, I., Poretti, E., Radioti, A., Ramos, A. A., Rank-Lüftinger, T., Read, P., Readorn, K., López, R. Rebolo, Rebordão, J., Rengel, M., Rezac, L., Rocchetto, M., Rodler, F., Béjar, V. J. Sánchez, Lavega, A. Sanchez, Sanromá, E., Santos, N., Forcada, J. Sanz, Scandariato, G., Schmider, F. -X., Scholz, A., Scuderi, S., Sethenadh, J., Shore, S., Showman, A., Sicardy, B., Sitek, P., Smith, A., Soret, L., Sousa, S., Stiepen, A., Stolarski, M., Strazzulla, G., Tabernero, H. M, Tanga, P., Tecsa, M., Temple, J., Terenzi, L., Tessenyi, M., Testi, L., Thompson, S., Thrastarson, H., Tingley, B. W., Trifoglio, M., Torres, J. Martín, Tozzi, A., Turrini, D., Varley, R., Vakili, F., de Val-Borro, M., Valdivieso, M. L., Venot, O., Villaver, E., Vinatier, S., Viti, S., Waldmann, I., Waltham, D., Ward-Thompson, D., Waters, R., Watkins, C., Watson, D., Wawer, P., Wawrzaszk, A., White, G., Widemann, T., Winek, W., Wiśniowski, T., Yelle, R., Yung, Y., Yurchenko, S. N., Tinetti, Giovanna, Drossart, Pierre, Eccleston, Paul, Hartogh, Paul, Isaak, Kate, Linder, Martin, Lovis, Christophe, Micela, Giusi, Ollivier, Marc, Puig, Ludovic, Ribas, Ignasi, Snellen, Ignas, Allard, Bruce Swinyard. France, Barstow, Joanna, Cho, James, Coustenis, Athena, Cockell, Charles, Correia, Alexandre, Decin, Leen, de Kok, Remco, Deroo, Pieter, Encrenaz, Therese, Forget, Francois, Glasse, Alistair, Griffith, Caitlin, Guillot, Tristan, Koskinen, Tommi, Lammer, Helmut, Leconte, Jeremy, Maxted, Pierre, Mueller-Wodarg, Ingo, Nelson, Richard, North, Chris, Pallé, Enric, Pagano, Isabella, Piccioni, Guseppe, Pinfield, David, Selsis, Franck, Sozzetti, Alessandro, Stixrude, Lars, Tennyson, Jonathan, Turrini, Diego, Beaulieu, Mariarosa Zapatero-Osorio. Jean-Philippe, Grodent, Denis, Guedel, Manuel, Luz, David, Nørgaard-Nielsen, Hans Ulrik, Ray, Tom, Rickman, Hans, Selig, Avri, Banaszkiewicz, Mark Swain. Marek, Barlow, Mike, Bowles, Neil, Branduardi-Raymont, Graziella, Foresto, Vincent Coudé du, Gerard, Jean-Claude, Gizon, Laurent, Hornstrup, Allan, Jarchow, Christopher, Kerschbaum, Franz, Kovacs, Géza, Lagage, Pierre-Olivier, Lim, Tanya, Lopez-Morales, Mercedes, Malaguti, Giuseppe, Pace, Emanuele, Pascale, Enzo, Vandenbussche, Bart, Wright, Gillian, Adriani, Gonzalo Ramos Zapata. Alberto, Azzollini, Ruymán, Balado, Ana, Bryson, Ian, Burston, Raymond, Colomé, Josep, Crook, Martin, Di Giorgio, Anna, Griffin, Matt, Hoogeveen, Ruud, Ottensamer, Roland, Irshad, Ranah, Middleton, Kevin, Morgante, Gianluca, Pinsard, Frederic, Rataj, Mirek, Reess, Jean-Michel, Savini, Giorgio, Schrader, Jan-Rutger, Stamper, Richard, Abe, Berend Winter. L., Abreu, M., Achilleos, N., Ade, P., Adybekian, V., Affer, L., Agnor, C., Agundez, M., Alard, C., Alcala, J., Prieto, C. Allende, Floriano, F. J. Alonso, Altieri, F., Iglesias, C. A. Alvarez, Amado, P., Andersen, A., Aylward, A., Baffa, C., Bakos, G., Ballerini, P., Banaszkiewicz, M., Barber, R. J., Barrado, D., Barton, E. J., Batista, V., Bellucci, G., Avilés, J. A. Belmonte, Berry, D., Bézard, B., Biondi, D., Błęcka, M., Boisse, I., Bonfond, B., Bordé, P., Börner, P., Bouy, H., Brown, L., Buchhave, L., Budaj, J., Bulgarelli, A., Burleigh, M., Cabral, A., Capria, M. T., Cassan, A., Cavarroc, C., Cecchi-Pestellini, C., Cerulli, R., Chadney, J., Chamberlain, S., Charnoz, S., Jessen, N. Christian, Ciaravella, A., Claret, A., Claudi, R., Coates, A., Cole, R., Collura, A., Cordier, D., Covino, E., Danielski, C., Damasso, M., Deeg, H. J., Delgado-Mena, E., Del Vecchio, C., Demangeon, O., De Sio, A., De Wit, J., Dobrijévic, M., Doel, P., Dominic, C., Dorfi, E., Eales, S., Eiroa, C., Contreras, M. Espinoza, Esposito, M., Eymet, V., Fabrizio, N., Fernández, M., Castella, B. Femenía, Figueira, P., Filacchione, G., Fletcher, L., Focardi, M., Fossey, S., Fouqué, P., Frith, J., Galand, M., Gambicorti, L., Gaulme, P., López, R. J. García, Garcia-Piquer, A., Gear, W., Gerard, J. -C., Gesa, L., Giani, E., Gianotti, F., Gillon, M., Giro, E., Giuranna, M., Gomez, H., Gomez-Leal, I., Hernandez, J. Gonzalez, Merino, B. González, Graczyk, R., Grassi, D., Guardia, J., Guio, P., Gustin, J., Hargrave, P., Haigh, J., Hébrard, E., Heiter, U., Heredero, R. L., Herrero, E., Hersant, F., Heyrovsky, D., Hollis, M., Hubert, B., Hueso, R., Israelian, G., Iro, N., Irwin, P., Jacquemoud, S., Jones, G., Jones, H., Justtanont, K., Kehoe, T., Kerschbaum, F., Kerins, E., Kervella, P., Kipping, D., Koskinen, T., Krupp, N., Lahav, O., Laken, B., Lanza, N., Lellouch, E., Leto, G., Goldaracena, J. Licandro, Lithgow-Bertelloni, C., Liu, S. J., Cicero, U. Lo, Lodieu, N., Lognonné, P., Lopez-Puertas, M., Lopez-Valverde, M. A., Rasmussen, I. Lundgaard, Luntzer, A., Machado, P., MacTavish, C., Maggio, A., Maillard, J. -P., Magnes, W., Maldonado, J., Mall, U., Marquette, J. -B., Mauskopf, P., Massi, F., Maurin, A. -S., Medvedev, A., Michaut, C., Miles-Paez, P., Montalto, M., Rodríguez, P. Montañés, Monteiro, M., Montes, D., Morais, H., Morales, J. C., Morales-Calderón, M., Morello, G., Martín, A. Moro, Moses, J., Bedon, A. Moya, Alcaino, F. Murgas, Oliva, E., Orton, G., Palla, F., Pancrazzi, M., Pantin, E., Parmentier, V., Parviainen, H., Ramírez, K. Y. Peña, Peralta, J., Perez-Hoyos, S., Petrov, R., Pezzuto, S., Pietrzak, R., Pilat-Lohinger, E., Piskunov, N., Prinja, R., Prisinzano, L., Polichtchouk, I., Poretti, E., Radioti, A., Ramos, A. A., Rank-Lüftinger, T., Read, P., Readorn, K., López, R. Rebolo, Rebordão, J., Rengel, M., Rezac, L., Rocchetto, M., Rodler, F., Béjar, V. J. Sánchez, Lavega, A. Sanchez, Sanromá, E., Santos, N., Forcada, J. Sanz, Scandariato, G., Schmider, F. -X., Scholz, A., Scuderi, S., Sethenadh, J., Shore, S., Showman, A., Sicardy, B., Sitek, P., Smith, A., Soret, L., Sousa, S., Stiepen, A., Stolarski, M., Strazzulla, G., Tabernero, H. M, Tanga, P., Tecsa, M., Temple, J., Terenzi, L., Tessenyi, M., Testi, L., Thompson, S., Thrastarson, H., Tingley, B. W., Trifoglio, M., Torres, J. Martín, Tozzi, A., Turrini, D., Varley, R., Vakili, F., de Val-Borro, M., Valdivieso, M. L., Venot, O., Villaver, E., Vinatier, S., Viti, S., Waldmann, I., Waltham, D., Ward-Thompson, D., Waters, R., Watkins, C., Watson, D., Wawer, P., Wawrzaszk, A., White, G., Widemann, T., Winek, W., Wiśniowski, T., Yelle, R., Yung, Y., and Yurchenko, S. N.
Abstract: The discovery of almost 2000 exoplanets has revealed an unexpectedly diverse planet population. Observations to date have shown that our Solar System is certainly not representative of the general population of planets in our Milky Way. The key science questions that urgently need addressing are therefore: What are exoplanets made of? Why are planets as they are? What causes the exceptional diversity observed as compared to the Solar System? EChO (Exoplanet Characterisation Observatory) has been designed as a dedicated survey mission for transit and eclipse spectroscopy capable of observing a large and diverse planet sample within its four-year mission lifetime. EChO can target the atmospheres of super-Earths, Neptune-like, and Jupiter-like planets, in the very hot to temperate zones (planet temperatures of 300K-3000K) of F to M-type host stars. Over the next ten years, several new ground- and space-based transit surveys will come on-line (e.g. NGTS, CHEOPS, TESS, PLATO), which will specifically focus on finding bright, nearby systems. The current rapid rate of discovery would allow the target list to be further optimised in the years prior to EChO's launch and enable the atmospheric characterisation of hundreds of planets. Placing the satellite at L2 provides a cold and stable thermal environment, as well as a large field of regard to allow efficient time-critical observation of targets randomly distributed over the sky. A 1m class telescope is sufficiently large to achieve the necessary spectro-photometric precision. The spectral coverage (0.5-11 micron, goal 16 micron) and SNR to be achieved by EChO, thanks to its high stability and dedicated design, would enable a very accurate measurement of the atmospheric composition and structure of hundreds of exoplanets., Comment: 50 pages, 30 figures. Experimental Astronomy
Published: 2015
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25. The EChO science case

Author: Tinetti, Giovanna, Drossart, Pierre, Eccleston, Paul, Hartogh, Paul, Isaak, Kate, Linder, Martin, Lovis, Christophe, Micela, Giusi, Ollivier, Marc, Puig, Ludovic, Ribas, Ignasi, Snellen, Ignas, Swinyard, Bruce, Allard, France, Barstow, Joanna, Cho, James, Coustenis, Athena, Cockell, Charles, Correia, Alexandre, Decin, Leen, de Kok, Remco, Deroo, Pieter, Encrenaz, Therese, Forget, Francois, Glasse, Alistair, Griffith, Caitlin, Guillot, Tristan, Koskinen, Tommi, Lammer, Helmut, Leconte, Jeremy, Maxted, Pierre, Mueller-Wodarg, Ingo, Nelson, Richard, North, Chris, Palle, Enric, Pagano, Isabella, Piccioni, Guseppe, Pinfield, David, Selsis, Franck, Sozzetti, Alessandro, Stixrude, Lars, Tennyson, Jonathan, Turrini, Diego, Zapatero-Osorio, Mariarosa, Beaulieu, Jean-Philippe, Grodent, Denis, Guedel, Manuel, Luz, David, Norgaard-Nielsen, Hans Ulrik, Ray, Tom, Rickman, Hans, Selig, Avri, Swain, Mark, Banaszkiewicz, Marek, Barlow, Mike, Bowles, Neil, Branduardi-Raymont, Graziella, du Foresto, Vincent Coude, Gerard, Jean-Claude, Gizon, Laurent, Hornstrup, Allan, Jarchow, Christopher, Kerschbaum, Franz, Kovacs, Geza, Lagage, Pierre-Olivier, Lim, Tanya, Lopez-Morales, Mercedes, Malaguti, Giuseppe, Pace, Emanuele, Pascale, Enzo, Vandenbussche, Bart, Wright, Gillian, Ramos Zapata, Gonzalo, Adriani, Alberto, Azzollini, Ruyman, Balado, Ana, Bryson, Ian, Burston, Raymond, Colome, Josep, Crook, Martin, Di Giorgio, Anna, Griffin, Matt, Hoogeveen, Ruud, Ottensamer, Roland, Irshad, Ranah, Middleton, Kevin, Morgante, Gianluca, Pinsard, Frederic, Rataj, Mirek, Reess, Jean-Michel, Savini, Giorgio, Schrader, Jan-Rutger, Stamper, Richard, Winter, Berend, Abe, L., Abreu, M., Achilleos, N., Ade, P., Adybekian, V., Affer, L., Agnor, C., Agundez, M., Alard, C., Alcala, J., Allende Prieto, C., Alonso Floriano, F. J., Altieri, F., Alvarez Iglesias, C. A., Amado, P., Andersen, A., Aylward, A., Baffa, C., Bakos, G., Ballerini, P., Banaszkiewicz, M., Barber, R. J., Barrado, D., Barton, E. J., Batista, V., Bellucci, G., Belmonte Aviles, J. A., Berry, D., Bezard, B., Biondi, D., Blecka, M., Boisse, I., Bonfond, B., Borde, P., Boerner, P., Bouy, H., Brown, L., Buchhave, L., Budaj, J., Bulgarelli, A., Burleigh, M., Cabral, A., Capria, M. T., Cassan, A., Cavarroc, C., Cecchi-Pestellini, C., Cerulli, R., Chadney, J., Chamberlain, S., Charnoz, S., Jessen, N. Christian, Ciaravella, A., Claret, A., Claudi, R., Coates, A., Cole, R., Collura, A., Cordier, D., Covino, E., Danielski, C., Damasso, M., Deeg, H. J., Delgado-Mena, E., Del Vecchio, C., Demangeon, O., De Sio, A., De Wit, J., Dobrijevic, M., Doel, P., Dominic, C., Dorfi, E., Eales, S., Eiroa, C., Espinoza Contreras, M., Esposito, M., Eymet, V., Fabrizio, N., Fernandez, M., Femena Castella, B., Figueira, P., Filacchione, G., Fletcher, L., Focardi, M., Fossey, S., Fouque, P., Frith, J., Galand, M., Gambicorti, L., Gaulme, P., Garcia Lopez, R. J., Garcia-Piquer, A., Gear, W., Gerard, J. -C, Gesa, L., Giani, E., Gianotti, F., Gillon, M., Giro, E., Giuranna, M., Gomez, H., Gomez-Leal, I., Gonzalez Hernandez, J., Gonzalez Merino, B., Graczyk, R., Grassi, D., Guardia, J., Guio, P., Gustin, J., Hargrave, P., Haigh, J., Hebrard, E., Heiter, Ulrike, Heredero, R. L., Herrero, E., Hersant, F., Heyrovsky, D., Hollis, M., Hubert, B., Hueso, R., Israelian, G., Iro, N., Irwin, P., Jacquemoud, S., Jones, G., Jones, H., Justtanont, K., Kehoe, T., Kerschbaum, F., Kerins, E., Kervella, P., Kipping, D., Koskinen, T., Krupp, N., Lahav, O., Laken, B., Lanza, N., Lellouch, E., Leto, G., Licandro Goldaracena, J., Lithgow-Bertelloni, C., Liu, S. J., Lo Cicero, U., Lodieu, N., Lognonne, P., Lopez-Puertas, M., Lopez-Valverde, M. A., Rasmussen, I. Lundgaard, Luntzer, A., Machado, P., MacTavish, C., Maggio, A., Maillard, J. -P, Magnes, W., Maldonado, J., Mall, U., Marquette, J. -B, Mauskopf, P., Massi, F., Maurin, A. -S, Medvedev, A., Michaut, C., Miles-Paez, P., Montalto, M., Montanes Rodriguez, P., Monteiro, M., Montes, D., Morais, H., Morales, J. C., Morales-Calderon, M., Morello, G., Moro Martin, A., Moses, J., Moya Bedon, A., Murgas Alcaino, F., Oliva, E., Orton, G., Palla, F., Pancrazzi, M., Pantin, E., Parmentier, V., Parviainen, H., Pena Ramirez, K. Y., Peralta, J., Perez-Hoyos, S., Petrov, R., Pezzuto, S., Pietrzak, R., Pilat-Lohinger, E., Piskunov, Nikolai, Prinja, R., Prisinzano, L., Polichtchouk, I., Poretti, E., Radioti, A., Ramos, A. A., Rank-Lueftinger, T., Read, P., Readorn, K., Rebolo Lopez, R., Rebordao, J., Rengel, M., Rezac, L., Rocchetto, M., Rodler, F., Sanchez Bejar, V. J., Lavega, A. Sanchez, Sanroma, E., Santos, N., Sanz Forcada, J., Scandariato, G., Schmider, F. -X, Scholz, A., Scuderi, S., Sethenadh, J., Shore, S., Showman, A., Sicardy, B., Sitek, P., Smith, A., Soret, L., Sousa, S., Stiepen, A., Stolarski, M., Strazzulla, G., Tabernero, H. M., Tanga, P., Tecsa, M., Temple, J., Terenzi, L., Tessenyi, M., Testi, L., Thompson, S., Thrastarson, H., Tingley, B. W., Trifoglio, M., Martin Torres, J., Tozzi, A., Turrini, D., Varley, R., Vakili, F., de Val-Borro, M., Valdivieso, M. L., Venot, O., Villaver, E., Vinatier, S., Viti, S., Waldmann, I., Waltham, D., Ward-Thompson, D., Waters, R., Watkins, C., Watson, D., Wawer, P., Wawrzaszk, A., White, G., Widemann, T., Winek, W., Wisniowski, T., Yelle, R., Yung, Y., Yurchenko, S. N., Tinetti, Giovanna, Drossart, Pierre, Eccleston, Paul, Hartogh, Paul, Isaak, Kate, Linder, Martin, Lovis, Christophe, Micela, Giusi, Ollivier, Marc, Puig, Ludovic, Ribas, Ignasi, Snellen, Ignas, Swinyard, Bruce, Allard, France, Barstow, Joanna, Cho, James, Coustenis, Athena, Cockell, Charles, Correia, Alexandre, Decin, Leen, de Kok, Remco, Deroo, Pieter, Encrenaz, Therese, Forget, Francois, Glasse, Alistair, Griffith, Caitlin, Guillot, Tristan, Koskinen, Tommi, Lammer, Helmut, Leconte, Jeremy, Maxted, Pierre, Mueller-Wodarg, Ingo, Nelson, Richard, North, Chris, Palle, Enric, Pagano, Isabella, Piccioni, Guseppe, Pinfield, David, Selsis, Franck, Sozzetti, Alessandro, Stixrude, Lars, Tennyson, Jonathan, Turrini, Diego, Zapatero-Osorio, Mariarosa, Beaulieu, Jean-Philippe, Grodent, Denis, Guedel, Manuel, Luz, David, Norgaard-Nielsen, Hans Ulrik, Ray, Tom, Rickman, Hans, Selig, Avri, Swain, Mark, Banaszkiewicz, Marek, Barlow, Mike, Bowles, Neil, Branduardi-Raymont, Graziella, du Foresto, Vincent Coude, Gerard, Jean-Claude, Gizon, Laurent, Hornstrup, Allan, Jarchow, Christopher, Kerschbaum, Franz, Kovacs, Geza, Lagage, Pierre-Olivier, Lim, Tanya, Lopez-Morales, Mercedes, Malaguti, Giuseppe, Pace, Emanuele, Pascale, Enzo, Vandenbussche, Bart, Wright, Gillian, Ramos Zapata, Gonzalo, Adriani, Alberto, Azzollini, Ruyman, Balado, Ana, Bryson, Ian, Burston, Raymond, Colome, Josep, Crook, Martin, Di Giorgio, Anna, Griffin, Matt, Hoogeveen, Ruud, Ottensamer, Roland, Irshad, Ranah, Middleton, Kevin, Morgante, Gianluca, Pinsard, Frederic, Rataj, Mirek, Reess, Jean-Michel, Savini, Giorgio, Schrader, Jan-Rutger, Stamper, Richard, Winter, Berend, Abe, L., Abreu, M., Achilleos, N., Ade, P., Adybekian, V., Affer, L., Agnor, C., Agundez, M., Alard, C., Alcala, J., Allende Prieto, C., Alonso Floriano, F. J., Altieri, F., Alvarez Iglesias, C. A., Amado, P., Andersen, A., Aylward, A., Baffa, C., Bakos, G., Ballerini, P., Banaszkiewicz, M., Barber, R. J., Barrado, D., Barton, E. J., Batista, V., Bellucci, G., Belmonte Aviles, J. A., Berry, D., Bezard, B., Biondi, D., Blecka, M., Boisse, I., Bonfond, B., Borde, P., Boerner, P., Bouy, H., Brown, L., Buchhave, L., Budaj, J., Bulgarelli, A., Burleigh, M., Cabral, A., Capria, M. T., Cassan, A., Cavarroc, C., Cecchi-Pestellini, C., Cerulli, R., Chadney, J., Chamberlain, S., Charnoz, S., Jessen, N. Christian, Ciaravella, A., Claret, A., Claudi, R., Coates, A., Cole, R., Collura, A., Cordier, D., Covino, E., Danielski, C., Damasso, M., Deeg, H. J., Delgado-Mena, E., Del Vecchio, C., Demangeon, O., De Sio, A., De Wit, J., Dobrijevic, M., Doel, P., Dominic, C., Dorfi, E., Eales, S., Eiroa, C., Espinoza Contreras, M., Esposito, M., Eymet, V., Fabrizio, N., Fernandez, M., Femena Castella, B., Figueira, P., Filacchione, G., Fletcher, L., Focardi, M., Fossey, S., Fouque, P., Frith, J., Galand, M., Gambicorti, L., Gaulme, P., Garcia Lopez, R. J., Garcia-Piquer, A., Gear, W., Gerard, J. -C, Gesa, L., Giani, E., Gianotti, F., Gillon, M., Giro, E., Giuranna, M., Gomez, H., Gomez-Leal, I., Gonzalez Hernandez, J., Gonzalez Merino, B., Graczyk, R., Grassi, D., Guardia, J., Guio, P., Gustin, J., Hargrave, P., Haigh, J., Hebrard, E., Heiter, Ulrike, Heredero, R. L., Herrero, E., Hersant, F., Heyrovsky, D., Hollis, M., Hubert, B., Hueso, R., Israelian, G., Iro, N., Irwin, P., Jacquemoud, S., Jones, G., Jones, H., Justtanont, K., Kehoe, T., Kerschbaum, F., Kerins, E., Kervella, P., Kipping, D., Koskinen, T., Krupp, N., Lahav, O., Laken, B., Lanza, N., Lellouch, E., Leto, G., Licandro Goldaracena, J., Lithgow-Bertelloni, C., Liu, S. J., Lo Cicero, U., Lodieu, N., Lognonne, P., Lopez-Puertas, M., Lopez-Valverde, M. A., Rasmussen, I. Lundgaard, Luntzer, A., Machado, P., MacTavish, C., Maggio, A., Maillard, J. -P, Magnes, W., Maldonado, J., Mall, U., Marquette, J. -B, Mauskopf, P., Massi, F., Maurin, A. -S, Medvedev, A., Michaut, C., Miles-Paez, P., Montalto, M., Montanes Rodriguez, P., Monteiro, M., Montes, D., Morais, H., Morales, J. C., Morales-Calderon, M., Morello, G., Moro Martin, A., Moses, J., Moya Bedon, A., Murgas Alcaino, F., Oliva, E., Orton, G., Palla, F., Pancrazzi, M., Pantin, E., Parmentier, V., Parviainen, H., Pena Ramirez, K. Y., Peralta, J., Perez-Hoyos, S., Petrov, R., Pezzuto, S., Pietrzak, R., Pilat-Lohinger, E., Piskunov, Nikolai, Prinja, R., Prisinzano, L., Polichtchouk, I., Poretti, E., Radioti, A., Ramos, A. A., Rank-Lueftinger, T., Read, P., Readorn, K., Rebolo Lopez, R., Rebordao, J., Rengel, M., Rezac, L., Rocchetto, M., Rodler, F., Sanchez Bejar, V. J., Lavega, A. Sanchez, Sanroma, E., Santos, N., Sanz Forcada, J., Scandariato, G., Schmider, F. -X, Scholz, A., Scuderi, S., Sethenadh, J., Shore, S., Showman, A., Sicardy, B., Sitek, P., Smith, A., Soret, L., Sousa, S., Stiepen, A., Stolarski, M., Strazzulla, G., Tabernero, H. M., Tanga, P., Tecsa, M., Temple, J., Terenzi, L., Tessenyi, M., Testi, L., Thompson, S., Thrastarson, H., Tingley, B. W., Trifoglio, M., Martin Torres, J., Tozzi, A., Turrini, D., Varley, R., Vakili, F., de Val-Borro, M., Valdivieso, M. L., Venot, O., Villaver, E., Vinatier, S., Viti, S., Waldmann, I., Waltham, D., Ward-Thompson, D., Waters, R., Watkins, C., Watson, D., Wawer, P., Wawrzaszk, A., White, G., Widemann, T., Winek, W., Wisniowski, T., Yelle, R., Yung, Y., and Yurchenko, S. N.
Abstract: The discovery of almost two thousand exoplanets has revealed an unexpectedly diverse planet population. We see gas giants in few-day orbits, whole multi-planet systems within the orbit of Mercury, and new populations of planets with masses between that of the Earth and Neptune-all unknown in the Solar System. Observations to date have shown that our Solar System is certainly not representative of the general population of planets in our Milky Way. The key science questions that urgently need addressing are therefore: What are exoplanets made of? Why are planets as they are? How do planetary systems work and what causes the exceptional diversity observed as compared to the Solar System? The EChO (Exoplanet Characterisation Observatory) space mission was conceived to take up the challenge to explain this diversity in terms of formation, evolution, internal structure and planet and atmospheric composition. This requires in-depth spectroscopic knowledge of the atmospheres of a large and well-defined planet sample for which precise physical, chemical and dynamical information can be obtained. In order to fulfil this ambitious scientific program, EChO was designed as a dedicated survey mission for transit and eclipse spectroscopy capable of observing a large, diverse and well-defined planet sample within its 4-year mission lifetime. The transit and eclipse spectroscopy method, whereby the signal from the star and planet are differentiated using knowledge of the planetary ephemerides, allows us to measure atmospheric signals from the planet at levels of at least 10(-4) relative to the star. This can only be achieved in conjunction with a carefully designed stable payload and satellite platform. It is also necessary to provide broad instantaneous wavelength coverage to detect as many molecular species as possible, to probe the thermal structure of the planetary atmospheres and to correct for the contaminating effects of the stellar photosphere. This requires wavelength cove
Published: 2015
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26. La prevenzione della sindrome metabolica in popolazioni del settore terziario. Procedura di intervento ed esperienza sul campo

Author: Messa, A, D'Orso, M, Giani, E, Cavanna, F, Montrasio, P, Assini, R, Cesana, G, Montrasio, PL, D'ORSO, MARCO ITALO, CESANA, GIANCARLO, Messa, A, D'Orso, M, Giani, E, Cavanna, F, Montrasio, P, Assini, R, Cesana, G, Montrasio, PL, D'ORSO, MARCO ITALO, and CESANA, GIANCARLO
Published: 2015

27. The fiber-fed preslit of GIANO at T.N.G

Author: Tozzi, A., Oliva, E., Origlia, L., Baffa, C., Biliotti, V., Falcini, G., Giani, E., Iuzzolino, M., Massi, F., Sanna, N., Scuderi, S., Sozzi, M., Tozzi, A., Oliva, E., Origlia, L., Baffa, C., Biliotti, V., Falcini, G., Giani, E., Iuzzolino, M., Massi, F., Sanna, N., Scuderi, S., and Sozzi, M.
Abstract: Giano is a Cryogenic Spectrograph located in T.N.G. (Spain) and commisioned in 2013. It works in the range 950-2500 nm with a resolving power of 50000. This instrument was designed and built for direct feeding from the telescope [2]. However, due to constraints imposed on the telescope interfacing during the pre-commissioning phase, it had to be positioned on the rotating building, far from the telescope focus. Therefore, a new interface to the telescope, based on IR-transmitting ZBLAN fibers with 85\mu m core, was developed.Originally designed to work directly at the $f/11$ nasmyth focus of the telescope, in 2011 it has decided to use a fiber to feed it. The beam from the telescope is focused on a double fiber boundle by a Preslit Optical Bench attached to the Nasmith A interface of the telescope. This Optical Bench contains the fiber feeding system and other important features as a guiding system, a fiber viewer, a fiber feed calibration lamp and a nodding facility between the two fibers. The use of two fibers allow us to have in the echellogram two spectrograms side by side in the same acquisition: one of the star and the other of the sky or simultaneously to have the star and a calibration lamp. Before entering the cryostat the light from the fiber is collectd by a second Preslit Optical Bench attached directly to the Giano cryostat: on this bench the correct f-number to illuminate the cold stop is generated and on the same bench is placed an image slicer to increase the efficiency of the system., Comment: 21 pages, 24 figures, 3 tables. Presented at SPIE Astronomical Telescope + Instrumentation 2014 (Ground-based and Airbone Instrumentation for Astronomy 5, 9147-360). To be published in Proceeding of SPIE Volume 9147
Published: 2014
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28. The fiber-fed preslit of GIANO at T.N.G

Author: Tozzi, A., Oliva, E., Origlia, L., Baffa, C., Biliotti, V., Falcini, G., Giani, E., Iuzzolino, M., Massi, F., Sanna, N., Scuderi, S., Sozzi, M., Tozzi, A., Oliva, E., Origlia, L., Baffa, C., Biliotti, V., Falcini, G., Giani, E., Iuzzolino, M., Massi, F., Sanna, N., Scuderi, S., and Sozzi, M.
Abstract: Giano is a Cryogenic Spectrograph located in T.N.G. (Spain) and commisioned in 2013. It works in the range 950-2500 nm with a resolving power of 50000. This instrument was designed and built for direct feeding from the telescope [2]. However, due to constraints imposed on the telescope interfacing during the pre-commissioning phase, it had to be positioned on the rotating building, far from the telescope focus. Therefore, a new interface to the telescope, based on IR-transmitting ZBLAN fibers with 85\mu m core, was developed.Originally designed to work directly at the $f/11$ nasmyth focus of the telescope, in 2011 it has decided to use a fiber to feed it. The beam from the telescope is focused on a double fiber boundle by a Preslit Optical Bench attached to the Nasmith A interface of the telescope. This Optical Bench contains the fiber feeding system and other important features as a guiding system, a fiber viewer, a fiber feed calibration lamp and a nodding facility between the two fibers. The use of two fibers allow us to have in the echellogram two spectrograms side by side in the same acquisition: one of the star and the other of the sky or simultaneously to have the star and a calibration lamp. Before entering the cryostat the light from the fiber is collectd by a second Preslit Optical Bench attached directly to the Giano cryostat: on this bench the correct f-number to illuminate the cold stop is generated and on the same bench is placed an image slicer to increase the efficiency of the system., Comment: 21 pages, 24 figures, 3 tables. Presented at SPIE Astronomical Telescope + Instrumentation 2014 (Ground-based and Airbone Instrumentation for Astronomy 5, 9147-360). To be published in Proceeding of SPIE Volume 9147
Published: 2014
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29. Prevenzione e gestione dell'infortunio lavorativo negli atleti professionisti. Specificità ed analogie con le usuali procedure di prevenzione e gestione clinica degli infortuni nel mondo del lavoro

Author: Giani, E, D'Orso, M, Bigoni, M, Acquati, M, Messa, A, Cesana, G, BIGONI, MARCO, D'ORSO, MARCO ITALO, CESANA, GIANCARLO, Giani, E, D'Orso, M, Bigoni, M, Acquati, M, Messa, A, Cesana, G, BIGONI, MARCO, D'ORSO, MARCO ITALO, and CESANA, GIANCARLO
Published: 2014

30. GIANO-TNG spectroscopy of red supergiants in the young star cluster RSGC2

Author: Origlia, L., Oliva, E., Maiolino, R., Mucciarelli, A., Baffa, C., Biliotti, V., Bruno, P., Falcini, G., Gavriousev, V., Ghinassi, F., Giani, E., Gonzalez, M., Leone, F., Lodi, M., Massi, F., Montegriffo, P., Mochi, I., Pedani, M., Rossetti, E., Scuderi, S., Sozzi, M., Tozzi, A., Origlia, L., Oliva, E., Maiolino, R., Mucciarelli, A., Baffa, C., Biliotti, V., Bruno, P., Falcini, G., Gavriousev, V., Ghinassi, F., Giani, E., Gonzalez, M., Leone, F., Lodi, M., Massi, F., Montegriffo, P., Mochi, I., Pedani, M., Rossetti, E., Scuderi, S., Sozzi, M., and Tozzi, A.
Abstract: The inner disk of the Galaxy has a number of young star clusters dominated by red supergiants that are heavily obscured by dust extinction and observable only at infrared wavelengths. These clusters are important tracers of the recent star formation and chemical enrichment history in the inner Galaxy. During the technical commissioning and as a first science verification of the GIANO spectrograph at the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo, we secured high-resolution (R~50,000) near-infrared spectra of three red supergiants in the young Scutum cluster RSGC2. Taking advantage of the full YJHK spectral coverage of GIANO in a single exposure, we were able to identify several tens of atomic and molecular lines suitable for chemical abundance determinations. By means of spectral synthesis and line equivalent width measurements, we obtained abundances of Fe and other iron-peak elements such as V, Cr, Ni, of alpha (O, Mg, Si, Ca and Ti) and other light elements (C, N, Na, Al, K, Sc), and of some s-process elements (Y, Sr). We found iron abundances between half and one third solar and solar-scaled [X/Fe] abundance patterns of iron-peak, alpha and most of the light elements, consistent with a thin-disk chemistry. We found a depletion of [C/Fe] and enhancement of [N/Fe], consistent with CN burning, and low 12C/13C abundance ratios (between 9 and 11), requiring extra-mixing processes in the stellar interiors during the post-main sequence evolution. Finally, we found a slight [Sr/Fe] enhancement and a slight [Y/Fe] depletion (by a factor of <=2), with respect to solar., Comment: Paper accepted on A&A
Published: 2013
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31. A GIANO-TNG high resolution IR spectrum of the airglow emission

Author: Oliva, E., Origlia, L., Maiolino, R., Baffa, C., Biliotti, V., Bruno, P., Falcini, G., Gavriousev, V., Ghinassi, F., Giani, E., Gonzalez, M., Leone, F., Lodi, M., Massi, F., Montegriffo, P., Mochi, I., Pedani, M., Rossetti, E., Scuderi, S., Sozzi, M., Tozzi, A., Valenti, E., Oliva, E., Origlia, L., Maiolino, R., Baffa, C., Biliotti, V., Bruno, P., Falcini, G., Gavriousev, V., Ghinassi, F., Giani, E., Gonzalez, M., Leone, F., Lodi, M., Massi, F., Montegriffo, P., Mochi, I., Pedani, M., Rossetti, E., Scuderi, S., Sozzi, M., Tozzi, A., and Valenti, E.
Abstract: A flux-calibrated high resolution spectrum of the airglow emission is a practical lambda-calibration reference for astronomical spectral observations. It is also useful for constraining the molecular parameters of the OH molecule and the physical conditions in the upper mesosphere. methods: We use the data collected during the first technical commissioning of the GIANO spectrograph at the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG). The high resolution (R~50,000) spectrum simultaneously covers the 0.95-2.4 micron wavelength range. Relative flux calibration is achieved by the simultaneous observation of spectrophotometric standard star. results: We derive a list of improved positions and intensities of OH infrared lines. The list includes Lambda-split doublets many of which are spectrally resolved. Compared to previous works, the new results correct errors in the wavelengths of the Q-branch transitions. The relative fluxes of OH lines from different vibrational bands show remarkable deviations from theoretical predictions: the Deltav=3,4 lines are a factor of 2 and 4 brighter than expected. We also find evidence of a significant fraction (1-4%) of OH molecules with ``non-thermal'' population of high-J levels. Finally we list wavelengths and fluxes of 153 lines not attributable to OH. Most of these can be associated to O2, while 37 lines in the H band are not identified. The O2 and unidentified lines in the H band account for ~5% of the total airglow flux in this band., Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures, to be published in Astronomy & Astrophysics
Published: 2013
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32. GIANO-TNG spectroscopy of red supergiants in the young star cluster RSGC2

Author: Origlia, L., Oliva, E., Maiolino, R., Mucciarelli, A., Baffa, C., Biliotti, V., Bruno, P., Falcini, G., Gavriousev, V., Ghinassi, F., Giani, E., Gonzalez, M., Leone, F., Lodi, M., Massi, F., Montegriffo, P., Mochi, I., Pedani, M., Rossetti, E., Scuderi, S., Sozzi, M., Tozzi, A., Origlia, L., Oliva, E., Maiolino, R., Mucciarelli, A., Baffa, C., Biliotti, V., Bruno, P., Falcini, G., Gavriousev, V., Ghinassi, F., Giani, E., Gonzalez, M., Leone, F., Lodi, M., Massi, F., Montegriffo, P., Mochi, I., Pedani, M., Rossetti, E., Scuderi, S., Sozzi, M., and Tozzi, A.
Abstract: The inner disk of the Galaxy has a number of young star clusters dominated by red supergiants that are heavily obscured by dust extinction and observable only at infrared wavelengths. These clusters are important tracers of the recent star formation and chemical enrichment history in the inner Galaxy. During the technical commissioning and as a first science verification of the GIANO spectrograph at the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo, we secured high-resolution (R~50,000) near-infrared spectra of three red supergiants in the young Scutum cluster RSGC2. Taking advantage of the full YJHK spectral coverage of GIANO in a single exposure, we were able to identify several tens of atomic and molecular lines suitable for chemical abundance determinations. By means of spectral synthesis and line equivalent width measurements, we obtained abundances of Fe and other iron-peak elements such as V, Cr, Ni, of alpha (O, Mg, Si, Ca and Ti) and other light elements (C, N, Na, Al, K, Sc), and of some s-process elements (Y, Sr). We found iron abundances between half and one third solar and solar-scaled [X/Fe] abundance patterns of iron-peak, alpha and most of the light elements, consistent with a thin-disk chemistry. We found a depletion of [C/Fe] and enhancement of [N/Fe], consistent with CN burning, and low 12C/13C abundance ratios (between 9 and 11), requiring extra-mixing processes in the stellar interiors during the post-main sequence evolution. Finally, we found a slight [Sr/Fe] enhancement and a slight [Y/Fe] depletion (by a factor of <=2), with respect to solar., Comment: Paper accepted on A&A
Published: 2013
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33. A GIANO-TNG high resolution IR spectrum of the airglow emission

Author: Oliva, E., Origlia, L., Maiolino, R., Baffa, C., Biliotti, V., Bruno, P., Falcini, G., Gavriousev, V., Ghinassi, F., Giani, E., Gonzalez, M., Leone, F., Lodi, M., Massi, F., Montegriffo, P., Mochi, I., Pedani, M., Rossetti, E., Scuderi, S., Sozzi, M., Tozzi, A., Valenti, E., Oliva, E., Origlia, L., Maiolino, R., Baffa, C., Biliotti, V., Bruno, P., Falcini, G., Gavriousev, V., Ghinassi, F., Giani, E., Gonzalez, M., Leone, F., Lodi, M., Massi, F., Montegriffo, P., Mochi, I., Pedani, M., Rossetti, E., Scuderi, S., Sozzi, M., Tozzi, A., and Valenti, E.
Abstract: A flux-calibrated high resolution spectrum of the airglow emission is a practical lambda-calibration reference for astronomical spectral observations. It is also useful for constraining the molecular parameters of the OH molecule and the physical conditions in the upper mesosphere. methods: We use the data collected during the first technical commissioning of the GIANO spectrograph at the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG). The high resolution (R~50,000) spectrum simultaneously covers the 0.95-2.4 micron wavelength range. Relative flux calibration is achieved by the simultaneous observation of spectrophotometric standard star. results: We derive a list of improved positions and intensities of OH infrared lines. The list includes Lambda-split doublets many of which are spectrally resolved. Compared to previous works, the new results correct errors in the wavelengths of the Q-branch transitions. The relative fluxes of OH lines from different vibrational bands show remarkable deviations from theoretical predictions: the Deltav=3,4 lines are a factor of 2 and 4 brighter than expected. We also find evidence of a significant fraction (1-4%) of OH molecules with ``non-thermal'' population of high-J levels. Finally we list wavelengths and fluxes of 153 lines not attributable to OH. Most of these can be associated to O2, while 37 lines in the H band are not identified. The O2 and unidentified lines in the H band account for ~5% of the total airglow flux in this band., Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures, to be published in Astronomy & Astrophysics
Published: 2013
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34. La sindrome metabolica nel settore terziario. Problematiche diagnostiche ed interventi preventivi

Author: Giani, E, Montrasio, P, D'Orso, M, Cavanna, F, Fabretto, P, Vanerio, R, Cardamone, U, D'Allio, G, Meregalli, A, Cesana, G, Montrasio, PL, D'ORSO, MARCO ITALO, CESANA, GIANCARLO, Giani, E, Montrasio, P, D'Orso, M, Cavanna, F, Fabretto, P, Vanerio, R, Cardamone, U, D'Allio, G, Meregalli, A, Cesana, G, Montrasio, PL, D'ORSO, MARCO ITALO, and CESANA, GIANCARLO
Published: 2011

35. La mensa aziendale come contributo per una piu’ sana alimentazione dei lavoratori. Proposta e realizzazione di un nuovo approccio alimentare in contesto lavorativo

Author: Giani, E, D'Orso, M, Cipolla, M, Mentasti, A, Cesana, G, D'ORSO, MARCO ITALO, CESANA, GIANCARLO, Giani, E, D'Orso, M, Cipolla, M, Mentasti, A, Cesana, G, D'ORSO, MARCO ITALO, and CESANA, GIANCARLO
Published: 2010

36. Direct constraint on the distance of y2 Velorum from AMBER/VLTI observations

Author: Millour, F., Petrov, R. G., Chesneau, O., Bonneau, D., Dessart, L., Bechet, C., Tallon-Bosc, I., Tallon, M., Thiébaut, E., Vakili, F., Malbet, F., Mourard, D., Zins, G., Roussel, A., Robbe-Dubois, S., Puget, P., Perraut, K., Lisi, F., Coarer, E. Le, Lagarde, S., Kern, P., Glück, L., Duvert, G., Chelli, A., Bresson, Y., Beckmann, U., Antonelli, P., Weigelt, G., Ventura, N., Vannier, M., Valtier, J. -C., Testi, L., Tatulli, E., Tasso, D., Stefanini, P., Stee, P., Solscheid, W., Schertl, D., Salinari, P., Sacchettini, M., Richichi, A., Reynaud, F., Rebattu, S., Rabbia, Y., Preibisch, T., Perrier, C., Pacini, F., Ohnaka, K., Nussbaum, E., Mouillet, D., Monin, J. -L., Mège, P., Mathias, P., Martinot-Lagarde, G., Mars, G., Marconi, A., Magnard, Y., Lopez, B., Contel, D. Le, Contel, J. -M. Le, Kraus, S., Kamm, D., Hofmann, K. -H., Utrera, O. Hernandez, Heininger, M., Heiden, M., Gil, C., Giani, E., Glentzlin, A., Gennari, S., Gallardo, A., Fraix-Burnet, D., Foy, R., Fossat, E., Forveille, T., Ferruzzi, D., Feautrier, P., Dugué, M., Driebe, T., De Souza, A. Domiciano, Delboulbé, A., Connot, C., Colin, J., Clausse, J. -M., Cassaing, F., Busoni, S., Bonhomme, S., Blöcker, T., Behrend, J., Baffa, C., Aristidi, E., Arezki, B., Agabi, K., Acke, B., Accardo, M., Kiekebusch, M., Rantakyrö, F., Schoeller, Markus, Millour, F., Petrov, R. G., Chesneau, O., Bonneau, D., Dessart, L., Bechet, C., Tallon-Bosc, I., Tallon, M., Thiébaut, E., Vakili, F., Malbet, F., Mourard, D., Zins, G., Roussel, A., Robbe-Dubois, S., Puget, P., Perraut, K., Lisi, F., Coarer, E. Le, Lagarde, S., Kern, P., Glück, L., Duvert, G., Chelli, A., Bresson, Y., Beckmann, U., Antonelli, P., Weigelt, G., Ventura, N., Vannier, M., Valtier, J. -C., Testi, L., Tatulli, E., Tasso, D., Stefanini, P., Stee, P., Solscheid, W., Schertl, D., Salinari, P., Sacchettini, M., Richichi, A., Reynaud, F., Rebattu, S., Rabbia, Y., Preibisch, T., Perrier, C., Pacini, F., Ohnaka, K., Nussbaum, E., Mouillet, D., Monin, J. -L., Mège, P., Mathias, P., Martinot-Lagarde, G., Mars, G., Marconi, A., Magnard, Y., Lopez, B., Contel, D. Le, Contel, J. -M. Le, Kraus, S., Kamm, D., Hofmann, K. -H., Utrera, O. Hernandez, Heininger, M., Heiden, M., Gil, C., Giani, E., Glentzlin, A., Gennari, S., Gallardo, A., Fraix-Burnet, D., Foy, R., Fossat, E., Forveille, T., Ferruzzi, D., Feautrier, P., Dugué, M., Driebe, T., De Souza, A. Domiciano, Delboulbé, A., Connot, C., Colin, J., Clausse, J. -M., Cassaing, F., Busoni, S., Bonhomme, S., Blöcker, T., Behrend, J., Baffa, C., Aristidi, E., Arezki, B., Agabi, K., Acke, B., Accardo, M., Kiekebusch, M., Rantakyrö, F., and Schoeller, Markus
Abstract: In this work, we present the first AMBER observations, of the Wolf-Rayet and O (WR+O) star binary system y2 Velorum. The AMBER instrument was used with the telescopes UT2, UT3, and UT4 on baselines ranging from 46m to 85m. It delivered spectrally dispersed visibilities, as well as differential and closure phases, with a resolution R = 1500 in the spectral band 1.95-2.17 micron. We interpret these data in the context of a binary system with unresolved components, neglecting in a first approximation the wind-wind collision zone flux contribution. We show that the AMBER observables result primarily from the contribution of the individual components of the WR+O binary system. We discuss several interpretations of the residuals, and speculate on the detection of an additional continuum component, originating from the free-free emission associated with the wind-wind collision zone (WWCZ), and contributing at most to the observed K-band flux at the 5% level. The expected absolute separation and position angle at the time of observations were 5.1±0.9mas and 66±15° respectively. However, we infer a separation of 3.62+0.11-0.30 mas and a position angle of 73+9-11°. Our analysis thus implies that the binary system lies at a distance of 368+38-13 pc, in agreement with recent spectrophotometric estimates, but significantly larger than the Hipparcos value of 258+41-31 pc.
Published: 2006
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37. Direct constraint on the distance of y2 Velorum from AMBER/VLTI observations

Author: Millour, F., Petrov, R. G., Chesneau, O., Bonneau, D., Dessart, L., Bechet, C., Tallon-Bosc, I., Tallon, M., Thiébaut, E., Vakili, F., Malbet, F., Mourard, D., Zins, G., Roussel, A., Robbe-Dubois, S., Puget, P., Perraut, K., Lisi, F., Coarer, E. Le, Lagarde, S., Kern, P., Glück, L., Duvert, G., Chelli, A., Bresson, Y., Beckmann, U., Antonelli, P., Weigelt, G., Ventura, N., Vannier, M., Valtier, J. -C., Testi, L., Tatulli, E., Tasso, D., Stefanini, P., Stee, P., Solscheid, W., Schertl, D., Salinari, P., Sacchettini, M., Richichi, A., Reynaud, F., Rebattu, S., Rabbia, Y., Preibisch, T., Perrier, C., Pacini, F., Ohnaka, K., Nussbaum, E., Mouillet, D., Monin, J. -L., Mège, P., Mathias, P., Martinot-Lagarde, G., Mars, G., Marconi, A., Magnard, Y., Lopez, B., Contel, D. Le, Contel, J. -M. Le, Kraus, S., Kamm, D., Hofmann, K. -H., Utrera, O. Hernandez, Heininger, M., Heiden, M., Gil, C., Giani, E., Glentzlin, A., Gennari, S., Gallardo, A., Fraix-Burnet, D., Foy, R., Fossat, E., Forveille, T., Ferruzzi, D., Feautrier, P., Dugué, M., Driebe, T., De Souza, A. Domiciano, Delboulbé, A., Connot, C., Colin, J., Clausse, J. -M., Cassaing, F., Busoni, S., Bonhomme, S., Blöcker, T., Behrend, J., Baffa, C., Aristidi, E., Arezki, B., Agabi, K., Acke, B., Accardo, M., Kiekebusch, M., Rantakyrö, F., Schoeller, Markus, Millour, F., Petrov, R. G., Chesneau, O., Bonneau, D., Dessart, L., Bechet, C., Tallon-Bosc, I., Tallon, M., Thiébaut, E., Vakili, F., Malbet, F., Mourard, D., Zins, G., Roussel, A., Robbe-Dubois, S., Puget, P., Perraut, K., Lisi, F., Coarer, E. Le, Lagarde, S., Kern, P., Glück, L., Duvert, G., Chelli, A., Bresson, Y., Beckmann, U., Antonelli, P., Weigelt, G., Ventura, N., Vannier, M., Valtier, J. -C., Testi, L., Tatulli, E., Tasso, D., Stefanini, P., Stee, P., Solscheid, W., Schertl, D., Salinari, P., Sacchettini, M., Richichi, A., Reynaud, F., Rebattu, S., Rabbia, Y., Preibisch, T., Perrier, C., Pacini, F., Ohnaka, K., Nussbaum, E., Mouillet, D., Monin, J. -L., Mège, P., Mathias, P., Martinot-Lagarde, G., Mars, G., Marconi, A., Magnard, Y., Lopez, B., Contel, D. Le, Contel, J. -M. Le, Kraus, S., Kamm, D., Hofmann, K. -H., Utrera, O. Hernandez, Heininger, M., Heiden, M., Gil, C., Giani, E., Glentzlin, A., Gennari, S., Gallardo, A., Fraix-Burnet, D., Foy, R., Fossat, E., Forveille, T., Ferruzzi, D., Feautrier, P., Dugué, M., Driebe, T., De Souza, A. Domiciano, Delboulbé, A., Connot, C., Colin, J., Clausse, J. -M., Cassaing, F., Busoni, S., Bonhomme, S., Blöcker, T., Behrend, J., Baffa, C., Aristidi, E., Arezki, B., Agabi, K., Acke, B., Accardo, M., Kiekebusch, M., Rantakyrö, F., and Schoeller, Markus
Abstract: In this work, we present the first AMBER observations, of the Wolf-Rayet and O (WR+O) star binary system y2 Velorum. The AMBER instrument was used with the telescopes UT2, UT3, and UT4 on baselines ranging from 46m to 85m. It delivered spectrally dispersed visibilities, as well as differential and closure phases, with a resolution R = 1500 in the spectral band 1.95-2.17 micron. We interpret these data in the context of a binary system with unresolved components, neglecting in a first approximation the wind-wind collision zone flux contribution. We show that the AMBER observables result primarily from the contribution of the individual components of the WR+O binary system. We discuss several interpretations of the residuals, and speculate on the detection of an additional continuum component, originating from the free-free emission associated with the wind-wind collision zone (WWCZ), and contributing at most to the observed K-band flux at the 5% level. The expected absolute separation and position angle at the time of observations were 5.1±0.9mas and 66±15° respectively. However, we infer a separation of 3.62+0.11-0.30 mas and a position angle of 73+9-11°. Our analysis thus implies that the binary system lies at a distance of 368+38-13 pc, in agreement with recent spectrophotometric estimates, but significantly larger than the Hipparcos value of 258+41-31 pc.
Published: 2006
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38. Biodegradable polymers from renewable sources : Rheological characterization of hemicellulose-based hydrogels

Author: Lindblad, M. S., Albertsson, Ann-Christine, Ranucci, E., Laus, M., Giani, E., Lindblad, M. S., Albertsson, Ann-Christine, Ranucci, E., Laus, M., and Giani, E.
Abstract: Hemicellulose-based hydrogels were prepared by radical polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate or poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate with oligomeric hydrosoluble hemicellulose modified with well-defined amounts of methacrylic functions. The polymerization reaction was carried out in water at 40 degrees C using a redox initiator system. The hydrogels were in general elastic, soft, and easily swellable in water. Their viscoelastic properties were determined by oscillatory shear measurements on 2 mm thick hydrogels under a slight compression to avoid slip, over the frequency range 10(-1) to 10(2). The rheological characterization indicated that the elastic response of the hydrogels was stronger than the viscous response, leading to the conclusion that the hydrogel systems displayed a predominantly solidlike behavior. The curves showed an increase in shear storage modulus with increasing cross-linking density. The nature of the synthetic comonomer in the hemicellulose-based hydrogels also influenced the shear storage modulus. Comparison of hemicellulose-based hydrogels with pure poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogels showed that their behaviors were rather similar, demonstrating that the synthetic procedure made it possible to prepare hemicellulose-based hydrogels with properties similar to those of pure poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogels., QC 20100525
Published: 2005
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39. The Skysoft Project

Author: Baffa, C., Giani, E., Checcucci, A., Baffa, C., Giani, E., and Checcucci, A.
Abstract: We present the Skysoft project (http://www.skysoft.org). Skysoft is a YAASD (Yet Another Astronomical Software Directory), but with a different overall approach. To be useful, Skysoft needs to be a long-lived project, setting little pressure for maintenance, imposing a very low nuisance level to the developers community, and requiring a low maintenance cost. Our aim is to design Skysoft as a community-supported directory, to which everyone can contribute, both developers and end-users., Comment: 4 pages, Presented at XIII ADASS conference, Strasbourg, 2003, adass style included
Published: 2003

40. The Skysoft Project

Author: Baffa, C., Giani, E., Checcucci, A., Baffa, C., Giani, E., and Checcucci, A.
Abstract: We present the Skysoft project (http://www.skysoft.org). Skysoft is a YAASD (Yet Another Astronomical Software Directory), but with a different overall approach. To be useful, Skysoft needs to be a long-lived project, setting little pressure for maintenance, imposing a very low nuisance level to the developers community, and requiring a low maintenance cost. Our aim is to design Skysoft as a community-supported directory, to which everyone can contribute, both developers and end-users., Comment: 4 pages, Presented at XIII ADASS conference, Strasbourg, 2003, adass style included
Published: 2003

41. The TNG Near Infrared Camera Spectrometer

Author: Baffa, C., Comoretto, G., Gennari, S., Lisi, F., Oliva, E., Biliotti, V., Checcucci, A., Gavrioussev, V., Giani, E., Ghinassi, F., Hunt, L. K., Maiolino, R., Mannuci, F., Marcucci, G., Sozzi, M., Stefanini, P., Testi, L., Baffa, C., Comoretto, G., Gennari, S., Lisi, F., Oliva, E., Biliotti, V., Checcucci, A., Gavrioussev, V., Giani, E., Ghinassi, F., Hunt, L. K., Maiolino, R., Mannuci, F., Marcucci, G., Sozzi, M., Stefanini, P., and Testi, L.
Abstract: NICS (acronym for Near Infrared Camera Spectrometer) is the near-infrared cooled camera-spectrometer that has been developed by the Arcetri Infrared Group at the Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory, in collaboration with the CAISMI-CNR for the TNG (the Italian National Telescope Galileo at La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain). As NICS is in its scientific commissioning phase, we report its observing capabilities in the near-infrared bands at the TNG, along with the measured performance and the limiting magnitudes. We also describe some technical details of the project, such as cryogenics, mechanics, and the system which executes data acquisition and control, along with the related software., Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, compiled with A&A macros. A&A in press
Published: 2001
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42. NICS-TNG infrared spectroscopy of NGC1068: the first extragalactic measurement of [PII] and a new tool to constrain the origin of [FeII] line emission in galaxies

Author: Oliva, E., Marconi, A., Maiolino, R., Testi, L., Mannucci, F., Ghinassi, F., Licandro, J., Origlia, L., Baffa, C., Checcucci, A., Comoretto, G., Gavryussev, V., Gennari, S., Giani, E., Hunt, L. K., Lisi, F., Lorenzetti, D., Marcucci, G., Miglietta, L., Sozzi, M., Stefanini, P., Vitali, F., Oliva, E., Marconi, A., Maiolino, R., Testi, L., Mannucci, F., Ghinassi, F., Licandro, J., Origlia, L., Baffa, C., Checcucci, A., Comoretto, G., Gavryussev, V., Gennari, S., Giani, E., Hunt, L. K., Lisi, F., Lorenzetti, D., Marcucci, G., Miglietta, L., Sozzi, M., Stefanini, P., and Vitali, F.
Abstract: We report 0.9-1.4 micron spectroscopic observations of NGC1068 collected during the commissioning phase of the near infrared camera spectrometer (NICS) of the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG). These yielded the first extragalactic measurement of [PII] (1.188 micron) line emission. In the central 0.75"x2" the [FeII]/[PII] line-intensity ratio is close to unity, similar to that measured in the Orion bar and a factor of about 20 smaller than in supernova remnants. This indicates that most of iron is locked into grains and, therefore, argues against shock excitation being the primary origin of [FeII] line emission in the central regions of NGC1068. We propose the [FeII]/[PII] ratio as a simple and effective tool to study and perhaps resolve the long debated questions related to the origin of [FeII] line emission and, more generally, to constrain the role of shock excitation in active galaxies., Comment: 4 pages, accepted for publication in A&A
Published: 2001
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43. The TNG Near Infrared Camera Spectrometer

Author: Baffa, C., Comoretto, G., Gennari, S., Lisi, F., Oliva, E., Biliotti, V., Checcucci, A., Gavrioussev, V., Giani, E., Ghinassi, F., Hunt, L. K., Maiolino, R., Mannuci, F., Marcucci, G., Sozzi, M., Stefanini, P., Testi, L., Baffa, C., Comoretto, G., Gennari, S., Lisi, F., Oliva, E., Biliotti, V., Checcucci, A., Gavrioussev, V., Giani, E., Ghinassi, F., Hunt, L. K., Maiolino, R., Mannuci, F., Marcucci, G., Sozzi, M., Stefanini, P., and Testi, L.
Abstract: NICS (acronym for Near Infrared Camera Spectrometer) is the near-infrared cooled camera-spectrometer that has been developed by the Arcetri Infrared Group at the Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory, in collaboration with the CAISMI-CNR for the TNG (the Italian National Telescope Galileo at La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain). As NICS is in its scientific commissioning phase, we report its observing capabilities in the near-infrared bands at the TNG, along with the measured performance and the limiting magnitudes. We also describe some technical details of the project, such as cryogenics, mechanics, and the system which executes data acquisition and control, along with the related software., Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, compiled with A&A macros. A&A in press
Published: 2001
Full Text: View/download PDF

44. NICS-TNG infrared spectroscopy of NGC1068: the first extragalactic measurement of [PII] and a new tool to constrain the origin of [FeII] line emission in galaxies

Author: Oliva, E., Marconi, A., Maiolino, R., Testi, L., Mannucci, F., Ghinassi, F., Licandro, J., Origlia, L., Baffa, C., Checcucci, A., Comoretto, G., Gavryussev, V., Gennari, S., Giani, E., Hunt, L. K., Lisi, F., Lorenzetti, D., Marcucci, G., Miglietta, L., Sozzi, M., Stefanini, P., Vitali, F., Oliva, E., Marconi, A., Maiolino, R., Testi, L., Mannucci, F., Ghinassi, F., Licandro, J., Origlia, L., Baffa, C., Checcucci, A., Comoretto, G., Gavryussev, V., Gennari, S., Giani, E., Hunt, L. K., Lisi, F., Lorenzetti, D., Marcucci, G., Miglietta, L., Sozzi, M., Stefanini, P., and Vitali, F.
Abstract: We report 0.9-1.4 micron spectroscopic observations of NGC1068 collected during the commissioning phase of the near infrared camera spectrometer (NICS) of the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG). These yielded the first extragalactic measurement of [PII] (1.188 micron) line emission. In the central 0.75"x2" the [FeII]/[PII] line-intensity ratio is close to unity, similar to that measured in the Orion bar and a factor of about 20 smaller than in supernova remnants. This indicates that most of iron is locked into grains and, therefore, argues against shock excitation being the primary origin of [FeII] line emission in the central regions of NGC1068. We propose the [FeII]/[PII] ratio as a simple and effective tool to study and perhaps resolve the long debated questions related to the origin of [FeII] line emission and, more generally, to constrain the role of shock excitation in active galaxies., Comment: 4 pages, accepted for publication in A&A
Published: 2001
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45. LonGSp: the Gornergrat Longslit Infrared Spectrometer

Author: Vanzi, L., Sozzi, M., Marcucci, G., Marconi, A., Mannucci, F., Lisi, F., Hunt, L., Giani, E., Gennari, S., Biliotti, V., Baffa, C., Vanzi, L., Sozzi, M., Marcucci, G., Marconi, A., Mannucci, F., Lisi, F., Hunt, L., Giani, E., Gennari, S., Biliotti, V., and Baffa, C.
Abstract: We present a near-infrared cooled grating spectrometer that has been developed at the Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory for the 1.5 m Infrared Telescope at Gornergrat (TIRGO). The spectrometer is equipped with cooled reflective optics and a grating in Littrow configuration. The detector is an engineering grade Rockwell NICMOS3 array (256x256 pixels of 40 $\mu$m). The scale on the focal plane is 1.73 arcsec/pixel and the field of view along the slit is 70 arcsec. The accessible spectral range is 0.95-2.5 $\mu$m with a dispersion, at first order, of about 11.5 angstroms/pixel. This paper presents a complete description of the instrument, including its optics and cryo-mechanical system, along with astronomical results from test observations, started in 1994. Since January 1996, LonGSp is offered to TIRGO users and employed in several Galactic and extragalactic programs., Comment: 5 pages LaTeX with 5 eps figures (included). To appear in Astronomy and Astrophysics, Supp. Require LaTeX style l-aa (from A&A)
Published: 1997
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46. LonGSp: the Gornergrat Longslit Infrared Spectrometer

Author: Vanzi, L., Sozzi, M., Marcucci, G., Marconi, A., Mannucci, F., Lisi, F., Hunt, L., Giani, E., Gennari, S., Biliotti, V., Baffa, C., Vanzi, L., Sozzi, M., Marcucci, G., Marconi, A., Mannucci, F., Lisi, F., Hunt, L., Giani, E., Gennari, S., Biliotti, V., and Baffa, C.
Abstract: We present a near-infrared cooled grating spectrometer that has been developed at the Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory for the 1.5 m Infrared Telescope at Gornergrat (TIRGO). The spectrometer is equipped with cooled reflective optics and a grating in Littrow configuration. The detector is an engineering grade Rockwell NICMOS3 array (256x256 pixels of 40 $\mu$m). The scale on the focal plane is 1.73 arcsec/pixel and the field of view along the slit is 70 arcsec. The accessible spectral range is 0.95-2.5 $\mu$m with a dispersion, at first order, of about 11.5 angstroms/pixel. This paper presents a complete description of the instrument, including its optics and cryo-mechanical system, along with astronomical results from test observations, started in 1994. Since January 1996, LonGSp is offered to TIRGO users and employed in several Galactic and extragalactic programs., Comment: 5 pages LaTeX with 5 eps figures (included). To appear in Astronomy and Astrophysics, Supp. Require LaTeX style l-aa (from A&A)
Published: 1997
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47. Carta originale della Spedizione Borghese-Matteucci: nel Kordofan e Dar For secondo i rilievi del sottotenente A.M. Massari e le Esplorazioni anteriori

Author: Massari, A. M., Istituto Geografico Guido Cora, Tomnasi, Giani e Compa, Cora, Guido , 1851-1917, Massari, A. M., Istituto Geografico Guido Cora, Tomnasi, Giani e Compa, and Cora, Guido , 1851-1917
Abstract: costrutta e disegnata da Guido Cora., Above upper left margin: Bolettino della Società Geografica Italiana.

48. The EChO science case

Author: Tinetti, Giovanna, Drossart, Pierre, Eccleston, Paul, Hartogh, Paul, Isaak, Kate, Linder, Martin, Lovis, Christophe, Micela, Giusi, Ollivier, Marc, Puig, Ludovic, Ribas, Ignasi, Snellen, Ignas, Swinyard, Bruce, Allard, France, Barstow, Joanna, Cho, James, Coustenis, Athena, Cockell, Charles, Correia, Alexandre, Decin, Leen, de Kok, Remco, Deroo, Pieter, Encrenaz, Therese, Forget, Francois, Glasse, Alistair, Griffith, Caitlin, Guillot, Tristan, Koskinen, Tommi, Lammer, Helmut, Leconte, Jeremy, Maxted, Pierre, Mueller-Wodarg, Ingo, Nelson, Richard, North, Chris, Pallé, Enric, Pagano, Isabella, Piccioni, Guseppe, Pinfield, David, Selsis, Franck, Sozzetti, Alessandro, Stixrude, Lars, Tennyson, Jonathan, Turrini, Diego, Zapatero-Osorio, Mariarosa, Beaulieu, Jean-Philippe, Grodent, Denis, Guedel, Manuel, Luz, David, Nørgaard-Nielsen, Hans Ulrik, Ray, Tom, Rickman, Hans, Selig, Avri, Swain, Mark, Banaszkiewicz, Marek, Barlow, Mike, Bowles, Neil, Branduardi-Raymont, Graziella, du Foresto, Vincent Coudé, Gerard, Jean-Claude, Gizon, Laurent, Hornstrup, Allan, Jarchow, Christopher, Kerschbaum, Franz, Kovacs, Géza, Lagage, Pierre-Olivier, Lim, Tanya, Lopez-Morales, Mercedes, Malaguti, Giuseppe, Pace, Emanuele, Pascale, Enzo, Vandenbussche, Bart, Wright, Gillian, Zapata, Gonzalo Ramos, Adriani, Alberto, Azzollini, Ruymán, Balado, Ana, Bryson, Ian, Burston, Raymond, Colomé, Josep, Crook, Martin, Di Giorgio, Anna, Griffin, Matt, Hoogeveen, Ruud, Ottensamer, Roland, Irshad, Ranah, Middleton, Kevin, Morgante, Gianluca, Pinsard, Frederic, Rataj, Mirek, Reess, Jean-Michel, Savini, Giorgio, Schrader, Jan-Rutger, Stamper, Richard, Winter, Berend, Abe, L., Abreu, M., Achilleos, N., Ade, P., Adybekian, V., Affer, L., Agnor, C., Agundez, M., Alard, C., Alcala, J., Allende Prieto, C., Alonso Floriano, F. J., Altieri, F., Alvarez Iglesias, C. A., Amado, P., Andersen, A., Aylward, A., Baffa, C., Bakos, G., Ballerini, P., Banaszkiewicz, M., Barber, R. J., Barrado, D., Barton, E. J., Batista, V., Bellucci, G., Belmonte Avilés, J. A., Berry, D., Bézard, B., Biondi, D., Błęcka, M., Boisse, I., Bonfond, B., Bordé, P., Börner, P., Bouy, H., Brown, L., Buchhave, L., Budaj, J., Bulgarelli, A., Burleigh, M., Cabral, A., Capria, M. T., Cassan, A., Cavarroc, C., Cecchi-Pestellini, C., Cerulli, R., Chadney, J., Chamberlain, S., Charnoz, S., Christian Jessen, N., Ciaravella, A., Claret, A., Claudi, R., Coates, A., Cole, R., Collura, A., Cordier, D., Covino, E., Danielski, C., Damasso, M., Deeg, H. J., Delgado-Mena, E., Del Vecchio, C., Demangeon, O., De Sio, A., De Wit, J., Dobrijévic, M., Doel, P., Dominic, C., Dorfi, E., Eales, S., Eiroa, C., Espinoza Contreras, M., Esposito, M., Eymet, V., Fabrizio, N., Fernández, M., Femenía Castella, B., Figueira, P., Filacchione, G., Fletcher, L., Focardi, M., Fossey, S., Fouqué, P., Frith, J., Galand, M., Gambicorti, L., Gaulme, P., García López, R. J., Garcia-Piquer, A., Gear, W., Gerard, J.-C., Gesa, L., Giani, E., Gianotti, F., Gillon, M., Giro, E., Giuranna, M., Gomez, H., Gomez-Leal, I., Gonzalez Hernandez, J., González Merino, B., Graczyk, R., Grassi, D., Guardia, J., Guio, P., Gustin, J., Hargrave, P., Haigh, J., Hébrard, E., Heiter, U., Heredero, R. L., Herrero, E., Hersant, F., Heyrovsky, D., Hollis, M., Hubert, B., Hueso, R., Israelian, G., Iro, N., Irwin, P., Jacquemoud, S., Jones, G., Jones, H., Justtanont, K., Kehoe, T., Kerschbaum, F., Kerins, E., Kervella, P., Kipping, D., Koskinen, T., Krupp, N., Lahav, O., Laken, B., Lanza, N., Lellouch, E., Leto, G., Licandro Goldaracena, J., Lithgow-Bertelloni, C., Liu, S. J., Lo Cicero, U., Lodieu, N., Lognonné, P., Lopez-Puertas, M., Lopez-Valverde, M. A., Lundgaard Rasmussen, I., Luntzer, A., Machado, P., MacTavish, C., Maggio, A., Maillard, J.-P., Magnes, W., Maldonado, J., Mall, U., Marquette, J.-B., Mauskopf, P., Massi, F., Maurin, A.-S., Medvedev, A., Michaut, C., Miles-Paez, P., Montalto, M., Montañés Rodríguez, P., Monteiro, M., Montes, D., Morais, H., Morales, J. C., Morales-Calderón, M., Morello, G., Moro Martín, A., Moses, J., Moya Bedon, A., Murgas Alcaino, F., Oliva, E., Orton, G., Palla, F., Pancrazzi, M., Pantin, E., Parmentier, V., Parviainen, H., Peña Ramírez, K. Y., Peralta, J., Perez-Hoyos, S., Petrov, R., Pezzuto, S., Pietrzak, R., Pilat-Lohinger, E., Piskunov, N., Prinja, R., Prisinzano, L., Polichtchouk, I., Poretti, E., Radioti, A., Ramos, A. A., Rank-Lüftinger, T., Read, P., Readorn, K., Rebolo López, R., Rebordão, J., Rengel, M., Rezac, L., Rocchetto, M., Rodler, F., Sánchez Béjar, V. J., Sanchez Lavega, A., Sanromá, E., Santos, N., Sanz Forcada, J., Scandariato, G., Schmider, F.-X., Scholz, A., Scuderi, S., Sethenadh, J., Shore, S., Showman, A., Sicardy, B., Sitek, P., Smith, A., Soret, L., Sousa, S., Stiepen, A., Stolarski, M., Strazzulla, G., Tabernero, H. M., Tanga, P., Tecsa, M., Temple, J., Terenzi, L., Tessenyi, M., Testi, L., Thompson, S., Thrastarson, H., Tingley, B. W., Trifoglio, M., Martín Torres, J., Tozzi, A., Turrini, D., Varley, R., Vakili, F., de Val-Borro, M., Valdivieso, M. L., Venot, O., Villaver, E., Vinatier, S., Viti, S., Waldmann, I., Waltham, D., Ward-Thompson, D., Waters, R., Watkins, C., Watson, D., Wawer, P., Wawrzaszk, A., White, G. J., Widemann, T., Winek, W., Wiśniowski, T., Yelle, R., Yung, Y., Yurchenko, S. N., Tinetti, Giovanna, Drossart, Pierre, Eccleston, Paul, Hartogh, Paul, Isaak, Kate, Linder, Martin, Lovis, Christophe, Micela, Giusi, Ollivier, Marc, Puig, Ludovic, Ribas, Ignasi, Snellen, Ignas, Swinyard, Bruce, Allard, France, Barstow, Joanna, Cho, James, Coustenis, Athena, Cockell, Charles, Correia, Alexandre, Decin, Leen, de Kok, Remco, Deroo, Pieter, Encrenaz, Therese, Forget, Francois, Glasse, Alistair, Griffith, Caitlin, Guillot, Tristan, Koskinen, Tommi, Lammer, Helmut, Leconte, Jeremy, Maxted, Pierre, Mueller-Wodarg, Ingo, Nelson, Richard, North, Chris, Pallé, Enric, Pagano, Isabella, Piccioni, Guseppe, Pinfield, David, Selsis, Franck, Sozzetti, Alessandro, Stixrude, Lars, Tennyson, Jonathan, Turrini, Diego, Zapatero-Osorio, Mariarosa, Beaulieu, Jean-Philippe, Grodent, Denis, Guedel, Manuel, Luz, David, Nørgaard-Nielsen, Hans Ulrik, Ray, Tom, Rickman, Hans, Selig, Avri, Swain, Mark, Banaszkiewicz, Marek, Barlow, Mike, Bowles, Neil, Branduardi-Raymont, Graziella, du Foresto, Vincent Coudé, Gerard, Jean-Claude, Gizon, Laurent, Hornstrup, Allan, Jarchow, Christopher, Kerschbaum, Franz, Kovacs, Géza, Lagage, Pierre-Olivier, Lim, Tanya, Lopez-Morales, Mercedes, Malaguti, Giuseppe, Pace, Emanuele, Pascale, Enzo, Vandenbussche, Bart, Wright, Gillian, Zapata, Gonzalo Ramos, Adriani, Alberto, Azzollini, Ruymán, Balado, Ana, Bryson, Ian, Burston, Raymond, Colomé, Josep, Crook, Martin, Di Giorgio, Anna, Griffin, Matt, Hoogeveen, Ruud, Ottensamer, Roland, Irshad, Ranah, Middleton, Kevin, Morgante, Gianluca, Pinsard, Frederic, Rataj, Mirek, Reess, Jean-Michel, Savini, Giorgio, Schrader, Jan-Rutger, Stamper, Richard, Winter, Berend, Abe, L., Abreu, M., Achilleos, N., Ade, P., Adybekian, V., Affer, L., Agnor, C., Agundez, M., Alard, C., Alcala, J., Allende Prieto, C., Alonso Floriano, F. J., Altieri, F., Alvarez Iglesias, C. A., Amado, P., Andersen, A., Aylward, A., Baffa, C., Bakos, G., Ballerini, P., Banaszkiewicz, M., Barber, R. J., Barrado, D., Barton, E. J., Batista, V., Bellucci, G., Belmonte Avilés, J. A., Berry, D., Bézard, B., Biondi, D., Błęcka, M., Boisse, I., Bonfond, B., Bordé, P., Börner, P., Bouy, H., Brown, L., Buchhave, L., Budaj, J., Bulgarelli, A., Burleigh, M., Cabral, A., Capria, M. T., Cassan, A., Cavarroc, C., Cecchi-Pestellini, C., Cerulli, R., Chadney, J., Chamberlain, S., Charnoz, S., Christian Jessen, N., Ciaravella, A., Claret, A., Claudi, R., Coates, A., Cole, R., Collura, A., Cordier, D., Covino, E., Danielski, C., Damasso, M., Deeg, H. J., Delgado-Mena, E., Del Vecchio, C., Demangeon, O., De Sio, A., De Wit, J., Dobrijévic, M., Doel, P., Dominic, C., Dorfi, E., Eales, S., Eiroa, C., Espinoza Contreras, M., Esposito, M., Eymet, V., Fabrizio, N., Fernández, M., Femenía Castella, B., Figueira, P., Filacchione, G., Fletcher, L., Focardi, M., Fossey, S., Fouqué, P., Frith, J., Galand, M., Gambicorti, L., Gaulme, P., García López, R. J., Garcia-Piquer, A., Gear, W., Gerard, J.-C., Gesa, L., Giani, E., Gianotti, F., Gillon, M., Giro, E., Giuranna, M., Gomez, H., Gomez-Leal, I., Gonzalez Hernandez, J., González Merino, B., Graczyk, R., Grassi, D., Guardia, J., Guio, P., Gustin, J., Hargrave, P., Haigh, J., Hébrard, E., Heiter, U., Heredero, R. L., Herrero, E., Hersant, F., Heyrovsky, D., Hollis, M., Hubert, B., Hueso, R., Israelian, G., Iro, N., Irwin, P., Jacquemoud, S., Jones, G., Jones, H., Justtanont, K., Kehoe, T., Kerschbaum, F., Kerins, E., Kervella, P., Kipping, D., Koskinen, T., Krupp, N., Lahav, O., Laken, B., Lanza, N., Lellouch, E., Leto, G., Licandro Goldaracena, J., Lithgow-Bertelloni, C., Liu, S. J., Lo Cicero, U., Lodieu, N., Lognonné, P., Lopez-Puertas, M., Lopez-Valverde, M. A., Lundgaard Rasmussen, I., Luntzer, A., Machado, P., MacTavish, C., Maggio, A., Maillard, J.-P., Magnes, W., Maldonado, J., Mall, U., Marquette, J.-B., Mauskopf, P., Massi, F., Maurin, A.-S., Medvedev, A., Michaut, C., Miles-Paez, P., Montalto, M., Montañés Rodríguez, P., Monteiro, M., Montes, D., Morais, H., Morales, J. C., Morales-Calderón, M., Morello, G., Moro Martín, A., Moses, J., Moya Bedon, A., Murgas Alcaino, F., Oliva, E., Orton, G., Palla, F., Pancrazzi, M., Pantin, E., Parmentier, V., Parviainen, H., Peña Ramírez, K. Y., Peralta, J., Perez-Hoyos, S., Petrov, R., Pezzuto, S., Pietrzak, R., Pilat-Lohinger, E., Piskunov, N., Prinja, R., Prisinzano, L., Polichtchouk, I., Poretti, E., Radioti, A., Ramos, A. A., Rank-Lüftinger, T., Read, P., Readorn, K., Rebolo López, R., Rebordão, J., Rengel, M., Rezac, L., Rocchetto, M., Rodler, F., Sánchez Béjar, V. J., Sanchez Lavega, A., Sanromá, E., Santos, N., Sanz Forcada, J., Scandariato, G., Schmider, F.-X., Scholz, A., Scuderi, S., Sethenadh, J., Shore, S., Showman, A., Sicardy, B., Sitek, P., Smith, A., Soret, L., Sousa, S., Stiepen, A., Stolarski, M., Strazzulla, G., Tabernero, H. M., Tanga, P., Tecsa, M., Temple, J., Terenzi, L., Tessenyi, M., Testi, L., Thompson, S., Thrastarson, H., Tingley, B. W., Trifoglio, M., Martín Torres, J., Tozzi, A., Turrini, D., Varley, R., Vakili, F., de Val-Borro, M., Valdivieso, M. L., Venot, O., Villaver, E., Vinatier, S., Viti, S., Waldmann, I., Waltham, D., Ward-Thompson, D., Waters, R., Watkins, C., Watson, D., Wawer, P., Wawrzaszk, A., White, G. J., Widemann, T., Winek, W., Wiśniowski, T., Yelle, R., Yung, Y., and Yurchenko, S. N.
Abstract: The discovery of almost two thousand exoplanets has revealed an unexpectedly diverse planet population. We see gas giants in few-day orbits, whole multi-planet systems within the orbit of Mercury, and new populations of planets with masses between that of the Earth and Neptune—all unknown in the Solar System. Observations to date have shown that our Solar System is certainly not representative of the general population of planets in our Milky Way. The key science questions that urgently need addressing are therefore: What are exoplanets made of? Why are planets as they are? How do planetary systems work and what causes the exceptional diversity observed as compared to the Solar System? The EChO (Exoplanet Characterisation Observatory) space mission was conceived to take up the challenge to explain this diversity in terms of formation, evolution, internal structure and planet and atmospheric composition. This requires in-depth spectroscopic knowledge of the atmospheres of a large and well-defined planet sample for which precise physical, chemical and dynamical information can be obtained. In order to fulfil this ambitious scientific program, EChO was designed as a dedicated survey mission for transit and eclipse spectroscopy capable of observing a large, diverse and well-defined planet sample within its 4-year mission lifetime. The transit and eclipse spectroscopy method, whereby the signal from the star and planet are differentiated using knowledge of the planetary ephemerides, allows us to measure atmospheric signals from the planet at levels of at least 10−4 relative to the star. This can only be achieved in conjunction with a carefully designed stable payload and satellite platform. It is also necessary to provide broad instantaneous wavelength coverage to detect as many molecular species as possible, to probe the thermal structure of the planetary atmospheres and to correct for the contaminating effects of the stellar photosphere. This requires

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