Search

Bioactive polysaccharides (PSs) as useful resources have been extracted from floc sludge, but there is limited knowledge about those from granular sludge. To address this gap, three aerobic granular sludge (AGS) reactors (R1, R2 and R3) with various operating conditions were set up for PS production (R1PS, R2PS and R3PS). Reactor operated under medium aeration time of 117 min (R2) led to the highest yield of PS (10.97 ± 0.34 %, g/g). The carbohydrate, protein and sulphate contents for all PSs ranged between 43.2–46.4 %, 0.82–1.52 %, and 2.23–24.12 %, respectively. All PSs were mainly heterogenous heteroglycans with different degree of sulphation. Four antioxidative activities were evaluated with R1PS having the most prominent effect in scavenging DPPH, ABTS and hydroxy radicals, while R2PS had the strongest reducing power. Major microbial communities found in the reactors at the phylum level were Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota, and Firmicutes. Correlation analysis revealed the relationships among aeration time, bacteria, and polysaccharide properties. Person correlation method was used to construct two complete linked pathways (aeration time->microbiota->sludge/effluent wastewater qualities and aeration time->microbiota->PS composition->PS antioxidant property) with two cutoffs (p-value < 0.05 and R2 > 0.8), and 35 microbial genera, 3 wastewater and sludge properties (sludge particle diameter, nitrite and nitrate) and 6 polysaccharide properties (glucose, galactose, fructose, sulphate content, hydroxyl scavenging radical and reducing power) were retained. These results facilitate the understanding of the relationship between the cultivation conditions in the AGS reactors, sludge granulation, PS properties and bacterial profiles for the optimal production of PS and their application as resource of bioactive substances. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.

Industrial processes are inevitably associated with generating fine-grained particulate matter. Such fine-grained residues rarely find re-entry into industrial value chains; typically they are disposed and become an environmental burden. Prominent examples are dusts from mineral processing, degraded end-of-life fibers, or micro plastic entering the natural environment. The project FINEST will process different residues in an optimized manner to generate value and to minimize hazards. FINEST will design high-value products and inert residues. Material assay, beneficial material mixing and logistic concepts will provide ideal opportunities to transform hazardous end of life products to inert residues and to products generating economic value. Economic and ecological assessment of waste management concepts will provide op-opportunities to create value by decreased disposal costs. The project assembles a well-tailored network of industry associations, industry companies, SMEs, governmental and non-governmental institutions. Associated institutions will provide the capability to transfer FINEST results to the relevant industrial sectors and potential consumers. The appendant Research School will educate a next generation of experts for leadership positions in industry and academia. A transfer design will consider the transfer of knowledge through careers. Young postgraduate colleagues will accordingly receive tailored education in establishing technology transfer concepts and are expected to conduct internships in the course of their doctoral studentship. A central transfer desk will provide organized knowledge transfer to industry clusters and associations in order to promote joint position papers and to suggest market-shaping policies. Individual TTOs have stated their full support for the screening and exploitation of evolving IP within the sub-projects. FINEST represents an ideal combination of scientific excellence and tailored networking with an application-oriente

Industrial processes are inevitably associated with generating fine-grained particulate matter. Such fine-grained residues rarely find re-entry into industrial value chains; typically they are disposed and become an environmental burden. Prominent examples are dusts from mineral processing, degraded end-of-life fibers, or micro plastic entering the natural environment. The project FINEST will process different residues in an optimized manner to generate value and to minimize hazards. FINEST will design high-value products and inert residues. Material assay, beneficial material mixing and logistic concepts will provide ideal opportunities to transform hazardous end of life products to inert residues and to products generating economic value. Economic and ecological assessment of waste management concepts will provide op-opportunities to create value by decreased disposal costs. The project assembles a well-tailored network of industry associations, industry companies, SMEs, governmental and non-governmental institutions. Associated institutions will provide the capability to transfer FINEST results to the relevant industrial sectors and potential consumers. The appendant Research School will educate a next generation of experts for leadership positions in industry and academia. A transfer design will consider the transfer of knowledge through careers. Young postgraduate colleagues will accordingly receive tailored education in establishing technology transfer concepts and are expected to conduct internships in the course of their doctoral studentship. A central transfer desk will provide organized knowledge transfer to industry clusters and associations in order to promote joint position papers and to suggest market-shaping policies. Individual TTOs have stated their full support for the screening and exploitation of evolving IP within the sub-projects. FINEST represents an ideal combination of scientific excellence and tailored networking with an application-oriente

Green liquor dreg (GLD) is a side stream generated by pulp industry. Due to its complex physicochemical nature, it has been reported to be difficult material to utilize. Here, a novel approach towards utilization of moist and dry green liquor dreg as binder and filler in alkali-activated lightweight artificial aggregates was developed. Dried GLD and moist GLD were granulated with blast furnace slag (BFS) and Bioash in different mixtures using alkali activation. The effect of the GLD nature (dried and moist) on strength, microstructure and durability of the lightweight granules were determined and compared. Results show that the method used in homogenizing the moist GLD and other powders was efficient and improved the frost resistance. The reaction product identified in the granule’s includes calcium silicate hydrate, Mg–Al layered double hydroxides, and ettringite. These results demonstrate the potential of GLD as a binder and fillers in cementitious applications.

High-value applications, such as adsorbents, have drawn attention to geopolymers. In several of those applications, having the geopolymer as porous spherical particles is beneficial. This study presents a novel process for fabricating porous metakaolin-based geopolymer granules using a combination of direct foaming, one-part alkali activation, and granulation. In short, the precursor (e.g., metakaolin) and solid activator (e.g., sodium silicate) are loaded in a granulator, in which an aqueous blowing agent (e.g., H₂O₂) is added while the granulator is running, and the obtained granules are cured at 60 °C. Characterization of the granules for physico-chemical and morphological properties indicated an increase in overall porosity, especially in the µm-scale pores. Also specific surface area (+50%) and nanoscale pore volume (+102%) increased when using more concentrated H₂O₂ (20 or 30%) compared to nonporous granules. The use of porous granules was also demonstrated in dynamic adsorption experiments for ammonium (NH₄⁺) uptake, which showed up to ∼126% increase in cumulative adsorption amount compared to nonporous granules. The highest NH₄⁺ uptake was obtained with 10% H₂O₂ solution as the granulation fluid. The results confirmed the feasibility of the method for introducing porosity to geopolymer granules, which enhances the adsorption properties of the granules.

Potassium and ammonium salts are necessary to meet the nutritional needs of crops. While the granulation of these materials has traditionally been done by roller compaction, the demand for a rounder and less angular product has led some fertilizer manufacturers to introduce an additional production line to their operations: pelletization (wet granulation) with a disc pelletizer. This paper presents possible alternatives in the production process of potassium and ammonium sulfate fertilizers, provided by the pelletization process.

Au fil des années, la gestion des matières résiduelles, qu’elles soient d’origine domestique ou industrielle, s’est amplement améliorée. Dans certains cas, les déchets sont incinérés et transformés en cendres qui seront à leur tour enfouies dans des sites d’enfouissements adéquats. Cependant, des efforts ont été déployés afin de transformer les déchets enfouis en des agrégats valorisables d’où l’augmentation de la durée de vie des sites d’enfouissements. Dans ce contexte, mon projet de maîtrise vise à étudier le potentiel de carbonatation/granulation des cendres de grilles appelées « mâchefers » de l’incinérateur de la ville de Québec (fraction lourde des cendres qui se déposent par gravité à la base des fours de l’incinérateur). La méthodologie repose sur le développement et l’optimisation du processus de granulation et carbonatation des mâchefers dans le cadre de la double valorisation des déchets et la confection de granulats valorisables. Le ciment portland a été utilisé comme liant pour tous les essais de granulation. Une étape de prétraitement (séchage, tamisage et broyage) a été réalisée sur les mâchefers avant d’effectuer les essais de carbonatation et granulation. Des tests de caractérisation ont été réalisés pour déterminer la capacité théorique de captage du CO₂ dans la matrice des mâchefers. D’après les résultats préliminaires, les conditions opératoires de carbonatation seront à optimiser pendant les travaux futurs en vue d’augmenter la capacité de séquestration du CO₂ dans les mâchefers. Différentes conditions opératoires ont été optimisées pour aboutir à la recette de granulation des mâchefers. Une large gamme de granulats légers a été obtenue aux cours des essais menés. Les meilleurs rendements de granulation ont été obtenus avec un pourcentage de ciment compris entre 9 et 12 % et un minimum de pourcentage d’eau de 15% par rapport à la masse totale des réactifs, 20 à 45 rotations par minutes et un temps de réaction de 30 minutes. Conformément aux nor

There is a growing need to find ways to reuse fine concrete waste from the construction industry. In this study, recycled concrete fines were granulated and used as lightweight aggregates. Ladle slag, a steel industry residue, was used as a co-binder in different ratios (0, 10, 20, and 30%). The materials were blended and granulated, and then the granules were cured in three conditions: ambient condition, humidity chamber, and carbonation chamber. The results showed that the ladle slag content of 30% cured in a humidity chamber produced the strongest granules, with a crushing strength of 127 N, which was 135% greater than a commercial lightweight aggregate. The granules generally had satisfactory density and water absorption with a higher ladle slag content. Carbonation increased the granule strength with a low ladle slag content and decreased the granules’ water absorption. The improved physical and mechanical properties of carbonated granules are attributed to the formation of calcium carbonate during the carbonation process. The granules produced in this study show good potential for use as lightweight aggregates in the construction industry.

The structure and physicochemical properties of starch isolated from the cotyledon and hull of faba beans and from wheat (as reference) were examined using 16 different methods. The amylose content in faba bean cotyledon and hull starch was 32% and 36%, respectively, and that in wheat starch was 21%. The faba bean cotyledon and hull starch were structurally alike both displaying C-polymorphic pattern, a similar degree of branching and similar branch chain length distributions. Wheat starch had a significantly greater prevalence of short amylopectin chains (DP < 12) and a higher degree of branching. Granules in both faba bean starches exhibited surface cracks and were more homogenous in size than the smoother wheat starch granules. Gelatinisation temperature was higher for the faba bean starches, likely as an effect of high amylose content and longer starch chains delaying granular swelling. Cotyledon starch produced pastes with the highest viscosities in all rheological measurements, probably owing to larger granules. Higher prevalence of lipids and resistant starch reduced the viscosity values for hull starch. For all starches, viscosity increased at faster heating rates. During the rheological analyses, the samples were exposed to different instruments, heating rates and temperatures ranges, differing from standard rheological procedures, which could help predict how different processing techniques effect the final starch textures., QC 20221122

Purple non-sulfur bacteria (PNSB) form an interesting group of microbes for resource recovery from wastewater. Solid/liquid separation is key for biomass and value-added products recovery, yet insights into PNSB aggregation are thus far limited. This study explored the effects of organic loading rate (OLR), hydraulic retention time (HRT) and water composition on the aggregation of Rhodobacter capsulatus in an anaerobic upflow photobioreactor. Between 2.0-14.6 gCOD/(L.d), the optimal OLR for aggregation was 6.1 gCOD/(L.d), resulting in a sedimentation flux of 5.9 kgTSS/(m2.h). For HRT tested between 0.04-1.00 d, disaggregation occurred at the relatively long HRT (1 d), possibly due to accumulation of thus far unidentified heat-labile metabolites. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) to nitrogen (6-35 gCOD/gN) and the nitrogen source (ammonium vs. glutamate) also impacted aggregation, highlighting the importance of the specific wastewater type and its pre-treatment. These novel insights to improve purple biomass separation pave the way for cost-efficient PNSB applications.

Aerobic granules contain microorganisms that are responsible for carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus removal in aerobic granular sludge (AGS) process in which aerobic/anoxic/anaerobic layers (from surface to core) occur in a single granule. Optimizing the aerobic granular sludge (AGS) process for granulation and efficient nutrient removal can be challenging. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of settling prior to AGS process on granulation and treatment performance of the process. For this purpose, synthetic wastewater mimicking municipal wastewater was fed directly (Stage 1), and after primary sedimentation (Stage 2) to a laboratory-scale AGS system. In full-scale wastewater treatment plants, primary sedimentation is used to remove particulate organic matter and produce primary sludge which is sent to anaerobic digesters to produce biogas. Performances obtained in both stages were compared in terms of treatment efficiency, granule settling behavior, and granule morphology. Granulation was achieved in both stages with more than 92% chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies in each stage. High nutrient removal was obtained in Stage 1 since anaerobic phase was long enough (i.e., 50 min) to hydrolyze particulate matter to become available for PAOs. Primary sedimentation caused a decrease in influent organic load and COD/N ratio, as a result, low nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies were observed in Stage 2 compared to Stage 1. With this study, the effect of the primary sedimentation on the biological removal performance of AGS process was revealed. COD requirement for nutrient removal in AGS systems should be assessed by considering energy generation via biogas production from primary sedimentation sludge., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., BT/Environmental Biotechnology

The article deals with the study on the efficiency of units for porous ammonium nitrate production. The ways which increase the effective implementation of energy resources are determined by including the ejector recycling module, heat and mass exchangers that utilize principles of regenerative indirect evaporative cooling, and the sub-atmospheric inverse Brayton cycle. Mixed exergy analysis evaluates all flows of the system contour as those of the same value. The target parameter for determining the efficiency of both systems is the ratio of the unit’s productivity to the exergy expenditures to produce the unit mass of the product. As a result, it is found that the mentioned devices and units enable to increase the efficiency of the basic scheme by 87%., Článek se zabývá studiem účinnosti jednotek pro výrobu porézního dusičnanu amonného. Způsoby, které zvyšují efektivní implementaci energetických zdrojů, využívají principy regenerativního nepřímého odpařovacího chlazení a subatmosférického inverzního Braytonova cyklu. Cílovým parametrem pro stanovení účinnosti obou systémů je poměr produktivity jednotky k výdajům na energii k výrobě jednotkové hmotnosti produktu. Ve výsledku bylo zjištěno, že uvedená zařízení a jednotky umožňují zvýšit účinnost základního schématu o 87 %.

Arsenic contamination has adverse health effects on human, and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are suitable adsorbents for its removal. The small-scale synthesis and high cost hindered the application of MOFs in arsenic removal. The challenge resulted from the strict synthesis conditions, like harsh temperature or pressure and the use of toxic organic solvents such as N, N-Dimethylformamide, etc. We reported herein an optimized method for scalable synthesis of MIL-88B(Fe) in innocuous ethanol solvent under benign conditions (low temperature, normal pressure, and no pretreatment of reactants). Synthetic parameters, such as the ratio of reactants, temperature, reaction time, and purification process, were optimized to achieve scalable preparation of the product. The scale-up produced MIL-88B(Fe) presents extraordinary adsorption capacity (128.99 mg/g) towards toxic arsenate in water. Furthermore, we shaped the MOFs powder into millimeter-scale granules by using the bio-compatible binding agents and flash freezing treatment. The composite also outperforms in arsenate adsorption capacity than that of commercially available products. Additionally, a 250-hours dynamic column adsorption operation proves that the composite can guarantee a safe concentration level of arsenate effluent. The well-shaped porous structure of composite facilitates its application and avoids secondary pollution in real scenarios, demonstrating applicable prospects as filters for water purification.

BT/Environmental Biotechnology

Phosphorus is an essential but finite and scarce element, which is used extensively in pig farming. For recovering phosphorus from pig manure, we hypothesize that calcium addition during anaerobic treatment can trigger calcium phosphate granulation and enable efficient phosphorus recovery. In this study, we tested the recovery of phosphorus from pig manure by adding calcium during anaerobic treatment. Size–separated (<200 µm) pig manure was treated in two identical up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors for 456 days. Calcium was supplied to one of the reactors to study calcium phosphate granulation. Calcium addition showed a positive effect on treatment stability and efficiency, increasing chemical oxygen demand and phosphorus removal. Phosphorus removal increased from 60% without calcium addition to 74% with calcium addition. The addition of calcium increased the phosphorus concentration in significantly larger particles, calcium phosphate granules, (79% >0.4 mm compared with 11% without calcium addition) in the reactor with calcium addition, which enables separation and a transport reduction of 85% for the recovered phosphorus. The main phosphorus phase in the reactor sludge bed changed from struvite to calcium phosphate with calcium addition. The Mg:P molar ratio was 0.09 with calcium addition and 0.88 without calcium addition in particles >2.5 mm. Thus, calcium addition enhances the treatment of pig manure and enables phosphate recovery as calcium phosphate granules.

Дисертаційна робота спрямована на вирішення важливої науково-технічної задачі – підвищення ефективності процесу одержання інноваційних гранульованих органо-мінеральних добрив необхідних для впровадження принципів раціонального землекористування.

Дисертаційна робота спрямована на вирішення важливої науково-технічної задачі – підвищення ефективності процесу одержання інноваційних гранульованих органо-мінеральних добрив необхідних для впровадження принципів раціонального землекористування., The dissertation is aimed at solving an important scientific and technical problem - increasing the efficiency of the process of obtaining innovative granular organo-mineral fertilizers necessary for the implementation of the principles of rational land use. The dissertation is devoted to increase efficiency of process granulation in a fluidized bed of multicomponent heterogeneous liquid systems containing in equal quantities nutrients of an organic and mineral origin from obtaining complex granular humic-organomineral fertilizers with specified properties., Диссертационная работа направлена на решение важной научно-технической задачи - повышение эффективности процесса получения инновационных гранулированных органо-минеральных удобрений необходимых для внедрения принципов рационального землепользования.

Granulation of sinter feed mix is one of the most important factors in determining the permeability of sinter bed and sinter properties like sinter yield, tumbler index, etc. In this paper, effect of pre-heated water (30, 60 and 90 degrees C) on granulation fitness of sinter feed mix was studied using a laboratory mixing drum. Sinter properties were investigated using pot sinter experiments. It was observed that with addition of pre-heated water, granulation fitness i.e., Balling index (BI) and Granulation index (GI) has increased, indicating that wetting of sinter feed mix has improved significantly. Treatment of sinter feed mix with pre-heated water reduces the surface tension of water and improves slaking of lime. This enables improved binding of the small size fraction (− 0.25 mm), leading to stronger green ball which results in reduced fine generation during charging to the sinter bed. This further leads to the improvement in bed permeability and sinter properties. Enhanced hydration of lime and improved dispersion of water thus achieved benefits granulation fitness (GI increases by 5.3% and BI increases by 9.7%). Sinter yield increases by 2.1% and tumbler index by 1.6%. The results suggest that the proposed methodology is effective in improving the granulation fitness of sinter feed mix and sinter properties., Granulation of sinter feed mix is one of the most important factors in determining the permeability of sinter bed and sinter properties like sinter yield, tumbler index, etc. In this paper, effect of pre-heated water (30, 60 and 90 degrees C) on granulation fitness of sinter feed mix was studied using a laboratory mixing drum. Sinter properties were investigated using pot sinter experiments. It was observed that with addition of pre-heated water, granulation fitness i.e., Balling index (BI) and Granulation index (GI) has increased, indicating that wetting of sinter feed mix has improved significantly. Treatment of sinter feed mix with pre-heated water reduces the surface tension of water and improves slaking of lime. This enables improved binding of the small size fraction (− 0.25 mm), leading to stronger green ball which results in reduced fine generation during charging to the sinter bed. This further leads to the improvement in bed permeability and sinter properties. Enhanced hydration of lime and improved dispersion of water thus achieved benefits granulation fitness (GI increases by 5.3% and BI increases by 9.7%). Sinter yield increases by 2.1% and tumbler index by 1.6%. The results suggest that the proposed methodology is effective in improving the granulation fitness of sinter feed mix and sinter properties.

Two ore blends containing substantial channel iron deposit (CID) and Marra Mamba (MM) ores were assessed. The blends granulated well with addition of hydrated lime, which was found to improve the morphology and strength, and consequently the bed permeability of the resultant green granules. Compared with Blend 2 (a simulated industry blend), Blend 1, containing more MM and less CID ores was slightly less permeable but required similar moisture to achieve its optimum permeability. Both blends showed similar sintering characteristics as evidenced by sintering productivity and sinter quality, suggesting that Blend 1 was comparable to Blend 2. This was further supported by observations of sinter macro- and microstructure. Addition of hydrated lime improves the bed permeability and the formation and fluidity of sinter melt, consequently leading to improved sinter yield and strength along with sintering productivity. To achieve sinter return balance, the sinter return ratio had to decrease as the coke addition increased. (Authors.), Two ore blends containing substantial channel iron deposit (CID) and Marra Mamba (MM) ores were assessed. The blends granulated well with addition of hydrated lime, which was found to improve the morphology and strength, and consequently the bed permeability of the resultant green granules. Compared with Blend 2 (a simulated industry blend), Blend 1, containing more MM and less CID ores was slightly less permeable but required similar moisture to achieve its optimum permeability. Both blends showed similar sintering characteristics as evidenced by sintering productivity and sinter quality, suggesting that Blend 1 was comparable to Blend 2. This was further supported by observations of sinter macro- and microstructure. Addition of hydrated lime improves the bed permeability and the formation and fluidity of sinter melt, consequently leading to improved sinter yield and strength along with sintering productivity. To achieve sinter return balance, the sinter return ratio had to decrease as the coke addition increased. (Authors.)

The development, by Microtrac MRB, of the CAMSIZER 3D system for the optical sieve analysis of fertilisers is described. The CAMSIZER 3D instrument uses dynamic image analysis for online measurement of 3D size and shape of particles in fertiliser granulates – in accordance with the requirements for ISO 13322-2 (2006) – and is suitable for both process and quality control. The results of a comparison study between the CAMSIZER 3D instrument and sieve analyses using a urea fertiliser sample are presented. The sample is divided into aliquots and three sub-samples are analysed with three different CAMSIZERS and two with two different sieve stacks using Q3 values (cumulative % passing) for 2-, 2.8-, 3.35- and 4.00-mm particle sizes. CAMSIZER image-analysis data show good reproducibility, whereas sieve analyses differ considerably, with the image-analysis results falling between the data from both sieve stacks. A summary of the advantages of the online measurement system over the conventional sampling method is provided., The development, by Microtrac MRB, of the CAMSIZER 3D system for the optical sieve analysis of fertilisers is described. The CAMSIZER 3D instrument uses dynamic image analysis for online measurement of 3D size and shape of particles in fertiliser granulates – in accordance with the requirements for ISO 13322-2 (2006) – and is suitable for both process and quality control. The results of a comparison study between the CAMSIZER 3D instrument and sieve analyses using a urea fertiliser sample are presented. The sample is divided into aliquots and three sub-samples are analysed with three different CAMSIZERS and two with two different sieve stacks using Q3 values (cumulative % passing) for 2-, 2.8-, 3.35- and 4.00-mm particle sizes. CAMSIZER image-analysis data show good reproducibility, whereas sieve analyses differ considerably, with the image-analysis results falling between the data from both sieve stacks. A summary of the advantages of the online measurement system over the conventional sampling method is provided.

A study of the environmental impacts of phosphate fertilisation using the planetary boundaries tool, and of the production and use of phosphate fertilisers such as struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate: Crystal Green and Crystal Green Pearl) precipitated from wastewater is described. Using an energy-accounting (emergy) method, the manufacture of equivalent units of struvite is calculated to require 10% of the emjoules needed by diammonium phosphate. Tests using struvite (which has a low water solubility) on turfgrass seed and roots indicate a low osmotic or ionic stress on germinating seed or soil microorganisms. The results of potato trials conducted in the USA and Poland using struvite-based fertilisers show marketable yield increases of 32%, higher-value grade increases of 34-66%, cull reductions of 14%, potato starch increases of 10.4% and overall starch yield increases of 32%., A study of the environmental impacts of phosphate fertilisation using the planetary boundaries tool, and of the production and use of phosphate fertilisers such as struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate: Crystal Green and Crystal Green Pearl) precipitated from wastewater is described. Using an energy-accounting (emergy) method, the manufacture of equivalent units of struvite is calculated to require 10% of the emjoules needed by diammonium phosphate. Tests using struvite (which has a low water solubility) on turfgrass seed and roots indicate a low osmotic or ionic stress on germinating seed or soil microorganisms. The results of potato trials conducted in the USA and Poland using struvite-based fertilisers show marketable yield increases of 32%, higher-value grade increases of 34-66%, cull reductions of 14%, potato starch increases of 10.4% and overall starch yield increases of 32%.

The correlation between granule strength and green strength of hard metal powders is examined. The approach is based on experiments and numerics. In the latter case, a Design of Experiment software is used. The granule strength of the powder (particle) is determined by GFP-measurements (“Granularfestigkeits-Prüfsystem”). During this test, a single particle is pressed from one side until breakage. The corresponding measurements of the green strength are done using three-point bend (3PB) testing. The experimental results show that the pressing agent has a strong influence on the behavior of both quantities. The statistical evaluation shows that the relation between the two strength properties is very close to linear with coefficient of determination R2 taking on the value 0.97. This of course indicates that it is possible to get information about one of the properties for a similar set of materials by experimentally determining the other one. This is of substantial practical importance as for one thing it can limit the amount of testing required. Even though the present investigation is pertinent to hard metal powders, the results could be of value for many other types of powder materials., QC 20220427

Porous materials are widely employed in a wide variety of industrial applications due to their advanced functional performance. Porous aluminum is among the most attractive metallic materials. It can be produced using repeatable methods involving a replicated Al foam that also provides porosity control. In this work, a highly porous replicated Al foam was fabricated. First, the model of multifunctional packing density was used and corrected to select the appropriate space holders. Then, Al foam was produced using a double-granular sodium chloride space holder. The obtained results showed a maximum porosity of 65% that was achieved using a mix of coarse, irregular granules with spherical granules of intermediate size. © 2021 by the authors.

UASB reactors are a promising option for environmentally friendly wastewater treatment due to their reduced carbon footprint and their capacity to treat a variety of wastewater strengths, among other recognized advantages over alternative wastewater treatment systems. The Influent Distribution System (IDS) is a critical structure for generating granules in a UASB reactor since it provides the required flow hydrodynamics for their formation. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the efficiency of five IDS configurations to generate ideal granulation conditions using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. The IDS configurations were as follows: (C1) single radial inflow, (C2) upward axial inflow, (C3) downward distributed axial inflow, and two novel configurations in the form of (C4) double opposite radial inflow and (C5) downward tangential inflow. The hydrodynamic response of configuration C1 was validated in a physical model with dynamic Froude similitude. The granulation measurement was velocity-based in the reactor reaction zone using steady-state CFD simulations. The novel IDS configuration C4 was the one that resulted in the highest granulation volume, with up to 45.5% of the potential granulation volume of the UASB reactor, in contrast to the IDS C2 that obtained the lowest granulation with only 10.8%. Results confirm that the IDS directly impacts the hydrodynamics of the reactor and that model-based design can be used to ascertain IDS configurations that better promote granulation in UASB reactors

This paper is focused on the physical evaluation of ceramic granules of Al2O3, Al2O3-13 wt% TiO2 (AT-13) and TiO2 obtained from alumina and titania nanoparticles by pelletisation in a rotating drum. The results were compared with those of both sintered and non-sintered granules of similar chemical compositions and particle size distributions which were spray dried, as well as with those of TiO2 pelletised granules blended with atomised alumina particles. The results obtained indicated that the physical characteristics of the pelletised granules conferred them a free-flowing behavior which was similar to that of the spray-dried granules. However, the TiO2 pelletised granules blended with harder atomised alumina particles disintegrated and, therefore, exhibited a poor flowability. Additionally, it was evident that the ceramic coatings fabricated from pelletised granules displayed a structure which was as or more compact than those of the granules obtained from agglomerated powders by spray drying with or without sintering, apart from being more compact than that of the coatings deposited from TiO2 pelletised granules blended with atomised alumina particles. The above findings indicate that the alternative pelletising method is potentially useful for the use of agglomerated nanoparticles as feedstock in the fabrication of bi-modal structured flame-sprayed ceramic coatings. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l.

Roll compaction/dry granulation often results in loss of tabletability. The two main hypotheses for this are granule hardening and granule size enlargement. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of granule size, roll compaction force, and granule fragmentation upon tableting and its effect on tabletability of granules constituting a ductile or brittle material. Plastically deforming microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and fragmenting lactose monohydrate (lactose) were roll compacted at five roll compaction forces ranging from 2 to 16 kN/cm. Granule size fractions of 250-355 and 500-710 um were blended with 10% magnesium stearate (MgSt), compressed into tablets and ground to obtain compressed granules. The predominant deformation behaviour of the particles constituting the granules directly impacted granule deformation upon tableting, as lactose granules fractured extensively upon tableting, whereas MCC granules predominantly deformed by plastic deformation. Increased roll compaction force resulted in more granule hardening of both materials and thereby granules less susceptible to fragmentation upon tableting. Granule hardening accounted for the largest loss of tabletability of MCC granules upon roll compaction. Roll compaction force and granule size had no or negligible effect on tabletability of lactose tablets without MgSt, whereas increased roll compaction force and larger granules decreased tensile strength of tablets containing lactose granules blended with MgSt. This was explained by interparticle and inter-granular bonds contributing equally to the tensile strength of lactose tablets without MgSt. However, after addition of MgSt, the decreased fragmentation tendency of larger granules compacted at higher roll compaction forces resulted in greater MgSt coverage of the granules upon tableting, thereby decreasing tabletability.

In this paper, a new approach to face description is proposed. The linguistic description of human faces in digital pictures is generated within a framework of fuzzy granulation. Fuzzy relations and fuzzy relational rules are applied in order to create the image description. By use of type-2 fuzzy sets, fuzzy relations, and fuzzy IF-THEN rules, an image recognition system can infer and explain its decision. Such a system can retrieve an image, recognize, and classify – especially a human face – based on the linguistic description. © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Introduction Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy aims to establish a patent nasolacrimal fistula. Use of silicone stent is a preferred modification to achieve long term patency of neo-ostium, though it has been blamed for granulations, synechia and punctal erosion. Present study was done to evaluate and compare the outcomes of Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy with and without stent. Materials and Methods 40 patients of with chronic dacryocystitis and nasolacrimal duct blockage were selected for the study. Nasal endoscopy was done for suitability of surgical access and to detect any nasal pathology. Sac syringing was done to assess the site of blockage and Dacryoscintigraphy to confirm it. 20 patients in Group A underwent Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy without stent and remaining 20 in Group B with silicone stent. Success rates were determined by subjective relief from epiphora and by endoscopic visualization of rhinostomy opening, granulation tissues/ synechiae at rhinostomy site and by result of sac syringing. Results In Group A, complete relief was obtained in 75% patients, significant relief in 10% and no relief in 15% patients thus recording overall success rate of 85%; whereas in Group B complete relief of symptom was obtained in 70% patients, significant relief in 10% and no symptom relief in 20% patients thus recording the overall success rate of 80%. Cases in Group B were also found to have persistent epiphora (17.5%), stenosis of ostium (25%), granulation (35%) and synechia (37.5%). Conclusion Stenting does not significantly improve the success of Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy but is associated with more complications.

Introduction Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy aims to establish a patent nasolacrimal fistula. Use of silicone stent is a preferred modification to achieve long term patency of neo-ostium, though it has been blamed for granulations, synechia and punctal erosion. Present study was done to evaluate and compare the outcomes of Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy with and without stent. Materials and Methods 40 patients of with chronic dacryocystitis and nasolacrimal duct blockage were selected for the study. Nasal endoscopy was done for suitability of surgical access and to detect any nasal pathology. Sac syringing was done to assess the site of blockage and Dacryoscintigraphy to confirm it. 20 patients in Group A underwent Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy without stent and remaining 20 in Group B with silicone stent. Success rates were determined by subjective relief from epiphora and by endoscopic visualization of rhinostomy opening, granulation tissues/ synechiae at rhinostomy site and by result of sac syringing. Results In Group A, complete relief was obtained in 75% patients, significant relief in 10% and no relief in 15% patients thus recording overall success rate of 85%; whereas in Group B complete relief of symptom was obtained in 70% patients, significant relief in 10% and no symptom relief in 20% patients thus recording the overall success rate of 80%. Cases in Group B were also found to have persistent epiphora (17.5%), stenosis of ostium (25%), granulation (35%) and synechia (37.5%). Conclusion Stenting does not significantly improve the success of Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy but is associated with more complications.

Introduction Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy aims to establish a patent nasolacrimal fistula. Use of silicone stent is a preferred modification to achieve long term patency of neo-ostium, though it has been blamed for granulations, synechia and punctal erosion. Present study was done to evaluate and compare the outcomes of Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy with and without stent. Materials and Methods 40 patients of with chronic dacryocystitis and nasolacrimal duct blockage were selected for the study. Nasal endoscopy was done for suitability of surgical access and to detect any nasal pathology. Sac syringing was done to assess the site of blockage and Dacryoscintigraphy to confirm it. 20 patients in Group A underwent Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy without stent and remaining 20 in Group B with silicone stent. Success rates were determined by subjective relief from epiphora and by endoscopic visualization of rhinostomy opening, granulation tissues/ synechiae at rhinostomy site and by result of sac syringing. Results In Group A, complete relief was obtained in 75% patients, significant relief in 10% and no relief in 15% patients thus recording overall success rate of 85%; whereas in Group B complete relief of symptom was obtained in 70% patients, significant relief in 10% and no symptom relief in 20% patients thus recording the overall success rate of 80%. Cases in Group B were also found to have persistent epiphora (17.5%), stenosis of ostium (25%), granulation (35%) and synechia (37.5%). Conclusion Stenting does not significantly improve the success of Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy but is associated with more complications.

While significant amount of research is devoted to optimisation of the on-strand sintering process, optimisation of the integrated sintering process, viz. granulation and on-strand sintering together, has not received much attention. This is, however, necessary as the granulation process dictates the moisture content, mean size and voidage of the green mix bed, which in turn have a very strong influence on the sintering process and sinter quality. In this work, a multi-objective optimisation problem was formulated and solved to maximise both sinter productivity and quality for the integrated iron ore sintering process. Predictive models for productivity and quality parameters such as tumbler index (TI) and reduction degradation index (RDI) are built using machine learning algorithms. The optimisation problem is solved using an evolutionary algorithm called non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) to obtain a set of Pareto-optimal solutions. Optimal settings for key manipulated variables such as moisture content of green mix, fuel content, bed height and strand speed are obtained for the Pareto solutions. The optimisation results are useful for identifying the operational range of the sintering process and can be used by operators for running the sinter plant optimally for a given set of raw materials., While significant amount of research is devoted to optimisation of the on-strand sintering process, optimisation of the integrated sintering process, viz. granulation and on-strand sintering together, has not received much attention. This is, however, necessary as the granulation process dictates the moisture content, mean size and voidage of the green mix bed, which in turn have a very strong influence on the sintering process and sinter quality. In this work, a multi-objective optimisation problem was formulated and solved to maximise both sinter productivity and quality for the integrated iron ore sintering process. Predictive models for productivity and quality parameters such as tumbler index (TI) and reduction degradation index (RDI) are built using machine learning algorithms. The optimisation problem is solved using an evolutionary algorithm called non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) to obtain a set of Pareto-optimal solutions. Optimal settings for key manipulated variables such as moisture content of green mix, fuel content, bed height and strand speed are obtained for the Pareto solutions. The optimisation results are useful for identifying the operational range of the sintering process and can be used by operators for running the sinter plant optimally for a given set of raw materials.

Biochar production from organic wastes is a promising way to achieve both waste minimization and resource recovery and relies on the pyrolysis process fixing carbon in solid-state. As a result, the fixation of carbon reduces the greenhouse gas emission, while the produced biochar can be effectively reused as a resource in the agricultural industry, building sector, water treatment facilities, etc. However, biochar production from waste activated sludge is limited due to high energy requirements and low product quality. A “seawater-in-sludge” approach was first proposed in this thesis to modify the biochar properties produced from sewage sludge. The biochar yield was found to be increased by 10% when more alkali and alkaline earth metals (AAEM) species were incorporated into the sludge matrix from seawater. The nitrogen-sorption isotherm indicated a higher specific surface area of biochar (480.3 m2/g) obtained from the minerals loaded sludge at high temperatures, showing activation effects. Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed that minerals activation increased the graphitization degree of the carbon structure and decreased the surface functional groups. This lead to lower resistance and a higher capacitance of 113.9 F/g of the carbon electrodes (60% higher than the control groups without seawater). Despite the merits of AAEM cations on biochar surfaces, the roles of them during sludge pyrolysis remain unclear. Granulation of conventional flocculent sludge is a natural enrichment of AAEM cations and the formed granular sludge would exhibit distinct pyrolysis behaviour from flocculent sludge. In such contexts, this study investigated the process kinetics and mechanisms of both flocculent and granular sludge in the second part. Granular sludge devolatilized from 210℃ was more thermally stable than flocculent sludge whose devolatilization started from 170 ℃. However, the activation energy required for granular sludge decompos

Many sources of wastewater contain sulfides, which can cause excessive growth of filamentous bacteria such as Thiothrix sp. resulting in bulking sludge in conventional activated sludge systems. Granular sludge systems could potentially also suffer from the growth of filamentous bacteria. Uptake of easily degradable COD by the relatively slow growing Ca. Accumulibacter phosphatis bacteria and the absence of strong diffusion gradients due to plug flow feeding through the settled granular sludge bed are assumed to be the dominant factors for successful granulation. Sulfides will remain after this anaerobic phase and cause growth of sulfide-consuming bacteria such as Thiothrix sp. Here we observed the impact of growth of Thiothrix sp bacteria in a laboratory aerobic granular sludge reactor by feeding a mixture of acetate and thiosulfate in the influent. Thiothrix sp, proliferated when 18% of the influent COD was due to thiosulfate, forming 51.4 ± 8.3% of the total granular biomass. Despite the strong presence of these filamentous bacteria a well settling sludge was maintained (SVI10 equal to 13.3 mL/g). These results confirm that sludge morphology is not necessarily a reflection of the cell morphology of the bacteria, but is highly influence by reactor operation. It also reiterates the fact that compact biofilms are formed when the substrate consumption rate is lower than the substrate transport rate., BT/Environmental Biotechnology

Biochar production from organic wastes is a promising way to achieve both waste minimization and resource recovery and relies on the pyrolysis process fixing carbon in solid-state. As a result, the fixation of carbon reduces the greenhouse gas emission, while the produced biochar can be effectively reused as a resource in the agricultural industry, building sector, water treatment facilities, etc. However, biochar production from waste activated sludge is limited due to high energy requirements and low product quality. A “seawater-in-sludge” approach was first proposed in this thesis to modify the biochar properties produced from sewage sludge. The biochar yield was found to be increased by 10% when more alkali and alkaline earth metals (AAEM) species were incorporated into the sludge matrix from seawater. The nitrogen-sorption isotherm indicated a higher specific surface area of biochar (480.3 m2/g) obtained from the minerals loaded sludge at high temperatures, showing activation effects. Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed that minerals activation increased the graphitization degree of the carbon structure and decreased the surface functional groups. This lead to lower resistance and a higher capacitance of 113.9 F/g of the carbon electrodes (60% higher than the control groups without seawater). Despite the merits of AAEM cations on biochar surfaces, the roles of them during sludge pyrolysis remain unclear. Granulation of conventional flocculent sludge is a natural enrichment of AAEM cations and the formed granular sludge would exhibit distinct pyrolysis behaviour from flocculent sludge. In such contexts, this study investigated the process kinetics and mechanisms of both flocculent and granular sludge in the second part. Granular sludge devolatilized from 210℃ was more thermally stable than flocculent sludge whose devolatilization started from 170 ℃. However, the activation energy required for granular sludge decompos

Many sources of wastewater contain sulfides, which can cause excessive growth of filamentous bacteria such as Thiothrix sp. resulting in bulking sludge in conventional activated sludge systems. Granular sludge systems could potentially also suffer from the growth of filamentous bacteria. Uptake of easily degradable COD by the relatively slow growing Ca. Accumulibacter phosphatis bacteria and the absence of strong diffusion gradients due to plug flow feeding through the settled granular sludge bed are assumed to be the dominant factors for successful granulation. Sulfides will remain after this anaerobic phase and cause growth of sulfide-consuming bacteria such as Thiothrix sp. Here we observed the impact of growth of Thiothrix sp bacteria in a laboratory aerobic granular sludge reactor by feeding a mixture of acetate and thiosulfate in the influent. Thiothrix sp, proliferated when 18% of the influent COD was due to thiosulfate, forming 51.4 ± 8.3% of the total granular biomass. Despite the strong presence of these filamentous bacteria a well settling sludge was maintained (SVI10 equal to 13.3 mL/g). These results confirm that sludge morphology is not necessarily a reflection of the cell morphology of the bacteria, but is highly influence by reactor operation. It also reiterates the fact that compact biofilms are formed when the substrate consumption rate is lower than the substrate transport rate., BT/Environmental Biotechnology

This work presents a predictive model to estimate the particle size distribution (PSD) and aggregation efficiency of wet granulation of urea in top spray fluidized bed. To elucidate the model solution, the experimental granulation process of urea particles was performed. Urea particles with an average size of 250 µm, were charged and fluidized at the granulator by spraying a binder solution. Urea granule samples were withdrawn at different granulation time, and the respective particle size distributions were characterized using the sieving method. An empirical model for aggregation rate constant has been developed based on the experimental data at various operating conditions and used in population balance model to estimate the PSD. Furthermore, the model has been extended to determine aggregation efficiency using particle tracking velocimetry method (PTV). The developed model could be employed to estimate the urea granulation performance and kinetics in fluidized bed for design and scale-up purpose.

The formation of elemental sulfur during sulfide concentrate pressure leaching leads to the appearance of sulfur-sulfide granules, which significantly reduces zinc dissolution rate. The solution for this problem was the use of surfactants, which prevents the negative effect of molten sulfur, avoiding the granule formation during leaching. Lignosulfonates (waste from the woodworking industry) are most often used as reagents for sulfide concentrate pressure leaching. Influence of individual and mixtures of surfactants on surface tension of aqueous solutions, zinc extraction and size-grade distribution of cakes after sulfide zinc concentrate pressure leaching. Surface tension of aqueous solutions was analyzed by stalagmometric method. Leaching was performed in titanium autoclave in presence of lignosulfonate, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and sodium dodecylsulfate. Solutions after leaching were analyzed on zinc by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Size-grade analysis of cakes after leaching was carried out by laser diffraction particle size analyzer. In this work, synergetic influence was observed of anionic surfactants and lignosulfonate on decreasing of aqueous solutions surface tension. The best results were obtained when LS-SDBS mixture was used, namely in the range of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate concentrations 400-600 mg / l. Usage of combined surfactants allowed to achieve high rates of zinc extraction and optimal particle size of cakes after leaching. At Ls and SDBS using zinc extraction was increased from 77,2 % up to 82,8 %, with the bulk of the cake (96,7%) having a particle size of-150 μm. Combined surfactants usage (lignosulfonate and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate) can be recommended for applying at pressure leaching of sulfide zinc concentrates. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd., Leaching experiments and grade size analysis were conducted at the expense of the Russian Science Foundation grant (project No. 18-19-00186).

The formation of elemental sulfur during sulfide concentrate pressure leaching leads to the appearance of sulfur-sulfide granules, which significantly reduces zinc dissolution rate. The solution for this problem was the use of surfactants, which prevents the negative effect of molten sulfur, avoiding the granule formation during leaching. Lignosulfonates (waste from the woodworking industry) are most often used as reagents for sulfide concentrate pressure leaching. Influence of individual and mixtures of surfactants on surface tension of aqueous solutions, zinc extraction and size-grade distribution of cakes after sulfide zinc concentrate pressure leaching. Surface tension of aqueous solutions was analyzed by stalagmometric method. Leaching was performed in titanium autoclave in presence of lignosulfonate, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and sodium dodecylsulfate. Solutions after leaching were analyzed on zinc by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Size-grade analysis of cakes after leaching was carried out by laser diffraction particle size analyzer. In this work, synergetic influence was observed of anionic surfactants and lignosulfonate on decreasing of aqueous solutions surface tension. The best results were obtained when LS-SDBS mixture was used, namely in the range of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate concentrations 400-600 mg / l. Usage of combined surfactants allowed to achieve high rates of zinc extraction and optimal particle size of cakes after leaching. At Ls and SDBS using zinc extraction was increased from 77,2 % up to 82,8 %, with the bulk of the cake (96,7%) having a particle size of-150 μm. Combined surfactants usage (lignosulfonate and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate) can be recommended for applying at pressure leaching of sulfide zinc concentrates. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

Атестаційна робота освітньо-кваліфікаційного рівня «магістр» на тему: «Удосконалення тепломасообмінних процесів у сушарці киплячого шару» / НТУУ «КПІ імені Ігоря Сікорського»; Керівник Поводзинський В.М. - К., 2019. - 92 с. іл. 19. Виконавець Ходкнько О.В. - Бібліогр. Робота складається з переліку умовних позначень, вступу, чотирьох розділів, висновків, переліку посилань і додатків. Повний обсяг роботи становить 92 сторінки, 19 рисунків,9 таблиць і переліку посилань з 23 найменувань (на 2 сторінках). Графічна частина складається з Апаратурно-технологічної схеми; Сушарка киплячого шару,складальне креслення; Камера продуктова, складальне креслення; ЗБ-моделі Сушарка киплячого шару - плакат 1; Днище, складальне креслення; Решітка; Ущільнення надувного; Штуцер; Опори. Сушка грануляту є однією з найважливіших ролей на фармацевтичних виробництвах.Сушарка киплячого шару використовується на стадії сушіння таблемаси, від якої залежить подальша якість продукції. Об'єктом дослідження слугує сушарка киплячого шару. Предметом дослідження є процес тепло- та масообміну, характеристики сушарки киплячогошару та її окремих конструктивних елементів. Мета магістерської дисертації полягає у дослідженні процесів тепло- та масообміну та розробці конструкці сушарки киплячого шару. Приведені математичні дослідження показало, що запропонована конструкція є ефективнішою за аналоги та може бути використана при конструюванні нового обладнання або вдосконаленні вже існуючого., Attestation work of educational qualification level "Master" on subject: "Improvement of heat and mass transfer processes in the boiling fluidized layer dryer" / NTUU “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”; Head: Povodzinsky V. M. - K., 2019. - 92 p. illus. 19. Executor: Khodunko O. V. - Bibliography. The work consists of a list of symbols, introduction, four sections, conclusions, a list of references and applications. The total volume of work is 92 pages, 19 figures, 9 tables and a list of references of 23 titles (on 2 pages). The graphic part consists of the Equipment-technological scheme; Boiling fluidized layer dryer, assembly drawing; Output camera, assembly drawing; 3D models Boiling fluidized layer dryer - poster 1; Bottom, assembly drawing; Grille; Inflatable seals; Fitting; Supports. Drying of the granulate is one of the most important processes in pharmaceutical industries. The boiling fluidized layer dryer is used at the stage of drying the pills mass, which depends on the further quality of production. The object of study is a boiling fluidized layer dryer. The subject of the study is the process of heat and mass transfer, the characteristics of the boiling fluidized layer dryer and its individual structural elements. The purpose of the master's thesis is to study the processes of heat and mass transfer and to develop the design of a boiling fluidized layer dryer. The above mathematical studies have shown that the proposed design is more efficient than analogues and can be used in the construction of new equipment or improvement of existing ones.

Дисертація присвячена науково-технічним основам технології переробки післяспиртової зернової барди з отриманням біогазу. Визначено залежність виходу біогазу від співвідношення компонентів субстрату, а саме ПСБ та посліду, що дозволяє підвищити вихід цільового продукту – біогазу та вміст метану в ньому. В роботі розглянуто основні параметри процесу метаногенезу. Експериментально визначено оптимальну температуру та вміст інокуляту в суміші за яких спостерігається максимальний вихід біогазу з даної сировини. Оскільки технологія передбачає напівперервний процес переробки барди, що забезпечується постійним заміщенням частини збродженої суміші на свіжу післяспиртову барду, було визначено частоту даних заміщень та об’єм субстрату, який заміщується. Показано вплив гранульованого анаеробного активного мулу на процес очищення рідкої фракції збродженої суміші субстратів: ПСБ, посліду та СВ на вихід біогазу на даній стадії. Запропоновано математичну модель залежності виходу біогазу від значення рН та об’єму заміщення частини субстрату на сиру ПСБ, що дає можливість створення системи управління процесом ферментації післяспиртової барди в заданих умовах без зміни параметрів процесу. Визначено технологічні режими двостадійної анаеробної переробки висококонцентрованої стічної води спиртзаводу в повному обсязі.

Дисертація присвячена науково-технічним основам технології переробки післяспиртової зернової барди з отриманням біогазу. Визначено залежність виходу біогазу від співвідношення компонентів субстрату, а саме ПСБ та посліду, що дозволяє підвищити вихід цільового продукту – біогазу та вміст метану в ньому. В роботі розглянуто основні параметри процесу метаногенезу. Експериментально визначено оптимальну температуру та вміст інокуляту в суміші за яких спостерігається максимальний вихід біогазу з даної сировини. Оскільки технологія передбачає напівперервний процес переробки барди, що забезпечується постійним заміщенням частини збродженої суміші на свіжу післяспиртову барду, було визначено частоту даних заміщень та об’єм субстрату, який заміщується. Показано вплив гранульованого анаеробного активного мулу на процес очищення рідкої фракції збродженої суміші субстратів: ПСБ, посліду та СВ на вихід біогазу на даній стадії. Запропоновано математичну модель залежності виходу біогазу від значення рН та об’єму заміщення частини субстрату на сиру ПСБ, що дає можливість створення системи управління процесом ферментації післяспиртової барди в заданих умовах без зміни параметрів процесу. Визначено технологічні режими двостадійної анаеробної переробки висококонцентрованої стічної води спиртзаводу в повному обсязі., The thesis is devoted to the scientific and technical fundamentals of technology for grain distillery spent wash processing with biogas production. The dependence of the biogas output on the ratio of the substrate components, namely DSW and poultry manure, has been determined, which allows to increase the yield of the target product - biogas and the methane content in it. The main parameters of the methanogenesis process are considered in this paper. The optimum temperature and inoculum content in the mixture, in which the maximum biogas output from this raw material is observed, is experimentally determined. As the technology involves a semi-continuous process of distillery spent wash processing, which is ensured by the constant replacement of the part of the fermented mixture with a fresh distillery spent wash, the frequency of substitution data and the amount of substrate replaced is determined. The effect of the granular anaerobic active sludge on the treatment process the liquid fraction of the digested substrate mix: DSW, poultry manure and wastewater for biogas output on this stage was demonstrated. The mathematical model of the biogas output dependence on the pH value and the substitution volume of a substrate part on the raw DSW is proposed, which makes it possible to create a system for controlling the process of distillery spent wash fermentation in the given conditions without changing the process parameters. The technological regimes of the two-stage anaerobic processing of highly concentrated distillery wastewater in full are determined., Диссертация посвящена научно-техническим основам технологии переработки послеспиртовой зерновой барды с получением биогаза. С развитием спиртовой промышленности, возникла проблема утилизации отходов. Наиболее остро стоит проблема утилизации основного отхода производства – послеспиртовой барды, объем которой в 10-15 раз превышает количество полученного спирта. В натуральном виде барда не пользуется спросом на рынке, поскольку она не подлежит длительному хранению. За счет высоких показателей химического и биохимического потребления кислорода, низкого значения рН, специфического цвета и запаха, высокого содержания взвешенных веществ, очистка таких отходов на полях фильтрации или сброс ее в водоемы невозможен. В настоящее время исследуются методы анаэробной переработки послеспиртовой барды с получением биогаза. Основной проблемой анаэробного сбраживания барды является низкое значение рН, и дефицит основных элементов питания, что ингибирует процесс метаногенеза. Поэтому исследования в направлении стабилизации рН и технологии проведения процесса ферментации является актуальной задачей переработки барды. В работе для решения данных проблем предлагается использование птичьего помета в качестве косубстрата при ферментации барды. В исследовании определено зависимость выхода биогаза от соотношения компонентов субстрата, а именно ПСБ и помета, что позволяет повысить выход целевого продукта – биогаза и содержание метана в нем. Рациональным соотношением компонентов субстрата по сухому органическому веществу послеспиртовая барда/помет для процесса ферментации барды является 1: 1,7. При таких условиях выход биогаза составляет 265 ± 17,1 см3/г СОР с содержанием метана 70 ± 2%. В случае снижения содержания помета по СОР менее 1 : 1 происходит закисления среды за счёт накопления органических кислот. Повышение содержания помета по отношению к послеспиртовой барды 1 : 2,3 и выше приводит к снижению выхода биогаза вследствие ингибирования процесса ионами аммония, которые присутствуют в п

There was studied dough made from refined white and brown wheat flours of different granulometry by means of mechanical, thermal analysis and rheological testing. Observed results were confronted with textural properties of breads. Obtained data confirmed that fine refined white flour dough had high ability to elongate and accumulate stress, in contrary, brown fine flour dough exhibited weaker ability to accumulate stress. Observed increase of the complex viscosity associated with the gelatinization was the fastest in coarse dough, where it gained also the highest peak viscosity. The highest water content liberated was found from fine brown flour bread. This triggered lower water availability for hydration of starch granules in the bread during baking process, thus promoting higher moisture loss affecting thus the overall expansion and porosity of the bread matrix. The latter effect was ascribed to the presence of bran particles in brown flour. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd

Phosphorus and nitrogen are the main nutrients in agricultural and municipal sludges. They runoff easily to waterways especially when sludges are used as fertilizers. The main goal of this study was to create a slow-release sludge-based recycled fertilizer that is stable and easy to handle and spread. The production of recycled fertilizer contained four steps: 1) adjusting and decreasing the pH of the sludge to prevent ammonium evaporating as ammonia, 2) drying the sludge to a suitable moisture content to enable granulation and pelleting, 3) granulating or pelleting the sludge with some additives to improve the quality of the fertilizer, 4) drying the produced fertilizers at room temperature. Additives in the granulation or pelleting process were biocarbon, calcium hydroxide or ammoniumsulfate. Elemental analysis and leaching tests of mixed recycled fertilizer product provided information about the mechanical strength and the total and soluble nutrient contents.

There was studied dough made from refined white and brown wheat flours of different granulometry by means of mechanical, thermal analysis and rheological testing. Observed results were confronted with textural properties of breads. Obtained data confirmed that fine refined white flour dough had high ability to elongate and accumulate stress, in contrary, brown fine flour dough exhibited weaker ability to accumulate stress. Observed increase of the complex viscosity associated with the gelatinization was the fastest in coarse dough, where it gained also the highest peak viscosity. The highest water content liberated was found from fine brown flour bread. This triggered lower water availability for hydration of starch granules in the bread during baking process, thus promoting higher moisture loss affecting thus the overall expansion and porosity of the bread matrix. The latter effect was ascribed to the presence of bran particles in brown flour. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd

In Denmark, increasing amounts of woody biomass are being used for the production of renewable energy, resulting in more wood ashes being generated. While these materials have been mainly landfilled, wood ashes may also be utilised for fertilizing and liming purposes on top of soils. Pre-treatments involving hardening or granulation may be carried out prior to soil application. In this study, two Danish wood ash samples were hardened and/or granulated. Lab-hardening induced rapid changes in the shape of the acid neutralisation capacity curve of the ashes. Up-flow column tests, assuming local equilibrium conditions, were employed to investigate the leaching from pre-treated ashes. Granules and loose ashes demonstrated similar leaching behaviours, indicating that similar geochemical processes were governing their leaching. In comparison with untreated fresh ashes, the hardened ashes demonstrated reduced leaching of Ca, Ba, Pb and Zn with concentration levels generally below or close to the analytical limits of quantification; to the contrary, the leaching of As, P, Sb, Si, V and Mg was enhanced in the hardened ashes. The release of alkalinity was reduced by hardening. In general, all granules were barely breakable by finger-pinching and they could withstand one month of continuous leaching, preserving their overall shape. The solubility of phosphorous in neutral ammonium citrate indicated that about 30–51% of the total P content in the ash samples was released, suggesting that the ashes could be potentially valuable as P-fertiliser if applied onto soil.

Adding calcium during anaerobic digestion of vacuum collected black water (BW) in an up-flow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor increased the retention of total phosphorus (P) in the reactor from 51% to 87%. However, the insufficient mixing in the reactor caused cementation and relatively high content of organics in the recovered calcium phosphate (CaP) granules, limiting the P recovery. In this study, the UASB reactor was mixed with an internal gas-lift (UASB-GL) to prevent cementation and to enhance the P content in CaP granules. The novel UASB-GL reactor operated for 300 days, treating concentrated BW. At steady state, the removal of total COD and P was 92% and 90%, respectively. The gas injection created a sludge bed with an average total suspended solids concentration of 73 ± 16 g/L at the bottom and 31 ± 5 g/L at the top of the reactor. The concentration of solid P at the bottom of the reactor was 4.58 ± 1.34 gP/L, while at the top a much lower concentration was obtained (0.75 ± 0.32 gP/L). 89% of the CaP granules was found at the bottom of the reactor. The harvested CaP granules (>0.4 mm diameter) contained on average 7.8 ± 0.6 wt% of P. A potential recovery of 57% of P in BW as CaP granules was calculated, considering actual application of the UASB-GL reactor in source separated sanitation.

Дисертаційна робота спрямована на вирішення важливої науково-технічної задачі – підвищення ефективності процесу одержання інноваційних гранульованих органо-мінеральних добрив необхідних для впровадження принципів раціонального землекористування шляхом застосування неоднорідного псевдозрідження в автоколивальному режимі. Теоретично обґрунтовано та експериментально доведено, що застосування неоднорідного струменево-пульсаційного псевдозрідження у автоколивальному режимі при зневодненні та грануляції складних рідких гетерогенних систем суттєво підвищує інтенсивність дифузійно-контрольованих процесів при збереженні стійкої кінетики процесу. Експериментально визначено умови введення газового агенту в шар зернистого матеріалу та конструктивні параметри камери гранулятора при яких реалізується неоднорідне струменево-пульсаційне псевдозрідження в автоколивальному режимі для випадку, коли висота пробою газового струменя в тричі менша початкової висоти шару зернистого матеріалу. Експериментально доведено, що запропоновані критерії оцінки якості гідродинаміки в автоколивальному режимі дозволяють обрати параметри при яких практично усувається ризик утворення застійних зон на робочих поверхнях ГРП. Це дозволяє запобігти оплавленню матеріалу при використанні теплоносія із температурою, що в 1,5..2 рази перевищує температуру плавлення окремих термолабільних компонентів рідкої фази, яка подається на зневоднення до гранулятора. Запропоновано методику розрахунку промислового гранулятора із псевдозрідженим шаром.

Дисертаційна робота спрямована на вирішення важливої науково-технічної задачі – підвищення ефективності процесу одержання інноваційних гранульованих органо-мінеральних добрив необхідних для впровадження принципів раціонального землекористування шляхом застосування неоднорідного псевдозрідження в автоколивальному режимі. Теоретично обґрунтовано та експериментально доведено, що застосування неоднорідного струменево-пульсаційного псевдозрідження у автоколивальному режимі при зневодненні та грануляції складних рідких гетерогенних систем суттєво підвищує інтенсивність дифузійно-контрольованих процесів при збереженні стійкої кінетики процесу. Експериментально визначено умови введення газового агенту в шар зернистого матеріалу та конструктивні параметри камери гранулятора при яких реалізується неоднорідне струменево-пульсаційне псевдозрідження в автоколивальному режимі для випадку, коли висота пробою газового струменя в тричі менша початкової висоти шару зернистого матеріалу. Експериментально доведено, що запропоновані критерії оцінки якості гідродинаміки в автоколивальному режимі дозволяють обрати параметри при яких практично усувається ризик утворення застійних зон на робочих поверхнях ГРП. Це дозволяє запобігти оплавленню матеріалу при використанні теплоносія із температурою, що в 1,5..2 рази перевищує температуру плавлення окремих термолабільних компонентів рідкої фази, яка подається на зневоднення до гранулятора. Запропоновано методику розрахунку промислового гранулятора із псевдозрідженим шаром., The dissertation is dedicated to solving the important scientific and technical problem – increasing of efficiency of the process of obtaining innovative granular organic-mineral fertilizers that are necessary for the implementation of the principles of rational land use through the application of non-uniform fluidization in auto-oscillating mode. The efficiency of application of non-uniform fluidization in an auto-oscillating mode in the process of dehydration and granulation of liquid heterogeneous systems is theoretically substantiated and experimentally proved. The regularities of the transition of the bubbling hydrodynamic mode of fluidization to the non-uniform auto-oscillating and rational limits of its existence are established. In the work are proposed the criteria for assessing the quality of hydrodynamics in the auto-oscillating mode of jet-pulsed fluidization in the form of a function of loss of a hydrodynamics quality and the index of dynamic quality of hydrodynamics, which allows to determine the technological parameters, which minimizes the risk of formation of stagnant zones on the work surfaces of the gas distributing device, which increases the stability of granulation processes with the use of heat carrier with a temperature of more than 300 oC. The conditions of existence of an auto-oscillating mode of jet-pulsating fluidization, which provide the index of dynamic quality of hydrodynamics iquality ≥ 0,85 for solid particles in the range of values of equivalent diameter 1,5 ≤ de ≤ 4,0 mm are determined. The functional dependence of influence of the hydrodynamic mode of heat carrier movement in the slits of the gas distributing device, the number of fluidization and the dispersion of a bed of granular material on the dynamic quality of hydrodynamics is established. The generalization of an experimental data is carried out in the form of functional dependences of the frequency of pulsations of granular material bed and the index of mixing of a fluid