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Due to limited exposure and the challenges of field access, the magmatic record of the Ross Orogeny along the Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica remains ill-constrained. This results in a lack of clarity for Gondwanan tectonics and geodynamics along the paleo-Pacific margin. To better understand spatiotemporal trends in the timing, duration, and source(s) of magmatism, whole-rock geochemistry, U-Pb ages, and Lu-Hf isotopes were measured on zircon in 132 granitoids and 40 gneisses from northern Victoria Land (nVL), the Miller Range (MR), and the Ohio Range (OHR) mountains, spanning ~4,000 km of the Antarctic segment of the paleo-Pacific margin of Gondwana. U-Pb data reveal magmatism in the northern Transantarctic Mountains at nVL initiated by at least ca. 552 Ma, lasting until ca. 467 Ma, magmatism in the central Transantarctic Mountains (cTAM) at the MR spans ca. 573 Ma to ca. 487 Ma, and, the OHR in the southern Transantarctic Mountains (sTAM) records magmatism from ca. 540 Ma to ca. 423 Ma. These age ranges suggest that the duration of magmatism was near-synchronous along the entire margin, but that magmatism first initiated in the cTAM through sVL (ca. 595-590 Ma), before migrating northward and southward into nVL (ca. 552 Ma) and sTAM (i.e., OHR, ca. 540 Ma), respectively. Termination of magmatism followed a similar trend, ending in the cTAM through sVL ca. 485 Ma, then in nVL ca. 467 Ma, and finally in OHR ca. 423 Ma. Thus, our data do not support the long-held suggestion of arc magmatism decreasing in age northward along the margin.Zircon Hf isotope data indicate different magma sources contributed to magmatism as it migrated along the margin. Granitoids from nVL contain minimal mantle input, and were instead dominantly sourced from melting of (meta-)sedimentary source(s). Granitoids from the Ohio Range contain some juvenile input from a relatively young mantle source and contain almost no inherited zircon xenocrysts. Magmatic and metamorphic rocks from the

[EN] In the province of Namibe, the potentiality in ornamental stones is diversified and high. In addition to marble, new rocks from this region have found their way onto the market: metagrauvaques and migmatites, and light-toned granites, predominantly grayish with two micas, and biotitic. The potential resources are very high, but mostly not evaluated. The main constraints to the exploitation are related to the high intensity of fracturing, the occurrence of enclaves in the migmatites, and textural/chromatic heterogeneities in the marbles, besides its occurrence in very steep reliefs. The lack of roads and access to the resources is a major difficulty. The analyzes and technological tests carried out to characterize the samples did not show significant variations in the physicalmechanical behavior at a regional level in any of the studied lithologies, these being in general high quality ornamental stones for indoor or outdoor use, namely for pavement, cladding and lining.

Apatite is a ubiquitous phase in granite plutons and in most adjacent country rocks, thus contamination of a granite magma with wall-rock material results in two genetic types of apatite in the magma: cognate and foreign. These two textural and chemical varieties of apatite undergo textural and compositional changes to reach physical and chemical equilibrium (perfect assimilation) in the melt. Our experiments replicate the conditions in such contaminated granites. The starting materials consist of a peraluminous synthetic SiO2-Al2O3-Na2O-K2O (SANK 1.3) granite gel with A/NK of 1.3, synthetic F-apatite, synthetic Cl-apatite, and natural Durango apatite. Initial experiments in cold-seal hydrothermal pressure vessels at magmatically realistic temperatures of 750 °C and pressures of 200 MPa produced negligible reactions, even after run times of 2000 h. Instead, we used an argon-pressurized internally heated pressure vessel with a rapid-quench setup at temperatures of 1200 °C, pressure of 200 MPa, and run durations of 192 h. An advantage of this high temperature is that it exceeds the liquidus for quartz and feldspar; therefore, apatite is the only solid phase in the run products. The starting composition of each run was 90 wt% SANK 1.3 granite gel and 10 wt% crushed apatite (consisting of one, two, or three varieties), with and without 4 wt% added H2O. Run products were examined by SEM for texture and by EMPA and LA-ICP-MS for composition. The starting synthetic granite composition contains no Ca, F, Cl, or REEs thus, in every run, apatite was initially undersaturated in the melt. In all experiments, most large apatite grains consisted of anhedral shards with rounded corners, most small apatite grains were round, and a small proportion of apatite grains developed one or more crystal faces. In experiments with two or three apatite compositions, the run-product apatite grains had compositions intermediate between those of the starting-material grains, and they were homoge

Two crystalline rock drill cores from the Grimsel site were scanned with a Nikon XT H 225 - scanner. The samples were prepared (formatted and cast in epoxy) by UJV Rez, Czech Republic. The CT-data were acquired and processed at HZDR-FWOT. Sample 1 (GAM_UJV_1C_1) contains a complex system of interconnected fractures. Sample 2 (GAM_UJV_1C_2) contains one single end-to-end fracture with larger aperture. Size of both samples: Diameter 80 mm, length 165 mm. Two tomograms were acquired for both samples: 1) Complete drill core as one scan, voxel size ca. 75 µm. 2) HR-tomogram merged from three sections with maximum resolution, voxel size ca. 40 µm. The tomograms were stored as 3D-raw files. Data format, acquisition parameters, and processing workflow, are documented in the tomogram header files (nrrd-format (text):  see https://teem.sourceforge.net/nrrd/format.html). This data format is importable into open-source visualization programs as 3D slicer (https://www.slicer.org) or Paraview (https://www.paraview.org). The data processing has been conducted with Avizo (https://www.thermofisher.com/de/de/home/electron-microscopy/products/software-em-3d-vis/avizo-software.html). Files: Sample 1 GAM_UJV_1C_1_complet-2_01_NLM: Graylevel image of complete sample, ring artifact removal, non-local-means filter GAM_UJV_1C_1_complet-2_01_thresholded: Tentative label image of complete sample, threshold segmentation with manual edit Merged-GAM_UJV_1C_1_HR.Frac_section: Graylevel image of merged fracture section, unfiltered Merged-GAM_UJV_1C_1_HR.Frac_section.Threshold: Tentative label image of merged fracture section, adaptive threshold segmentation with manual edit GAM_UJV_1C_1_complet_2.png: Figure of complete sample  GAM_UJV_1C_1_HR_Frac_Y2.png: Figure of merged high-resolution tomogram Sample 2 GAM_UJV_1C_2_complet_01.filtered: Graylevel image of complete sample, ring arti

Structures and deformation mechanisms of magmatic rocks are controlled by rheology. An increase in melt fraction can weaken a rock body and localises significant amount of strain. This interplay between rheology, melting and deformation in a magma reservoir, however, is not always clearly documented in literature. Therefore, this thesis illustrates the Syn-Magmatic Deformation Features (SMDFs) discovered in the Slaufrudalur pluton in Iceland. The goal of this thesis is to test whether these features formed during the emplacement of the Slaufrudalur pluton. Field mapping, microscopy, geochemistry analysis, electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) and Raman spectroscopy were employed to document and investigate the formation of these features and their relationships with the pluton. The SMDFs bear sharp contacts with the host granite and are divided into two types according to their morphology: 1) Type I SMDFs resemble shear zone with internal deformation fabric. 2) Type II SMDFs resemble magmatic dykes. The Type I SMDFs are interpreted as melt-assisted shearing structures while Type II SMDFs are interpreted as magmatic dykelets. Previous studies postulated that amalgamation of magma batches was responsible for the emplacement of the large plutons. Frequent injection of magma batches built up internal pressure and increased internal temperature of the emplacing pluton, which allowed the pluton to stay partially molten and mechanically weak. This allowed the mixing and mingling of different magma batches, resulting in the occurrence of various structures within the pluton. Solidified magma batches could also be re-mobilised to form mush or magma. The difference in formation mechanisms hints different rheology heterogeneity within the Slaufrudalur pluton. Hence, the occurrence of SMDFs is directly linked to the Slaufrudalur pluton during its emplacement., Linking Magma Batch Intrusion to the Construction of Geothermal Systems and Mineral Deposits

Structures and deformation mechanisms of magmatic rocks are controlled by rheology. An increase in melt fraction can weaken a rock body and localises significant amount of strain. This interplay between rheology, melting and deformation in a magma reservoir, however, is not always clearly documented in literature. Therefore, this thesis illustrates the Syn-Magmatic Deformation Features (SMDFs) discovered in the Slaufrudalur pluton in Iceland. The goal of this thesis is to test whether these features formed during the emplacement of the Slaufrudalur pluton. Field mapping, microscopy, geochemistry analysis, electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) and Raman spectroscopy were employed to document and investigate the formation of these features and their relationships with the pluton. The SMDFs bear sharp contacts with the host granite and are divided into two types according to their morphology: 1) Type I SMDFs resemble shear zone with internal deformation fabric. 2) Type II SMDFs resemble magmatic dykes. The Type I SMDFs are interpreted as melt-assisted shearing structures while Type II SMDFs are interpreted as magmatic dykelets. Previous studies postulated that amalgamation of magma batches was responsible for the emplacement of the large plutons. Frequent injection of magma batches built up internal pressure and increased internal temperature of the emplacing pluton, which allowed the pluton to stay partially molten and mechanically weak. This allowed the mixing and mingling of different magma batches, resulting in the occurrence of various structures within the pluton. Solidified magma batches could also be re-mobilised to form mush or magma. The difference in formation mechanisms hints different rheology heterogeneity within the Slaufrudalur pluton. Hence, the occurrence of SMDFs is directly linked to the Slaufrudalur pluton during its emplacement., Linking Magma Batch Intrusion to the Construction of Geothermal Systems and Mineral Deposits

[Abstract]: The Romanesque church of Nossa Senhora de Guadalupe of Mouçós e Lamares is located in Vila Real (North of Portugal). The exterior part of its nave is preserved almost unaltered. Most of the granite ashlars and corbels that make up this church have a mason’s mark in the centre of their faces. The building granites (Sanguinhedo and Vale das Gatas) have been identified and characterised petrographically and petrophysically. The mason’s marks have been as well identified; all the ashlars with visible mason’s marks have been mapped, and a glyptographic study has been carried out. In addition, the surface roughness of ashlars was measured. All these analyses have made it possible to locate the main historical quarry, to calculate the number of stonemasons who worked in the construction of the church, and to determine its construction phases. There are eight main types of mason’s marks on the nave façades. The quarrymen extracted the main building granite (Sanguinhedo granite) from the same quarry, or from nearby quarries. Although the most experienced stonemason has been identified, most stonemasons worked as a team during all construction phases of the church. Techniques such as petrography, ultrasonic P wave velocity, colourimetry, roughness and the determination of hydric properties will guarantee the quality and durability of the heritage stone for restorations. In addition, the glyptographic analysis revealed important historical and ethnographic findings that will be very useful for the appreciation of the monument. Therefore, the knowledge of built heritage, such as mason’s marks contribute to the conservation of historical quarries and traditions, as well as help understand the close cultural association societies have had with heritage stones. In this way, the scientific corpus of historical-cultural heritage can face for the development of tourism in Galicia-North Portugal Euroregion in a long-lasting sustainable way.

The Chanthaburi, Pliew, Klathing, Khao Cha Mao, and Khao Hin Son granitic bodies in Chanthaburi and Chachoengsao provinces in southeastern Thailand, which are located on the southwestern side of the Mae Ping Fault and eastern side of the Klaeng Fault, were investigated. In this study, magnetic susceptibility measurements, whole-rock chemical composition and Nd-Sr isotope analyses, and zircon U-Pb dating were conducted on these granitic bodies. The surveyed granitic rocks are classified as I- to A-type granites, are of the ilmenite series, and show clearly negative Eu anomalies, which suggest they formed under reducing conditions. Nd-Sr isotope ratios indicate continental crust material involvement in the formation of these granite bodies. The magnetic and geochemical signatures are similar to those of granite bodies in southwestern Cambodia. The study area is thus considered an extensional area of southwestern Cambodia, corresponding to the Sukhothai Zone (the Chanthaburi-Kampong Chhnang Zone). Zircon U-Pb dating yields ages of 208–214 Ma (the Late Triassic) for granite bodies except for the Khao Cha Mao granitic body, which dates to 55 Ma. The former age corresponds to the collision time of the Sibumasu and Indochina terranes, and the latter age is likely related to the collision time of the Indian and Eurasian continents.

Spherical indentation of granite was investigated using Digital Volume Correlation (DVC) aiming at probing constitutive laws of the studied rock. In situ indentation was performed within an X-ray tomograph. Finite element simulations of the problem, using different constitutive models, were carried out and their trustworthiness was assessed thanks to DVC residuals. Three laws were investigated, namely, pure elasticity, then compressible elastoplasticity, and finally compressible elastoplasticity coupled with damage. Frictional contact effects were studied as well. The results show that compressible elastoplasticity should be accounted for to achieve high accuracy of results, and that frictional effects are of importance in terms of damage extent. If macrocrack initiation is also sought, then damage features should be included in the model., QC 20230614

In the first decades after Gothenburg's founding in 1621, the city largely consisted of wooden houses. Several devastating fires ravaged the town the first 200 years. The last sequence took place 1793 to 1813. After this a brick and stone town rose from the ashes. A complete survey of the façade stone covered the central part of the town, with 2123 houses examined. Houses erected 1790 to 1944 was analysed for the type of natural stone and in which detail the stone has been used. In the time slot 1571 houses exist and 689 of these had natural stone in its façade. Two rock types predominate, the Bohus granite (35.5%), and the Ordovician limestone (30.7%). The rock type on the third place is the Fjärås gneiss with 11.7% occurrences. These three main rock types had their one time of glory, with limestone dominating 1850-1910, Bohus granite 1910 to 1925 and the Fjärås gneiss 1925 to1944 with a transition period between. During the rebuilding of the town in the early 19-century sandstone dominated as details in the façade. The following years to 1850 only a few houses have any visible stones. From 1850 the use of stone in the façade increased to >75% of the buildings during the thirties.

Assembly of the Yilgarn Craton in Western Australia was related to Neoarchaean magmatic episodes that stabilised an Archaean continent. Neoarchaean granitic magmatism across the Yilgarn Craton was typified by early (2750–2680 Ma) tonalite and granodiorite emplacement, followed by craton-wide 2680–2620 Ma granodiorite and monzogranite emplacement. Products of the younger magmatic event are the most voluminous in the Yilgarn Craton, although magma source compositions and tectonic settings related to magmatism have remained ambiguous. We report U–Pb zircon ages and whole-rock geochemistry of ultramafic, mafic, intermediate, and felsic magmatic rocks from the Narryer Terrane and the adjacent Youanmi Terrane in the northwestern Yilgarn Craton. Our results show that Neoarchaean magmatism occurred in three stages, at c. 2740 Ma, 2680 Ma, and 2630 Ma. The compositions of granitic magmas evolved during each stage, from relatively high CaO/K2O, V, and EuN/Eu* tonalite, granodiorite, and monzogranite to high K2O/Na2O, Zr, and Ga/Al2O3 monzogranite with A-type affinity. We infer that cratonisation of the northwestern Yilgarn Craton involved a change from convergent to intraplate tectonic environments during these three magmatic episodes. We suggest that thickening of Archaean continental nuclei through convergent tectonics was followed by extension and decompression melting of the lithosphere. The latter events triggered craton-wide crustal anatexis and episodic granitic magmatism, culminating in stabilisation of the Yilgarn Craton. This distinctive Neoarchaean crustal evolution, from convergent to intraplate regimes, appears to be consistent with late magmatism associated with cratonisation of other Archaean terranes, and reflects a unique process stabilising continental crust on the early Earth., Assembly of the Yilgarn Craton in Western Australia was related to Neoarchaean magmatic episodes that stabilised an Archaean continent. Neoarchaean granitic magmatism across the Yilgarn Craton was typified by early (2750–2680 Ma) tonalite and granodiorite emplacement, followed by craton-wide 2680–2620 Ma granodiorite and monzogranite emplacement. Products of the younger magmatic event are the most voluminous in the Yilgarn Craton, although magma source compositions and tectonic settings related to magmatism have remained ambiguous. We report U–Pb zircon ages and whole-rock geochemistry of ultramafic, mafic, intermediate, and felsic magmatic rocks from the Narryer Terrane and the adjacent Youanmi Terrane in the northwestern Yilgarn Craton. Our results show that Neoarchaean magmatism occurred in three stages, at c. 2740 Ma, 2680 Ma, and 2630 Ma. The compositions of granitic magmas evolved during each stage, from relatively high CaO/K2O, V, and EuN/Eu* tonalite, granodiorite, and monzogranite to high K2O/Na2O, Zr, and Ga/Al2O3 monzogranite with A-type affinity. We infer that cratonisation of the northwestern Yilgarn Craton involved a change from convergent to intraplate tectonic environments during these three magmatic episodes. We suggest that thickening of Archaean continental nuclei through convergent tectonics was followed by extension and decompression melting of the lithosphere. The latter events triggered craton-wide crustal anatexis and episodic granitic magmatism, culminating in stabilisation of the Yilgarn Craton. This distinctive Neoarchaean crustal evolution, from convergent to intraplate regimes, appears to be consistent with late magmatism associated with cratonisation of other Archaean terranes, and reflects a unique process stabilising continental crust on the early Earth.

In the first decades after Gothenburg's founding in 1621, the city largely consisted of wooden houses. Several devastating fires ravaged the town the first 200 years. The last sequence took place 1793 to 1813. After this a brick and stone town rose from the ashes. A complete survey of the façade stone covered the central part of the town, with 2123 houses examined. Houses erected 1790 to 1944 was analysed for the type of natural stone and in which detail the stone has been used. In the time slot 1571 houses exist and 689 of these had natural stone in its façade. Two rock types predominate, the Bohus granite (35.5%), and the Ordovician limestone (30.7%). The rock type on the third place is the Fjärås gneiss with 11.7% occurrences. These three main rock types had their one time of glory, with limestone dominating 1850-1910, Bohus granite 1910 to 1925 and the Fjärås gneiss 1925 to1944 with a transition period between. During the rebuilding of the town in the early 19-century sandstone dominated as details in the façade. The following years to 1850 only a few houses have any visible stones. From 1850 the use of stone in the façade increased to >75% of the buildings during the thirties.

The peraluminous Foulwind and Windy Point Granites are important components of the Foulwind Suite - a diverse group of high field strength element-enriched Carboniferous granitoids in New Zealand's Western Province. Four phases are identified in the Foulwind Granite (Seal Point, Siberia Bay, Tauranga Bay, Lighthouse). A new age of 324.0 +/- 4.1 Ma has been obtained for the relatively undeformed Siberia Bay phase. The rocks are generally enriched in high-field strength elements and the Tauranga Bay and Lighthouse phases can be classified as ferroan A-type granites, whereas classification of the other phases is ambiguous. Sr isotope compositions were disturbed by the formation of the Paparoa Metamorphic Core Complex. Nd isotopes vary considerably and indicate involvement of multiple sources. The Nd isotope and A-type signatures can be explained by melting of mid-Paleozoic I-type granites with variable involvement of Greenland Group metasediments. The tectonic setting of the Foulwind Suite is unclear, but may be related to processes subsequent to the generation of voluminous mid-Paleozoic granitoids and amalgamation of the Buller and Takaka Terranes.

This study aims to contribute to improve the knowledge on the setting of the Irbiben granites, located south of the gold deposit of this locality (Tagragra d'Akka buttonhole, Anti-Atlas, Morocco). The petrographic characterization showed leucocratic porphyry rocks, with a mineralogy dominated by quartz and phenocrysts of plagioclase, alkali feldspars of sometimes centimetric size as well as very small sulphides of metallic luster. Two generations of quartz have been identified: a QIquartz with undulating extinction phenocrysts testifying to an episode of deformation orchestrated in this inlier, and a QII quartz with more rounded and limpid minerals indicating an intense silicification. Plagioclase and alkali feldspars are deeply altered to sericite and epidote. Geochemical characterization classifies these rocks as calc-alkaline series granites, rich in potassium, with a peraluminous character indicating their crustal origin. Their arc geochemical signature, Ba enrichment, and negative Nb, Ti, and P anomalies are characteristic of a subduction zone. This subduction could be associated with an episode of convergence between an oceanic lithosphere located in the north and the West African craton in the south, as shown by the proposed geodynamic model.

This study aims to contribute to improve the knowledge on the setting of the Irbiben granites, located south of the gold deposit of this locality (Tagragra d'Akka buttonhole, Anti-Atlas, Morocco). The petrographic characterization showed leucocratic porphyry rocks, with a mineralogy dominated by quartz and phenocrysts of plagioclase, alkali feldspars of sometimes centimetric size as well as very small sulphides of metallic luster. Two generations of quartz have been identified: a QIquartz with undulating extinction phenocrysts testifying to an episode of deformation orchestrated in this inlier, and a QII quartz with more rounded and limpid minerals indicating an intense silicification. Plagioclase and alkali feldspars are deeply altered to sericite and epidote. Geochemical characterization classifies these rocks as calc-alkaline series granites, rich in potassium, with a peraluminous character indicating their crustal origin. Their arc geochemical signature, Ba enrichment, and negative Nb, Ti, and P anomalies are characteristic of a subduction zone. This subduction could be associated with an episode of convergence between an oceanic lithosphere located in the north and the West African craton in the south, as shown by the proposed geodynamic model.

The present work is concerned with assessing the cancer risk contributed by the studied granite types including valuable metals, such as Cu, Au, and Ba mineralization, as well as radioactive-bearing mineralization, such as monazite and zircon, in south Monqul at Wadi Makhrag El Ebel, north Eastern Desert, Egypt. The mineralization analyses illustrated that copper mineralization containing chrysocolla and tenorite minerals were restricted to the alteration zone, especially (argillic, phyllic, and propylitic) in monzogranite. However, barite veinlets had an ENE–WSW trend, while gold mineralization was confined to quartz veins having NE–SW trends. Monazite and zircon are radioactive-bearing minerals recorded in monzogranite causing high radioactive zones in south Monqul. The radionuclide activity concentrations were detected in the studied monzogranites. The mean values of AU (103 ± 91 Bq kg−1), ATh (78 ± 19 Bq kg−1), and AK (1484 ± 334 Bq kg−1) in the monzogranite samples were higher than the recommended worldwide average. The change in radioactive-transporting minerals found inside granite faults caused the high amounts of radioactivity seen in the samples. Due to the monzogranites being applied in building materials, the radiological hazards were assessed by calculating risk indices such as annual effective dose (AED) and excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR). The acceptable limit for the ELCR readings was surpassed. As a result, the investigated monzogranite samples are not suitable for use in infrastructure materials. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This study evaluates the geological attributes of rocks within the Abu Ghalaga area using spatial, geochemical, and petrographic approaches. ASTER and Landsat imagery processed using band ratio and principal component analysis were used to map hydrothermal alterations, while a regional tectonic evaluation was based on automated extraction of lineaments from a digital elevation model. Geochemical and petrographic analyses were then employed for discrete scale evaluation of alteration patterns of rocks across the study location. Based on satellite image processing, alteration patterns across the study area are widespread, while evidence from lineament analysis suggests a dominant NW–SE tectonic trend accompanied by a less dominant ENE–WSW direction. The different rock units exposed in the studied district are arranged chronologically from oldest to youngest as arc metavolcanic group (basalt and rhyolite), arc metagabbro–diorite, gneissose granite (granodiorite and tonalite), and dykes (aplite and felsite). Various types of igneous and metamorphic rocks have propylitic, phyllic, and argillic zones. Geochemical data indicate that the studied rocks are classified into granite, granodiorite, gabbroic diorite, and gabbro. Geochemically, the rocks have a sub-alkaline magma type. The granodiorite–tonalite is derived from the calc–alkaline magma nature, while gabbro and diorite samples exhibit tholeiitic to calc–alkaline affinity. The tectonic setting of the studied rocks trends toward volcanic arc granite (VAG). Based on petrographic, geochemical, and remote analyses, sericitization, chloritization, epidotization, kaolinitization, carbonatization, and silicification are the main alteration types present in the study area. As a result of lineaments analysis, the existing fractures and structural planes form valid flow paths for mineral-bearing hydrothermal solutions. © 2022 by the authors.

Different rock types (syenogranite, alkali feldspar granite and quartz syenite intruded by microgranite dikes and quartz veins) were investigated in the Nikeiba region in Egypt. The main components of the studied intrusive rocks, comprised of granites and quartz syenite, are plagioclase, amphibole, biotite, quartz and K-feldspar in different proportions. Ground gamma ray measurements show that syenogranite, quartz syenite and microgranite dikes have the highest radioactivity (K, eU, eTh and their ratios) in comparison with alkali feldspar granite. Geochemically, syenogranite, alkali feldspar granite and quartz syenite are enriched with large-ion lithophile elements (LILE; Ba, Rb, Sr) and high field-strength elements (HFSE; Y, Zr and Nb), but have decreased Ce, reflecting their alkaline affinity. These rocks reveal calc–alkaline affinity, metaluminous characteristics, A-type granites and post-collision geochemical signatures, which indicates emplacement in within-plate environments under an extensional regime. U and Th are increased in syenogranite and quartz syenite, whereas alkali feldspar granite shows a marked decrease in U and Th. The highest average values of AU (131 ± 49 Bq·kg−1), ATh (164 ± 35) and AK (1402 ± 239) in the syenogranite samples are higher than the recommended worldwide average. The radioactivity levels found in the samples are the result of the alteration of radioactive carrying minerals found inside granite faults. The public’s radioactive risk from the radionuclides found in the investigated granitoid samples is estimated by calculating radiological risks. The excess lifetime cancer (ELCR) values exceed the permissible limit. Therefore, the granitoids are unsuitable for use as infrastructure materials. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

The widespread usage of granite in the building sector motivated us to conduct this research and examine the material’s sustainability in terms of the investigated characteristics. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the statistical analysis results for the mineralogical impact on radiological hazards indices, such as the equivalent of radium, absorbed gamma dose rate, annual effective dose, internal and external hazard indices, as well as the gamma-ray index, that were cal-culated to estimate the environmental risks associated with these granites used as building materi-als, to protect the public from excessive radioactivity exposure. We focused primarily on statistical significance at a 95% confidence level. We employed a non-parametric test (Kruskal–Wallis Test) rather than a one-way ANOVA, to determine the statistical significance of the samples due to the lack of homogeneity or normality among them. To assess the difference between the samples, we used the Mann–Whitney Test on each pair of samples. Additionally, Pearson correlation coefficients for all the mineralogical results are computed. The presence of K-rich minerals (Kefeldspars, biotite) and accessories such as uranophane, uranothorite, allanite, xenotime, fergusonite, aeschynite, zir-con, cassiterite, apatite, and sphene, which are mostly found in granitic rocks, determines the level of natural radioactivity of the investigated granites. Most of the rock samples analyzed have indicators of radioactive dangers that are within the acceptable level range, indicating that they are suitable for use as building materials. On the other hand, some samples have environmental criteria that are higher than international standards, indicating that they are unsuitable for use as construction materials. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

Field observations of extinct and exposed magma reservoirs shed light on processes operating in the roots of presently active volcanoes. The Reyðarártindur pluton, Southeast Iceland is an example of a fossil shallow magma reservoir that fed eruptions. The different chapters in this thesis examine the accumulation of magma, and processes occurring during the development and evolution of the magma reservoir from different methodological perspectives. A final model for the evolution of the Reyðarártindur pluton is then presented. The majority of the pluton consists of one voluminous rock unit, the Main Granite, that formed by rapid magma emplacement. However, a local zone of geochemically distinct, but related further Granite Enclaves and Quartz Monzonite Enclaves attest to variations in the composition of the underlying source reservoir. Space for the ca. 2.5 km3 of magma in the pluton was made by piecemeal floor subsidence, which began with multiple dykes that then propagated laterally to form flat-roofed intrusions at different depths. During the first stages of magma emplacement, shattering, sintering and sanidinite-facies contact metamorphism affected a ca. 10 m thick zone of the basalt host rock at the magma reservoir roof. The resulting hornfels was stronger than the original altered basalt, and contained zero porosity and permeability. It thus formed a ‘cap-rock’ to the magma reservoir, limiting heat, volatile and fluid transfer until fractured and faulted at a later stage. The magma reservoir erupted at least once, causing local subsidence of the roof, which would have been observable at the Earth’s surface. Recharge of the magma reservoir by the same Quartz Monzonite and further Granite as exposed in the Reyðará River led to overpressure and eruption. We envisage that cooling and sealing of the piecemeal subsidence network preceded eruption, causing overpressure with magma recharge. The eruptive lifetime of the magma reservoir was limited to ca. 1000 years.

Field observations of extinct and exposed magma reservoirs shed light on processes operating in the roots of presently active volcanoes. The Reyðarártindur pluton, Southeast Iceland is an example of a fossil shallow magma reservoir that fed eruptions. The different chapters in this thesis examine the accumulation of magma, and processes occurring during the development and evolution of the magma reservoir from different methodological perspectives. A final model for the evolution of the Reyðarártindur pluton is then presented. The majority of the pluton consists of one voluminous rock unit, the Main Granite, that formed by rapid magma emplacement. However, a local zone of geochemically distinct, but related further Granite Enclaves and Quartz Monzonite Enclaves attest to variations in the composition of the underlying source reservoir. Space for the ca. 2.5 km3 of magma in the pluton was made by piecemeal floor subsidence, which began with multiple dykes that then propagated laterally to form flat-roofed intrusions at different depths. During the first stages of magma emplacement, shattering, sintering and sanidinite-facies contact metamorphism affected a ca. 10 m thick zone of the basalt host rock at the magma reservoir roof. The resulting hornfels was stronger than the original altered basalt, and contained zero porosity and permeability. It thus formed a ‘cap-rock’ to the magma reservoir, limiting heat, volatile and fluid transfer until fractured and faulted at a later stage. The magma reservoir erupted at least once, causing local subsidence of the roof, which would have been observable at the Earth’s surface. Recharge of the magma reservoir by the same Quartz Monzonite and further Granite as exposed in the Reyðará River led to overpressure and eruption. We envisage that cooling and sealing of the piecemeal subsidence network preceded eruption, causing overpressure with magma recharge. The eruptive lifetime of the magma reservoir was limited to ca. 1000 years.

The Chanthaburi, Pliew, Klathing, Khao Cha Mao, and Khao Hin Son granitic bodies in Chanthaburi and Chachoengsao provinces in southeastern Thailand, which are located on the southwestern side of the Mae Ping Fault and eastern side of the Klaeng Fault, were investigated. In this study, magnetic susceptibility measurements, whole-rock chemical composition and Nd-Sr isotope analyses, and zircon U-Pb dating were conducted on these granitic bodies. The surveyed granitic rocks are classified as I- to A-type granites, are of the ilmenite series, and show clearly negative Eu anomalies, which suggest they formed under reducing conditions. Nd-Sr isotope ratios indicate continental crust material involvement in the formation of these granite bodies. The magnetic and geochemical signatures are similar to those of granite bodies in southwestern Cambodia. The study area is thus considered an extensional area of southwestern Cambodia, corresponding to the Sukhothai Zone (the Chanthaburi-Kampong Chhnang Zone). Zircon U-Pb dating yields ages of 208–214 Ma (the Late Triassic) for granite bodies except for the Khao Cha Mao granitic body, which dates to 55 Ma. The former age corresponds to the collision time of the Sibumasu and Indochina terranes, and the latter age is likely related to the collision time of the Indian and Eurasian continents.

During the weathering of granite, a major component of Earth’s continental crust, many elements are redistributed from metastable minerals into new, more stable ones, a critical process in soil formation. Microorganisms are key drivers of mineral weathering, but the mechanisms by which they promote mineral dissolution and the connections between microbial metabolisms and element redistribution are poorly understood. Understanding the biogeochemical controls involved in the remobilisation of rare earth elements (REEs, ‘lanthanides’) from relatively insoluble minerals to uptake for cofactors of lanthanide-dependent microbial metabolism is an important and topical area of study. This thesis was developed around investigating highly insoluble secondary lanthanide phosphate mineral formation and dissolution in weathered granite profiles. Prior to soil formation, phosphate liberated by rock weathering is often sequestered into highly insoluble lanthanide phosphate minerals. Dissolution of these minerals is critical for releasing phosphate into the biosphere. For decades, a question has prevailed regarding how highly insoluble secondary lanthanide phosphate minerals dissolve during rock weathering. It was hypothesised that microorganisms play a role in this process; however, REEs were considered biologically inert at the time. Recently, following the discovery of a lanthanide-dependent methanotroph, studies have shown that lanthanide-dependent methanol oxidation is common in many environments, including soils, but the mechanisms responsible for lanthanide acquisition and uptake from the environment remain poorly understood. The thesis reviews and discusses the major outstanding questions and mechanisms involved in the biogeochemical mobilisation of lanthanides in weathered granite (Chapter One). Field emission-SEM/EDX (scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray) and mass spectrometry were used to study primary and secondary mineral formation and dissolution

The closure behavior of rock fractures subject to normal loading is essential for deformation analysis of fractured rock masses and the modeling of associated coupled processes. Previous studies have mainly focused on characterizing the closure behavior of mated fractures, and the applicability of existing models to unmated fractures and characteristics of involved parameters have not been comprehensively investigated. We conducted normal loading tests on three tensile granite fractures with different mating degrees by dislocating the fracture surfaces with three offsets. A high-resolution contact model was used to simulate the fracture closure behavior, which was validated by comparing the simulated closure curves and the surface damage areas with experimental measurements. After that, it was applied to simulate the closure behavior for nine numerically generated surfaces with different surface roughness characteristics. The experimental and numerical results exhibit a downward bending trend in the stiffness versus stress curves, which existing models cannot accommodate. An extended hyperbolic model was established by introducing an exponent parameter into the classical Barton–Bandis hyperbolic model, which can better represent the experimental data than previous models. Via regression analysis, we found that the exponent parameter has an approximately constant value of 0.3. The maximum normal displacement is about two times of the mean aperture. The initial stiffness is positively correlated with the elastic modulus and the correlation length and negatively correlated with the mean aperture. Parameters involved in the extended model have precise physical meanings, and they are mathematically predictable based on measurable mechanical and geometrical properties of the rock fractures., QC 20221222

An anisotropic damage model is employed in order to simulate the fracture pattern of Bohus granite under quasi-static (Q-S) spherical indentation loading. The chosen damage description is added to the previously employed Drucker–Prager (DP) plasticity model with variable dilation angle. The resulting constitutive model is implemented to simulate the behavior of Bohus granite under indentation up to the load capacity of the material. The initial fragmentation, corresponding to the first small load-drop in the force–penetration curve, is likely due to the high radial tensile stress state at or close to the contact boundary. Both predicted fracture pattern and force–penetration results from the numerical simulation are compared to experimental data and a good agreement is found. The variability in tensile strength of the material is included in the chosen damage model by taking advantage of Weibull statistics. In this work, it is suggested that indentation test results by themselves may be used to calibrate the statistical distribution of tensile strength at small size scales such as in indentation applications., QC 20220609

For economical and sustainable benefits, conventional retaining walls are being replaced by geosynthetic reinforced soil (GRS). However, for safety and quality assurance purposes, prior tests of pullout capacities of these materials need to be performed. Conventionally, these tests are conducted in a laboratory with heavy instruments. These tests are time-consuming, require hard labor, are prone to error, and are expensive as a special pullout machine is required to perform the tests and acquire the data by using a lot of sensors and data loggers. This paper proposes a data-driven machine learning architecture (MLA) to predict the pullout capacity of GRS in a diverse environment. The results from MLA are compared with actual laboratory pullout capacity tests. Various input variables are considered for training and testing the neural network. These input parameters include the soil physical conditions based on water content and external loading applied. The soil used is a locally available weathered granite soil. The input data included normal stress, soil saturation, displacement, and soil unit weight whereas the output data contains information about the pullout strength. The data used was obtained from an actual pullout capacity test performed in the laboratory. The laboratory test is performed according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard D 6706-01 with little modification. This research shows that by using machine learning, the same pullout resistance of a geosynthetic reinforced soil can be achieved as in laboratory testing, thus saving a lot of time, effort, and money. Feedforward backpropagation neural networks with a different number of neurons, algorithms, and hidden layers have been examined. The comparison of the Bayesian regularization learning algorithm with two hidden layers and 12 neurons each showed the minimum mean square error (MSE) of 3.02 × 10−5 for both training and testing. The maximum coefficient of regression (R) for

Apatite can be used as an archive of processes occurring during the evolution of granitic magmas and as a pegmatite exploration tool. With this aim, a detailed compositional study of apatite was performed on different Variscan granites, pegmatites and quartz veins from the Central Iberian Zone. Manganese in granitic apatite increases with increasing evolution degree. Such Mn increase would not be related to changes in the fO2 during evolution but rather to a higher proportion of Mn in residual melts, joined to an increase in SiO2 content and peraluminosity. In the case of pegmatitic apatite, the fO2 and the polymerization degree of the melts seem not to have influenced the Mn and Fe contents but the higher availability of these transition elements and/or the lack of minerals competing for them. The subrounded Fe-Mn phosphate nodules, where apatite often occurs in P-rich pegmatites and P-rich quartz dykes, probably crystallized from a P-rich melt exsolved from the pegmatitic melt and where Fe, Mn and Cl would partition. The low Mn and Fe contents in the apatite from the quartz veins may be attributed either to the low availability of these elements in the late hydrothermal fluids derived from the granitic and pegmatitic melts, or to a high fO2. The Rare Earth Elements, Sr and Y are the main trace elements of the studied apatites. The REE contents of apatite decrease with the evolution of their hosting rocks. The REE patterns show in general strong tetrad effects that are probably not related to the fluids’ activity in the system. On the contrary, the fluids likely drive the non-CHARAC behavior of apatite from the most evolved granitic and pegmatitic units. Low fO2 conditions seem to be related to strong Eu anomalies observed for most of the apatites associated with different granitic units, barren and P-rich pegmatites. The positive Eu anomalies in some apatites from leucogranites and Li-rich pegmatites could reflect their early character, prior to the crystallizatio

The Isle of Sculptures was created as a cultural construction of nature and reverted to an aesthetic landscape, taking in consideration the ethnographic, historical and anthropological uniqueness of the place where it is located: the Xunqueira del Lérez in Pontevedra. At the same time, it is a tribute to the identifying material of sculpture from all eras and a reference to culture and art that its authors connect with the mythical consciousness and symbolism of The Waste Land by T. S. Eliot. Just as in The Waste Land, which reunites past and present, with metaphors and symbols, the sculptors who take part in the space outlined by the Lérez River embrace, as a whole, a plurality of cultural allusions, languages and concepts, classical references and more contemporary experiences. Twelve artists were invited to take part: Giovanni Anselmo, Fernando Casás, José Pedro Croft, Dan Graham, Ian Hamilton Finlay, Jenny Holzer, Francisco Leiro, Richard Long, Robert Morris, Anne & Patrick Poirier, Ulrich Rückriem y Enrique Velasco., The Isle of Sculptures was created as a cultural construction of nature and reverted to an aesthetic landscape, taking in consideration the ethnographic, historical and anthropological uniqueness of the place where it is located: the Xunqueira del Lérez in Pontevedra. At the same time, it is a tribute to the identifying material of sculpture from all eras and a reference to culture and art that its authors connect with the mythical consciousness and symbolism of The Waste Land by T. S. Eliot. Just as in The Waste Land, which reunites past and present, with metaphors and symbols, the sculptors who take part in the space outlined by the Lérez River embrace, as a whole, a plurality of cultural allusions, languages and concepts, classical references and more contemporary experiences. Twelve artists were invited to take part: Giovanni Anselmo, Fernando Casás, José Pedro Croft, Dan Graham, Ian Hamilton Finlay, Jenny Holzer, Francisco Leiro, Richard Long, Robert Morris, Anne & Patrick Poirier, Ulrich Rückriem y Enrique Velasco.

Diplomová práce prezentuje restaurování části renesančního epitafu Hodějovských z Hodějova umístěného v lodi kostela Narození sv. Jana Křtitele v obci Český Rudolec. Epitaf datovaný do roku 1582 je již v době jeho objevení považován za významnou památku renesančního štukatérství, jehož jemnou modelaci s nedotčenou původní polychromií překrývala masivní vrstva druhotných nátěrů. Unikátnost památky je podpořena kombinací původně použitého materiálu, kdy figurální části jsou vytvořené technikou polychromovaného štuku zasazeného do žulové architektury. Praktická část diplomové práce je složena z restaurátorského průzkumu zacíleného na historický vývoj díla, jednotlivá poškození a jejich příčiny a na originální techniku polychromie. Na základě zjištěných výsledků vycházejících i z předchozích restaurátorských průzkumů a zároveň z provedených zkoušek byl realizován komplexní restaurátorský zásah včetně jeho dokumentace, jež je doplněna o fotografickou, grafickou i textovou přílohu. Cílem restaurování bylo šetrné odstranění druhotných vrstev a prezentace původních renesančních polychromovaných štuků. Teoretická část diplomové práce je zaměřena na rámování renesančních epitafů v nástěnné malbě. Pomocí dohledané rešerše bylo řešeno začlenění epitafních děl do sakrálních prostorů pomocí malovaných rámů, jehož výsledkem je dokumentace vybraných děl a jejich přehledné seřazení do katalogu., The diploma thesis focuses on the restoration of a part of the Renaissance epitaph of the Hodějovský family from the town of Hodějov located in the nave of the Church of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist in the village of Český Rudolec. The epitaph dating back to 1582, has been considered an important monument of Renaissance plastering since its discovery; its fine modelling with untouched original polychromy was covered with a massive layer of secondary coatings. The uniqueness of the monument is supported by the combination of the originally used material, where the figural parts are created using the technique of polychrome stucco embedded in granite architecture. The practical part of the diploma thesis consists of restoration survey focused on the historical development of the work, individual types of damage and their causes as well as the original technique of polychromy. The complex restoration intervention with its documentation, which is accompanied by a photographic, graphic and textual supplements, was carried out on the basis of the results obtained from the previous restoration survey and, at the same time, from the tests performed. The aim of the restoration was the gentle removal of secondary layers and the presentation of the original Renaissance polychrome stucco. The theoretical part of the diploma thesis deals with framing of Renaissance epitaphs in mural paintings. The integration of epitaphs into the sacral spaces using painted frames was investigated by found literature. The result is the documentation of selected works and their clear arrangement into the catalog., Fakulta restaurování, Diplomantka představila svoji práci ve výborně strukturované prezentaci a následně odpověděla s přehledem na všechny položené dotazy. Vzhledem k vysoké úrovni diplomové práce komise navrhuje studentce udělení Studentské ceny rektora II. stupně., Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobou

This essay is a comparative study of two sculptures with the same motive and title, The Dance, by Ellen Roosval: a freestanding sculpture created in 1925 and a relief sculpture from 1933. The essay has two objectives: to analyse these works of art and to highlight the artist Ellen Roosval as an example of a female artist in the early 20th century. Roosval’s reworking of the free-standing sculpture into a relief generates multiple transformations. The research questions in the current study are: how the reception of the works relates to the viewer; how typology, site and material affect the design and expression; and how the two sculptures relate to the interwar period aesthetics, dance and the motive. In the analysis of both works aspects of their meaning in relation to the beholder’s experience have been crucial. The applied method of analysis originates from Wolfgang Kemp as developed by Jessica Sjöholm Skrubbe, with particular emphasis on the beholder’s movements, the meaning of the term site-specific and the impact of the base. The study begins with a general background on the situation for female sculptors in the early 20th century, the artist Ellen Roosval, and dance. The dance section also introduces the dance company The Swedish Ballet (1920-25) that the two versions of The Dance were a tribute to. Then follows a contextualized analysis of the works focusing on the formal elements, the different sites, bases and the beholder’s movements. Next follows an analysis of typologies, materials and stylistic expressions as well as the shaping of the human body, nudity and movements. Roosval’s The Dance 1933 is compared both to the relief The Dance by Antoine Bourdelle from 1912 and to the Swedish Ballet performances. The analysis concludes with a discussion of how the site relates to the choice of materials and how aesthetics and dance relate to the period 1920s. The results demonstrate aspects of various transformations in relation to the beholders experience. The

Field observations of extinct and exposed magma reservoirs shed light on processes operating in the roots of presently active volcanoes. The Reyðarártindur pluton, Southeast Iceland is an example of a fossil shallow magma reservoir that fed eruptions. The different chapters in this thesis examine the accumulation of magma, and processes occurring during the development and evolution of the magma reservoir from different methodological perspectives. A final model for the evolution of the Reyðarártindur pluton is then presented. The majority of the pluton consists of one voluminous rock unit, the Main Granite, that formed by rapid magma emplacement. However, a local zone of geochemically distinct, but related further Granite Enclaves and Quartz Monzonite Enclaves attest to variations in the composition of the underlying source reservoir. Space for the ca. 2.5 km3 of magma in the pluton was made by piecemeal floor subsidence, which began with multiple dykes that then propagated laterally to form flat-roofed intrusions at different depths. During the first stages of magma emplacement, shattering, sintering and sanidinite-facies contact metamorphism affected a ca. 10 m thick zone of the basalt host rock at the magma reservoir roof. The resulting hornfels was stronger than the original altered basalt, and contained zero porosity and permeability. It thus formed a ‘cap-rock’ to the magma reservoir, limiting heat, volatile and fluid transfer until fractured and faulted at a later stage. The magma reservoir erupted at least once, causing local subsidence of the roof, which would have been observable at the Earth’s surface. Recharge of the magma reservoir by the same Quartz Monzonite and further Granite as exposed in the Reyðará River led to overpressure and eruption. We envisage that cooling and sealing of the piecemeal subsidence network preceded eruption, causing overpressure with magma recharge. The eruptive lifetime of the magma reservoir was limited to ca. 1000 years.

This essay is a comparative study of two sculptures with the same motive and title, The Dance, by Ellen Roosval: a freestanding sculpture created in 1925 and a relief sculpture from 1933. The essay has two objectives: to analyse these works of art and to highlight the artist Ellen Roosval as an example of a female artist in the early 20th century. Roosval’s reworking of the free-standing sculpture into a relief generates multiple transformations. The research questions in the current study are: how the reception of the works relates to the viewer; how typology, site and material affect the design and expression; and how the two sculptures relate to the interwar period aesthetics, dance and the motive. In the analysis of both works aspects of their meaning in relation to the beholder’s experience have been crucial. The applied method of analysis originates from Wolfgang Kemp as developed by Jessica Sjöholm Skrubbe, with particular emphasis on the beholder’s movements, the meaning of the term site-specific and the impact of the base. The study begins with a general background on the situation for female sculptors in the early 20th century, the artist Ellen Roosval, and dance. The dance section also introduces the dance company The Swedish Ballet (1920-25) that the two versions of The Dance were a tribute to. Then follows a contextualized analysis of the works focusing on the formal elements, the different sites, bases and the beholder’s movements. Next follows an analysis of typologies, materials and stylistic expressions as well as the shaping of the human body, nudity and movements. Roosval’s The Dance 1933 is compared both to the relief The Dance by Antoine Bourdelle from 1912 and to the Swedish Ballet performances. The analysis concludes with a discussion of how the site relates to the choice of materials and how aesthetics and dance relate to the period 1920s. The results demonstrate aspects of various transformations in relation to the beholders experience. The

Field observations of extinct and exposed magma reservoirs shed light on processes operating in the roots of presently active volcanoes. The Reyðarártindur pluton, Southeast Iceland is an example of a fossil shallow magma reservoir that fed eruptions. The different chapters in this thesis examine the accumulation of magma, and processes occurring during the development and evolution of the magma reservoir from different methodological perspectives. A final model for the evolution of the Reyðarártindur pluton is then presented. The majority of the pluton consists of one voluminous rock unit, the Main Granite, that formed by rapid magma emplacement. However, a local zone of geochemically distinct, but related further Granite Enclaves and Quartz Monzonite Enclaves attest to variations in the composition of the underlying source reservoir. Space for the ca. 2.5 km3 of magma in the pluton was made by piecemeal floor subsidence, which began with multiple dykes that then propagated laterally to form flat-roofed intrusions at different depths. During the first stages of magma emplacement, shattering, sintering and sanidinite-facies contact metamorphism affected a ca. 10 m thick zone of the basalt host rock at the magma reservoir roof. The resulting hornfels was stronger than the original altered basalt, and contained zero porosity and permeability. It thus formed a ‘cap-rock’ to the magma reservoir, limiting heat, volatile and fluid transfer until fractured and faulted at a later stage. The magma reservoir erupted at least once, causing local subsidence of the roof, which would have been observable at the Earth’s surface. Recharge of the magma reservoir by the same Quartz Monzonite and further Granite as exposed in the Reyðará River led to overpressure and eruption. We envisage that cooling and sealing of the piecemeal subsidence network preceded eruption, causing overpressure with magma recharge. The eruptive lifetime of the magma reservoir was limited to ca. 1000 years.

The present study aimed to assess the radiological hazards associated with applying the investigated granite in the building materials and the infrastructures applications. The investigated granites are classified into four categories: El-Urf, barren, colourful and opaque. El Urf monzogran-ite intrudes metagabbro diorite complex with sharp contacts. Based on the activity concentrations, the environmental parameters such as absorbed dose rate (Dair), annual effective dose (AED), ra-dium equivalent activity (Raeq), external (Hex) and internal (Hin) hazard indices were measured. The mineralized pegmatite is located in the southwestern foothill of the Gabal El Urf younger granite. It displays well-defined zonation of three zones: outer, middle and inner zones represented by potash feldspar, quartz and mica, respectively. The isorad map showed that El Urf monzogranite is barren (Up to 100 cps) surrounding an excavation of the studied pegmatite that exhibits moderate colorful mineralization (phase-I = 500–1500 cps) and anomalous opaque mineralization (phase-II = 1500– 3500 cps) pegmatites. The obtained results of radionuclides activity concentrations illustrated that the Opaque granites have the highest values of238U (561 ± 127 Bq kg−1),232Th (4289 ± 891 Bq kg−1) and40K (3002 ± 446 Bq kg−1) in the granites, which are higher than the recommended worldwide average. Many of the radiological hazard parameters were lesser than the international limits in the younger granites and barren pegmatites. All of these parameters were higher in the colorful and opaque mineralized pegmatites. The high activity and the elevated radiological hazard parameters in the mineralized pegmatites are revised to the presence of radioactive and radioelements bearing minerals, such as thorite, meta-autunite, kasolite, phurcalite, columbite, fergusonite, Xenotime and fluorapatite. Other instances of mineralization were also recorded as cassiterite, atacamite, galena, pyrite and iron oxide minerals. T

[Abstract] Three cleaning methods, namely i) a commercial biocide applied by brush with the subsequent extraction of organic remains by a rod, ii) a scalpel or iii) a Nd:YVO4 laser at 355 nm, single application as well as paired combinations, were tested for removing from a granite two different crustose lichens: Diploschistes scruposus (lighter with a clearly distinguished thallus) and Polysporina simplex (darker with a poorly developed thallus). In addition to the removal rate, side effects such as melting of biotite and feldspar grains and chromatic changes were assessed. The multianalytical approach was based on stereomicroscopy, light microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy and color spectrophotometry. Combining cleaning methods enhanced the removal efficacy. Biocide followed by laser was the most effective method for removing both lichens colonizing this granite. Mineral melting was more intense for the samples covered by Polysporina simplex due to its lower coverage degree and darker color.

This project investigated the evolution of igneous activity in eastern Australia during the Permian and Triassic. In Queensland, this Permo-Triassic igneous activity was previously thought to be synchronous with an Andean-scale mountain building event. This study utilised uranium-lead dating, whole rock and mineral isotopic geochemistry to test this hypothesis. The resulting dates and geochemical compositions demonstrate discrete pulses of igneous activity before, during, and following mountain building, providing updated tectonic models for the Permian and Triassic in eastern Australia.

A granitic sample from the Danish island of Christiansø in the Ertholmene island group north of Bornholm is described petrographically and geochemically, and dated using U-Pb in zircon and titanite. Zircon systematics in the sample are complicated by abundant Pb loss and a large population of zircons interpreted as being inherited. Removal of highly disturbed zircons, imprecise analyses, and assumed inherited zircons yield an upper intercept date of 1500 ± 18 Ma (MSWD = 13, n = 58). Removal of zircons with high common Pb from this population yields an identical result of 1500 ± 22 Ma (MSWD = 8, n = 34). Zircons that are ≤3% discordant give a weighted average206Pb/238U age of 1458 ± 12 Ma (MSWD = 3.0, n = 18), and a weighted average 207 Pb/206Pb age of 1495 ± 14 Ma (MSWD = 4.7, n = 19). Titanites from the sample yield a lower intercept age of 1448 ± 15 Ma (MSWD = 6.8, n = 45). The sample contains a significant number of inherited grains indicative of ages around 1.7–1.8 Ga. The relatively large MSWDs for these age determinations indicate geological complexity, likely reflecting Pb loss, and the possible presence of inherited zircons which suffered major Pb loss during incorporation in the granitic magma. The zircon and titanite dates agree reasonably well with previous age determinations on felsic lithologies from the Bornholm mainland, as well as from the Blekinge Province of southern Sweden. Petrographically and geochemically, the Christiansø granite is indistin-guishable from, and can be correlated with, the A-type granites and gneisses which occur on Bornholm. The high abundance of disturbed and inherited zircons (c. 1.7–1.8 Ga) may indicate that the granite was intruded into and assimilated a nearby region of unexposed Transscandinavian Igneous Belt rocks. The somewhat altered nature of the rock, and overall disturbance of U-Pb zircon systematics, suggest alteration associated with fluid-flow along nearby faults def

Zircon is often used to study granites (sensu lato) and continental crust because it is very resistant and can be analyzed for various isotope systems that provide time and source information about their parental melts. Granites with different petrological histories have distinct bulk-rock silicon isotope compositions but it is unclear if these differences are also detectable in zircon because of superimposed fractionation effects (e.g., related to temperature, silica content, magmatic processes). The present study explores the Si isotope signatures of zircon from various granite types to constrain their isotope fractionation behavior and uses them as igneous petrogenetic tools, and possibly as granite source discriminators when zircon is found in detrital sediments. Our results show that although Si isotope compositions in zircon can be modified by secondary (post-crystallization) processes such as alteration/weathering and metamorphism, they are primarily controlled by zircon-melt isotope fractionation, which depends on both zircon crystallization temperature and magma silica content. Once these fractionation effects are understood and filtered out, a pattern emerges between Si isotope signatures of zircons from different granite types that is consistent with theoretical and experimental results as well as with known Si isotope differences at the bulk-rock scale. Silicon isotope ratios in zircon can track magma evolution (e.g., temperature and SiO2 changes) and, hence, reveal complex processes that involved magma mingling, fractional crystallization, and/or multiple sources. This study, therefore, illustrates that Si isotopes in zircon can be used to investigate magma evolution and represents a useful complement to existing techniques in granite studies involving zircon (e.g., U-Th-Pb, Lu-Hf and O isotopes) provided that it is not used as a stand-alone technique.

Field observations of extinct and exposed magma reservoirs shed light on processes operating in the roots of presently active volcanoes. The Reyðarártindur pluton, Southeast Iceland is an example of a fossil shallow magma reservoir that fed eruptions. The different chapters in this thesis examine the accumulation of magma, and processes occurring during the development and evolution of the magma reservoir from different methodological perspectives. A final model for the evolution of the Reyðarártindur pluton is then presented. The majority of the pluton consists of one voluminous rock unit, the Main Granite, that formed by rapid magma emplacement. However, a local zone of geochemically distinct, but related further Granite Enclaves and Quartz Monzonite Enclaves attest to variations in the composition of the underlying source reservoir. Space for the ca. 2.5 km3 of magma in the pluton was made by piecemeal floor subsidence, which began with multiple dykes that then propagated laterally to form flat-roofed intrusions at different depths. During the first stages of magma emplacement, shattering, sintering and sanidinite-facies contact metamorphism affected a ca. 10 m thick zone of the basalt host rock at the magma reservoir roof. The resulting hornfels was stronger than the original altered basalt, and contained zero porosity and permeability. It thus formed a ‘cap-rock’ to the magma reservoir, limiting heat, volatile and fluid transfer until fractured and faulted at a later stage. The magma reservoir erupted at least once, causing local subsidence of the roof, which would have been observable at the Earth’s surface. Recharge of the magma reservoir by the same Quartz Monzonite and further Granite as exposed in the Reyðará River led to overpressure and eruption. We envisage that cooling and sealing of the piecemeal subsidence network preceded eruption, causing overpressure with magma recharge. The eruptive lifetime of the magma reservoir was limited to ca. 1000 years.

The Isle of Sculptures was created as a cultural construction of nature and reverted to an aesthetic landscape, taking in consideration the ethnographic, historical and anthropological uniqueness of the place where it is located: the Xunqueira del Lérez in Pontevedra. At the same time, it is a tribute to the identifying material of sculpture from all eras and a reference to culture and art that its authors connect with the mythical consciousness and symbolism of The Waste Land by T. S. Eliot. Just as in The Waste Land, which reunites past and present, with metaphors and symbols, the sculptors who take part in the space outlined by the Lérez River embrace, as a whole, a plurality of cultural allusions, languages and concepts, classical references and more contemporary experiences. Twelve artists were invited to take part: Giovanni Anselmo, Fernando Casás, José Pedro Croft, Dan Graham, Ian Hamilton Finlay, Jenny Holzer, Francisco Leiro, Richard Long, Robert Morris, Anne & Patrick Poirier, Ulrich Rückriem y Enrique Velasco., The Isle of Sculptures was created as a cultural construction of nature and reverted to an aesthetic landscape, taking in consideration the ethnographic, historical and anthropological uniqueness of the place where it is located: the Xunqueira del Lérez in Pontevedra. At the same time, it is a tribute to the identifying material of sculpture from all eras and a reference to culture and art that its authors connect with the mythical consciousness and symbolism of The Waste Land by T. S. Eliot. Just as in The Waste Land, which reunites past and present, with metaphors and symbols, the sculptors who take part in the space outlined by the Lérez River embrace, as a whole, a plurality of cultural allusions, languages and concepts, classical references and more contemporary experiences. Twelve artists were invited to take part: Giovanni Anselmo, Fernando Casás, José Pedro Croft, Dan Graham, Ian Hamilton Finlay, Jenny Holzer, Francisco Leiro, Richard Long, Robert Morris, Anne & Patrick Poirier, Ulrich Rückriem y Enrique Velasco.

Supercritical/superhot geothermal success depends on successful drilling. However, wellbore stability in supercritical environments has not been investigated because imposing sufficient stress on high-temperature granite with true triaxial loading is difficult. We conducted wellbore failure experiments on 200–450 °C granite under true triaxial stress, including deformation and acoustic emission measurements, and post-experiment thin section observations. Wellbore failure initiated at stress states consistent with existing brittle failure criterion at the studied temperatures. Using breakout geometry for in situ stress estimation may be difficult as shear failure propagation is suppressed at high temperatures; however, boreholes may be inherently stable in high-temperature environments.

Superhot geothermal environments with temperatures of approximately 400–500 °C at depths of approximately 2–4 km are attracting attention as new kind of geothermal resource. In order to effectively exploit the superhot geothermal resource through the creation of enhanced geothermal systems (superhot EGSs), hydraulic fracturing is a promising technique. Laboratory-scale hydraulic fracturing experiments of granite have recently demonstrated the formation of a dense network of permeable fractures throughout the entire rock body, referred to as a cloud-fracture network, at or near the supercritical temperature for water. Although the process has been presumed to involve continuous infiltration of low-viscosity water into preexisting microfractures followed by creation and merger of the subsequent fractures, a plausible criterion for cloud-fracture network formation is yet to be clarified. The applicability of the Griffith failure criterion is supported by hydraulic fracturing experiments with acoustic emission measurements of granite at 400 °C under true triaxial stress and at 450 °C under conventional triaxial stress. The present study provides, for the first time, a theoretical basis required to establish the procedure for hydraulic fracturing in the superhot EGS.

Crystalline rock is one of the considered host rocks for a future deep geological repository for highly active radiotoxic nuclear waste. The safety assessment requires reliable information on the retention behavior of minor actinides. In this work, we applied various spatially resolved techniques to investigate the sorption of Curium onto crystalline rock (granite, gneiss) thin sections from Eibenstock, Germany and Bukov, Czech Republic. We combined Raman-microscopy, calibrated autoradiography and µTRLFS (micro-focus time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy) with vertical scanning interferometry to study in situ the impact of mineralogy and surface roughness on Cm(III) uptake and molecular speciation on the surface. Heterogeneous sorption of Cm(III) on the surface depends primarily on the mineralogy. However, for the same mineral class sorption uptake and strength of Cm(III) increases with growing surface roughness around surface holes or grain boundaries. When competitive sorption between multiple mineral phases occurs, surface roughness becomes the major retention parameter on low sorption uptake minerals. In high surface roughness areas primarily Cm(III) inner-sphere sorption complexation and surface incorporation are prominent and in select sites formation of stable Cm(III) ternary complexes is observed. Our molecular findings confirm that predictive radionuclide modelling should implement surface roughness as a key parameter in their simulations.

Crystalline rock is one of the considered host rocks for a future deep geological repository for highly active radiotoxic nuclear waste. The safety assessment requires reliable information on the retention behavior of minor actinides. In this work, we applied various spatially resolved techniques to investigate the sorption of Curium onto crystalline rock (granite, gneiss) thin sections from Eibenstock, Germany and Bukov, Czech Republic. We combined Raman-microscopy, calibrated autoradiography and µTRLFS (micro-focus time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy) with vertical scanning interferometry to study in situ the impact of mineralogy and surface roughness on Cm(III) uptake and molecular speciation on the surface. Heterogeneous sorption of Cm(III) on the surface depends primarily on the mineralogy. However, for the same mineral class sorption uptake and strength of Cm(III) increases with growing surface roughness around surface holes or grain boundaries. When competitive sorption between multiple mineral phases occurs, surface roughness becomes the major retention parameter on low sorption uptake minerals. In high surface roughness areas primarily Cm(III) inner-sphere sorption complexation and surface incorporation are prominent and in select sites formation of stable Cm(III) ternary complexes is observed. Our molecular findings confirm that predictive radionuclide modelling should implement surface roughness as a key parameter in their simulations.

In the following we have compiled the data used in publication (mappings, taken pictures and measurements) as well as the used python scripts.

Local granite has been used throughout history in Galicia (NW Spain), forming the basis of much of the region’s architecture. Like any other rock, granite provides an ecological niche for a multitude of organisms that form biofilms that can affect the physical integrity of the stone. In this study, for the first time, characterization of the microbial consortium forming biofilms that developed on historical rural granite buildings is carried out using a combination of culture-dependent and next generation sequencing (NGS) techniques. Results pointed to differences in biofilm composition on the studied rural granite buildings and that of previously analyzed urban granite buildings, especially in terms of abundance of cyanobacteria and lichenized fungi. Exposure was corroborated as an important factor, controlling both the diversity and abundance of microorganisms on walls, with environmental factors associated with a northern orientation favoring a higher diversity of fungi and green algae, and environmental factors associated with the west orientation determining the abundance of lichenized fungi. The orientation also affected the distribution of green algae, with one of the two most abundant species, Trentepohlia cf. umbrina, colonizing north-facing walls, while the other, Desmococcus olivaceus, predominated on west-facing walls

Combined laboratory and field research examining the possible alterations caused by herbicide treatments applied to the construction materials (schist and some granite, bound with mortar) in the Roman wall of Lugo (NW Spain), declared a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 2000, was performed in three separate studies in the past 20 years. In the summers of 1998 and 1999, the herbicides glyphosate, sulphosate and glufosinate–ammonium, as well as physical treatments (infrared and burning) were separately applied to different areas of the wall. In the spring of 2016, the oxyfluorfen herbicide Goal Supreme® was applied to test areas. In the winter of 2018, three essential oils, Origanum vulgare L., Thymus zygis Loefl. ex L., and Thymus vulgaris L., were each applied to test areas. Mineralogical modifications in the materials (determined by X-ray diffraction analysis), as well as visible physical changes, such as colour changes, and the appearance of saline residues were evaluated after the treatments. In the 1998/9 trial, glyphosate and both physical treatments triggered changes in the vermiculite clay minerals in the schists, and the physical treatments also caused changes in the kaolinite. None of the treatments caused highly perceptible colour changes. The oxyfluorfen herbicide did not cause any mineralogical alterations in the construction materials, but it did generate an increase in chloride, nitrate and sulphate contents of the granite and a slight darkening of this material. In the most recent study, the only deleterious effect observed was a perceptible increase in lightness and reduction in the yellow component after the application of Thymus zygis Loefl. ex L. essential oil to granite

Where neotectonics are inactive, granite batholith topography is determined largely by the dissolution rates of the minerals of the component plutons. In southern New South Wales, Australia, plutons in the Kosciusko, Corryong, Berridale, and Murrumbidgee Batholiths allow an assessment of the extent to which faults, joints, grainsize and foliation may control a pluton's topography. Changes in mean elevation of zoned plutons closely follow the changes in mineralogy; more felsic zones invariably occur at higher elevations than more mafic zones. Faults clearly dictate major landscape features, such as linear valleys. Neither grainsize nor foliation show any appreciable effect on these landscapes. Joint spacing in these plutons has a positive correlation with the rock's grainsize, with an intrinsic value varying linearly as the grain size varies. Not all joints at the intrinsic spacing may be evident. In perennially wet valleys most joints become weathered and so visible, leading to joints mostly spaced at that intrinsic value. In quickly drying crests and ridges more incipient joints remain closed, leading to larger boulders and a wider average joint spacing. Thus the evident joint spacing in granites is determined by grainsize and landscape position.

Concrete is the most widely used construction material in civil engineering industry because of its high structural strength and stability. For low- and middle-income people very difficult to construct the buildings. Now-a-days, in the market the fine aggregate rates are increasing rapidly due to the depletion of River sands. Quarry Dust and Granite Powder are among the powder wastes generated by the industry. To overcome from this crisis, partial replacement of fine aggregate by quarry dust and granite powder in concrete. This research is carried out in two phases. In the first phase, the mix of M25 cubes is made by normal convectional concrete to determine the maximum compressive strength. In the second phase, Fine aggregates is partially replaced by Quarry Dust and Granite Powder by 50%, 60% and 50%,40% as fine aggregates as constant to determine the compressive strength as 3,7 and 28 days. This research evaluates the strength and strength efficiency factors of hardened concrete by partially replacing of fine aggregates by various percentages of Quarry Dust and Granite Powder for M25 grade of concrete at different ages.

Concrete is the most widely used construction material in civil engineering industry because of its high structural strength and stability. For low- and middle-income people very difficult to construct the buildings. Now-a-days, in the market the fine aggregate rates are increasing rapidly due to the depletion of River sands. Quarry Dust and Granite Powder are among the powder wastes generated by the industry. To overcome from this crisis, partial replacement of fine aggregate by quarry dust and granite powder in concrete. This research is carried out in two phases. In the first phase, the mix of M25 cubes is made by normal convectional concrete to determine the maximum compressive strength. In the second phase, Fine aggregates is partially replaced by Quarry Dust and Granite Powder by 50%, 60% and 50%,40% as fine aggregates as constant to determine the compressive strength as 3,7 and 28 days. This research evaluates the strength and strength efficiency factors of hardened concrete by partially replacing of fine aggregates by various percentages of Quarry Dust and Granite Powder for M25 grade of concrete at different ages.