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Feminism is named as the demand for equality between men and women; however, it is not easily acceptable for the so-called super-gender called men, in any patriarchal society. It is not only a phenomenon but also a chapter of life that varies day by day, though is accepted by many communities, but difficult to adopt or accept in a patriarchal society as in Pakistan. There are many factors behind acceptance or rejection, which is debatable. Either the economy, politics, society, religion, or education is the aspect to enroll it in life. This article is the demonstration of factors, which is responsible for bridging the gap between academic feminism: which is being read to the generation, excluding the reality of the physique of gender, and the activism in feminism, which is being practiced with social norms. This debate would be qualitative in nature. Though it concluded that Feminism in the society of Pakistan is not digestible for men members, however, the accelerator for equality or, even equity is slow but consistent and some of the changes are happening gradually

Feminism is named as the demand for equality between men and women; however, it is not easily acceptable for the so-called super-gender called men, in any patriarchal society. It is not only a phenomenon but also a chapter of life that varies day by day, though is accepted by many communities, but difficult to adopt or accept in a patriarchal society as in Pakistan. There are many factors behind acceptance or rejection, which is debatable. Either the economy, politics, society, religion, or education is the aspect to enroll it in life. This article is the demonstration of factors, which is responsible for bridging the gap between academic feminism: which is being read to the generation, excluding the reality of the physique of gender, and the activism in feminism, which is being practiced with social norms. This debate would be qualitative in nature. Though it concluded that Feminism in the society of Pakistan is not digestible for men members, however, the accelerator for equality or, even equity is slow but consistent and some of the changes are happening gradually

Feminism is named as the demand for equality between men and women; however, it is not easily acceptable for the so-called super-gender called men, in any patriarchal society. It is not only a phenomenon but also a chapter of life that varies day by day, though is accepted by many communities, but difficult to adopt or accept in a patriarchal society as in Pakistan. There are many factors behind acceptance or rejection, which is debatable. Either the economy, politics, society, religion, or education is the aspect to enroll it in life. This article is the demonstration of factors, which is responsible for bridging the gap between academic feminism: which is being read to the generation, excluding the reality of the physique of gender, and the activism in feminism, which is being practiced with social norms. This debate would be qualitative in nature. Though it concluded that Feminism in the society of Pakistan is not digestible for men members, however, the accelerator for equality or, even equity is slow but consistent and some of the changes are happening gradually

Multilayer neutron optics require precise control of interface morphology for optimal performance. In this work, we investigate the effects of different growth conditions on the interface morphology of Ni/Ti-based multilayers, with a focus on incorporating low-neutron-absorbing (B4C)-B-11 and using different ion assistance schemes. Grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering was used to probe the structural and morphological details of buried interfaces, revealing that the layers become more strongly correlated and the interfaces form mounds with increasing amounts of (B4C)-B-11. Applying high flux ion assistance during growth can reduce mound formation but lead to interface mixing, while a high flux modulated ion assistance scheme with an initial buffer layer grown at low ion energy and the top layer at higher ion energy prevents intermixing. The optimal condition was found to be adding 26.0 atom % (B4C)-B-11 combined with high flux modulated ion assistance. A multilayer with a period of 48.2 & Aring; and 100 periods was grown under these conditions, and coupled fitting to neutron and X-ray reflectivity data revealed an average interface width of only 2.7 & Aring;, a significant improvement over the current state-of-the-art commercial Ni/Ti multilayers. Overall, our study demonstrates that the addition of (B4C)-B-11 and the use of high flux modulated ion assistance during growth can significantly improve the interface morphology of Ni/Ti multilayers, leading to improved neutron optics performance., Funding Agencies|Stiftelsen f?r?Strategisk Forskning; Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF) within the Swedish national graduate school in neutron scattering (SwedNess); Swedish Research Council (VR) [2019-04837, 2019-00191, 2021-00357]; Swedish Research Council VR [2009 00971]; Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Advanced Functional Materials (AFM) at Linkoping University (Faculty Grant SFO Mat LiU); Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovakia

The utilization of polarized neutrons is of great importance in scientific disciplines spanning materials science, physics, biology, and chemistry. However, state-of-the-art multilayer polarizing neutron optics have limitations, particularly low specular reflectivity and polarization at higher scattering vectors/angles, and the requirement of high external magnetic fields to saturate the polarizer magnetization. Here, we show that, by incorporating (B4C)-B-11 into Fe/Si multilayers, amorphization and smooth interfaces can be achieved, yielding higher neutron reflectivity, less diffuse scattering, and higher polarization. Magnetic coercivity is eliminated, and magnetic saturation can be reached at low external fields (>2 militesla). This approach offers prospects for substantial improvement in polarizing neutron optics with nonintrusive positioning of the polarizer, enhanced flux, increased data accuracy, and further polarizing/analyzing methods at neutron scattering facilities., Funding Agencies|Swedish Research Council (VR) [2019-04837_VR, 2018-05190_VR, 2021-03826]; Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Functional Materials at Linkoeping University, Faculty Grant SFO-Mat-LiU [2009 00971]; Hans Werthens grant [2022-D-03]; Royal Academy of Sciences Physics [PH2022-0029]; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation [KAW-2020.0196]; Icelandic Research Fund [217843-053]; Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research [RIF14-0053]

Research endeavors focused on examining genetic diversity play a pivotal role in advancing agricultural practices, as they furnish valuable insights for breeding programs and the preservation of germplasm. Wheat holds significant global importance as a cereal crop, serving as a primary source of sustenance for almost one-third of the global human population. In the current study, a total of 80 bread wheat genotypes were characterized using the start codon targeted (SCoT) marker system. A set of 14 polymorphic primers yielded a cumulative count of 399 bands with an average of 28.05 bands per primer. The range of diversity markers, such as polymorphism information content (0.26–0.59), effective numbers of alleles (1.27–1.59), Shannon’s information index (0.30–0.51), and gene diversity (0.18–0.34), provided evidence of elevated genetic differences within the examined germplasm. According to the findings of the molecular variance analysis, greater genetic variations are found within populations (92%). The model-based structural approach partitioned the 80 bread wheat genotypes into two distinct populations (Population A and B). The diversity indices based on the structures of the populations revealed that population A had greater diversity compared to population B. Both the principal coordinate analysis and the neighbor-joining analysis also differentiated the 80 different bread wheat genotypes based on their respective collection points. The present crop diversity offers great opportunities for enhancing crop quality and increasing tolerance to environmental challenges, both of which will lead to a reduction in the problem of food insecurity.

PURPOSE To identify predictors of prostate cancer (PCa) and clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa) in men with prior false-negative multiparametric MRI (mpMRI), focusing on image quality scoring systems and clinical parameters. METHODS In this IRB-approved retrospective single-center study, patients with a negative mpMRI (PI-RADS score ≤2) and subsequent prostate biopsies were included. Histopathological results served as reference standard. Welch's t-Test was conducted to identify significant differences in image quality scores (PI-QUAL and PSHS) between patients with and without PCa/csPCA. In addition, clinical parameters (age, BMI, PSA density) and image quality scores (PI-QUAL and PSHS) were examined as potential predictors of PCa/csPCa detection after a false-negative mpMRI in uni- and multivariate analyses. RESULTS Among 96 patients with negative mpMRI results, 44.8 % had PCa and 16.7 % had csPCa upon biopsy with histopathological confirmation. PI-QUAL scores were significantly lower in patients with PCa (p = 0.03) and csPCa (p = 0.005). PSHS scores were lower in patients with csPCa, but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.1). Higher age (p = 0.035) and a lower PI-QUAL score (p < 0.004) were predictors of subsequent csPCa detection upon biopsy, however, a lower PI-QUAL score was the only independent predictor of missed csPCa in false-negative mpMRIs. CONCLUSIONS Lower image quality scores were associated with missed PCa/csPCa in patients with false-negative mpMRIs, with PI-QUAL being an independent predictor of failed csPCa detection. This highlights the importance of image quality for prostate MRI and advocats the inclusion of its measurement into the standardized report.

This paper comprehensively reviews several techniques that address the static and dynamic voltage balancing of series-connected MOSFETs. The effectiveness of these techniques was validated through simulations and experiments. Dynamic voltage-balancing techniques include gate signal delay adjustment methods, passive snubbers, passive clamping circuits, and hybrid solutions. Based on the experimental results, the advantages and disadvantages of each technique are investigated. Combining the gate-balancing core method with an RC snubber, which has proven both technically and commercially attractive, provides a robust solution. If the components are sorted and binned, voltage-balancing techniques may not be necessary, further enhancing the commercial viability of series-connected MOSFETs. An investigation of gate driver topologies yields one crucial conclusion: magnetically isolated gate drivers offer a simple and cost-effective solution for high-frequency (HF) applications (2.5–50 kHz) above 8 kV with an increased number of series devices. Below 8 kV, it is advantageous to move the isolation barrier from the gate drive IC to an optocoupler and isolated supply, allowing for a simple design with commercially available components., High Voltage Technology Group

Background: International guidelines recommend targeted screening to identify gestational thyroid dysfunction. However, currently used risk factors have questionable discriminative ability. We quantified the risk for thyroid function test abnormalities for a subset of risk factors currently used in international guidelines. Methods: We included prospective cohort studies with data on gestational maternal thyroid function and potential risk factors (maternal age, body mass index [BMI], parity, smoking status, pregnancy through in vitro fertilization, twin pregnancy, gestational age, maternal education, and thyroid peroxidase antibody [TPOAb] or thyroglobulin antibody [TgAb] positivity). Exclusion criteria were pre-existing thyroid disease and use of thyroid interfering medication. We analyzed individual participant data using mixed-effects regression models. Primary outcomes were overt and subclinical hypothyroidism and a treatment indication (defined as overt hypothyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism with thyrotropin >10 mU/L, or subclinical hypothyroidism with TPOAb positivity). Results: The study population comprised 65,559 participants in 25 cohorts. The screening rate in cohorts using risk factors currently recommended (age >30 years, parity ≥2, BMI ≥40) was 58%, with a detection rate for overt and subclinical hypothyroidism of 59%. The absolute risk for overt or subclinical hypothyroidism varied <2% over the full range of age and BMI and for any parity. Receiver operating characteristic curves, fitted using maternal age, BMI, smoking status, parity, and gestational age at blood sampling as explanatory variables, yielded areas under the curve ranging from 0.58 to 0.63 for the primary outcomes. TPOAbs/TgAbs positivity was associated with overt hypothyroidism (approximate risk for antibody negativity 0.1%, isolated TgAb positivity 2.4%, isolated TPOAb positivity 3.8%, combined antibody positivity 7.0%; p < 0.001), subclinical hypothyroidism (r, Background: International guidelines recommend targeted screening to identify gestational thyroid dysfunction. However, currently used risk factors have questionable discriminative ability. We quantified the risk for thyroid function test abnormalities for a subset of risk factors currently used in international guidelines. Methods: We included prospective cohort studies with data on gestational maternal thyroid function and potential risk factors (maternal age, body mass index [BMI], parity, smoking status, pregnancy through in vitro fertilization, twin pregnancy, gestational age, maternal education, and thyroid peroxidase antibody [TPOAb] or thyroglobulin antibody [TgAb] positivity). Exclusion criteria were pre-existing thyroid disease and use of thyroid interfering medication. We analyzed individual participant data using mixed-effects regression models. Primary outcomes were overt and subclinical hypothyroidism and a treatment indication (defined as overt hypothyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism with thyrotropin >10 mU/L, or subclinical hypothyroidism with TPOAb positivity). Results: The study population comprised 65,559 participants in 25 cohorts. The screening rate in cohorts using risk factors currently recommended (age >30 years, parity ≥2, BMI ≥40) was 58%, with a detection rate for overt and subclinical hypothyroidism of 59%. The absolute risk for overt or subclinical hypothyroidism varied <2% over the full range of age and BMI and for any parity. Receiver operating characteristic curves, fitted using maternal age, BMI, smoking status, parity, and gestational age at blood sampling as explanatory variables, yielded areas under the curve ranging from 0.58 to 0.63 for the primary outcomes. TPOAbs/TgAbs positivity was associated with overt hypothyroidism (approximate risk for antibody negativity 0.1%, isolated TgAb positivity 2.4%, isolated TPOAb positivity 3.8%, combined antibody positivity 7.0%; p < 0.001), subclinical hypothyroidism (risk f

The utilization of polarized neutrons is of great importance in scientific disciplines spanning materials science, physics, biology, and chemistry. However, state-of-the-art multilayer polarizing neutron optics have limitations, particularly low specular reflectivity and polarization at higher scattering vectors/angles, and the requirement of high external magnetic fields to saturate the polarizer magnetization. Here, we show that, by incorporating 11B4C into Fe/Si multilayers, amorphization and smooth interfaces can be achieved, yielding higher neutron reflectivity, less diffuse scattering, and higher polarization. Magnetic coercivity is eliminated, and magnetic saturation can be reached at low external fields (>2 militesla). This approach offers prospects for substantial improvement in polarizing neutron optics with nonintrusive positioning of the polarizer, enhanced flux, increased data accuracy, and further polarizing/analyzing methods at neutron scattering facilities.

Short-reach optical communication networks have various applications in areas where high-speed connectivity is needed, for example, inter- and intra-data center links, optical access networks, and indoor and in-building communication systems. Machine learning (ML) approaches provide a key solution for numerous challenging situations due to their robust decision-making, problem-solving, and pattern-recognition abilities. In this work, our focus is on utilizing deep learning models to minimize symbol error rates in short-reach optical communication setups. Various channel impairments, such as nonlinearity, chromatic dispersion (CD), and attenuation, are accurately modeled. Initially, we address the challenge of modeling a nonlinear channel. Consequently, we harness a deep learning model called autoencoders (AEs) to facilitate communication over nonlinear channels. Furthermore, we investigate how the inclusion of a nonlinear channel within an autoencoder influences the received constellation as the optical fiber length increases. Another facet of our work involves the deployment of a deep neural network-based receiver utilizing a channel influenced by chromatic dispersion. By gradually extending the optical length, we explore its impact on the received constellation and, consequently, the symbol error rate. Finally, we incorporate the split-step Fourier method (SSFM) to emulate the combined effects of nonlinearities, chromatic dispersion, and attenuation in the optical channel. This is accomplished through a neural network-based receiver. The outcome of this work is an evaluation and reduction of the symbol error rate as the length of the optical fiber is varied.

Energy is pivotal for economies to function, providing the necessary inputs for manufacturing goods and services. It encompasses hydro, wind, geothermal, solar energy, nuclear power, and other nonrenewable and renewable energy sources. This study's goal is to investigate the relationship between economic growth and energy consumption in Asian nations (Pakistan, India, China, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh) from 1998 to 2022, using secondary sources such as the World Development Indicator (WDI) and the International Energy Agency (IEA). The dependent variable, gross domestic product (GDP), is examined against the four independent variables gross capital formation, nonrenewable resources, renewable resources, and foreign direct investment. Various statistical methods including panel unit root, Granger causality test, panel least squares, and co-integration are employed. The estimated results of the panel least square model indicate that there is a moderate and significant correlation among variables. Non-renewable sources (0.0049) and REN (Renewable Energy sources) (0.0298) demonstrate weaker associations with the dependent variable. The coefficient for FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) is 0.677, which shows a positive relationship with the dependent variable. GFCF (Gross Fixed Capital Formation) variable, which exhibits a positive correlation with a coefficient of 0.0889. The results indicate a moderate and significant correlation among variables, with non-renewable and renewable energy sources demonstrating weaker associations with GDP. Foreign direct investment has a favorable association with GDP, as gross fixed capital formation. These findings of the study highlight a strong positive link between the independent and dependent variables.

Energy is pivotal for economies to function, providing the necessary inputs for manufacturing goods and services. It encompasses hydro, wind, geothermal, solar energy, nuclear power, and other nonrenewable and renewable energy sources. This study's goal is to investigate the relationship between economic growth and energy consumption in Asian nations (Pakistan, India, China, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh) from 1998 to 2022, using secondary sources such as the World Development Indicator (WDI) and the International Energy Agency (IEA). The dependent variable, gross domestic product (GDP), is examined against the four independent variables gross capital formation, nonrenewable resources, renewable resources, and foreign direct investment. Various statistical methods including panel unit root, Granger causality test, panel least squares, and co-integration are employed. The estimated results of the panel least square model indicate that there is a moderate and significant correlation among variables. Non-renewable sources (0.0049) and REN (Renewable Energy sources) (0.0298) demonstrate weaker associations with the dependent variable. The coefficient for FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) is 0.677, which shows a positive relationship with the dependent variable. GFCF (Gross Fixed Capital Formation) variable, which exhibits a positive correlation with a coefficient of 0.0889. The results indicate a moderate and significant correlation among variables, with non-renewable and renewable energy sources demonstrating weaker associations with GDP. Foreign direct investment has a favorable association with GDP, as gross fixed capital formation. These findings of the study highlight a strong positive link between the independent and dependent variables.

Health care is an important sector of any country as it is related with public health. This article compares the healthcare delivery systems of two countries, Pakistan and Canada, with the aim of identifying similarities and differences and making recommendations for improvement. The study was conducted using a comparative approach, examining the healthcare systems' structures, policies, processes, and outcomes. The findings suggest that while both countries have strengths and weaknesses in their healthcare delivery systems, Canada's system is more comprehensive, with a higher level of access, quality, and equity. The study highlights the need for Pakistan to improve its healthcare system by increasing the availability of resources, strengthening the healthcare infrastructure, and ensuring the quality of care. The authors also suggest that Canada can improve its system by focusing on reducing healthcare costs, improving the efficiency of its system, and increasing access to care. This article provides valuable insights into the healthcare delivery systems of both countries and serves as a reference for policymakers and healthcare professionals seeking to improve the health outcomes of their populations.

Religion and social support along with trait emotional intelligence (EI) help individuals to reduce stress caused by difficult situations. Their implications may vary across cultures in reference to predicting health-related quality of life (HRQoL). A convenience sample of N = 200 chronic heart failure (CHF) patients was recruited at cardiology centers in Germany (n = 100) and Pakistan (n = 100). Results indicated that trait-EI predicted better mental component of HRQoL in Pakistani and German CHF patients. Friends as social support appeared relevant for German patients only. Qualitative data indicate an internal locus of control in German as compared to Pakistani patients. Strengthening the beneficial role of social support in Pakistani patients is one example of how the current findings may inspire culture-specific treatment to empower patients dealing with the detrimental effects of CHF.

28 maart 2023, Contains fulltext : 291494.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)

28 maart 2023, Contains fulltext : 291494.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)

MTrPs are labelled as hard, discrete, and palpable nodules in a taut band of skeletal muscle. It can be further divided into 2 forms, if it is spontaneously painful (i.e., active trigger points) or painful only on compression (i.e., latent trigger points). Objectives: To determine the frequency of active and latent trigger points of trapezius in healthy individuals and to find out its association with gender. Methods: A cross sectional survey was conducted from April 2018-August 2018 after getting approval from the ethical committee of Riphah College of Rehabilitation Sciences. The sample size was 323 which were selected by non-probability (convenient sampling) technique. Data were collected through self-structured questionnaire which also included trigger points assessment form. The data were analyzed using SPSS 24. Results: The mean age of participants was 23.60±4.6years with 60(19.8%) males and 243(80.2%) females. The trapezius trigger point 2 was found more active on right side (TT2Rt side) in 91(30%) and left side (TT2Lt side) 57(18.8%). While the same was more latent in 75(24.8%) on right side (TT2Rt side) and 86(28.4%) on left side (TT2Rt side) among the participants. There was no significant association between active trigger points and gender (p>0.245), as well as the association between latent trigger point and gender was not significant (p>0.740). Conclusions: The frequency of trapezius trigger point is less in healthy individuals whereas the majority of the young individuals have at least one or two active or latent trigger points. There was no significant association of both active and latent trigger points with gender.

MTrPs are labelled as hard, discrete, and palpable nodules in a taut band of skeletal muscle. It can be further divided into 2 forms, if it is spontaneously painful (i.e., active trigger points) or painful only on compression (i.e., latent trigger points). Objectives: To determine the frequency of active and latent trigger points of trapezius in healthy individuals and to find out its association with gender. Methods: A cross sectional survey was conducted from April 2018-August 2018 after getting approval from the ethical committee of Riphah College of Rehabilitation Sciences. The sample size was 323 which were selected by non-probability (convenient sampling) technique. Data were collected through self-structured questionnaire which also included trigger points assessment form. The data were analyzed using SPSS 24. Results: The mean age of participants was 23.60±4.6years with 60(19.8%) males and 243(80.2%) females. The trapezius trigger point 2 was found more active on right side (TT2Rt side) in 91(30%) and left side (TT2Lt side) 57(18.8%). While the same was more latent in 75(24.8%) on right side (TT2Rt side) and 86(28.4%) on left side (TT2Rt side) among the participants. There was no significant association between active trigger points and gender (p>0.245), as well as the association between latent trigger point and gender was not significant (p>0.740). Conclusions: The frequency of trapezius trigger point is less in healthy individuals whereas the majority of the young individuals have at least one or two active or latent trigger points. There was no significant association of both active and latent trigger points with gender.

The optical contrast and minimum layer thickness of Ni/Ti broadband neutron multilayer supermirrors is usually hampered by an interface width, typically 0.7 nm, caused by nanocrystallites, interdiffusion, and/or intermixing. We explore the elimination of nanocrystallites in combination with interface smoothening by modulation of ion assistance during magnetron sputter deposition of 0.8 to 6.4 nm thick Ni and Ti layers. The amorphization is achieved through incorporation of natural B4C where B and C preferably bond to Ti. A two-stage substrate bias was applied to each layer; -30 V for the initial 1 nm followed by -100 V for the remaining part, generating multilayer mirrors with interface widths of 0.40-0.45 nm. The results predict that high performance supermirrors with m-values as high as 10 are feasible by using 11B isotope-enriched B4C combined with temporal control of the ion assistance., Funding: Stiftelsen för Strategisk Forskning; Vetenskapsrådet.

The performance of multilayers in optical components, such as those used in neutron scattering instruments, is crucially dependent on the achievable interface width. We have shown how the interface width of Ni/Ti multilayers can be improved using the incorporation of B4C to inhibit the formation of nanocrystals and limit interdiffusion and intermetallic reactions at the interfaces. A modulated ion-assistance scheme was used to prevent intermixing and roughness accumulation throughout the layer stack. In this work we investigate the incorporation of low-neutron-absorbing 11B4C for Ni/Ti neutron multilayers. Combined fitting of neutron reflectivity and X-ray reflectivity measurements shows an elimination of accumulated roughness for the 11B4C containing multilayers with a mean interface width of 4.5 Å, resulting in an increase in reflectivity at the first Bragg peak by a factor of 2.3 and 1.5 for neutron and X-ray measurements, respectively.

The performance of multilayers in optical components, such as those used in neutron scattering instruments, is crucially dependent on the achievable interface width. We have shown how the interface width of Ni/Ti multilayers can be improved using the incorporation of B4C to inhibit the formation of nanocrystals and limit interdiffusion and intermetallic reactions at the interfaces. A modulated ion-assistance scheme was used to prevent intermixing and roughness accumulation throughout the layer stack. In this work we investigate the incorporation of low-neutron-absorbing 11B4C for Ni/Ti neutron multilayers. Combined fitting of neutron reflectivity and X-ray reflectivity measurements shows an elimination of accumulated roughness for the 11B4C containing multilayers with a mean interface width of 4.5 Å, resulting in an increase in reflectivity at the first Bragg peak by a factor of 2.3 and 1.5 for neutron and X-ray measurements, respectively.

The performance of multilayers in optical components, such as those used in neutron scattering instruments, is crucially dependent on the achievable interface width. We have shown how the interface width of Ni/Ti multilayers can be improved using the incorporation of B4C to inhibit the formation of nanocrystals and limit interdiffusion and intermetallic reactions at the interfaces. A modulated ion-assistance scheme was used to prevent intermixing and roughness accumulation throughout the layer stack. In this work we investigate the incorporation of low-neutron-absorbing 11B4C for Ni/Ti neutron multilayers. Combined fitting of neutron reflectivity and X-ray reflectivity measurements shows an elimination of accumulated roughness for the 11B4C containing multilayers with a mean interface width of 4.5 Å, resulting in an increase in reflectivity at the first Bragg peak by a factor of 2.3 and 1.5 for neutron and X-ray measurements, respectively.

Low-resource languages are gaining much-needed attention with the advent of deep learning models and pre-trained word embedding. Though spoken by more than 230 million people worldwide, Urdu is one such low-resource language that has recently gained popularity online and is attracting a lot of attention and support from the research community. One challenge faced by such resource-constrained languages is the scarcity of publicly available large-scale datasets for conducting any meaningful study. In this paper, we address this challenge by collecting the first-ever large-scale Urdu Tweet Dataset for sentiment analysis and emotion recognition. The dataset consists of a staggering number of 1,140,821 tweets in the Urdu language. Obviously, manual labeling of such a large number of tweets would have been tedious, error-prone, and humanly impossible; therefore, the paper also proposes a weakly supervised approach to label tweets automatically. Emoticons used within the tweets, in addition to SentiWordNet, are utilized to propose a weakly supervised labeling approach to categorize extracted tweets into positive, negative, and neutral categories. Baseline deep learning models are implemented to compute the accuracy of three labeling approaches, i.e., VADER, TextBlob, and our proposed weakly supervised approach. Unlike the weakly supervised labeling approach, the VADER and TextBlob put most tweets as neutral and show a high correlation between the two. This is largely attributed to the fact that these models do not consider emoticons for assigning polarity.

The study aim was to assess the sleeplessness among pregnant women of third trimester. Method: A descriptive cross sectional research study design was used to assess the sleeplessness among 131 pregnant women at Jinnah Hospital, Lahore. The purposive sampling technique was used. The population that is targeted was pregnant women of third trimester. Results: The study result showed that sleeplessness affect the health of pregnant women of third trimester. Descriptive analysis was done.  Frequency and percentage was calculated. Bar charts are formed for quantitative values. The Cronbach Alpha, Bartlett’s and KMO values have been checked to insure the validity and reliability in our context .The values shows positive and significant results and tools were consider as reliable and valid for performing statistical analysis. Conclusion: Current study investigated a high rate of sleeplessness among pregnant women. The sleeplessness is one of the indications of high risk pregnancies and maternal and infant mortality. The majority of the pregnant women which was 95% reported that they are feeling unrested during the day. The majority of pregnant women which was 65% reported that they having trouble during falling asleep

The optical contrast and minimum layer thickness of Ni/Ti broadband neutron multilayer supermirrors is usually hampered by an interface width, typically 0.7 nm, caused by nanocrystallites, interdiffusion, and/or intermixing. We explore the elimination of nanocrystallites in combination with interface smoothening by modulation of ion assistance during magnetron sputter deposition of 0.8 to 6.4 nm thick Ni and Ti layers. The amorphization is achieved through incorporation of natural B4C where B and C preferably bond to Ti. A two-stage substrate bias was applied to each layer; -30 V for the initial 1 nm followed by -100 V for the remaining part, generating multilayer mirrors with interface widths of 0.40-0.45 nm. The results predict that high performance supermirrors with m-values as high as 10 are feasible by using 11B isotope-enriched B4C combined with temporal control of the ion assistance., Funding: Stiftelsen för Strategisk Forskning; Vetenskapsrådet.

The performance of multilayers in optical components, such as those used in neutron scattering instruments, is crucially dependent on the achievable interface width. We have shown how the interface width of Ni/Ti multilayers can be improved using the incorporation of B4C to inhibit the formation of nanocrystals and limit interdiffusion and intermetallic reactions at the interfaces. A modulated ion-assistance scheme was used to prevent intermixing and roughness accumulation throughout the layer stack. In this work we investigate the incorporation of low-neutron-absorbing 11B4C for Ni/Ti neutron multilayers. Combined fitting of neutron reflectivity and X-ray reflectivity measurements shows an elimination of accumulated roughness for the 11B4C containing multilayers with a mean interface width of 4.5 Å, resulting in an increase in reflectivity at the first Bragg peak by a factor of 2.3 and 1.5 for neutron and X-ray measurements, respectively.

The performance of multilayers in optical components, such as those used in neutron scattering instruments, is crucially dependent on the achievable interface width. We have shown how the interface width of Ni/Ti multilayers can be improved using the incorporation of B4C to inhibit the formation of nanocrystals and limit interdiffusion and intermetallic reactions at the interfaces. A modulated ion-assistance scheme was used to prevent intermixing and roughness accumulation throughout the layer stack. In this work we investigate the incorporation of low-neutron-absorbing 11B4C for Ni/Ti neutron multilayers. Combined fitting of neutron reflectivity and X-ray reflectivity measurements shows an elimination of accumulated roughness for the 11B4C containing multilayers with a mean interface width of 4.5 Å, resulting in an increase in reflectivity at the first Bragg peak by a factor of 2.3 and 1.5 for neutron and X-ray measurements, respectively.

Low-resource languages are gaining much-needed attention with the advent of deep learning models and pre-trained word embedding. Though spoken by more than 230 million people worldwide, Urdu is one such low-resource language that has recently gained popularity online and is attracting a lot of attention and support from the research community. One challenge faced by such resource-constrained languages is the scarcity of publicly available large-scale datasets for conducting any meaningful study. In this paper, we address this challenge by collecting the first-ever large-scale Urdu Tweet Dataset for sentiment analysis and emotion recognition. The dataset consists of a staggering number of 1,140,821 tweets in the Urdu language. Obviously, manual labeling of such a large number of tweets would have been tedious, error-prone, and humanly impossible; therefore, the paper also proposes a weakly supervised approach to label tweets automatically. Emoticons used within the tweets, in addition to SentiWordNet, are utilized to propose a weakly supervised labeling approach to categorize extracted tweets into positive, negative, and neutral categories. Baseline deep learning models are implemented to compute the accuracy of three labeling approaches, i.e., VADER, TextBlob, and our proposed weakly supervised approach. Unlike the weakly supervised labeling approach, the VADER and TextBlob put most tweets as neutral and show a high correlation between the two. This is largely attributed to the fact that these models do not consider emoticons for assigning polarity.

Neck pain is Consider the major problems and the prevalence of this musculoskeletal disorders are very common in people. Objective: To compare the effectiveness of mulligan and McKenzie on improving pain and functional ability in chronic neck patient. Methods: This trial was registered with Iranian trail registry with reference no: IRCT20220414054537N4. It’s a Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial that was conducted in DHQ Hospital Shadrah a affiliated teaching hospital attached with Afro-Asia University Lahore from 1 May 2022 to 30 June 2022.The sample size was calculated and total 26 patients were divided into two groups. The ages of the patients were around 20-55 years old. The entire patient having the mechanical neck pain was included in this study. Patients were selected from DHQ hospital in May to June 2022 duration. In group A we applied the mulligan technique of manual therapy treatment that included the Natural apophyseal glides, sustained natural apophyseal glides and Self SNAGs in sitting position of the patient. The second group of 13 patients had applied the Mackenzie exercises in seven motions like 4 movement of neck extension,2 movements in lateral flexion and rotation and one movement in flexion direction. Results: Overall the post Numeric pain rating scale and Neck Disability index was significantly improved in group A which received the NAGs & SNAGs Mobilization technique. Conclusion: Mulligan (NAGs SNAGS) is effective than Mackenzie (self-stretching) treatment technique to improve the functional ability and reducing pain in chronic neck patient.

The Rekovind2 project, financed by the Swedish Energy Agency, focuses on digitizing wind turbine blade streams for reuse and recycling. This is of the utmost importance to enable new, more circular technical solutions that can replace today’s non-sustainable recycling, i.e. landfill and incineration of wind turbine blades. In this report, the work carried out to map the wind turbine blades in service in Sweden is presented. The digital platform intended to make possible the re-use of blades reaching end-of-life is build around key features that will be required for re-use: blade database with all needed informations on the blade (age, damages, material, model, ...), map with blades geolocation, digital tool to help blade processing such as cutting, and information on what can be done with EoL blades., Project name ” Rekovind2 - Digitalization of wind blade streams before reuse and recycling”, Swedish Energy Agency project number 47044-2, Dnr 2021-029795, RISE Project number TN23-00

The study aim was to assess the sleeplessness among pregnant women of third trimester. Method: A descriptive cross sectional research study design was used to assess the sleeplessness among 131 pregnant women at Jinnah Hospital, Lahore. The purposive sampling technique was used. The population that is targeted was pregnant women of third trimester. Results: The study result showed that sleeplessness affect the health of pregnant women of third trimester. Descriptive analysis was done.  Frequency and percentage was calculated. Bar charts are formed for quantitative values. The Cronbach Alpha, Bartlett’s and KMO values have been checked to insure the validity and reliability in our context .The values shows positive and significant results and tools were consider as reliable and valid for performing statistical analysis. Conclusion: Current study investigated a high rate of sleeplessness among pregnant women. The sleeplessness is one of the indications of high risk pregnancies and maternal and infant mortality. The majority of the pregnant women which was 95% reported that they are feeling unrested during the day. The majority of pregnant women which was 65% reported that they having trouble during falling asleep

Low-resource languages are gaining much-needed attention with the advent of deep learning models and pre-trained word embedding. Though spoken by more than 230 million people worldwide, Urdu is one such low-resource language that has recently gained popularity online and is attracting a lot of attention and support from the research community. One challenge faced by such resource-constrained languages is the scarcity of publicly available large-scale datasets for conducting any meaningful study. In this paper, we address this challenge by collecting the first-ever large-scale Urdu Tweet Dataset for sentiment analysis and emotion recognition. The dataset consists of a staggering number of 1,140,821 tweets in the Urdu language. Obviously, manual labeling of such a large number of tweets would have been tedious, error-prone, and humanly impossible; therefore, the paper also proposes a weakly supervised approach to label tweets automatically. Emoticons used within the tweets, in addition to SentiWordNet, are utilized to propose a weakly supervised labeling approach to categorize extracted tweets into positive, negative, and neutral categories. Baseline deep learning models are implemented to compute the accuracy of three labeling approaches, i.e., VADER, TextBlob, and our proposed weakly supervised approach. Unlike the weakly supervised labeling approach, the VADER and TextBlob put most tweets as neutral and show a high correlation between the two. This is largely attributed to the fact that these models do not consider emoticons for assigning polarity.

The optical contrast and minimum layer thickness of Ni/Ti broadband neutron multilayer supermirrors is usually hampered by an interface width, typically 0.7 nm, caused by nanocrystallites, interdiffusion, and/or intermixing. We explore the elimination of nanocrystallites in combination with interface smoothening by modulation of ion assistance during magnetron sputter deposition of 0.8 to 6.4 nm thick Ni and Ti layers. The amorphization is achieved through incorporation of natural B4C where B and C preferably bond to Ti. A two-stage substrate bias was applied to each layer; -30 V for the initial 1 nm followed by -100 V for the remaining part, generating multilayer mirrors with interface widths of 0.40-0.45 nm. The results predict that high performance supermirrors with m-values as high as 10 are feasible by using 11B isotope-enriched B4C combined with temporal control of the ion assistance., Funding: Stiftelsen för Strategisk Forskning; Vetenskapsrådet.

The performance of multilayers in optical components, such as those used in neutron scattering instruments, is crucially dependent on the achievable interface width. We have shown how the interface width of Ni/Ti multilayers can be improved using the incorporation of B4C to inhibit the formation of nanocrystals and limit interdiffusion and intermetallic reactions at the interfaces. A modulated ion-assistance scheme was used to prevent intermixing and roughness accumulation throughout the layer stack. In this work we investigate the incorporation of low-neutron-absorbing 11B4C for Ni/Ti neutron multilayers. Combined fitting of neutron reflectivity and X-ray reflectivity measurements shows an elimination of accumulated roughness for the 11B4C containing multilayers with a mean interface width of 4.5 Å, resulting in an increase in reflectivity at the first Bragg peak by a factor of 2.3 and 1.5 for neutron and X-ray measurements, respectively.

The performance of multilayers in optical components, such as those used in neutron scattering instruments, is crucially dependent on the achievable interface width. We have shown how the interface width of Ni/Ti multilayers can be improved using the incorporation of B4C to inhibit the formation of nanocrystals and limit interdiffusion and intermetallic reactions at the interfaces. A modulated ion-assistance scheme was used to prevent intermixing and roughness accumulation throughout the layer stack. In this work we investigate the incorporation of low-neutron-absorbing 11B4C for Ni/Ti neutron multilayers. Combined fitting of neutron reflectivity and X-ray reflectivity measurements shows an elimination of accumulated roughness for the 11B4C containing multilayers with a mean interface width of 4.5 Å, resulting in an increase in reflectivity at the first Bragg peak by a factor of 2.3 and 1.5 for neutron and X-ray measurements, respectively.

Studies of single crystal artificial superlattices (SLs) of transition-metal (TM) diborides, which is instru- mental to understand hardening mechanisms at nanoscale, is lacking. Here, CrBx/TiBy (0001) diboride SLs [x,y E 1.7-3.3] are grown epitaxially on Al2O3(0001) substrates by direct-current magnetron sputter epitaxy. Growth conditions for obtaining well-defined SLs with good interface quality are found at 4 mTorr Ar pressure and 600 degrees C. 1 -mu m-thick SL films deposited with modulation periods A between 1 and 10 nm, and A=6 nm SLs with TiBy-to-A layer thickness ratios F ranging from 0.2 to 0.8 are studied. SLs with A=6 nm and F in the range of 0.2-0.4, with a near stoichiometric B/TM ratio, exhibit the high- est structural quality. The effects of F and stoichiometries (B/TM ratio) on the distribution of B in the SL structures are discussed. By increasing the relative thickness of TiBy, the crystalline quality of SLs starts to deteriorate due to B segregation in over-stoichiometric TiBy, resulting in narrow epitaxial SL columnar growth with structurally-distorted B-rich boundaries. Moreover, increasing the relative thickness of under-stoichiometric CrBx enhances the SL quality and hinders formation of B-rich boundaries. The SLs are found to exhibit hardness values in the range of 29-34 GPa.(c) 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)., Funding Agencies|Swedish National Graduate School in Neutron Scattering (SwedNess); Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF) [GSn15 -0008]; Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Advanced Functional Materials (AFM) at Linkoeping University (Faculty Grant SFO Mat LiU) [2009 00971]; Swedish Research Council VR [2019-00191, 2021-00357]; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation [KAW 2015.0043]

Metastable super-saturated Zr1_xAlxN alloys tend to phase separate into the equilibrium cubic (c) ZrN and wurtzite (w) AlN due to a deep miscibility gap. Transformation is shown here to follow distinctly different paths depending on if Zr1_xAlxN (x = 0.3 and 0.6) is sputter deposited as a single layer or multi-layered with TiN, and further varied by post-deposition annealing. Using in situ high-energy synchrotron wide-angle X-ray scattering and analytical transmission electron microscopy, surface segregation effects are compared to secondary phase transformations occurring in as-deposited layers during thermal annealing up to 1000 degrees C. For the primary phase transformation from the vapor phase, w-AlN nucleates and an AlN-ZrN labyrinthine structure evolves at elevated deposition temperature with semi-coherent interfaces over several nanometers, where the higher Al content narrows the structure in both single and multilayers. Transformation in thinner alloy layers is governed by epitaxial forces which stabilize single-phase c-Zr0.4Al0.6N, which enables c-Zr0.4Al0.6N/TiN superlattice growth at temperatures as low as 350 degrees C. Regardless of the decomposition route, the formation of c-AlN is impeded and w-AlN instantaneously forms during transformation. In contrast, isostructural decomposition into w-AlN and w-Zr (Al)N occurs in w-Zr0.4Al0.6N alloys during annealing., Funding Agencies|Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems (Vinnova) through the VINNMER Grant [2011-03464]; Swedish Research Council via the Rontgen Angstrom Cluster (RAC) Frame program [2011-6505]; German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) [05K12CG]

Persons with Disabilities (PWDs) are considered the most vulnerable and less included part of society. Being the signatory of the United Nations Conventions on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD), it is obligatory for the Government of Pakistan to ensure their rights for their inclusion in the mainstream. This paper focuses to know the extent of social inclusion of PWDs in the context of the rights-based approach that emerged after the enactment of UNCRPD. The respondents were physically and visually impaired, both male and female, belonging to the age group 18-42 and presently engaged in employment either government, private and self within the territorial boundaries of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. In the present study, the gender of the respondents, their age, their marital status, their family income, their level of disability, their level of education, their residential background and the total number of PWDs in their family were independent variables, while social inclusion with respect to the right of education, health, employment, cultural, recreational, political participation, social protection and accessibility was the dependent variable. Bivariate analysis was carried out by using Chi-Square and Somer’s D tests to know the association between dependent and independent variables. The results reflected more inclusion of persons with disabilities who were male, married, residing in urban areas, had mild levels of disabilities and had higher family income.

Feminism is named as the demand for equality between men and women; however, it is not easily acceptable for the so-called super-gender called men, in any patriarchal society. It is not only a phenomenon but also a chapter of life that varies day by day, though is accepted by many communities, but difficult to adopt or accept in a patriarchal society as in Pakistan. There are many factors behind acceptance or rejection, which is debatable. Either the economy, politics, society, religion, or education is the aspect to enrol it in life. This article is the demonstration of factors, which is responsible for bridging the gap between academic feminism: which is being read to the generation, excluding the reality of the physique of gender, and the activism in feminism, which is being practised with social norms. This debate would be qualitative in nature. Though it concluded that Feminism in the society of Pakistan is not digestible for men members, however, the accelerator for equality or, even equity is slow but consistent and some of the changes are happening gradually.

In particular, when contrasted with other project management approaches, this research intends to clarify why agile methodology has become so popular and effective in modern business. The Agile technique has become very popular and effective in today's industry. The study examines different project methodologies and the factors that affect its acceptance. Results from surveys show that participants think agile is the best approach, with many highlighting its benefits such as low costs, high levels of customer satisfaction, and active participation from end users. In order to compile responses from professionals working on various projects, the research relies on surveys. The methodology delves into in-depth research to uncover the causes of agile's success and its influence on the field of project management. Participants praised the success of agile methodology across multiple dimensions, indicating overwhelming support for the methodology in the study. In order to drive the adoption of agile, the results highlight the critical role of end-user contribution, best practices analysis, and management support. The results do point to the necessity of additional research, such as comprehensive surveys investigating alternative methodologies.

In particular, when contrasted with other project management approaches, this research intends to clarify why agile methodology has become so popular and effective in modern business. The Agile technique has become very popular and effective in today's industry. The study examines different project methodologies and the factors that affect its acceptance. Results from surveys show that participants think agile is the best approach, with many highlighting its benefits such as low costs, high levels of customer satisfaction, and active participation from end users. In order to compile responses from professionals working on various projects, the research relies on surveys. The methodology delves into in-depth research to uncover the causes of agile's success and its influence on the field of project management. Participants praised the success of agile methodology across multiple dimensions, indicating overwhelming support for the methodology in the study. In order to drive the adoption of agile, the results highlight the critical role of end-user contribution, best practices analysis, and management support. The results do point to the necessity of additional research, such as comprehensive surveys investigating alternative methodologies.

It was an interactive session between the supervisor and students with points of reflection were discussed for further changes before final submission to the examiner.

Studies of single crystal artificial superlattices (SLs) of transition-metal (TM) diborides, which is instru- mental to understand hardening mechanisms at nanoscale, is lacking. Here, CrBx/TiBy (0001) diboride SLs [x,y E 1.7-3.3] are grown epitaxially on Al2O3(0001) substrates by direct-current magnetron sputter epitaxy. Growth conditions for obtaining well-defined SLs with good interface quality are found at 4 mTorr Ar pressure and 600 degrees C. 1 -mu m-thick SL films deposited with modulation periods A between 1 and 10 nm, and A=6 nm SLs with TiBy-to-A layer thickness ratios F ranging from 0.2 to 0.8 are studied. SLs with A=6 nm and F in the range of 0.2-0.4, with a near stoichiometric B/TM ratio, exhibit the high- est structural quality. The effects of F and stoichiometries (B/TM ratio) on the distribution of B in the SL structures are discussed. By increasing the relative thickness of TiBy, the crystalline quality of SLs starts to deteriorate due to B segregation in over-stoichiometric TiBy, resulting in narrow epitaxial SL columnar growth with structurally-distorted B-rich boundaries. Moreover, increasing the relative thickness of under-stoichiometric CrBx enhances the SL quality and hinders formation of B-rich boundaries. The SLs are found to exhibit hardness values in the range of 29-34 GPa.(c) 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)., Funding Agencies|Swedish National Graduate School in Neutron Scattering (SwedNess); Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF) [GSn15 -0008]; Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Advanced Functional Materials (AFM) at Linkoeping University (Faculty Grant SFO Mat LiU) [2009 00971]; Swedish Research Council VR [2019-00191, 2021-00357]; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation [KAW 2015.0043]

Metastable super-saturated Zr1_xAlxN alloys tend to phase separate into the equilibrium cubic (c) ZrN and wurtzite (w) AlN due to a deep miscibility gap. Transformation is shown here to follow distinctly different paths depending on if Zr1_xAlxN (x = 0.3 and 0.6) is sputter deposited as a single layer or multi-layered with TiN, and further varied by post-deposition annealing. Using in situ high-energy synchrotron wide-angle X-ray scattering and analytical transmission electron microscopy, surface segregation effects are compared to secondary phase transformations occurring in as-deposited layers during thermal annealing up to 1000 degrees C. For the primary phase transformation from the vapor phase, w-AlN nucleates and an AlN-ZrN labyrinthine structure evolves at elevated deposition temperature with semi-coherent interfaces over several nanometers, where the higher Al content narrows the structure in both single and multilayers. Transformation in thinner alloy layers is governed by epitaxial forces which stabilize single-phase c-Zr0.4Al0.6N, which enables c-Zr0.4Al0.6N/TiN superlattice growth at temperatures as low as 350 degrees C. Regardless of the decomposition route, the formation of c-AlN is impeded and w-AlN instantaneously forms during transformation. In contrast, isostructural decomposition into w-AlN and w-Zr (Al)N occurs in w-Zr0.4Al0.6N alloys during annealing., Funding Agencies|Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems (Vinnova) through the VINNMER Grant [2011-03464]; Swedish Research Council via the Rontgen Angstrom Cluster (RAC) Frame program [2011-6505]; German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) [05K12CG]

The optical contrast and minimum layer thickness of Ni/Ti broadband neutron multilayer supermirrors is usually hampered by an interface width, typically 0.7 nm, caused by nanocrystallites, interdiffusion, and/or intermixing. We explore the elimination of nanocrystallites in combination with interface smoothening by modulation of ion assistance during magnetron sputter deposition of 0.8 to 6.4 nm thick Ni and Ti layers. The amorphization is achieved through incorporation of natural B4C where B and C preferably bond to Ti. A two-stage substrate bias was applied to each layer; -30 V for the initial 1 nm followed by -100 V for the remaining part, generating multilayer mirrors with interface widths of 0.40-0.45 nm. The results predict that high performance supermirrors with m-values as high as 10 are feasible by using 11B isotope-enriched B4C combined with temporal control of the ion assistance., Funding: Stiftelsen för Strategisk Forskning; Vetenskapsrådet.

Studies of single crystal artificial superlattices (SLs) of transition-metal (TM) diborides, which is instru- mental to understand hardening mechanisms at nanoscale, is lacking. Here, CrBx/TiBy (0001) diboride SLs [x,y E 1.7-3.3] are grown epitaxially on Al2O3(0001) substrates by direct-current magnetron sputter epitaxy. Growth conditions for obtaining well-defined SLs with good interface quality are found at 4 mTorr Ar pressure and 600 degrees C. 1 -mu m-thick SL films deposited with modulation periods A between 1 and 10 nm, and A=6 nm SLs with TiBy-to-A layer thickness ratios F ranging from 0.2 to 0.8 are studied. SLs with A=6 nm and F in the range of 0.2-0.4, with a near stoichiometric B/TM ratio, exhibit the high- est structural quality. The effects of F and stoichiometries (B/TM ratio) on the distribution of B in the SL structures are discussed. By increasing the relative thickness of TiBy, the crystalline quality of SLs starts to deteriorate due to B segregation in over-stoichiometric TiBy, resulting in narrow epitaxial SL columnar growth with structurally-distorted B-rich boundaries. Moreover, increasing the relative thickness of under-stoichiometric CrBx enhances the SL quality and hinders formation of B-rich boundaries. The SLs are found to exhibit hardness values in the range of 29-34 GPa.(c) 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)., Funding Agencies|Swedish National Graduate School in Neutron Scattering (SwedNess); Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF) [GSn15 -0008]; Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Advanced Functional Materials (AFM) at Linkoeping University (Faculty Grant SFO Mat LiU) [2009 00971]; Swedish Research Council VR [2019-00191, 2021-00357]; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation [KAW 2015.0043]

Metastable super-saturated Zr1_xAlxN alloys tend to phase separate into the equilibrium cubic (c) ZrN and wurtzite (w) AlN due to a deep miscibility gap. Transformation is shown here to follow distinctly different paths depending on if Zr1_xAlxN (x = 0.3 and 0.6) is sputter deposited as a single layer or multi-layered with TiN, and further varied by post-deposition annealing. Using in situ high-energy synchrotron wide-angle X-ray scattering and analytical transmission electron microscopy, surface segregation effects are compared to secondary phase transformations occurring in as-deposited layers during thermal annealing up to 1000 degrees C. For the primary phase transformation from the vapor phase, w-AlN nucleates and an AlN-ZrN labyrinthine structure evolves at elevated deposition temperature with semi-coherent interfaces over several nanometers, where the higher Al content narrows the structure in both single and multilayers. Transformation in thinner alloy layers is governed by epitaxial forces which stabilize single-phase c-Zr0.4Al0.6N, which enables c-Zr0.4Al0.6N/TiN superlattice growth at temperatures as low as 350 degrees C. Regardless of the decomposition route, the formation of c-AlN is impeded and w-AlN instantaneously forms during transformation. In contrast, isostructural decomposition into w-AlN and w-Zr (Al)N occurs in w-Zr0.4Al0.6N alloys during annealing., Funding Agencies|Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems (Vinnova) through the VINNMER Grant [2011-03464]; Swedish Research Council via the Rontgen Angstrom Cluster (RAC) Frame program [2011-6505]; German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) [05K12CG]

The performance of multilayers in optical components, such as those used in neutron scattering instruments, is crucially dependent on the achievable interface width. We have shown how the interface width of Ni/Ti multilayers can be improved using the incorporation of B4C to inhibit the formation of nanocrystals and limit interdiffusion and intermetallic reactions at the interfaces. A modulated ion-assistance scheme was used to prevent intermixing and roughness accumulation throughout the layer stack. In this work we investigate the incorporation of low-neutron-absorbing 11B4C for Ni/Ti neutron multilayers. Combined fitting of neutron reflectivity and X-ray reflectivity measurements shows an elimination of accumulated roughness for the 11B4C containing multilayers with a mean interface width of 4.5 Å, resulting in an increase in reflectivity at the first Bragg peak by a factor of 2.3 and 1.5 for neutron and X-ray measurements, respectively.

Emotional intelligence helps to predict and control the changing behaviour of employees. Our study focuses on customer service sector employees, organizational citizenship behaviour, and service sabotage. The study also explained the effect of emotional intelligence on OCB with the mediation role of emotional labour. In addition, moderation role of EI between emotional dissonance and service sabotage. The time horizon was longitudinal and descriptive; the geographical area included Gujranwala, Lahore, and Sialkot. The study's findings show a significant positive association of emotional intelligence with organizational citizenship behavior. Emotional intelligence significantly moderates the strength of the relationship between emotional dissonance and service sabotage.