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The high prevalence of mood disorders and the failings of the current drugs for the treatment of these disorders call for renewed efforts to discover novel chemical entities to meet the disease demand of these clinical conditions. Methanol Tapianthus globiferus leaf extract has demonstrated anxiolytic activity in mice. However, reports on specific chemical components of the medicinal plant that may account for the anxiolytic and other biological effects are few. Thus, gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis was carried out on methanol Tapianthus globiferus leaf extract. The results include acetic acid, oxalic acid, isobutyl amine, N-ethyl formamide, ethanamine, o-allyl hydroxylamine, N, N-dimethyl ethanamine, dimethyl silane, 1-propanol, 2-propenenitrile, carbonyl sulfide, [3, 4-b] pyrazin-5 (4H)-one, 6-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-furanone, thiirane, urea and propenamide. These phytoconstituents are associated with important biological activities and may be responsible for the anxiolytic activity of the extract under investigation and some other pharmacological activities reported for extracts of Tapinanthus globiferus and its congeners. These findings are a justification for the traditional uses of Tapianthus globiferus for the management of diverse chronic diseases.

Climate change has placed considerable pressure on the residential environment, agricultural, and water supplies in different areas of the world, especially arid places such as Iraq. Iraq is one of the five most vulnerable countries in the world to climate change, where it has been encountering extremes heat waves during the most recent decades resulted in drought, desertification, and rivers dried up, which led to thousands of hectares to turn dry and yellow. This study aims to investigate the trends of climate change in the middle and western regions of Iraq and future expectations. The daily maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and precipitation are downscaled using the Long Ashton Research Station Weather Generator (LARS-WG) model. Five General Circulation Models (GCMs) from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) are employed for three future periods: the near future (2021–2040), medium future (2051–2070), and far future (2081–2100), based on two scenarios of the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) for four selected meteorological stations representing the study area. The outcomes of the calibration and validation of the model supported its skill and reliability to downscale precipitation and temperature time series for statistical indices (R2, RMSE and MBE) ranging between (0.894–0.998), (0.1270–1.9274) and (− 0.6158 to 0.0008), respectively. The results showed that the average minimum and maximum annual temperatures will increase at all selected stations across the three future periods by between 0.94 and 4.98 °C by the end of the twenty-first century. Annual changes in precipitation tend generally towards increase for the study area by average (6.09–14.31%) for RCP4.5 and (11.25–20.97%) for RCP8.5 Compared to the historical data (1990–2020). These findings can contribute to become more acquainted with the effects of climate change on the environment and encourage managers and planners to come up with plans for mitigat

Bajakah wood (Spatholobus Littoralisk Hask) is empirically used by the community to treat stomach pain, diarrhea and is even believed to be able to treat cancer. Several studies have shown its activity as an antibacterial. The purpose of this study was to identify compounds with antibacterial properties using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (GCMS). The method used in this research is the experimental method. Bajakah plants were obtained from seven different areas, then extracted and fractionated. The fraction identified in this study was the n-hexan fraction. Preliminary tests were carried out using thin layer chromatography (TLC) bioautography for compounds that have the potential as antibacterial. Compounds in the n-Hexan fraction were further identified using Gass Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (GCMS). The results showed Bajakah wood from seven regions had antibacterial activity seen from the formation of inhibition zones on compound spots on TLC that had been planted in agar media. There are 23 types of compounds identified by GCMS in this n-hexan fraction. In this study, the dominant compound seen from the largest area was Stigmast-5-en-3-ol, (3.beta.,24S)- (CAS) Clionaster (26.74%). The results of TLC bioautography of the n-Hexan fraction showed antibacterial activity and the dominant compound was Stigmast-5-en-3-ol, (3.beta.,24S)- (CAS) Clionaster.

Bajakah wood (Spatholobus Littoralisk Hask) is empirically used by the community to treat stomach pain, diarrhea and is even believed to be able to treat cancer. Several studies have shown its activity as an antibacterial. The purpose of this study was to identify compounds with antibacterial properties using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (GCMS). The method used in this research is the experimental method. Bajakah plants were obtained from seven different areas, then extracted and fractionated. The fraction identified in this study was the n-hexan fraction. Preliminary tests were carried out using thin layer chromatography (TLC) bioautography for compounds that have the potential as antibacterial. Compounds in the n-Hexan fraction were further identified using Gass Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (GCMS). The results showed Bajakah wood from seven regions had antibacterial activity seen from the formation of inhibition zones on compound spots on TLC that had been planted in agar media. There are 23 types of compounds identified by GCMS in this n-hexan fraction. In this study, the dominant compound seen from the largest area was Stigmast-5-en-3-ol, (3.beta.,24S)- (CAS) Clionaster (26.74%). The results of TLC bioautography of the n-Hexan fraction showed antibacterial activity and the dominant compound was Stigmast-5-en-3-ol, (3.beta.,24S)- (CAS) Clionaster.

Venus’s atmosphere is one of the most intriguing one within the Solar System with mysterious features such as the retrograde super-rotation, composition ambiguities or complex polar vortexes. To better understand and to enhance the research of the atmosphere, several Venusian Global Circulation Models (GCMs) have been developed. These represent a very powerful tool that may have a decisive role on the unveiling of the main enigmas in Venus’s atmosphere and in future Venus’s research. Nonetheless, these models present some main challenges that are being progressively addressed and some reasonably good simulations have already been developed. One of these models is the one developed at the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (LMD) in Paris. In addition to the GCM, the LMD group has developed a database compiling the results of several simulations called Venus Climate Database (VCD). The main aim of this thesis is to validate the VCD within the cloud region (40-75km) by comparing the atmospheric simulation results with real observational datasets from several space missions to Venus. The main variables that are validated in this work are temperature, winds, number density and composition. In general terms, VCD results are very consistent with the studied observational data, especially at low to mid latitudes (below 45). The main focus is therefore set on the main biases found in the VCD output, which are the shift of the modelled cold collar to higher latitudes and the poleward drift of the VCD zonal jet streams, both compared to the observational data. Additional inconsistencies can be found in the simulation of the atmospheric composition, which seem to be the most difficult to replicate. The validation has revealed some of the main discrepancies between the VCD and the observations, so that these flaws can be addressed and both the LMD model and the VCD improved., La atmósfera de Venus es una de las más interesantes del Sistema Solar, albergando características difíciles de explicar como su super-rotación, ambigüedades en su composición o los complejos vórtices polares. Para tratar de entender mejor esta atmósfera y para potenciar su estudio, varios Modelos de Circulación General (GCMs por sus siglas en inglés) han sido desarrollados. Estos pueden llegar a jugar un papel decisivo a la hora de esclarecer todos los misterios de la atmósfera venusiana y ser determinantes en la futura investigación del planeta. Sin embargo, los diferentes modelos se topan con algunos desafíos que progresivamente van siendo superados, hasta la consecución de simulaciones razonablemente buenas en la actualidad. Uno de estos modelos es el elaborado en el parisino Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (LMD). Unido a este GCM, el grupo ha desarrollado una base de datos, llamada Venus Climate Database (VCD), que compila los resultados de las diferentes simulaciones numéricas. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es validar la VCD en la región de las nubes (40-75km), comparando los datos obtenidos por medio de la simulación de la atmósfera de Venus con datos obtenidos por medio de las observaciones llevadas a cabo por varias de las diferentes misiones espaciales al planeta. Las cuatro variables principales que han sido validadas en esta tesis son temperatura, vientos, densidad numérica y composición. En términos generales, los resultados de la VCD son muy consistentes con los datos observacionales, especialmente en las latitudes bajas y medias (por debajo de 45). Siendo esto así, la validación se centrará en los principales sesgos encontrados en los resultados generados por la VCD: el desplazamiento en la simulación del cold collar a mayores latitudes y el deslizamiento de las corrientes en chorro del modelo hacia los polos, en comparación ambos con las observaciones. Algunas inconsistencias adicionales son detectadas en términos de composición atmo

The high prevalence of mood disorders and the failings of the current drugs for the treatment of these disorders call for renewed efforts to discover novel chemical entities to meet the disease demand of these clinical conditions. Methanol Tapianthus globiferus leaf extract has demonstrated anxiolytic activity in mice. However, reports on specific chemical components of the medicinal plant that may account for the anxiolytic and other biological effects are few. Thus, gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis was carried out on methanol Tapianthus globiferus leaf extract. The results include acetic acid, oxalic acid, isobutyl amine, N-ethyl formamide, ethanamine, o-allyl hydroxylamine, N, N-dimethyl ethanamine, dimethyl silane, 1-propanol, 2-propenenitrile, carbonyl sulfide, [3, 4-b] pyrazin-5 (4H)-one, 6-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-furanone, thiirane, urea and propenamide. These phytoconstituents are associated with important biological activities and may be responsible for the anxiolytic activity of the extract under investigation and some other pharmacological activities reported for extracts of Tapinanthus globiferus and its congeners. These findings are a justification for the traditional uses of Tapianthus globiferus for the management of diverse chronic diseases.

The high prevalence of mood disorders and the failings of the current drugs for the treatment of these disorders call for renewed efforts to discover novel chemical entities to meet the disease demand of these clinical conditions. Methanol Tapianthus globiferus leaf extract has demonstrated anxiolytic activity in mice. However, reports on specific chemical components of the medicinal plant that may account for the anxiolytic and other biological effects are few. Thus, gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis was carried out on methanol Tapianthus globiferus leaf extract. The results include acetic acid, oxalic acid, isobutyl amine, N-ethyl formamide, ethanamine, o-allyl hydroxylamine, N, N-dimethyl ethanamine, dimethyl silane, 1-propanol, 2-propenenitrile, carbonyl sulfide, [3, 4-b] pyrazin-5 (4H)-one, 6-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-furanone, thiirane, urea and propenamide. These phytoconstituents are associated with important biological activities and may be responsible for the anxiolytic activity of the extract under investigation and some other pharmacological activities reported for extracts of Tapinanthus globiferus and its congeners. These findings are a justification for the traditional uses of Tapianthus globiferus for the management of diverse chronic diseases.

The high prevalence of mood disorders and the failings of the current drugs for the treatment of these disorders call for renewed efforts to discover novel chemical entities to meet the disease demand of these clinical conditions. Methanol Tapianthus globiferus leaf extract has demonstrated anxiolytic activity in mice. However, reports on specific chemical components of the medicinal plant that may account for the anxiolytic and other biological effects are few. Thus, gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis was carried out on methanol Tapianthus globiferus leaf extract. The results include acetic acid, oxalic acid, isobutyl amine, N-ethyl formamide, ethanamine, o-allyl hydroxylamine, N, N-dimethyl ethanamine, dimethyl silane, 1-propanol, 2-propenenitrile, carbonyl sulfide, [3, 4-b] pyrazin-5 (4H)-one, 6-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-furanone, thiirane, urea and propenamide. These phytoconstituents are associated with important biological activities and may be responsible for the anxiolytic activity of the extract under investigation and some other pharmacological activities reported for extracts of Tapinanthus globiferus and its congeners. These findings are a justification for the traditional uses of Tapianthus globiferus for the management of diverse chronic diseases.

In this study, methanolic extracts from fresh ripened noni fruits (NFs) (Morinda citrifolia) were analyzed using GC-MS, FTIR, and XRD methods. Comprehensive assessments were carried out by proximate analysis (PA), higher heat value (HHV), bulk density (BD) and swelling index (SI). The qualitative analysis of the ripened NFs extracts in various solvents, including distilled water, chloroform, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethyl formamide, and methanol, revealed positive results for starch, terpenoids, saponin, and cardiac glycosides. The percentages of volatile matter, ash content and fixed carbon in PA are 78.799±0.592, 7.18±0.044 and 14.02±0.553, respectively. To use biomass as energy, PA is essential that burns in a gaseous state (volatile matter), solid-state (fixed carbon), and inorganic waste material (ash). It is important to consider the HHV of 17.185±0.103 MJ/kg when estimating the potential for energy recovery from the fruit's biomass. Compositional analysis (CA) was used to determine the percentages of the extractive contents (4.497±0.346), cellulose (33.114±0.261), lignin (9.569±0.399), and hemicellulose (17.89±0.608), all of which have substantial antibacterial properties. Our research looked at its BD (0.312±0.001g/cm3) and SI (1.535±0.022%), resulting in increased susceptibility of the biomass to microbial activity. FTIR and XRD reveal C-O, O-H, N-H, O=C=O, C-H, and O-H linkages with solid lattice spacing. It helps to determine how a substance will interact with biological tissue following implantation. However, no research documents were found in any literature about the oil from noni fruits for the purpose of external pain relief. Advice on using NFs oil for pain treatment comes from our field study of a woman who is 80 years old. In ripened NFs extract, GC-MS analysis identified 100 phytochemicals, including D-limonene, 3-carene, gamma-terpinene, methyl eugenol, caryophyllene, hentriacontane etc. GCMS and virtual screening-cum-molecular docking stud, QC 20230705

The determination of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in food supplements is challenging, especially due to the presence of other e.g. heterogeneous PAH-like compounds in the matrix. A collaborative study with 12 participants was conducted in order to assess performance characteristics of a fast method intended to analyse the four regulated PAHs (PAH 4) benzo[b]fluoranthene [BbF], benz[a]anthracene [BaA], chrysene [CHR] and benzo[a]pyrene [BaP] in five different plant-based food supplements in the form of capsules, powder, and tablets. The principle of the method includes the extraction of PAHs with ethyl acetate: cyclohexane followed by a two-step SPE cleanup and final analysis by GC-MS or LC-FLD. The regulated maximum level for BaP is 10 µg/kg and, for the PAH 4, 50 µg/kg. Accordingly, the method was validated for the regulated PAH 4 analytically challenging concentration range from 2.5 µg/kg to 6.9 µg/kg. The performance criteria for the method set in European Regulation No 333/2007 for the overall repeatability, reproducibility (HorRat values below 2), and recovery (range 50-120%) were fulfilled. Based on the statistical evaluation of the results, it was concluded that the method is a suitable alternative to existing methods and should be studied for additional matrices.

The work presented in this thesis aims to improve our understanding of biogenic and anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) over south-east Australia, while evaluating and identifying factors influencing model simulation results in the region. Specifically, this thesis presents three studies. The first study was aimed at investigating the uncertainties in model simulation results by comparing between the chemical transport models GEOS-Chem and CSIRO-CTM using biogenic VOC emissions from emissions model MEGAN. Five scenarios with different model/emission schemes were compared to understand which factors were driving significant differences in the simulated mole fractions and subsequent chemistry involving VOCs in the atmosphere. Both models have a relatively good performance reproducing measured temporal variation but failed to accurately simulate the magnitude of biogenic VOC mole fractions. Meteorology fields were one of the factors influencing these discrepancies. Both emissions and chemistry are light and temperature dependent and the mole fractions are constrained by the physical mixing of the atmosphere. Both models captured the observed trends of isoprene and monoterpenes but failed to reproduce effects at finer scales. VOC mole fractions and net production of ozone and hydroxyl radical (OH) were highly influenced by the emission scheme selected. Increases of isoprene led to decreases in ozoneby OH titration and consequent isoprene ozonolysis favoured under lower OH conditions.

Climate change is one of the leading issues affecting river basins due to its direct impacts on the cryosphere and hydrosphere. General circulation models (GCMs) are widely applied tools to assess climate change but the coarse spatial resolution of GCMs limit their direct application for local studies. This study selected five CMIP5 GCMs (CCSM4, HadCM3, GFDL-CM3, MRI-CGCM3 and CanESM2) for performance evaluation ranked by Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient (NSE) and Kling–Gupta Efficiency (KGE). CCSM4 and HadCM3 large-scale predictors were favored based on ranks (0.71 and 0.68, respectively) for statistical downscaling techniques to downscale the climatic indicators Tmax, Tmin and precipitation. The performance of two downscaling techniques, Statistical Downscaling Methods (SDSM) and Long Ashton Research Station Weather Generator (LARS-WG), were examined using the Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), bias, NSE and KGE with weights (Wi) for the validation period. The results of statistical measures proved SDSM more efficient (0.67) in comparison to the LARS-WG (0.51) for the validation time for the Jhelum River basin. The findings revealed that the SDSM simulation for Tmax and Tmin are more comparable to the reference data for the validation period except simulation of extreme events by precipitation. The 21st century climatic projections exhibited a significant rise in Tmax (2.37–4.66 °C), Tmin (2.47–4.52 °C) and precipitation (7.4–11.54%) for RCP-4.5 and RCP-8.5, respectively. Overall, the results depicted that winter and pre-monsoon seasons were potentially most affected in terms of warming and precipitation, which has the potential to alter the cryosphere and runoff of the Jhelum River basin., Validerad;2022;Nivå 2;2022-06-02 (joosat)

Climate change is one of the leading issues affecting river basins due to its direct impacts on the cryosphere and hydrosphere. General circulation models (GCMs) are widely applied tools to assess climate change but the coarse spatial resolution of GCMs limit their direct application for local studies. This study selected five CMIP5 GCMs (CCSM4, HadCM3, GFDL-CM3, MRI-CGCM3 and CanESM2) for performance evaluation ranked by Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient (NSE) and Kling–Gupta Efficiency (KGE). CCSM4 and HadCM3 large-scale predictors were favored based on ranks (0.71 and 0.68, respectively) for statistical downscaling techniques to downscale the climatic indicators Tmax, Tmin and precipitation. The performance of two downscaling techniques, Statistical Downscaling Methods (SDSM) and Long Ashton Research Station Weather Generator (LARS-WG), were examined using the Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), bias, NSE and KGE with weights (Wi) for the validation period. The results of statistical measures proved SDSM more efficient (0.67) in comparison to the LARS-WG (0.51) for the validation time for the Jhelum River basin. The findings revealed that the SDSM simulation for Tmax and Tmin are more comparable to the reference data for the validation period except simulation of extreme events by precipitation. The 21st century climatic projections exhibited a significant rise in Tmax (2.37–4.66 °C), Tmin (2.47–4.52 °C) and precipitation (7.4–11.54%) for RCP-4.5 and RCP-8.5, respectively. Overall, the results depicted that winter and pre-monsoon seasons were potentially most affected in terms of warming and precipitation, which has the potential to alter the cryosphere and runoff of the Jhelum River basin., Validerad;2022;Nivå 2;2022-06-02 (joosat)

Wine quality is determined by the local terroir, nature of grapevines, viticultural practices and vinification processes. Scientists have identified chemical compounds, typically volatiles, that can give desirable sensational attributes during wine tasting and potentially become chemical markers of high-quality wine. However, there is a lack of convincing statistical models using grape volatile composition to predict the resulting wine quality. Besides, there are still volatiles and other factors such as variations in biological factors of consumers to be revealed. Overall, this PhD thesis examines the influences of grape and wine volatiles on wine quality classification and perception during wine tasting.

Antibacterial Effect of Clove Leaf Extract (Syzygium aromaticum) against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus are microorganisms that cause infection. Overcoming infection using antibiotics is known to generate bacteria that are resistant to some antibiotics, hence the need of other antibacterial resources. One of the natural sources that can be utilized is clove leaf (Syzygium aromaticum). This study aims to determine the types of compounds contained in clove leaves and their inhibitory activity against E. coli and S. aureus. The study began with extraction using maceration techniques, then the separation of the compounds through ethanol, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate fractionation. Next step was the identification of secondary metabolites of clove leaf compounds using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed the ethyl acetate fraction was the most active in inhibiting the growth of E. coli and S. aureus with a minimum inhibitory value (MIC) of 10%. The most dominant compound in the ethyl acetate fraction was found to be caffeine with a content of 23.36%. Keywords: antibacterial, clove leaves, GC-MS, MIC, Syzygium aromaticum ABSTRAK Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus adalah mikroorganisme penyebab infeksi. Penanggulangan infeksi menggunakan antibiotik telah memunculkan bakteri yang resisten terhadap beberapa antibiotik sehingga perlu mencari sumber antibakteri lain. Salah satu bahan alam yang dapat dimanfaatkan adalah daun cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum). Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui jenis senyawa yang terkandung dalam daun cengkeh dan aktivitas penghambatannya terhadap bakteri E. coli dan S. aureus. Penelitian diawali dengan ekstraksi menggunakan teknik maserasi, kemudian dilakukan pemisahan senyawa berdasarkan tingkat kepolaran melalui fraksinasi etanol, n-heksan, dan etil asetat. Hasil fraksinasi diujikan ke bakteri uji. Identifikasi senyawa metabolit sekunder daun cengkeh mengg

Antibacterial Effect of Clove Leaf Extract (Syzygium aromaticum) against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus are microorganisms that cause infection. Overcoming infection using antibiotics is known to generate bacteria that are resistant to some antibiotics, hence the need of other antibacterial resources. One of the natural sources that can be utilized is clove leaf (Syzygium aromaticum). This study aims to determine the types of compounds contained in clove leaves and their inhibitory activity against E. coli and S. aureus. The study began with extraction using maceration techniques, then the separation of the compounds through ethanol, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate fractionation. Next step was the identification of secondary metabolites of clove leaf compounds using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed the ethyl acetate fraction was the most active in inhibiting the growth of E. coli and S. aureus with a minimum inhibitory value (MIC) of 10%. The most dominant compound in the ethyl acetate fraction was found to be caffeine with a content of 23.36%. Keywords: antibacterial, clove leaves, GC-MS, MIC, Syzygium aromaticum ABSTRAK Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus adalah mikroorganisme penyebab infeksi. Penanggulangan infeksi menggunakan antibiotik telah memunculkan bakteri yang resisten terhadap beberapa antibiotik sehingga perlu mencari sumber antibakteri lain. Salah satu bahan alam yang dapat dimanfaatkan adalah daun cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum). Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui jenis senyawa yang terkandung dalam daun cengkeh dan aktivitas penghambatannya terhadap bakteri E. coli dan S. aureus. Penelitian diawali dengan ekstraksi menggunakan teknik maserasi, kemudian dilakukan pemisahan senyawa berdasarkan tingkat kepolaran melalui fraksinasi etanol, n-heksan, dan etil asetat. Hasil fraksinasi diujikan ke bakteri uji. Identifikasi senyawa metabolit sekunder daun cengkeh mengg

Antibacterial Effect of Clove Leaf Extract (Syzygium aromaticum) against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus are microorganisms that cause infection. Overcoming infection using antibiotics is known to generate bacteria that are resistant to some antibiotics, hence the need of other antibacterial resources. One of the natural sources that can be utilized is clove leaf (Syzygium aromaticum). This study aims to determine the types of compounds contained in clove leaves and their inhibitory activity against E. coli and S. aureus. The study began with extraction using maceration techniques, then the separation of the compounds through ethanol, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate fractionation. Next step was the identification of secondary metabolites of clove leaf compounds using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed the ethyl acetate fraction was the most active in inhibiting the growth of E. coli and S. aureus with a minimum inhibitory value (MIC) of 10%. The most dominant compound in the ethyl acetate fraction was found to be caffeine with a content of 23.36%. Keywords: antibacterial, clove leaves, GC-MS, MIC, Syzygium aromaticum ABSTRAK Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus adalah mikroorganisme penyebab infeksi. Penanggulangan infeksi menggunakan antibiotik telah memunculkan bakteri yang resisten terhadap beberapa antibiotik sehingga perlu mencari sumber antibakteri lain. Salah satu bahan alam yang dapat dimanfaatkan adalah daun cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum). Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui jenis senyawa yang terkandung dalam daun cengkeh dan aktivitas penghambatannya terhadap bakteri E. coli dan S. aureus. Penelitian diawali dengan ekstraksi menggunakan teknik maserasi, kemudian dilakukan pemisahan senyawa berdasarkan tingkat kepolaran melalui fraksinasi etanol, n-heksan, dan etil asetat. Hasil fraksinasi diujikan ke bakteri uji. Identifikasi senyawa metabolit sekunder daun cengkeh mengg

Antibacterial Effect of Clove Leaf Extract (Syzygium aromaticum) against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus are microorganisms that cause infection. Overcoming infection using antibiotics is known to generate bacteria that are resistant to some antibiotics, hence the need of other antibacterial resources. One of the natural sources that can be utilized is clove leaf (Syzygium aromaticum). This study aims to determine the types of compounds contained in clove leaves and their inhibitory activity against E. coli and S. aureus. The study began with extraction using maceration techniques, then the separation of the compounds through ethanol, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate fractionation. Next step was the identification of secondary metabolites of clove leaf compounds using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed the ethyl acetate fraction was the most active in inhibiting the growth of E. coli and S. aureus with a minimum inhibitory value (MIC) of 10%. The most dominant compound in the ethyl acetate fraction was found to be caffeine with a content of 23.36%. Keywords: antibacterial, clove leaves, GC-MS, MIC, Syzygium aromaticum ABSTRAK Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus adalah mikroorganisme penyebab infeksi. Penanggulangan infeksi menggunakan antibiotik telah memunculkan bakteri yang resisten terhadap beberapa antibiotik sehingga perlu mencari sumber antibakteri lain. Salah satu bahan alam yang dapat dimanfaatkan adalah daun cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum). Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui jenis senyawa yang terkandung dalam daun cengkeh dan aktivitas penghambatannya terhadap bakteri E. coli dan S. aureus. Penelitian diawali dengan ekstraksi menggunakan teknik maserasi, kemudian dilakukan pemisahan senyawa berdasarkan tingkat kepolaran melalui fraksinasi etanol, n-heksan, dan etil asetat. Hasil fraksinasi diujikan ke bakteri uji. Identifikasi senyawa metabolit sekunder daun cengkeh mengg

Arthropods and specifically beetles can synthesize and/or sequester metabolites from dietary sources. In beetle families such as Tenebrionidae and Meloidae, a few studies have reported species with toxic defensive substances and antiparasitic properties that are consumed by birds. Here we have studied the antiparasitic activity of extracts from beetle species present in the habitat of the Great Bustard (Otis tarda) against four pathogen models (Aspergillus niger, Meloidogyne javanica, Hyalomma lusitanicum, and Trichomonas gallinae). The insect species extracted were Tentyria peiroleri, Scaurus uncinus, Blaps lethifera (Tenebrionidae), and Mylabris quadripunctata (Meloidae). M. quadripunctata exhibited potent activity against M. javanica and T. gallinae, while T. peiroleri exhibited moderate antiprotozoal activity. The chemical composition of the insect extracts was studied by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The most abundant compounds in the four beetle extracts were hydrocarbons and fatty acids such as palmitic acid, myristic acid and methyl linoleate, which are characteristic of insect cuticles. The presence of cantharidin (CTD) in the M. quadripunctata meloid and ethyl oleate (EO) in T. peiroleri accounted for the bioactivity of their extracts.

Desert truffles are popular ectomycorrhizal fungi valued worldwide for their nutritional and traditional health benefits. Herein, two chief desert truffles viz., Terfezia claveryi and T. boudieri were assessed for their metabolites heterogeneity in context of their volatile sensory and nutrients profile as analyzed via GC-MS. Primary metabolites accounting for nutritive indices in T. claveryi and T. boudieri were investigated with 61 peaks belonging to sugars, sugar alcohols and amino acids. After headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), a total of 106 volatiles were annotated belonging to alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, esters, ethers and furans. The abundance of oxygenated monoterpenes as antimicrobials rationalizes for the folk use of desert truffles against trachoma. Benzyl isothiocyanate was detected as the sulfur containing volatile component in desert truffle and absent from truffles. Multivariate data analyses (MVA) revealed that 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone were the most significantly contributors in the discrimination of T. claveryi and T. boudieri specimens. Being more enriched in essential amino acids, T. claveryi provided a better sugar diet composition concurrent with lower sugars and higher sugar alcohols compared to T. boudieri. This study provides the first insight into desert truffles metabolites and sensory composition, and to account for its culinary and medicinal uses.

Functional food defined as dietary supplements that in addition to their nutritional values, can beneficially modulate body functions becomes more and more popular but the reaction of the intestinal microbiota to it is largely unknown. In order to analyse the impact of functional food on the microbiota itself it is necessary to focus on the physiology of the microbiota, which can be assessed in a whole by untargeted metabolomics. Obtaining a detailed description of the gut microbiota reaction to food ingredients can be a key to understand how these organisms regulate and bioprocess many of these food components. Extracts prepared from seven chief functional foods, namely green tea, black tea, Opuntia ficus-indica (prickly pear, cactus pear), black coffee, green coffee, pomegranate, and sumac were administered to a gut consortium culture encompassing 8 microbes which are major representatives of gut bacteria. Samples were harvested at 0.5 and 24 h post addition of functional food extract and from blank culture in parallel and analysed for its metabolites composition using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry detection (GC/MS). A total of 131 metabolites were identified belonging to organic acids, alcohols, amino acids, fatty acids, inorganic compounds, nitrogenous compounds, nucleic acids, phenolics, steroids and sugars, with amino acids as the most abundant class in cultures. Considering the complexity of such datasets, multivariate data analyses were employed to classify samples and investigate how functional foods influence gut microbiota metabolisms. Results from this study provided a first insights regarding how functional foods alter gut metabolism through either induction or inhibition of certain metabolic pathways, i.e. GABA production in the presence of higher acidity induced by functional food metabolites such as polyphenols. Likewise, functional food metabolites i.e., purine alkaloids acted themselves as direct substrate in microbiota metabolism

Extraction and Identification of Secondary Metabolites from AL6 Isolates and Its Potential as Antibacterial against Escherichia coliABSTRACTSecondary metabolites in the form of antibiotics can be produced by rhizospheric bacteria. AL6 bacterial isolate, which is one of the bacterial isolates from the rhosphere of Saccarum officinarum L., is known to produce antibiotic compounds. This study aims to determine the activity of antibiotics from AL6 ethyl acetate extracts produced by AL6 bacterial isolates, to analyze the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the similarity of the active substances using GCMS. The ethyl acetate extract obtained was tested for MIC at 1.25%, 2.5%, 5.0%, 10.0%, 20%, and 40% concentrations. Detection of potential antibiotic spots was carried out using bioautographic thin layer chromatography (TLC). Compounds responsible for antibiotic activity were analyzed using GCMS. Minimum inhibitory levels obtained reached 2.5%. The active spots responsible for antibiotic activity against Escherichia coli at Rf 0.94. Components detected using GCMS and suspected to be antibiotics include chloroform; ethane, 1,1-dimethoxy-(CAS) dimethyl acetal; dan 1,3-dioxolane, 2-methoxymethyl-2,4,5-trimethyl.Keywords: AL6 bacterial isolate; antibiotic; Escherichia coli; GCMS; MICABSTRAKMetabolit sekunder berupa antibiotik dapat diproduksi oleh bakteri rizosfer. Isolat bakteri AL6, salah satu isolat bakteri dari rizosfer Saccarum officinarum L., diketahui dapat menghasilkan senyawa antibiotik. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui aktivitas antibiotik dari ekstrak etil asetat antibiotik AL6 yang dihasilkan isolat bakteri AL6, menganalisis kadar hambat minimum (KHM), serta kemiripan zat aktif menggunakan GCMS. Ekstrak etil asetat yang diperoleh diuji KHM-nya pada konsentrasi 1,25%, 2,5%, 5,0%, 10,0%, 20%, dan 40%. Deteksi bercak yang berpotensi sebagai antibiotik dilakukan menggunakan kromatografi lapis tipis (KLT) bioautografi. Senyawa yang berperan dalam aktivitas a

Extraction and Identification of Secondary Metabolites from AL6 Isolates and Its Potential as Antibacterial against Escherichia coliABSTRACTSecondary metabolites in the form of antibiotics can be produced by rhizospheric bacteria. AL6 bacterial isolate, which is one of the bacterial isolates from the rhosphere of Saccarum officinarum L., is known to produce antibiotic compounds. This study aims to determine the activity of antibiotics from AL6 ethyl acetate extracts produced by AL6 bacterial isolates, to analyze the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the similarity of the active substances using GCMS. The ethyl acetate extract obtained was tested for MIC at 1.25%, 2.5%, 5.0%, 10.0%, 20%, and 40% concentrations. Detection of potential antibiotic spots was carried out using bioautographic thin layer chromatography (TLC). Compounds responsible for antibiotic activity were analyzed using GCMS. Minimum inhibitory levels obtained reached 2.5%. The active spots responsible for antibiotic activity against Escherichia coli at Rf 0.94. Components detected using GCMS and suspected to be antibiotics include chloroform; ethane, 1,1-dimethoxy-(CAS) dimethyl acetal; dan 1,3-dioxolane, 2-methoxymethyl-2,4,5-trimethyl.Keywords: AL6 bacterial isolate; antibiotic; Escherichia coli; GCMS; MICABSTRAKMetabolit sekunder berupa antibiotik dapat diproduksi oleh bakteri rizosfer. Isolat bakteri AL6, salah satu isolat bakteri dari rizosfer Saccarum officinarum L., diketahui dapat menghasilkan senyawa antibiotik. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui aktivitas antibiotik dari ekstrak etil asetat antibiotik AL6 yang dihasilkan isolat bakteri AL6, menganalisis kadar hambat minimum (KHM), serta kemiripan zat aktif menggunakan GCMS. Ekstrak etil asetat yang diperoleh diuji KHM-nya pada konsentrasi 1,25%, 2,5%, 5,0%, 10,0%, 20%, dan 40%. Deteksi bercak yang berpotensi sebagai antibiotik dilakukan menggunakan kromatografi lapis tipis (KLT) bioautografi. Senyawa yang berperan dalam aktivitas a

Extraction and Identification of Secondary Metabolites from AL6 Isolates and Its Potential as Antibacterial against Escherichia coliABSTRACTSecondary metabolites in the form of antibiotics can be produced by rhizospheric bacteria. AL6 bacterial isolate, which is one of the bacterial isolates from the rhosphere of Saccarum officinarum L., is known to produce antibiotic compounds. This study aims to determine the activity of antibiotics from AL6 ethyl acetate extracts produced by AL6 bacterial isolates, to analyze the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the similarity of the active substances using GCMS. The ethyl acetate extract obtained was tested for MIC at 1.25%, 2.5%, 5.0%, 10.0%, 20%, and 40% concentrations. Detection of potential antibiotic spots was carried out using bioautographic thin layer chromatography (TLC). Compounds responsible for antibiotic activity were analyzed using GCMS. Minimum inhibitory levels obtained reached 2.5%. The active spots responsible for antibiotic activity against Escherichia coli at Rf 0.94. Components detected using GCMS and suspected to be antibiotics include chloroform; ethane, 1,1-dimethoxy-(CAS) dimethyl acetal; dan 1,3-dioxolane, 2-methoxymethyl-2,4,5-trimethyl.Keywords: AL6 bacterial isolate; antibiotic; Escherichia coli; GCMS; MICABSTRAKMetabolit sekunder berupa antibiotik dapat diproduksi oleh bakteri rizosfer. Isolat bakteri AL6, salah satu isolat bakteri dari rizosfer Saccarum officinarum L., diketahui dapat menghasilkan senyawa antibiotik. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui aktivitas antibiotik dari ekstrak etil asetat antibiotik AL6 yang dihasilkan isolat bakteri AL6, menganalisis kadar hambat minimum (KHM), serta kemiripan zat aktif menggunakan GCMS. Ekstrak etil asetat yang diperoleh diuji KHM-nya pada konsentrasi 1,25%, 2,5%, 5,0%, 10,0%, 20%, dan 40%. Deteksi bercak yang berpotensi sebagai antibiotik dilakukan menggunakan kromatografi lapis tipis (KLT) bioautografi. Senyawa yang berperan dalam aktivitas a

Extraction and Identification of Secondary Metabolites from AL6 Isolates and Its Potential as Antibacterial against Escherichia coliABSTRACTSecondary metabolites in the form of antibiotics can be produced by rhizospheric bacteria. AL6 bacterial isolate, which is one of the bacterial isolates from the rhosphere of Saccarum officinarum L., is known to produce antibiotic compounds. This study aims to determine the activity of antibiotics from AL6 ethyl acetate extracts produced by AL6 bacterial isolates, to analyze the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the similarity of the active substances using GCMS. The ethyl acetate extract obtained was tested for MIC at 1.25%, 2.5%, 5.0%, 10.0%, 20%, and 40% concentrations. Detection of potential antibiotic spots was carried out using bioautographic thin layer chromatography (TLC). Compounds responsible for antibiotic activity were analyzed using GCMS. Minimum inhibitory levels obtained reached 2.5%. The active spots responsible for antibiotic activity against Escherichia coli at Rf 0.94. Components detected using GCMS and suspected to be antibiotics include chloroform; ethane, 1,1-dimethoxy-(CAS) dimethyl acetal; dan 1,3-dioxolane, 2-methoxymethyl-2,4,5-trimethyl.Keywords: AL6 bacterial isolate; antibiotic; Escherichia coli; GCMS; MICABSTRAKMetabolit sekunder berupa antibiotik dapat diproduksi oleh bakteri rizosfer. Isolat bakteri AL6, salah satu isolat bakteri dari rizosfer Saccarum officinarum L., diketahui dapat menghasilkan senyawa antibiotik. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui aktivitas antibiotik dari ekstrak etil asetat antibiotik AL6 yang dihasilkan isolat bakteri AL6, menganalisis kadar hambat minimum (KHM), serta kemiripan zat aktif menggunakan GCMS. Ekstrak etil asetat yang diperoleh diuji KHM-nya pada konsentrasi 1,25%, 2,5%, 5,0%, 10,0%, 20%, dan 40%. Deteksi bercak yang berpotensi sebagai antibiotik dilakukan menggunakan kromatografi lapis tipis (KLT) bioautografi. Senyawa yang berperan dalam aktivitas a

Daun kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) merupakan tanaman yang berpotensi sebagai teh herbal yang berfungsi sebagai antidiabetes. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui senyawa kimia daun kersen yang berasal dari Jember. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Biosains Politeknik Negeri Jember pada bulan Mei sampai Desember 2020. Identifikasi senyawa kimia daun kersen dilakukan dengan alat Gas Chromatograpy–Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS QP2010 Plus) dengan temperatur oven 80-250 °C dengan tekanan 60 kPa, total laju 6.0 mL/menit, laju kolom 0.94 ml/menit. Hasil analisis GC-MS menunjukkan bahwa senyawa kimia yang dominan pada daun kersen adalah Eicosamethyl Cyclodecasiloxane (33.59%), Tetracosamethyl Cyclododecasiloxane (18.23%) dan Octadecamethyl Cyclononasiloxane (17.18%)., Daun kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) merupakan tanaman yang berpotensi sebagai teh herbal yang berfungsi sebagai antidiabetes. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui senyawa kimia daun kersen yang berasal dari Jember. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Biosains Politeknik Negeri Jember pada bulan Mei sampai Desember 2020. Identifikasi senyawa kimia daun kersen dilakukan dengan alat Gas Chromatograpy–Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS QP2010 Plus) dengan temperatur oven 80-250 °C dengan tekanan 60 kPa, total laju 6.0 mL/menit, laju kolom 0.94 ml/menit. Hasil analisis GC-MS menunjukkan bahwa senyawa kimia yang dominan pada daun kersen adalah Eicosamethyl Cyclodecasiloxane (33.59%), Tetracosamethyl Cyclododecasiloxane (18.23%) dan Octadecamethyl Cyclononasiloxane (17.18%).

Daun kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) merupakan tanaman yang berpotensi sebagai teh herbal yang berfungsi sebagai antidiabetes. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui senyawa kimia daun kersen yang berasal dari Jember. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Biosains Politeknik Negeri Jember pada bulan Mei sampai Desember 2020. Identifikasi senyawa kimia daun kersen dilakukan dengan alat Gas Chromatograpy–Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS QP2010 Plus) dengan temperatur oven 80-250 °C dengan tekanan 60 kPa, total laju 6.0 mL/menit, laju kolom 0.94 ml/menit. Hasil analisis GC-MS menunjukkan bahwa senyawa kimia yang dominan pada daun kersen adalah Eicosamethyl Cyclodecasiloxane (33.59%), Tetracosamethyl Cyclododecasiloxane (18.23%) dan Octadecamethyl Cyclononasiloxane (17.18%)., Daun kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) merupakan tanaman yang berpotensi sebagai teh herbal yang berfungsi sebagai antidiabetes. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui senyawa kimia daun kersen yang berasal dari Jember. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Biosains Politeknik Negeri Jember pada bulan Mei sampai Desember 2020. Identifikasi senyawa kimia daun kersen dilakukan dengan alat Gas Chromatograpy–Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS QP2010 Plus) dengan temperatur oven 80-250 °C dengan tekanan 60 kPa, total laju 6.0 mL/menit, laju kolom 0.94 ml/menit. Hasil analisis GC-MS menunjukkan bahwa senyawa kimia yang dominan pada daun kersen adalah Eicosamethyl Cyclodecasiloxane (33.59%), Tetracosamethyl Cyclododecasiloxane (18.23%) dan Octadecamethyl Cyclononasiloxane (17.18%).

Climate is a major limiting factor for insect distributions and it is expected that a changing climate will likely alter spatial patterns of pest outbreaks. The Australian plague locust (APL) Chortoicetes terminifera, is the most economically important locust species in Australia. Invasions cause large scale economic damage to agricultural crops and pastures. Understanding the regional-scale and long-term dynamics is a prerequisite to develop effective control and preventive management strategies. In this study, we used a 32-year locust survey database to uncover the relationship between historical bioclimatic variables and spatial seasonal outbreaks by developing two machine learning species distribution models (SDMs), random forest and boosted regression trees. The explanatory variables were ranked by contribution to the generated models. The bio-climate models were then projected into a future climate change scenario (RCP8.5) using downscaled 34 global climate models (GCMs) to assess how climate change may alter APL seasonal distribution patterns in eastern Australia. Our results show that the model for the distribution of spring outbreaks performed better than those for summer and autumn, based on statistical evaluation criteria. The spatial models of seasonal outbreaks indicate that the areas subject to APL outbreaks were likely to decrease in all seasons. Multi-GCM ensemble means show the largest decrease in area was for spring outbreaks, reduced by 93–94% by 2071–2090, while the area of summer outbreaks decreased by 78–90%, and 67–74% for autumn outbreaks. The bioclimatic variables could explain 78–98% outbreak areas change. This study represents an important step toward the assessment of the effects of the changing climate on locust outbreaks and can help inform future priorities for regional mitigation efforts in the context of global climate change in eastern Australia.

AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis senyawa fitokimia ekstrak metanol Ganoderma lucidum dengan metode GCMS. Tahapan penelitian ini meliputi proses ekstraksi serbuk halus G. lucidum menggunakan pelarut metanol dengan metode maserasi selama 3x3 hari dan ekstrak metanol G. lucidum yang didapatkan dianalisis dengan alat GCMS. Senyawa fitokimia yang teridentifikasi oleh GCMS antara lain thiophene, 2-hexyl-; 3-((3-Acetoxythyl)-6-acetoxymethyl-2,4-dimethyl)phenyl)-2-methyl-(E)-2-propenyl acetate; 2,7-Diphenylindole; dan 5-(2-Bromophenyl)-7-chloro-2,3-dihydro-1H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa senyawa fitokimia pada ekstrak metanol G. lucidum memiliki efek farmakologis bagi kesehatan manusia dan aktivitas biologis lainnya. Katakunci: Ganoderma lucidum, senyawa fitokimia, GCMS AbstractThis study aims to analyze the phytochemical compounds of methanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum using the GCMS method. The stages of this study include extraction of fine powder G. lucidum using methanol solvent by maceration method for 3x3 days and methanol extract of G. lucidum obtained were analyzed by GCMS. Phytochemical compounds identified by GCMS is thiophene, 2-hexyl-; 3 - ((3-Acetoxythyl) -6-acetoxymethyl-2,4-dimethyl) phenyl) -2-methyl- (E) -2-propenyl acetate; 2,7-Diphenylindole; and 5- (2-Bromophenyl) -7-chloro-2,3-dihydro-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine-2-one. It can be concluded that phytochemical compounds in methanol extract of G. lucidum have pharmacological effects on human health and other biological activities. Keywords: Ganoderma lucidum, phytochemical compounds, GCMS

Paint fragments were collected from painted 18th and 19th century interiors from traditional buildings in Halsingland, Sweden. The aim was to identify binders used by the artists by direct-methylation and GCMS analyses of the lipid fraction in the samples. The lipid content was categorized as mainly animal, plant-based or mixed. The study indicates that used colour tone and possibly also underlying foundation (wood, paper or textile) is essential for the artists' choice of binder components. Animal-lipid based compounds were found to be used for a wide variety of colours, including mixed colour and several light colour tones. Animal and sometimes mixed lipids seem also to be characteristic for colour fragments from paper and textiles. Red, black and blue colours are quite common among the mixed-lipid category. However, half of blue, green and black colours were found in the vegetable lipid group. A tendency towards the plant-lipids was also indicated in colour samples painted on wood. Many different forms of terpenoids were found among the wood samples, suggesting that its origin can be traced mainly to wood composites, such as extractives.

AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis senyawa fitokimia ekstrak metanol Ganoderma lucidum dengan metode GCMS. Tahapan penelitian ini meliputi proses ekstraksi serbuk halus G. lucidum menggunakan pelarut metanol dengan metode maserasi selama 3x3 hari dan ekstrak metanol G. lucidum yang didapatkan dianalisis dengan alat GCMS. Senyawa fitokimia yang teridentifikasi oleh GCMS antara lain thiophene, 2-hexyl-; 3-((3-Acetoxythyl)-6-acetoxymethyl-2,4-dimethyl)phenyl)-2-methyl-(E)-2-propenyl acetate; 2,7-Diphenylindole; dan 5-(2-Bromophenyl)-7-chloro-2,3-dihydro-1H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa senyawa fitokimia pada ekstrak metanol G. lucidum memiliki efek farmakologis bagi kesehatan manusia dan aktivitas biologis lainnya. Katakunci: Ganoderma lucidum, senyawa fitokimia, GCMS AbstractThis study aims to analyze the phytochemical compounds of methanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum using the GCMS method. The stages of this study include extraction of fine powder G. lucidum using methanol solvent by maceration method for 3x3 days and methanol extract of G. lucidum obtained were analyzed by GCMS. Phytochemical compounds identified by GCMS is thiophene, 2-hexyl-; 3 - ((3-Acetoxythyl) -6-acetoxymethyl-2,4-dimethyl) phenyl) -2-methyl- (E) -2-propenyl acetate; 2,7-Diphenylindole; and 5- (2-Bromophenyl) -7-chloro-2,3-dihydro-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine-2-one. It can be concluded that phytochemical compounds in methanol extract of G. lucidum have pharmacological effects on human health and other biological activities. Keywords: Ganoderma lucidum, phytochemical compounds, GCMS

Actualmente, las demandas hídricas se encuentran en continuo crecimiento lo que aumenta la presión, en cantidad y calidad, sobre los recursos hídricos disponibles a nivel global. Asimismo, la reducción proyectada de las aportaciones en régimen natural, consecuencia del cambio climático, supone un nuevo nivel de incertidumbre. Pese a errores todavía existentes, los modelos hidrológicos constituyen herramientas vitales para planificar y gestionar el recurso agua. Su correcta aplicación resulta esencial en áreas con elevado estrés hídrico (regiones áridas y semiáridas). La Demarcación Hidrográfica del Segura (DHS), sureste de España, presenta una de las mayores tasas de escasez y explotación intensiva de recursos hídricos en el contexto europeo y mundial. Este trabajo estima los efectos del cambio climático sobre los principales componentes del balance hídrico en la cuenca alta del río Taibilla (cabecera de la DHS). Dicha cuenca fue escogida al encontrase en régimen natural y ser actualmente primordial en el abastecimiento hídrico de numerosos municipios de la DHS y áreas contiguas. Para evaluar los mencionados efectos se ha implementado el modelo Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) calibrado con el algoritmo SUFI-2. La calibración y validación se realizaron con dos funciones objetivo (NSE y KGE) en el periodo con caudales observados (1996-2012). Las proyecciones de precipitación y temperatura proceden de los modelos climáticos globales (GCMs) bcc-csm1-1-m, MPI.ESM.MR y bcc. csm1.1, regionalizados con la técnica de Análogos, bajo los escenarios de emisión RCP4.5 y RCP8.5 (periodo 2010-2050). Los resultados del ajuste mejoran con NSE, con respecto a KGE, en las series de calibración y validación. En las próximas décadas, precipitación, escorrentía superficial y recarga de acuíferos muestran tendencias negativas mientras que la temperatura aumenta entre 1.5 °C y 1.7 °C. Pese a la incertidumbre existente, resulta evidente que las aportaciones disminuirán en la cuenca lo, Currently, water demands are in continuous growth which increases the pressure, in quantity and quality, on the water resources available over the world. Likewise, the projected reduction of natural water inputs, due to climate change, represents a new level of uncertainty. Despite existing errors, hydrological models are important tools for planning and managing water resources. Their correct application is essential in areas with high water stress (arid and semi-arid regions). The Segura River basin district (DHS), southeastern Spain, has one of the highest scarcity rates and intensive exploitation of water resources in Europe and the world. This study estimates the effects of climate change on the main components of the water balance in the upper basin of the Taibilla River (the headwater of the DHS). This basin has been chosen because it is in natural regime and it is currently one of the main water supplies in many DHS municipalities and contiguous areas. In order to assess the mentioned effects, we used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) calibrated with the SUFI-2 algorithm. Calibration and validation were performed with two objective functions (NSE and KGE) in the period with availability of discharge data (1996-2012). The precipitation and temperature projections came from the global climate models (GCMs) bcc-csm1-1-m, MPI.ESM.MR and bcc.csm1.1, regionalized with the analogue technique, under the emission scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 (period 2010-2050). The adjustment results improved with NSE, with respect to KGE, in the calibration and validation series. In the future decades, precipitation, surface runoff and recharge of aquifers would show negative trends while the temperature would increase by between 1.5 °C and 1.7 °C. In spite of the existing uncertainty, it is evident that natural water inputs will decrease in this river basin. This will be a challenge in the water resources management for local authorities. The obtained results can assist loca

Devastating floods adversely affect human life and infrastructure. Various regions of the Hindukush-Karakoram-Himalayas receive intense monsoon rainfall, which, together with snow and glacier melt, produce intense floods. The Kabul river basin originates from the Hindukush Mountains and is frequently hit by such floods. We analyses flood frequency and intensity in Kabul basin for a contemporary period (1981-2015) and two future periods (i.e., 2031-2050 and 2081-2100) using the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios based on four bias-corrected downscaled climate models (INM-CM4, IPSL-CM5A, EC-EARTH, and MIROC5). Future floods are modelled with the SWAT hydrological model. The model results suggest an increasing trend due to an increasing precipitation and higher temperatures (based on all climate models except INM-CM4), which accelerates snow and glacier-melt. All of the scenario results show that the current flow with a 1 in 50 year return period is likely to occur more frequently (i.e., 1 in every 9-10 years and 2-3 years, respectively) during the near and far future periods. Such increases in intensity and frequency are likely to adversely affect downstream population and infrastructures. This, therefore, urges for appropriate early precautionary mitigation measures. This study can assist water managers and policy makers in their preparation to adequately plan for and manage flood protection. Its findings are also relevant for other basins in the Hindukush-Karakoram-Himalayas region.

Actualmente, las demandas hídricas se encuentran en continuo crecimiento lo que aumenta la presión, en cantidad y calidad, sobre los recursos hídricos disponibles a nivel global. Asimismo, la reducción proyectada de las aportaciones en régimen natural, consecuencia del cambio climático, supone un nuevo nivel de incertidumbre. Pese a errores todavía existentes, los modelos hidrológicos constituyen herramientas vitales para planificar y gestionar el recurso agua. Su correcta aplicación resulta esencial en áreas con elevado estrés hídrico (regiones áridas y semiáridas). La Demarcación Hidrográfica del Segura (DHS), sureste de España, presenta una de las mayores tasas de escasez y explotación intensiva de recursos hídricos en el contexto europeo y mundial. Este trabajo estima los efectos del cambio climático sobre los principales componentes del balance hídrico en la cuenca alta del río Taibilla (cabecera de la DHS). Dicha cuenca fue escogida al encontrase en régimen natural y ser actualmente primordial en el abastecimiento hídrico de numerosos municipios de la DHS y áreas contiguas. Para evaluar los mencionados efectos se ha implementado el modelo Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) calibrado con el algoritmo SUFI-2. La calibración y validación se realizaron con dos funciones objetivo (NSE y KGE) en el periodo con caudales observados (1996-2012). Las proyecciones de precipitación y temperatura proceden de los modelos climáticos globales (GCMs) bcc-csm1-1-m, MPI.ESM.MR y bcc. csm1.1, regionalizados con la técnica de Análogos, bajo los escenarios de emisión RCP4.5 y RCP8.5 (periodo 2010-2050). Los resultados del ajuste mejoran con NSE, con respecto a KGE, en las series de calibración y validación. En las próximas décadas, precipitación, escorrentía superficial y recarga de acuíferos muestran tendencias negativas mientras que la temperatura aumenta entre 1.5 °C y 1.7 °C. Pese a la incertidumbre existente, resulta evidente que las aportaciones disminuirán en la cuenca lo, Currently, water demands are in continuous growth which increases the pressure, in quantity and quality, on the water resources available over the world. Likewise, the projected reduction of natural water inputs, due to climate change, represents a new level of uncertainty. Despite existing errors, hydrological models are important tools for planning and managing water resources. Their correct application is essential in areas with high water stress (arid and semi-arid regions). The Segura River basin district (DHS), southeastern Spain, has one of the highest scarcity rates and intensive exploitation of water resources in Europe and the world. This study estimates the effects of climate change on the main components of the water balance in the upper basin of the Taibilla River (the headwater of the DHS). This basin has been chosen because it is in natural regime and it is currently one of the main water supplies in many DHS municipalities and contiguous areas. In order to assess the mentioned effects, we used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) calibrated with the SUFI-2 algorithm. Calibration and validation were performed with two objective functions (NSE and KGE) in the period with availability of discharge data (1996-2012). The precipitation and temperature projections came from the global climate models (GCMs) bcc-csm1-1-m, MPI.ESM.MR and bcc.csm1.1, regionalized with the analogue technique, under the emission scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 (period 2010-2050). The adjustment results improved with NSE, with respect to KGE, in the calibration and validation series. In the future decades, precipitation, surface runoff and recharge of aquifers would show negative trends while the temperature would increase by between 1.5 °C and 1.7 °C. In spite of the existing uncertainty, it is evident that natural water inputs will decrease in this river basin. This will be a challenge in the water resources management for local authorities. The obtained results can assist loca

Background: Climate change may increase the risk of biological invasions. However, current knowledge of this interaction is limited. Aims: We aimed to quantify (1) the effect of climate change on the potential distribution of invasive plant species in Spain, (2) the importance of the area of origin of such species and (3) the vulnerability of different biogeographic provinces to future changes in climatic suitability for invaders. Methods: We applied six methods of species distribution modelling to assess the variation of climatically suitable areas for 40 alien plants. We developed a Potential Area Change Index and used it as the response variable in modelling for three future emissions scenarios and three global circulation models over three time periods. The area of origin and biogeographic province in Spain were also considered. Results: We found a highly specific response for each plant species rather than a clear trend for the entire set of species. Predicted climate suitability increased over higher emission scenarios and longer projected time lags. Neotropical species showed the greatest potential climatic range expansion. We detected a strong interaction between the geographic origin of a species and the biogeographic province. Conclusions: Special attention should be given to the areas where aridification of climate is projected and where introduced neotropical species are likely to expand their range. Future work should develop accurate species-specific approaches that allow the management invasive plant species.

The Greenland Ice Sheet has a total volume of 2900000 km3. In recent decades, the ice-sheet has been losing mass rapidly and has nearly doubled its contribution to sea-level rise. One main contributing factor has been the recent widespread acceleration of the tidewater glaciers that terminate in deep and narrow glacial fjords. However, our understanding of the subsurface water properties causing this acceleration has been extremely limited owing to the lack of observations around these locations. We hypothesize that while the ice-sheet is not coupled to the ocean in the current General Circulation Models (GCMs), they can still be used to improve our understanding of the subsurface warming around these regions. In this study, we first evaluate two GCMs (HADGEM2-ES and GISS-E2-R) around three tidewater glacier locations, by interpolating the high resolution CTD data to the GCM grid. Our results substantiate that GISS-E2-R performs better than the HADGEM2-ES model along the Western Margin. However, along the Eastern Margin, we find that the HADGEM2-ES model is more consistent with the observations. The modelled spatio-temporal variability of water masses was investigated in a Pre-Industrial and Historical simulation, later used to quantify the evolution of subsurface warming under a future warming (RCP 8.5) scenario. Our results show that the Kangerlussuaq glacier (shelf) is more sensitive to greenhouse gas (GHG) forcings than Helheim and Jakobshavn. With respect to the Pre-Industrial climate, the mean warming of the Kangerlussuaq shelf under the RCP 8.5 scenario is 3.76°C, which is considerably greater than Helheim (2.38°C) and Jakobshavn (1.92°C). This is predominantly driven by the subsurface Return Waters of the Arctic Atlantic which are seen to warm the most under a future warming (RCP 8.5) scenario. For each of the three simulation, we decompose the Ocean Heat Content (OHC) time-series into intrinsic oscillatory modes so as to discern and quantify the high freque

The Greenland Ice Sheet has a total volume of 2900000 km3. In recent decades, the ice-sheet has been losing mass rapidly and has nearly doubled its contribution to sea-level rise. One main contributing factor has been the recent widespread acceleration of the tidewater glaciers that terminate in deep and narrow glacial fjords. However, our understanding of the subsurface water properties causing this acceleration has been extremely limited owing to the lack of observations around these locations. We hypothesize that while the ice-sheet is not coupled to the ocean in the current General Circulation Models (GCMs), they can still be used to improve our understanding of the subsurface warming around these regions. In this study, we first evaluate two GCMs (HADGEM2-ES and GISS-E2-R) around three tidewater glacier locations, by interpolating the high resolution CTD data to the GCM grid. Our results substantiate that GISS-E2-R performs better than the HADGEM2-ES model along the Western Margin. However, along the Eastern Margin, we find that the HADGEM2-ES model is more consistent with the observations. The modelled spatio-temporal variability of water masses was investigated in a Pre-Industrial and Historical simulation, later used to quantify the evolution of subsurface warming under a future warming (RCP 8.5) scenario. Our results show that the Kangerlussuaq glacier (shelf) is more sensitive to greenhouse gas (GHG) forcings than Helheim and Jakobshavn. With respect to the Pre-Industrial climate, the mean warming of the Kangerlussuaq shelf under the RCP 8.5 scenario is 3.76°C, which is considerably greater than Helheim (2.38°C) and Jakobshavn (1.92°C). This is predominantly driven by the subsurface Return Waters of the Arctic Atlantic which are seen to warm the most under a future warming (RCP 8.5) scenario. For each of the three simulation, we decompose the Ocean Heat Content (OHC) time-series into intrinsic oscillatory modes so as to discern and quantify the high freque

An apple wine produced by Kiviks Musteri AB have an undesirable flavor of yeast. As a step in the development to reduce this off-flavour the wine flavor was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) with headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME). Two other wines without the flavor of yeast where analyzed as references. Samples from the production step prior to clarification where also analyzed. Through matching against mass spectrum library, retention index and in some cases references a total of 37 volatile compounds were identified in the apple wines. Some uncertainty in the relative quantification of a few compounds was caused by insufficient clearance (deadsorption) of the SPME-fiber. When comparing the different wines the compounds were divided into groups: key compounds, ethyl esters, derivatives of 3-methyl-1-butanol, other compounds: group 1 and other compounds: group 2. In each group the percent area for each compound was calculated. Comparing the percent area of each wine showed that the samples prior to clarification contains a higher number of volatile compounds e.g. ethyl esters and 3-methylbutanol derivatives than the final wine products. The comparisons also revealed differences between the wines. The results from the analyses indicated that the compounds that hypothetically contribute to the yeast-flavor could be 2-phenylethanol; 3-methylbutanoic acid; 2-methyl-1-butanol; 2-phenylacetaldehyde och 2-methylthiolan-3-one. The results need to be verified e.g. by an odor panel if they are going to be useful for Kivik Musteri AB in its effort to solve the taste problem in the wine.

An apple wine produced by Kiviks Musteri AB have an undesirable flavor of yeast. As a step in the development to reduce this off-flavour the wine flavor was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) with headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME). Two other wines without the flavor of yeast where analyzed as references. Samples from the production step prior to clarification where also analyzed. Through matching against mass spectrum library, retention index and in some cases references a total of 37 volatile compounds were identified in the apple wines. Some uncertainty in the relative quantification of a few compounds was caused by insufficient clearance (deadsorption) of the SPME-fiber. When comparing the different wines the compounds were divided into groups: key compounds, ethyl esters, derivatives of 3-methyl-1-butanol, other compounds: group 1 and other compounds: group 2. In each group the percent area for each compound was calculated. Comparing the percent area of each wine showed that the samples prior to clarification contains a higher number of volatile compounds e.g. ethyl esters and 3-methylbutanol derivatives than the final wine products. The comparisons also revealed differences between the wines. The results from the analyses indicated that the compounds that hypothetically contribute to the yeast-flavor could be 2-phenylethanol; 3-methylbutanoic acid; 2-methyl-1-butanol; 2-phenylacetaldehyde och 2-methylthiolan-3-one. The results need to be verified e.g. by an odor panel if they are going to be useful for Kivik Musteri AB in its effort to solve the taste problem in the wine.

Atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (CGCMs) show important systematic errors. Simulated precipitation in the tropics is generally overestimated over the oceans south of the equator, and stratocumulus (SCu) clouds are underestimated above too warm sea surface temperatures (SSTs). In the extratropics, SSTs are also too warm over the Southern Ocean. We argue that ameliorating these extratropical errors in a CGCM can result in an improved model's performance in the tropics depending upon the success in simulating the sensitivity of SCu to underlying SST. Our arguments are supported by the very different response obtained with two CGCMs to an idealized reduction of solar radiation flux incident at the top of the atmosphere over the Southern Ocean. It is shown that local perturbation impacts are very similar in the two models but that SST reductions in the SCu regions of the southern subtropics are stronger in the model with the stronger SCu-SST feedbacks.

Studying the variability of rainfall and its future projection during post-monsoon and winter season is important for providing the information to the farmers regarding crop planning. For evaluating rainfall scenario, long (1901-2005) and short term (1961-2005 and 1991-2005) rainfall data of nine selected IMD stations of South Bengalwas collected and subdivided into 30 year period up to 1990 and a 15 year period from 1991 to 2005. The data were subjected to trend analysis and available GCM data were compared with the observed rainfall data. The postmonsoon and winter rainfall changes during 1901-2005 were positive (except Krishnangar, -47.67 mm) and negative (except Alipore and Berhampur) respectively. During 1991-2005 all the stations recorded a positive change during post-monsoon, while reverse was true for winter. Among the different GCMs, INGV-ECHM4 estimated the postmonsoon rainfall at the best, whereas winter rainfall successfully estimated by MIROC-Hi. Future projection of both post-monsoon and winter rainfall over the region showed an increasing trend. This will help in policy formulation for water management in agriculture.

Muehlenbeckia tamnifolia (H.B.K.) Meisn, es una planta perteneciente a la familia de las Polygonaceae, conocidas por sus propiedades diuréticas y astringentes. Objetivo: El estudio consistió en la identificación de los metabolitos secundarios de baja polaridad presentes en hojas de M. tamnifolia (Kunth) Meisn. Metodología: se colecto la planta en el municipio de la Calera Cundinamarca, se identificada como COL 550147. Se obtuvo un extracto total en éter de petróleo de hojas empleando un equipo Soxhlet, con un rendimiento del 2.49%; a éste se le realizó cromatografía en columna (CC) y a las fracciones obtenidas se estudiaron por cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas (GCMS). Para la identificación de los metabolitos se empleó la base de datos Nist-08 y Willey-08, identificándose gran variedad de compuestos. Resultados: en la fracción petrol de hojas se identificaron los siguientes compuestos: nonacosano (17.48%), heptacosano (14.29%), metil-commate A (8.39%), hexadecil-oxirano (6,76), hentriacontano (8.14%), tricosano (5.80%), pentadecano (7.18%), alfa-tocoferol (4.72%), 3,7,11,15-tetrametil-2-hexadecen-1-ol (4.12%), nor-olean-12-ene (3.87%), ácido n-hexadecanoico (3.31%), heniecosano (2.68%), acido 9,12,15-octadecatrienoico (1.63%), docosano (1.96%), tetracosano (2.16%), docosanoato de metilo (1.09%), nonadecano (0.87%), hexacosanoato de metilo (1.03%), octadecano (1.10%), 9,12-octadecadienato de etilo (0,99%), heptadecano (1.04%), friedelan-3-one (0,66%), con un 84 por ciento de abundancia en la fracción. En las hojas de M. tamnifolia (H.B.K.) Meisn, hay presencia de gran variedad de metabolitos secundarios empleados a nivel medicinal como el benzoato de bencilo el cual controla y alivia las infecciones causadas por las escarbiosis el alfa-tocoferol, pertenece a los nutrientes de la vitamina E y que posee la mayor actividad antioxidante y ayuda a prevenir el cáncer, el 1-Octacosanol que previene infartos y reduce el colesterol de la sangre, el e

Muehlenbeckia tamnifolia (H.B.K.) Meisn, es una planta perteneciente a la familia de las Polygonaceae, conocidas por sus propiedades diuréticas y astringentes. Objetivo: El estudio consistió en la identificación de los metabolitos secundarios de baja polaridad presentes en hojas de M. tamnifolia (Kunth) Meisn. Metodología: se colecto la planta en el municipio de la Calera Cundinamarca, se identificada como COL 550147. Se obtuvo un extracto total en éter de petróleo de hojas empleando un equipo Soxhlet, con un rendimiento del 2.49%; a éste se le realizó cromatografía en columna (CC) y a las fracciones obtenidas se estudiaron por cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas (GCMS). Para la identificación de los metabolitos se empleó la base de datos Nist-08 y Willey-08, identificándose gran variedad de compuestos. Resultados: en la fracción petrol de hojas se identificaron los siguientes compuestos: nonacosano (17.48%), heptacosano (14.29%), metil-commate A (8.39%), hexadecil-oxirano (6,76), hentriacontano (8.14%), tricosano (5.80%), pentadecano (7.18%), alfa-tocoferol (4.72%), 3,7,11,15-tetrametil-2-hexadecen-1-ol (4.12%), nor-olean-12-ene (3.87%), ácido n-hexadecanoico (3.31%), heniecosano (2.68%), acido 9,12,15-octadecatrienoico (1.63%), docosano (1.96%), tetracosano (2.16%), docosanoato de metilo (1.09%), nonadecano (0.87%), hexacosanoato de metilo (1.03%), octadecano (1.10%), 9,12-octadecadienato de etilo (0,99%), heptadecano (1.04%), friedelan-3-one (0,66%), con un 84 por ciento de abundancia en la fracción. En las hojas de M. tamnifolia (H.B.K.) Meisn, hay presencia de gran variedad de metabolitos secundarios empleados a nivel medicinal como el benzoato de bencilo el cual controla y alivia las infecciones causadas por las escarbiosis el alfa-tocoferol, pertenece a los nutrientes de la vitamina E y que posee la mayor actividad antioxidante y ayuda a prevenir el cáncer, el 1-Octacosanol que previene infartos y reduce el colesterol de la sangre, el e

Predstavnici reda Julida poseduju hemijsku odbranu od predatora, koji uključuje raznovrsne hinonske derivate, ali i brojne nehinonske komponente. Do danas je analiziran mali broj vrsta u odnosu na ukupan broj julidnih diplopoda. Stoga je ovom tezom bila obuhvaćena analiza odbrambenog sekreta kod sedam vrsta iz familije Julidae: Unciger transsilvanicus, Pachyiulus hungaricus, Typhloiulus nevoi, T. serborum, Serboiulus kresnik, S. lucifugus, S. deelemani, kao i dve vrste iz familije Blaniulidae: Nopoiulus kochii i Cibiniulus phlepsii. Takođe je urađena i ontogenetska karakterizacija odbrambenog sekreta vrste Cylindroiulus boleti iz familije Julidae, odnosno identifikacija sastava sekreta različitih postembrionalnih stupnjeva pomenute vrste (od III do XI stupnja). Ciljevi istraživanja su se prevashodno odnosili na preciznu identifikaciju sastava odbrambenog sekreta navedenih vrsta, odnosno karakterizaciju hinonskih i nehinonskih komponenti u odbrambenom sekretu, a poseban akcenat je stavljen na utvrđivanje prisustva/odsustva intraspecijske, interspecijske, intrageneričke i intergeneričke razlike u sastavu alomona kod julidnih taksona u cilju utvrđivanja mogućih parametara za hemotaksonomsku karakterizaciju, odnosno definisanja alomonskog hemoprofila svakog taksona ponaosob. Savremena instrumentalna metoda korišćena za identifikaciju odbrambenih supstanci korišćena u ovoj tezi bila je gasna hromatografija/masena spektrometrija (GC-MS). Za određivanje strukture najzastupljenijih komponenti odbrambenih sekreta koriščćene su 1H i 13C NMR spektroskopija, zajedno i sa višepulsnim 2D tehnikama kao što su, COSY, NOESY, DOSY, DEPT HSQC i HMBC. Metilen-hlorid je korišćen kao rastvarač prilikom pripreme uzoraka za GC-MS tehniku. Hemijskim analizama odabranih vrsta stonoga iz familija Julidae i Blaniulidae okarakterisano je ukupno 26 jedinjenja. Od toga su identifikovana 23 različita hinonska derivata: 1,4-benzohinon (1), 2-metil-1,4-benzohinon (toluhinon) (2), 2-hidroksi-3- metil, Representatives of the order Julida secrete a large number of both quinone and nonquinone compounds. So far only a small number of species have been analyzed in relation to the total number of juliform diplopoda. Therefore, this dissertation was focused on seven species of the family Julidae: Unciger transsilvanicus, Pachyiulus hungaricus, Typhloiulus nevoi, T. serborum, Serboiulus kresnik, S. lucifugus, S. deelemani, two species of the family Blaniulidae: Nopoiulus kochii and Cibiniulus phlepsii, and on ontogenetic characterization of defensive secretions of postembryonic stadia (from stadia III to stadia XI) of julid species Cylindroiulus boleti. The aim of the research was to identify quinone and non-quinone compounds of the defensive secretion of selected species, and to determine the presence/ absence of intraspecific, interspecific, intrageneric and intergeneric differences in the composition of defensive fluids, which could be used as the potential parameters for the chemotaxonomic characterization. Modern instrumental method, used for the identification of substances, was gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (GC-MS), together with the following techniques: 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, 2D techniques such as COSY, NOESY, DOSY, DEPT HSQC and HMBC,which were used for the determination of the structure of the most abundant components of the defensive secretions. Methylen-chloride was used as solvent in the preparation of samples for GC-MS technique. Chemical analysis of julid and blaniulid species showed presence of 26 compounds [23 different quinones: 1,4-benzoquinone (1), 2-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (toloquinone) (2), 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (4) , 2-ethyl-1,4- benzoquinone (6), 2-methoxy-3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (7), hydroquinone (8), 2- ethyl-3-methoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (10), 2-methylhydroquinone (11), 2,3- dimethoxyhydroquionone (12), ethyl-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (13), 2,3-dimethoxy 1,4-benzoquinone (14), 2-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyphenol (15), 2

2011年度～2013年度 科学研究費補助金(基盤研究(B))研究成果報告書, publisher

2011年度～2013年度 科学研究費補助金(基盤研究(B))研究成果報告書, publisher