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1. A fifth- to sixth-century CE lynx (Lynx lynx L., 1758) skeleton from Hungary 2 : Stature and archaeological interpretations

Author

Gál, Erika, Bartosiewicz, László, Kiss, Viktória, Horváth, Friderika, Melis, Eszter, Gál, Erika, Bartosiewicz, László, Kiss, Viktória, Horváth, Friderika, and Melis, Eszter

Abstract

Lynx remains are rare in archaeological assemblages. The skeleton of an adult male accompanied by four dogs was found in a large Migration Period pit at Zamárdi–Kútvölgyi-dűlő II, Hungary. Extant lynx skeletons were used in estimating the shoulder height of this individual. Its stature is comparable to those of the large dogs it was buried with. None of the five skeletons showed skinning marks. Although the physical reconstruction of the lynx was of help in appraising this special pit, the actual nature of the deposit remains in question. Possible interpretations range from the mundane discard of carcasses to the poorly understood ritual burial of carnivores, beginning with the lynx. We reviewed these options within the framework of cultural diversity of Migration Period peoples in west-central Hungary.

Published
2024
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2. The 10,000-year biocultural history of fallow deer and its implications for conservation policy

Author

Baker, Karis H., Miller, Holly, Doherty, Sean, Gray, Howard W. I., Daujat, Julie, Çakırlar, Canan, Spassov, Nikolai, Trantalidou, Katerina, Madgwick, Richard, Lamb, Angela L., Ameen, Carly, Atici, Levent, Baker, Polydora, Beglane, Fiona, Benkert, Helene, Bendrey, Robin, Binois-Roman, Annelise, Carden, Ruth F., Curci, Antonio, De Cupere, Bea, Detry, Cleia, Gál, Erika, Genies, Chloé, Kunst, Günther K., Liddiard, Robert, Nicholson, Rebecca, Perdikaris, Sophia, Peters, Joris, Pigière, Fabienne, Pluskowski, Aleksander G., Sadler, Peta, Sicard, Sandra, Strid, Lena, Sudds, Jack, Symmons, Robert, Tardio, Katie, Valenzuela, Alejandro, van Veen, Monique, Vuković, Sonja, Weinstock, Jaco, Wilkens, Barbara, Wilson, Roger J. A., Evans, Jane A., Hoelzel, A. Rus, Sykes, Naomi, Baker, Karis H., Miller, Holly, Doherty, Sean, Gray, Howard W. I., Daujat, Julie, Çakırlar, Canan, Spassov, Nikolai, Trantalidou, Katerina, Madgwick, Richard, Lamb, Angela L., Ameen, Carly, Atici, Levent, Baker, Polydora, Beglane, Fiona, Benkert, Helene, Bendrey, Robin, Binois-Roman, Annelise, Carden, Ruth F., Curci, Antonio, De Cupere, Bea, Detry, Cleia, Gál, Erika, Genies, Chloé, Kunst, Günther K., Liddiard, Robert, Nicholson, Rebecca, Perdikaris, Sophia, Peters, Joris, Pigière, Fabienne, Pluskowski, Aleksander G., Sadler, Peta, Sicard, Sandra, Strid, Lena, Sudds, Jack, Symmons, Robert, Tardio, Katie, Valenzuela, Alejandro, van Veen, Monique, Vuković, Sonja, Weinstock, Jaco, Wilkens, Barbara, Wilson, Roger J. A., Evans, Jane A., Hoelzel, A. Rus, and Sykes, Naomi

Abstract

Over the last 10,000 y, humans have manipulated fallow deer populations with varying outcomes. Persian fallow deer (Dama mesopotamica) are now endangered. European fallow deer (Dama dama) are globally widespread and are simultaneously considered wild, domestic, endangered, invasive and are even the national animal of Barbuda and Antigua. Despite their close association with people, there is no consensus regarding their natural ranges or the timing and circumstances of their human-mediated translocations and extirpations. Our mitochondrial analyses of modern and archaeological specimens revealed two distinct clades of European fallow deer present in Anatolia and the Balkans. Zooarchaeological evidence suggests these regions were their sole glacial refugia. By combining biomolecular analyses with archaeological and textual evidence, we chart the declining distribution of Persian fallow deer and demonstrate that humans repeatedly translocated European fallow deer, sourced from the most geographically distant populations. Deer taken to Neolithic Chios and Rhodes derived not from nearby Anatolia, but from the Balkans. Though fallow deer were translocated throughout the Mediterranean as part of their association with the Greco-Roman goddesses Artemis and Diana, deer taken to Roman Mallorca were not locally available Dama dama, but Dama mesopotamica. Romans also initially introduced fallow deer to Northern Europe but the species became extinct and was reintroduced in the medieval period, this time from Anatolia. European colonial powers then transported deer populations across the globe. The biocultural histories of fallow deer challenge preconceptions about the divisions between wild and domestic species and provide information that should underpin modern management strategies.

Published
2024

3. The 10,000-year biocultural history of fallow deer and its implications for conservation policy

Author

Arts and Humanities Research Council (UK), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia, Valenzuela, Alejandro [0000-0001-6120-6246], Baker, Karis H., Miller, Holly, Doherty, Sean, Gray, Howard W. I., Daujat, Julie, Çakırlar, Canan, Spassov, Nikolai, Trantalidou, Katerina, Madgwick, Richard, Lamb, Angela L., Ameen, Carly, Atici, Levent, Baker, Polydora, Beglane, Fiona, Benkert, Helene, Bendrey, Robin, Binois-Roman, Annelise, Carden, Ruth F., Curci, Antonio, De Cupere, Bea, Detry, Cleia, Gál, Erika, Genies, Chloé, Kunst, Günther K., Liddiard, Robert, Nicholson, Rebecca, Perdikaris, Sophia, Peters, Joris, Pigière, Fabienne, Pluskowski, Aleksander G., Sadler, Peta, Sicard, Sandra, Strid, Lena, Sudds, Jack, Symmons, Robert, Tardio, Katie, Valenzuela, Alejandro, van Veen, Monique, Vuković, Sonja, Weinstock, Jaco, Wilkens, Barbara, Wilson, Roger J. A., Evans, Jane A., Hoelzel, A. Rus, Sykes, Naomi, Arts and Humanities Research Council (UK), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia, Valenzuela, Alejandro [0000-0001-6120-6246], Baker, Karis H., Miller, Holly, Doherty, Sean, Gray, Howard W. I., Daujat, Julie, Çakırlar, Canan, Spassov, Nikolai, Trantalidou, Katerina, Madgwick, Richard, Lamb, Angela L., Ameen, Carly, Atici, Levent, Baker, Polydora, Beglane, Fiona, Benkert, Helene, Bendrey, Robin, Binois-Roman, Annelise, Carden, Ruth F., Curci, Antonio, De Cupere, Bea, Detry, Cleia, Gál, Erika, Genies, Chloé, Kunst, Günther K., Liddiard, Robert, Nicholson, Rebecca, Perdikaris, Sophia, Peters, Joris, Pigière, Fabienne, Pluskowski, Aleksander G., Sadler, Peta, Sicard, Sandra, Strid, Lena, Sudds, Jack, Symmons, Robert, Tardio, Katie, Valenzuela, Alejandro, van Veen, Monique, Vuković, Sonja, Weinstock, Jaco, Wilkens, Barbara, Wilson, Roger J. A., Evans, Jane A., Hoelzel, A. Rus, and Sykes, Naomi

Abstract

Over the last 10,000 y, humans have manipulated fallow deer populations with varying outcomes. Persian fallow deer (Dama mesopotamica) are now endangered. European fallow deer (Dama dama) are globally widespread and are simultaneously considered wild, domestic, endangered, invasive and are even the national animal of Barbuda and Antigua. Despite their close association with people, there is no consensus regarding their natural ranges or the timing and circumstances of their human-mediated translocations and extirpations. Our mitochondrial analyses of modern and archaeological specimens revealed two distinct clades of European fallow deer present in Anatolia and the Balkans. Zooarchaeological evidence suggests these regions were their sole glacial refugia. By combining biomolecular analyses with archaeological and textual evidence, we chart the declining distribution of Persian fallow deer and demonstrate that humans repeatedly translocated European fallow deer, sourced from the most geographically distant populations. Deer taken to Neolithic Chios and Rhodes derived not from nearby Anatolia, but from the Balkans. Though fallow deer were translocated throughout the Mediterranean as part of their association with the Greco-Roman goddesses Artemis and Diana, deer taken to Roman Mallorca were not locally available Dama dama, but Dama mesopotamica. Romans also initially introduced fallow deer to Northern Europe but the species became extinct and was reintroduced in the medieval period, this time from Anatolia. European colonial powers then transported deer populations across the globe. The biocultural histories of fallow deer challenge preconceptions about the divisions between wild and domestic species and provide information that should underpin modern management strategies.

Published
2024

4. A dog’s life : Interpreting Migration Period dog burials from Hungary

Author

Bartosiewicz, László, Daróczi Szabó, Márta, Gál, Erika, Bartosiewicz, László, Daróczi Szabó, Márta, and Gál, Erika

Abstract

Of all domestic animals, dogs (Canis familiaris Linnaeus, 1758) have developed the tightest bond with humans during the history of civilization. Regardless of their chronological affiliation, articulated dog skeletons discovered in structured deposits show individuals within their biological contexts; their ageing and sexing are usually possible and even pathological histories can be reconstructed. This presentation is a concise review of five Migration Period (5th-6th century CE) deposits from western Hungary, the former territory of Roman Pannonia province. These burials are examples of dogs being interred with other animals as well as humans under various circumstances. The integration of multidisciplinary information in reconstructing both the morphotype and likely socio-cultural status of 13 individuals showed the presence of unusually large dogs in human burials by both late Antique and present-day standards. This raises the question of whether these large dogs were associated with humans or occasions that were seen as particularly significant. Could any large dog be added to the burial of a human considered important enough? The dualistic perceptions of dogs in the historical/ethnographic record offer a broad range of interpretations. The results of high-resolution zoological analysis provided by complete dog skeletons can contribute to a better understanding of dog-human relationships as well as the perception and value of individual dogs to people.

Published
2023
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5. A fifth–sixth century CE lynx (Lynx lynx L., 1758) skeleton from Hungary : Cranial morphology and zoological interpretations

Author

Gál, Erika, Bartosiewicz, László, Kiss, Viktória, Gál, Erika, Bartosiewicz, László, and Kiss, Viktória

Abstract

The articulated skeleton of an adult male lynx was found in association with four dogs and scattered bones of other domesticates in a pit at Zamárdi-Kútvölgyi-dűlő II, Hungary. Lynx remains occur rarely in the archaeological record, and protocols for ageing and sexing do not exist. The intact skull of the skeleton offered an opportunity to review the craniological features of the species in comparison with a reference material of extant individuals, complementing our knowledge of lynx osteology, providing an empirical basis for zooarchaeological evaluation. Although caution is due in assigning a concrete function to the curious Zamárdi deposit, familiarity with the craniological properties, habitat preferences, and behavior of Eurasian lynx is indispensable in cultural interpretations subject to a forthcoming study on the osteoarchaeology of this rare wild felid.

Published
2022
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7. The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes.

Author

Librado, Pablo, Librado, Pablo, Khan, Naveed, Fages, Antoine, Kusliy, Mariya A, Suchan, Tomasz, Tonasso-Calvière, Laure, Schiavinato, Stéphanie, Alioglu, Duha, Fromentier, Aurore, Perdereau, Aude, Aury, Jean-Marc, Gaunitz, Charleen, Chauvey, Lorelei, Seguin-Orlando, Andaine, Der Sarkissian, Clio, Southon, John, Shapiro, Beth, Tishkin, Alexey A, Kovalev, Alexey A, Alquraishi, Saleh, Alfarhan, Ahmed H, Al-Rasheid, Khaled AS, Seregély, Timo, Klassen, Lutz, Iversen, Rune, Bignon-Lau, Olivier, Bodu, Pierre, Olive, Monique, Castel, Jean-Christophe, Boudadi-Maligne, Myriam, Alvarez, Nadir, Germonpré, Mietje, Moskal-Del Hoyo, Magdalena, Wilczyński, Jarosław, Pospuła, Sylwia, Lasota-Kuś, Anna, Tunia, Krzysztof, Nowak, Marek, Rannamäe, Eve, Saarma, Urmas, Boeskorov, Gennady, Lōugas, Lembi, Kyselý, René, Peške, Lubomír, Bălășescu, Adrian, Dumitrașcu, Valentin, Dobrescu, Roxana, Gerber, Daniel, Kiss, Viktória, Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna, Mende, Balázs G, Gallina, Zsolt, Somogyi, Krisztina, Kulcsár, Gabriella, Gál, Erika, Bendrey, Robin, Allentoft, Morten E, Sirbu, Ghenadie, Dergachev, Valentin, Shephard, Henry, Tomadini, Noémie, Grouard, Sandrine, Kasparov, Aleksei, Basilyan, Alexander E, Anisimov, Mikhail A, Nikolskiy, Pavel A, Pavlova, Elena Y, Pitulko, Vladimir, Brem, Gottfried, Wallner, Barbara, Schwall, Christoph, Keller, Marcel, Kitagawa, Keiko, Bessudnov, Alexander N, Bessudnov, Alexander, Taylor, William, Magail, Jérome, Gantulga, Jamiyan-Ombo, Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav, Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav, Tabaldiev, Kubatbeek, Mijiddorj, Enkhbayar, Boldgiv, Bazartseren, Tsagaan, Turbat, Pruvost, Mélanie, Olsen, Sandra, Makarewicz, Cheryl A, Valenzuela Lamas, Silvia, Albizuri Canadell, Silvia, Nieto Espinet, Ariadna, Iborra, Ma Pilar, Lira Garrido, Jaime, Rodríguez González, Esther, Celestino, Sebastián, Olària, Carmen, Arsuaga, Juan Luis, Kotova, Nadiia, Pryor, Alexander, Crabtree, Pam, Zhumatayev, Rinat, Librado, Pablo, Librado, Pablo, Khan, Naveed, Fages, Antoine, Kusliy, Mariya A, Suchan, Tomasz, Tonasso-Calvière, Laure, Schiavinato, Stéphanie, Alioglu, Duha, Fromentier, Aurore, Perdereau, Aude, Aury, Jean-Marc, Gaunitz, Charleen, Chauvey, Lorelei, Seguin-Orlando, Andaine, Der Sarkissian, Clio, Southon, John, Shapiro, Beth, Tishkin, Alexey A, Kovalev, Alexey A, Alquraishi, Saleh, Alfarhan, Ahmed H, Al-Rasheid, Khaled AS, Seregély, Timo, Klassen, Lutz, Iversen, Rune, Bignon-Lau, Olivier, Bodu, Pierre, Olive, Monique, Castel, Jean-Christophe, Boudadi-Maligne, Myriam, Alvarez, Nadir, Germonpré, Mietje, Moskal-Del Hoyo, Magdalena, Wilczyński, Jarosław, Pospuła, Sylwia, Lasota-Kuś, Anna, Tunia, Krzysztof, Nowak, Marek, Rannamäe, Eve, Saarma, Urmas, Boeskorov, Gennady, Lōugas, Lembi, Kyselý, René, Peške, Lubomír, Bălășescu, Adrian, Dumitrașcu, Valentin, Dobrescu, Roxana, Gerber, Daniel, Kiss, Viktória, Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna, Mende, Balázs G, Gallina, Zsolt, Somogyi, Krisztina, Kulcsár, Gabriella, Gál, Erika, Bendrey, Robin, Allentoft, Morten E, Sirbu, Ghenadie, Dergachev, Valentin, Shephard, Henry, Tomadini, Noémie, Grouard, Sandrine, Kasparov, Aleksei, Basilyan, Alexander E, Anisimov, Mikhail A, Nikolskiy, Pavel A, Pavlova, Elena Y, Pitulko, Vladimir, Brem, Gottfried, Wallner, Barbara, Schwall, Christoph, Keller, Marcel, Kitagawa, Keiko, Bessudnov, Alexander N, Bessudnov, Alexander, Taylor, William, Magail, Jérome, Gantulga, Jamiyan-Ombo, Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav, Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav, Tabaldiev, Kubatbeek, Mijiddorj, Enkhbayar, Boldgiv, Bazartseren, Tsagaan, Turbat, Pruvost, Mélanie, Olsen, Sandra, Makarewicz, Cheryl A, Valenzuela Lamas, Silvia, Albizuri Canadell, Silvia, Nieto Espinet, Ariadna, Iborra, Ma Pilar, Lira Garrido, Jaime, Rodríguez González, Esther, Celestino, Sebastián, Olària, Carmen, Arsuaga, Juan Luis, Kotova, Nadiia, Pryor, Alexander, Crabtree, Pam, and Zhumatayev, Rinat

Abstract

Domestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare1. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling2-4 at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 BC3. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia5 and Anatolia6, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 BC, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association7 between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 BC8,9 driving the spread of Indo-European languages10. This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium BC Sintashta culture11,12.

Published
2021

8. The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes.

Author

Librado, Pablo, Librado, Pablo, Khan, Naveed, Fages, Antoine, Kusliy, Mariya A, Suchan, Tomasz, Tonasso-Calvière, Laure, Schiavinato, Stéphanie, Alioglu, Duha, Fromentier, Aurore, Perdereau, Aude, Aury, Jean-Marc, Gaunitz, Charleen, Chauvey, Lorelei, Seguin-Orlando, Andaine, Der Sarkissian, Clio, Southon, John, Shapiro, Beth, Tishkin, Alexey A, Kovalev, Alexey A, Alquraishi, Saleh, Alfarhan, Ahmed H, Al-Rasheid, Khaled AS, Seregély, Timo, Klassen, Lutz, Iversen, Rune, Bignon-Lau, Olivier, Bodu, Pierre, Olive, Monique, Castel, Jean-Christophe, Boudadi-Maligne, Myriam, Alvarez, Nadir, Germonpré, Mietje, Moskal-Del Hoyo, Magdalena, Wilczyński, Jarosław, Pospuła, Sylwia, Lasota-Kuś, Anna, Tunia, Krzysztof, Nowak, Marek, Rannamäe, Eve, Saarma, Urmas, Boeskorov, Gennady, Lōugas, Lembi, Kyselý, René, Peške, Lubomír, Bălășescu, Adrian, Dumitrașcu, Valentin, Dobrescu, Roxana, Gerber, Daniel, Kiss, Viktória, Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna, Mende, Balázs G, Gallina, Zsolt, Somogyi, Krisztina, Kulcsár, Gabriella, Gál, Erika, Bendrey, Robin, Allentoft, Morten E, Sirbu, Ghenadie, Dergachev, Valentin, Shephard, Henry, Tomadini, Noémie, Grouard, Sandrine, Kasparov, Aleksei, Basilyan, Alexander E, Anisimov, Mikhail A, Nikolskiy, Pavel A, Pavlova, Elena Y, Pitulko, Vladimir, Brem, Gottfried, Wallner, Barbara, Schwall, Christoph, Keller, Marcel, Kitagawa, Keiko, Bessudnov, Alexander N, Bessudnov, Alexander, Taylor, William, Magail, Jérome, Gantulga, Jamiyan-Ombo, Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav, Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav, Tabaldiev, Kubatbeek, Mijiddorj, Enkhbayar, Boldgiv, Bazartseren, Tsagaan, Turbat, Pruvost, Mélanie, Olsen, Sandra, Makarewicz, Cheryl A, Valenzuela Lamas, Silvia, Albizuri Canadell, Silvia, Nieto Espinet, Ariadna, Iborra, Ma Pilar, Lira Garrido, Jaime, Rodríguez González, Esther, Celestino, Sebastián, Olària, Carmen, Arsuaga, Juan Luis, Kotova, Nadiia, Pryor, Alexander, Crabtree, Pam, Zhumatayev, Rinat, Librado, Pablo, Librado, Pablo, Khan, Naveed, Fages, Antoine, Kusliy, Mariya A, Suchan, Tomasz, Tonasso-Calvière, Laure, Schiavinato, Stéphanie, Alioglu, Duha, Fromentier, Aurore, Perdereau, Aude, Aury, Jean-Marc, Gaunitz, Charleen, Chauvey, Lorelei, Seguin-Orlando, Andaine, Der Sarkissian, Clio, Southon, John, Shapiro, Beth, Tishkin, Alexey A, Kovalev, Alexey A, Alquraishi, Saleh, Alfarhan, Ahmed H, Al-Rasheid, Khaled AS, Seregély, Timo, Klassen, Lutz, Iversen, Rune, Bignon-Lau, Olivier, Bodu, Pierre, Olive, Monique, Castel, Jean-Christophe, Boudadi-Maligne, Myriam, Alvarez, Nadir, Germonpré, Mietje, Moskal-Del Hoyo, Magdalena, Wilczyński, Jarosław, Pospuła, Sylwia, Lasota-Kuś, Anna, Tunia, Krzysztof, Nowak, Marek, Rannamäe, Eve, Saarma, Urmas, Boeskorov, Gennady, Lōugas, Lembi, Kyselý, René, Peške, Lubomír, Bălășescu, Adrian, Dumitrașcu, Valentin, Dobrescu, Roxana, Gerber, Daniel, Kiss, Viktória, Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna, Mende, Balázs G, Gallina, Zsolt, Somogyi, Krisztina, Kulcsár, Gabriella, Gál, Erika, Bendrey, Robin, Allentoft, Morten E, Sirbu, Ghenadie, Dergachev, Valentin, Shephard, Henry, Tomadini, Noémie, Grouard, Sandrine, Kasparov, Aleksei, Basilyan, Alexander E, Anisimov, Mikhail A, Nikolskiy, Pavel A, Pavlova, Elena Y, Pitulko, Vladimir, Brem, Gottfried, Wallner, Barbara, Schwall, Christoph, Keller, Marcel, Kitagawa, Keiko, Bessudnov, Alexander N, Bessudnov, Alexander, Taylor, William, Magail, Jérome, Gantulga, Jamiyan-Ombo, Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav, Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav, Tabaldiev, Kubatbeek, Mijiddorj, Enkhbayar, Boldgiv, Bazartseren, Tsagaan, Turbat, Pruvost, Mélanie, Olsen, Sandra, Makarewicz, Cheryl A, Valenzuela Lamas, Silvia, Albizuri Canadell, Silvia, Nieto Espinet, Ariadna, Iborra, Ma Pilar, Lira Garrido, Jaime, Rodríguez González, Esther, Celestino, Sebastián, Olària, Carmen, Arsuaga, Juan Luis, Kotova, Nadiia, Pryor, Alexander, Crabtree, Pam, and Zhumatayev, Rinat

Abstract

Domestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare1. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling2-4 at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 BC3. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia5 and Anatolia6, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 BC, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association7 between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 BC8,9 driving the spread of Indo-European languages10. This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium BC Sintashta culture11,12.

Published
2021

9. The archbishop's dinner? Late medieval fish from Esztergom-Várhegy-Kőbánya, Hungary

Author

Bartosiewicz, László, Gál, Erika, Bartosiewicz, László, and Gál, Erika

Abstract

Fourteenth-fifteenth century food refuse from the kitchen of the Esztergom archbishopric shows a significant diachronic increase in cyprinid bones, in particular those of carp. Meanwhile, contributions by large acipenserids and carnivorous species (catfish/wels, pike, percids) declined. Contemporaneous account books indirectly suggest that the archbishop's kitchen must have increasingly relied on farmed carp fish. Sturgeons were a commodity sold by the archbishopric but rarely consumed. Expensive pikes were bought at low prices for the archbishop, possibly related to the small size of individuals found in the deposits. The poor representation of high-status fish is consonant with the scarcity of bones from large game in an assemblage dominated by domesticates. Wild game is represented by brown hare, partridge, and a variety of thrushes. These finds confirm that the foodways in the archbishop's palace were more modest than expected on the basis of its social status. Increasing contributions by cyprinids and sterlet to the assemblage also coincide with the high relative frequency of their recipes in a sixteenth century cookbook.

Published
2021
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10. Animal remains from the Late Medieval kitchen of the Esztergom archdiocese, Hungary : The Benefits of Screening

Author

Gál, Erika, Bartosiewicz, László, Gál, Erika, and Bartosiewicz, László

Abstract

Medieval animal remains from the Esztergom archbishopric (Hungary) were screened using 5 mm and 2 mm mesh sizes, aimed at the high-resolution study of fish and bird remains and helping to achieve better comparisons with documentary sources. This is the first medieval assemblage in Hungary recovered using screening. A total of 7,294 animal remains are studied here, representing the 14th and 15th century. The screening resulted in quantities of fish and bird bones. The large find numbers also multiplied the taxonomic diversity. In addition to the remains of new, small-bodied species, bones of young fish showed a diachronic increase in the contribution of carp and young pike to the diet. This seems consonant with the expansion of medieval fish farming. Remains of juvenile birds could also be identified. Some worked bones recovered by screening indicate the manufacturing or reparation of crossbows at the site. Thanks to these details, our material stands out among other contemporaneous animal bone assemblages from the Carpathian Basin. Comparisons between sites, however, must be done with caution, as our data are qualitatively different from others. Large bones of livestock and the near absence of those from large game may be interpreted in the light of other hand-collected samples, while fish and bird remains and even the abundance of brown hare need to be seen in part as a product of high-resolution recovery. The newly discovered spectrum of animal remains could be profitably interpreted in the light of late 15th century accounting books of the archbishop. Although these documentary sources slightly post-date our material, they shed light on the complexities of meat procurement between possibly local production and trade.

Published
2021
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11. The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes

Author

Librado, Pablo, Khan, Naveed, Fages, Antoine, Kusliy, Mariya A., Suchan, Tomasz, Tonasso-Calvière, Laure, Schiavinato, Stéphanie, Alioglu, Duha, Fromentier, Aurore, Perdereau, Aude, Aury, Jean-Marc, Gaunitz, Charleen, Chauvey, Lorelei, Seguin-Orlando, Andaine, Der Sarkissian, Clio, Southon, John, Shapiro, Beth, Tishkin, Alexey A., Kovalev, Alexey A., Alquraishi, Saleh, Alfarhan, Ahmed H., Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S., Seregély, Timo, Klassen, Lutz, Iversen, Rune, Bignon-Lau, Olivier, Bodu, Pierre, Olive, Monique, Castel, Jean-Christophe, Boudadi-Maligne, Myriam, Alvarez, Nadir, Germonpré, Mietje, Moskal-del Hoyo, Magdalena, Wilczyński, Jarosław, Pospuła, Sylwia, Lasota-Kuś, Anna, Tunia, Krzysztof, Nowak, Marek, Rannamäe, Eve, Saarma, Urmas, Boeskorov, Gennady, Lōugas, Lembi, Kyselý, René, Peške, Lubomír, Bălășescu, Adrian, Dumitrașcu, Valentin, Dobrescu, Roxana, Gerber, Daniel, Kiss, Viktória, Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna, Mende, Balázs G., Gallina, Zsolt, Somogyi, Krisztina, Kulcsár, Gabriella, Gál, Erika, Bendrey, Robin, Allentoft, Morten E., Sirbu, Ghenadie, Dergachev, Valentin, Shephard, Henry, Tomadini, Noémie, Grouard, Sandrine, Kasparov, Aleksei, Basilyan, Alexander E., Anisimov, Mikhail A., Nikolskiy, Pavel A., Pavlova, Elena Y., Pitulko, Vladimir, Brem, Gottfried, Wallner, Barbara, Schwall, Christoph, Keller, Marcel, Kitagawa, Keiko, Bessudnov, Alexander N., Bessudnov, Alexander, Taylor, William, Magail, Jérome, Gantulga, Jamiyan-Ombo, Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav, Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav, Tabaldiev, Kubatbeek, Mijiddorj, Enkhbayar, Boldgiv, Bazartseren, Tsagaan, Turbat, Pruvost, Mélanie, Olsen, Sandra, Makarewicz, Cheryl A., Valenzuela Lamas, Silvia, Albizuri Canadell, Silvia, Nieto Espinet, Ariadna, Iborra, Ma Pilar, Lira Garrido, Jaime, Rodríguez González, Esther, Celestino, Sebastián, Olària, Carmen, Arsuaga, Juan Luis, Kotova, Nadiia, Pryor, Alexander, Crabtree, Pam, Zhumatayev, Rinat, Toleubaev, Abdesh, Morgunova, Nina L., Kuznetsova, Tatiana, Lordkipanize, David, Marzullo, Matilde, Prato, Ornella, Bagnasco Gianni, Giovanna, Tecchiati, Umberto, Clavel, Benoit, Lepetz, Sébastien, Davoudi, Hossein, Mashkour, Marjan, Berezina, Natalia Ya., Stockhammer, Philipp W., Krause, Johannes, Haak, Wolfgang, Morales-Muñiz, Arturo, Benecke, Norbert, Hofreiter, Michael, Ludwig, Arne, Graphodatsky, Alexander S., Peters, Joris, Kiryushin, Kirill Yu., Iderkhangai, Tumur-Ochir, Bokovenko, Nikolay A., Vasiliev, Sergey K., Seregin, Nikolai N., Chugunov, Konstantin V., Plasteeva, Natalya A., Baryshnikov, Gennady F., Petrova, Ekaterina, Sablin, Mikhail, Ananyevskaya, Elina, Logvin, Andrey, Shevnina, Irina, Logvin, Victor, Kalieva, Saule, Loman, Valeriy, Kukushkin, Igor, Merz, Ilya, Merz, Victor, Sakenov, Sergazy, Varfolomeyev, Victor, Usmanova, Emma, Zaibert, Viktor, Arbuckle, Benjamin, Belinskiy, Andrey B., Kalmykov, Alexej, Reinhold, Sabine, Hansen, Svend, Yudin, Aleksandr I., Vybornov, Alekandr A., Epimakhov, Andrey, Berezina, Natalia S., Roslyakova, Natalia, Kosintsev, Pavel A., Kuznetsov, Pavel F., Anthony, David, Kroonen, Guus J., Kristiansen, Kristian, Wincker, Patrick, Outram, Alan, Orlando, Ludovic, Librado, Pablo, Khan, Naveed, Fages, Antoine, Kusliy, Mariya A., Suchan, Tomasz, Tonasso-Calvière, Laure, Schiavinato, Stéphanie, Alioglu, Duha, Fromentier, Aurore, Perdereau, Aude, Aury, Jean-Marc, Gaunitz, Charleen, Chauvey, Lorelei, Seguin-Orlando, Andaine, Der Sarkissian, Clio, Southon, John, Shapiro, Beth, Tishkin, Alexey A., Kovalev, Alexey A., Alquraishi, Saleh, Alfarhan, Ahmed H., Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S., Seregély, Timo, Klassen, Lutz, Iversen, Rune, Bignon-Lau, Olivier, Bodu, Pierre, Olive, Monique, Castel, Jean-Christophe, Boudadi-Maligne, Myriam, Alvarez, Nadir, Germonpré, Mietje, Moskal-del Hoyo, Magdalena, Wilczyński, Jarosław, Pospuła, Sylwia, Lasota-Kuś, Anna, Tunia, Krzysztof, Nowak, Marek, Rannamäe, Eve, Saarma, Urmas, Boeskorov, Gennady, Lōugas, Lembi, Kyselý, René, Peške, Lubomír, Bălășescu, Adrian, Dumitrașcu, Valentin, Dobrescu, Roxana, Gerber, Daniel, Kiss, Viktória, Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna, Mende, Balázs G., Gallina, Zsolt, Somogyi, Krisztina, Kulcsár, Gabriella, Gál, Erika, Bendrey, Robin, Allentoft, Morten E., Sirbu, Ghenadie, Dergachev, Valentin, Shephard, Henry, Tomadini, Noémie, Grouard, Sandrine, Kasparov, Aleksei, Basilyan, Alexander E., Anisimov, Mikhail A., Nikolskiy, Pavel A., Pavlova, Elena Y., Pitulko, Vladimir, Brem, Gottfried, Wallner, Barbara, Schwall, Christoph, Keller, Marcel, Kitagawa, Keiko, Bessudnov, Alexander N., Bessudnov, Alexander, Taylor, William, Magail, Jérome, Gantulga, Jamiyan-Ombo, Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav, Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav, Tabaldiev, Kubatbeek, Mijiddorj, Enkhbayar, Boldgiv, Bazartseren, Tsagaan, Turbat, Pruvost, Mélanie, Olsen, Sandra, Makarewicz, Cheryl A., Valenzuela Lamas, Silvia, Albizuri Canadell, Silvia, Nieto Espinet, Ariadna, Iborra, Ma Pilar, Lira Garrido, Jaime, Rodríguez González, Esther, Celestino, Sebastián, Olària, Carmen, Arsuaga, Juan Luis, Kotova, Nadiia, Pryor, Alexander, Crabtree, Pam, Zhumatayev, Rinat, Toleubaev, Abdesh, Morgunova, Nina L., Kuznetsova, Tatiana, Lordkipanize, David, Marzullo, Matilde, Prato, Ornella, Bagnasco Gianni, Giovanna, Tecchiati, Umberto, Clavel, Benoit, Lepetz, Sébastien, Davoudi, Hossein, Mashkour, Marjan, Berezina, Natalia Ya., Stockhammer, Philipp W., Krause, Johannes, Haak, Wolfgang, Morales-Muñiz, Arturo, Benecke, Norbert, Hofreiter, Michael, Ludwig, Arne, Graphodatsky, Alexander S., Peters, Joris, Kiryushin, Kirill Yu., Iderkhangai, Tumur-Ochir, Bokovenko, Nikolay A., Vasiliev, Sergey K., Seregin, Nikolai N., Chugunov, Konstantin V., Plasteeva, Natalya A., Baryshnikov, Gennady F., Petrova, Ekaterina, Sablin, Mikhail, Ananyevskaya, Elina, Logvin, Andrey, Shevnina, Irina, Logvin, Victor, Kalieva, Saule, Loman, Valeriy, Kukushkin, Igor, Merz, Ilya, Merz, Victor, Sakenov, Sergazy, Varfolomeyev, Victor, Usmanova, Emma, Zaibert, Viktor, Arbuckle, Benjamin, Belinskiy, Andrey B., Kalmykov, Alexej, Reinhold, Sabine, Hansen, Svend, Yudin, Aleksandr I., Vybornov, Alekandr A., Epimakhov, Andrey, Berezina, Natalia S., Roslyakova, Natalia, Kosintsev, Pavel A., Kuznetsov, Pavel F., Anthony, David, Kroonen, Guus J., Kristiansen, Kristian, Wincker, Patrick, Outram, Alan, and Orlando, Ludovic

Abstract

Domestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare1. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling2–4 at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 bc3. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia5 and Anatolia6, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 bc, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association7 between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 bc8,9 driving the spread of Indo-European languages10. This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium bc Sintashta culture11,12., Domestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare1. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling2–4 at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 bc3. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia5 and Anatolia6, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 bc, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association7 between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 bc8,9 driving the spread of Indo-European languages10. This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium bc Sintashta culture11,12.

Published
2021

12. The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes

Author

Librado, Pablo, Khan, Naveed, Fages, Antoine, Kusliy, Mariya A., Suchan, Tomasz, Tonasso-Calvière, Laure, Schiavinato, Stéphanie, Alioglu, Duha, Fromentier, Aurore, Perdereau, Aude, Aury, Jean-Marc, Gaunitz, Charleen, Chauvey, Lorelei, Seguin-Orlando, Andaine, Der Sarkissian, Clio, Southon, John, Shapiro, Beth, Tishkin, Alexey A., Kovalev, Alexey A., Alquraishi, Saleh, Alfarhan, Ahmed H., Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S., Seregély, Timo, Klassen, Lutz, Iversen, Rune, Bignon-Lau, Olivier, Bodu, Pierre, Olive, Monique, Castel, Jean-Christophe, Boudadi-Maligne, Myriam, Alvarez, Nadir, Germonpré, Mietje, Moskal-del Hoyo, Magdalena, Wilczyński, Jarosław, Pospuła, Sylwia, Lasota-Kuś, Anna, Tunia, Krzysztof, Nowak, Marek, Rannamäe, Eve, Saarma, Urmas, Boeskorov, Gennady, Lōugas, Lembi, Kyselý, René, Peške, Lubomír, Bălășescu, Adrian, Dumitrașcu, Valentin, Dobrescu, Roxana, Gerber, Daniel, Kiss, Viktória, Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna, Mende, Balázs G., Gallina, Zsolt, Somogyi, Krisztina, Kulcsár, Gabriella, Gál, Erika, Bendrey, Robin, Allentoft, Morten E., Sirbu, Ghenadie, Dergachev, Valentin, Shephard, Henry, Tomadini, Noémie, Grouard, Sandrine, Kasparov, Aleksei, Basilyan, Alexander E., Anisimov, Mikhail A., Nikolskiy, Pavel A., Pavlova, Elena Y., Pitulko, Vladimir, Brem, Gottfried, Wallner, Barbara, Schwall, Christoph, Keller, Marcel, Kitagawa, Keiko, Bessudnov, Alexander N., Bessudnov, Alexander, Taylor, William, Magail, Jérome, Gantulga, Jamiyan-Ombo, Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav, Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav, Tabaldiev, Kubatbeek, Mijiddorj, Enkhbayar, Boldgiv, Bazartseren, Tsagaan, Turbat, Pruvost, Mélanie, Olsen, Sandra, Makarewicz, Cheryl A., Valenzuela Lamas, Silvia, Albizuri Canadell, Silvia, Nieto Espinet, Ariadna, Iborra, Ma Pilar, Lira Garrido, Jaime, Rodríguez González, Esther, Celestino, Sebastián, Olària, Carmen, Arsuaga, Juan Luis, Kotova, Nadiia, Pryor, Alexander, Crabtree, Pam, Zhumatayev, Rinat, Toleubaev, Abdesh, Morgunova, Nina L., Kuznetsova, Tatiana, Lordkipanize, David, Marzullo, Matilde, Prato, Ornella, Bagnasco Gianni, Giovanna, Tecchiati, Umberto, Clavel, Benoit, Lepetz, Sébastien, Davoudi, Hossein, Mashkour, Marjan, Berezina, Natalia Ya., Stockhammer, Philipp W., Krause, Johannes, Haak, Wolfgang, Morales-Muñiz, Arturo, Benecke, Norbert, Hofreiter, Michael, Ludwig, Arne, Graphodatsky, Alexander S., Peters, Joris, Kiryushin, Kirill Yu., Iderkhangai, Tumur-Ochir, Bokovenko, Nikolay A., Vasiliev, Sergey K., Seregin, Nikolai N., Chugunov, Konstantin V., Plasteeva, Natalya A., Baryshnikov, Gennady F., Petrova, Ekaterina, Sablin, Mikhail, Ananyevskaya, Elina, Logvin, Andrey, Shevnina, Irina, Logvin, Victor, Kalieva, Saule, Loman, Valeriy, Kukushkin, Igor, Merz, Ilya, Merz, Victor, Sakenov, Sergazy, Varfolomeyev, Victor, Usmanova, Emma, Zaibert, Viktor, Arbuckle, Benjamin, Belinskiy, Andrey B., Kalmykov, Alexej, Reinhold, Sabine, Hansen, Svend, Yudin, Aleksandr I., Vybornov, Alekandr A., Epimakhov, Andrey, Berezina, Natalia S., Roslyakova, Natalia, Kosintsev, Pavel A., Kuznetsov, Pavel F., Anthony, David, Kroonen, Guus J., Kristiansen, Kristian, Wincker, Patrick, Outram, Alan, Orlando, Ludovic, Librado, Pablo, Khan, Naveed, Fages, Antoine, Kusliy, Mariya A., Suchan, Tomasz, Tonasso-Calvière, Laure, Schiavinato, Stéphanie, Alioglu, Duha, Fromentier, Aurore, Perdereau, Aude, Aury, Jean-Marc, Gaunitz, Charleen, Chauvey, Lorelei, Seguin-Orlando, Andaine, Der Sarkissian, Clio, Southon, John, Shapiro, Beth, Tishkin, Alexey A., Kovalev, Alexey A., Alquraishi, Saleh, Alfarhan, Ahmed H., Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S., Seregély, Timo, Klassen, Lutz, Iversen, Rune, Bignon-Lau, Olivier, Bodu, Pierre, Olive, Monique, Castel, Jean-Christophe, Boudadi-Maligne, Myriam, Alvarez, Nadir, Germonpré, Mietje, Moskal-del Hoyo, Magdalena, Wilczyński, Jarosław, Pospuła, Sylwia, Lasota-Kuś, Anna, Tunia, Krzysztof, Nowak, Marek, Rannamäe, Eve, Saarma, Urmas, Boeskorov, Gennady, Lōugas, Lembi, Kyselý, René, Peške, Lubomír, Bălășescu, Adrian, Dumitrașcu, Valentin, Dobrescu, Roxana, Gerber, Daniel, Kiss, Viktória, Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna, Mende, Balázs G., Gallina, Zsolt, Somogyi, Krisztina, Kulcsár, Gabriella, Gál, Erika, Bendrey, Robin, Allentoft, Morten E., Sirbu, Ghenadie, Dergachev, Valentin, Shephard, Henry, Tomadini, Noémie, Grouard, Sandrine, Kasparov, Aleksei, Basilyan, Alexander E., Anisimov, Mikhail A., Nikolskiy, Pavel A., Pavlova, Elena Y., Pitulko, Vladimir, Brem, Gottfried, Wallner, Barbara, Schwall, Christoph, Keller, Marcel, Kitagawa, Keiko, Bessudnov, Alexander N., Bessudnov, Alexander, Taylor, William, Magail, Jérome, Gantulga, Jamiyan-Ombo, Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav, Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav, Tabaldiev, Kubatbeek, Mijiddorj, Enkhbayar, Boldgiv, Bazartseren, Tsagaan, Turbat, Pruvost, Mélanie, Olsen, Sandra, Makarewicz, Cheryl A., Valenzuela Lamas, Silvia, Albizuri Canadell, Silvia, Nieto Espinet, Ariadna, Iborra, Ma Pilar, Lira Garrido, Jaime, Rodríguez González, Esther, Celestino, Sebastián, Olària, Carmen, Arsuaga, Juan Luis, Kotova, Nadiia, Pryor, Alexander, Crabtree, Pam, Zhumatayev, Rinat, Toleubaev, Abdesh, Morgunova, Nina L., Kuznetsova, Tatiana, Lordkipanize, David, Marzullo, Matilde, Prato, Ornella, Bagnasco Gianni, Giovanna, Tecchiati, Umberto, Clavel, Benoit, Lepetz, Sébastien, Davoudi, Hossein, Mashkour, Marjan, Berezina, Natalia Ya., Stockhammer, Philipp W., Krause, Johannes, Haak, Wolfgang, Morales-Muñiz, Arturo, Benecke, Norbert, Hofreiter, Michael, Ludwig, Arne, Graphodatsky, Alexander S., Peters, Joris, Kiryushin, Kirill Yu., Iderkhangai, Tumur-Ochir, Bokovenko, Nikolay A., Vasiliev, Sergey K., Seregin, Nikolai N., Chugunov, Konstantin V., Plasteeva, Natalya A., Baryshnikov, Gennady F., Petrova, Ekaterina, Sablin, Mikhail, Ananyevskaya, Elina, Logvin, Andrey, Shevnina, Irina, Logvin, Victor, Kalieva, Saule, Loman, Valeriy, Kukushkin, Igor, Merz, Ilya, Merz, Victor, Sakenov, Sergazy, Varfolomeyev, Victor, Usmanova, Emma, Zaibert, Viktor, Arbuckle, Benjamin, Belinskiy, Andrey B., Kalmykov, Alexej, Reinhold, Sabine, Hansen, Svend, Yudin, Aleksandr I., Vybornov, Alekandr A., Epimakhov, Andrey, Berezina, Natalia S., Roslyakova, Natalia, Kosintsev, Pavel A., Kuznetsov, Pavel F., Anthony, David, Kroonen, Guus J., Kristiansen, Kristian, Wincker, Patrick, Outram, Alan, and Orlando, Ludovic

Abstract

Domestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare1. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling2–4 at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 bc3. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia5 and Anatolia6, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 bc, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association7 between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 bc8,9 driving the spread of Indo-European languages10. This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium bc Sintashta culture11,12., Domestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare1. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling2–4 at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 bc3. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia5 and Anatolia6, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 bc, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association7 between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 bc8,9 driving the spread of Indo-European languages10. This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium bc Sintashta culture11,12.

Published
2021

13. The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes

Author

Librado, Pablo, Khan, Naveed, Fages, Antoine, Kusliy, Mariya A., Suchan,Tomasz, Tonasso-Calvière, Laure, Schiavinato, Stéphanie, Alioglu, Duha, Fromentier, Aurore, Perdereau, Aude, Aury, Jean‐Marc, Nowak, Marek, Rannamäe, Eve, Saarma, Urmas, Boeskorov, Gennady, Lõugas, Lembi, Kyselý, René, Peške, Lubomír, Bălășescu, Adrian, Dumitrașcu, Valentin, Dobrescu, Roxana, Toleubaev, Abdesh, Gerber, Daniel, Kiss, Viktória, Anna Szécsényi-Nagy, Mende, Balazs G., Gallina, Zsolt, Somogyi, Krisztina, Kulcsár, Gabriella, Gál, Erika, Bendrey, Robin, Allentoft, Morten E., Morgunova, Nina L., Sirbu, Ghenadie, Dergachev, Valentin, Shephard, Henry, Tomadini, Noémie, Grouard, Sandrine, Kasparov, Aleksei, Basilyan, Alexander E., Anisimov, Mikhail A., Nikolskiy, Pavel A., Pavlova, Elena Y., Kuznetsova, Tatyana V., Pitulko, Vladimir, Brem, Gottfried, Wallner, Barbara, Schwall, Christoph, Keller, Marcel, Kitagawa, Keiko, Bessudnov, Alexander N., Bessudnov, Alexander, Taylor, William, Magail, Jérome, Lordkipanidze, David, Gantulga, Jamiyan-Ombo, Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav, Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav, Tabaldiev, Kubatbeek, Mijiddorj, Enkhbayar, Boldgiv, Bazartseren, Tsagaan, Turbat, Pruvost, Mélanie, Olsen, Sandra, Makarewicz, Cheryl A., Marzullo, Matilde, Valenzuela-Lamas, Silvia, Albizuri, Silvia, Nieto-Espinet, Ariadna, Iborra Eres, María Pilar, Lira, Jaime, Rodríguez González, Esther, Celestino Pérez, Sebastián, Olària, Carmen, Arsuaga, Juan Luis, Kotova, Nadiia, Prato, Ornella, Pryor, Alexander, Crabtree, Pam, Zhumatayev, Rinat, Bagnasco Gianni, Giovanna, Tecchiati, Umberto, Clavel, Benoit, Lepetz, Sébastien, Gaunitz, Charleen, Davoudi, Hossein, Mashkour, Marjan, Berezina, Natalia Ya., Stockhammer, Philipp W., Krause, Johannes, Haak, Wolfgang, Morales-Muñiz, Arturo, Benecke, Norbert, Hofreiter, Michael, Ludwig, Arne, Chauvey, Lorelei, Graphodatsky, Alexander S., Peters, Joris, Kiryushin, Kirill Yu., Iderkhangai, Tumur-Ochir, Bokovenko, Nikolay A., Vasiliev, Sergey K., Seregin, Nikolai N., Chugunov, Konstantin V., Plasteeva, Natalya A., Baryshnikov, Gennady F., Seguin-Orlando, Andaine, Petrova, Ekaterina, Sablin, Mikhail, Ananyevskaya, Elina, Logvin, Andrey, Shevnina, Irina, Logvin, Victor, Kalieva, Saule, Loman, Valeriy, Kukushkin, Igor, Merz, Ilya, Sarkissian, Clio Der, Merz, Victor, Sakenov, Sergazy, Varfolomeyev, Victor, Usmanova, Emma, Zaibert, Viktor, Arbuckle, Benjamin, Belinskiy, Andrey B., Kalmykov, Alexej, Reinhold, Sabine, Hansen, Svend, Southon, John, Yudin, Aleksandr I., Vybornov, Alekandr A., Epimakhov, Andrey, Berezina, Natalia S., Roslyakova, Natalia, Kosintsev, Pavel A., Kuznetsov, Pavel F., Anthony, David, Kroonen, Guus, Kristiansen, Kristian, Shapiro, Beth, Wincker, Patrick, Outram, Alan K., Orlando, Ludovic, Tishkin, Alexey A., Kovalev, Alexey A., Alquraishi, Saleh, Alfarhan, Ahmed H., Al-Rasheid, Khaled A.S., Seregély, Timo, Klassen, Lutz, Iversen, Rune, Bignon-Lau, Olivier, Bodu, Pierre, Olive, Monique, Castel, Jean-Christophe, Boudadi-Maligne, Myriam, Álvarez, Nadir, Germonpré, Mietje, Moskal-del Hoyo, Magdalena, Wilczyński, Jarosław, Pospuła, Sylwia, Lasota-Kuś, Anna, Tunia, Krzysztof, Librado, Pablo, Khan, Naveed, Fages, Antoine, Kusliy, Mariya A., Suchan,Tomasz, Tonasso-Calvière, Laure, Schiavinato, Stéphanie, Alioglu, Duha, Fromentier, Aurore, Perdereau, Aude, Aury, Jean‐Marc, Nowak, Marek, Rannamäe, Eve, Saarma, Urmas, Boeskorov, Gennady, Lõugas, Lembi, Kyselý, René, Peške, Lubomír, Bălășescu, Adrian, Dumitrașcu, Valentin, Dobrescu, Roxana, Toleubaev, Abdesh, Gerber, Daniel, Kiss, Viktória, Anna Szécsényi-Nagy, Mende, Balazs G., Gallina, Zsolt, Somogyi, Krisztina, Kulcsár, Gabriella, Gál, Erika, Bendrey, Robin, Allentoft, Morten E., Morgunova, Nina L., Sirbu, Ghenadie, Dergachev, Valentin, Shephard, Henry, Tomadini, Noémie, Grouard, Sandrine, Kasparov, Aleksei, Basilyan, Alexander E., Anisimov, Mikhail A., Nikolskiy, Pavel A., Pavlova, Elena Y., Kuznetsova, Tatyana V., Pitulko, Vladimir, Brem, Gottfried, Wallner, Barbara, Schwall, Christoph, Keller, Marcel, Kitagawa, Keiko, Bessudnov, Alexander N., Bessudnov, Alexander, Taylor, William, Magail, Jérome, Lordkipanidze, David, Gantulga, Jamiyan-Ombo, Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav, Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav, Tabaldiev, Kubatbeek, Mijiddorj, Enkhbayar, Boldgiv, Bazartseren, Tsagaan, Turbat, Pruvost, Mélanie, Olsen, Sandra, Makarewicz, Cheryl A., Marzullo, Matilde, Valenzuela-Lamas, Silvia, Albizuri, Silvia, Nieto-Espinet, Ariadna, Iborra Eres, María Pilar, Lira, Jaime, Rodríguez González, Esther, Celestino Pérez, Sebastián, Olària, Carmen, Arsuaga, Juan Luis, Kotova, Nadiia, Prato, Ornella, Pryor, Alexander, Crabtree, Pam, Zhumatayev, Rinat, Bagnasco Gianni, Giovanna, Tecchiati, Umberto, Clavel, Benoit, Lepetz, Sébastien, Gaunitz, Charleen, Davoudi, Hossein, Mashkour, Marjan, Berezina, Natalia Ya., Stockhammer, Philipp W., Krause, Johannes, Haak, Wolfgang, Morales-Muñiz, Arturo, Benecke, Norbert, Hofreiter, Michael, Ludwig, Arne, Chauvey, Lorelei, Graphodatsky, Alexander S., Peters, Joris, Kiryushin, Kirill Yu., Iderkhangai, Tumur-Ochir, Bokovenko, Nikolay A., Vasiliev, Sergey K., Seregin, Nikolai N., Chugunov, Konstantin V., Plasteeva, Natalya A., Baryshnikov, Gennady F., Seguin-Orlando, Andaine, Petrova, Ekaterina, Sablin, Mikhail, Ananyevskaya, Elina, Logvin, Andrey, Shevnina, Irina, Logvin, Victor, Kalieva, Saule, Loman, Valeriy, Kukushkin, Igor, Merz, Ilya, Sarkissian, Clio Der, Merz, Victor, Sakenov, Sergazy, Varfolomeyev, Victor, Usmanova, Emma, Zaibert, Viktor, Arbuckle, Benjamin, Belinskiy, Andrey B., Kalmykov, Alexej, Reinhold, Sabine, Hansen, Svend, Southon, John, Yudin, Aleksandr I., Vybornov, Alekandr A., Epimakhov, Andrey, Berezina, Natalia S., Roslyakova, Natalia, Kosintsev, Pavel A., Kuznetsov, Pavel F., Anthony, David, Kroonen, Guus, Kristiansen, Kristian, Shapiro, Beth, Wincker, Patrick, Outram, Alan K., Orlando, Ludovic, Tishkin, Alexey A., Kovalev, Alexey A., Alquraishi, Saleh, Alfarhan, Ahmed H., Al-Rasheid, Khaled A.S., Seregély, Timo, Klassen, Lutz, Iversen, Rune, Bignon-Lau, Olivier, Bodu, Pierre, Olive, Monique, Castel, Jean-Christophe, Boudadi-Maligne, Myriam, Álvarez, Nadir, Germonpré, Mietje, Moskal-del Hoyo, Magdalena, Wilczyński, Jarosław, Pospuła, Sylwia, Lasota-Kuś, Anna, and Tunia, Krzysztof

Abstract

Domestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 bc3. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia and Anatolia, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 bc, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 bc driving the spread of Indo-European languages. This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium bc Sintashta culture.

Published
2021

14. Care or Neglect? Evidence of Animal Disease in Archaeology : Proceedings of the 6th Meeting of the Animal Palaeopathology Working Group of the International Council for Archaeozoology (ICAZ), Budapest, Hungary, 2016

Author

Bartosiewicz, László, Gál, Erika, Bartosiewicz, László, and Gál, Erika

Abstract

Animals have always been integral to culture. Their interaction with humans has intensified since the onset of domestication resulting in higher incidences of animal disease due to human intervention. At the same time, human care has counterbalanced pressures of natural selection, reducing morbidity among wild animals. Prior to the emergence of a veterinary record, animal disease can only be traced by analyzing pathological symptoms on excavated animal remains. This volume presents a collection of studies in the discipline of animal palaeopathology. An international team of experts offer reviews of animal welfare at ancient settlements from both prehistoric and historic periods across Eurasia. Several chapters are devoted to the diseases of dog and horse, two animals of prominent emotional importance in many civilizations. Curious phenomena observed on the bones of poultry, sheep, pig and even fish are discussed within their respective cultural contexts. Many poorly healed bones are suggestive of neglect in the case of ordinary livestock. On the other hand, a great degree of compassion may be presumed behind the long survival of seriously ill companion animals. In addition to furthering our better technical understanding of animal disease in the past, this volume also mirrors the diversity of human attitudes towards animals during our millennia-long relationship. Some animal bones show signs of extreme cruelty but others also reveal the great attention paid to the recovery of sick animals. Such attitudes tend to be largely hidden yet are characteristic aspects of how people relate to the surrounding world and, ultimately, to each other.

Published
2018

16. Animal Exploitation in Medieval Hungary

Author

Bartosiewicz, Laszlo, Biller, Anna Zsófia, Csippán, Péter, Daróczi-Szabó, László, Daróczi-Szabó, Márta, Gál, Erika, Kováts, István, Lyublyanovics, Kyra, Nyerges, Éva Ágnes, Bartosiewicz, Laszlo, Biller, Anna Zsófia, Csippán, Péter, Daróczi-Szabó, László, Daróczi-Szabó, Márta, Gál, Erika, Kováts, István, Lyublyanovics, Kyra, and Nyerges, Éva Ágnes

Abstract

During the last few years there has been an upswing in interest in animal stud-ies among medievalists. Historical research into medieval animal husbandry and the use of related products has intensified in terms of the analysis of docu-mentary (and to some extent, iconographic) sources, but the help of archae-ologists has also been enlisted. Eventually, the study of animal bone finds also began, although this type of inquiry is far better developed in the field of pre-historic archaeology: in the absence of written sources, prehistorians had to turn to less spectacular evidence, including animal remains. Archaeozoology is devoted to the identification, analysis and interpretation of animal remains from archaeological sites. Although the detailed analysis of written sources and animal iconography fall outside the scope of archaeozoology, familiarity with this process is indispensable for properly interpreting the archaeological traces of medieval animal exploitation.

Published
2018
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18. Genomic and archaeological evidence suggests a dual origin of domestic dogs

Author

Frantz, Laurent A. F., Mullin, Victoria E., Pionnier-Capitan, Maud, Lebrasseur, Ophélie, Ollivier, Morgane, Perri, Angela, Linderholm, Anna, Mattiangeli, Valeria, Teasdale, Matthew D., Dimopoulos, Evangelos A., Tresset, Anne, Duffraisse, Marilyne, McCormick, Finbar, Bartosiewicz, László, Gál, Erika, Nyerges, Éva A., Sablin, Mikhail V., Bréhard, Stéphanie, Mashkour, Marjan, Balaşescu, Adrian, Gillet, Benjamin, Hughes, Sandrine, Chassaing, Olivier, Hitte, Christophe, Vigne, Jean-Denis, Dobney, Keith, Hänni, Catherine, Bradley, Daniel G., Larson, Greger, Frantz, Laurent A. F., Mullin, Victoria E., Pionnier-Capitan, Maud, Lebrasseur, Ophélie, Ollivier, Morgane, Perri, Angela, Linderholm, Anna, Mattiangeli, Valeria, Teasdale, Matthew D., Dimopoulos, Evangelos A., Tresset, Anne, Duffraisse, Marilyne, McCormick, Finbar, Bartosiewicz, László, Gál, Erika, Nyerges, Éva A., Sablin, Mikhail V., Bréhard, Stéphanie, Mashkour, Marjan, Balaşescu, Adrian, Gillet, Benjamin, Hughes, Sandrine, Chassaing, Olivier, Hitte, Christophe, Vigne, Jean-Denis, Dobney, Keith, Hänni, Catherine, Bradley, Daniel G., and Larson, Greger

Abstract

The geographic and temporal origins of dogs remain controversial. We generated genetic sequences from 59 ancient dogs and a complete (28x) genome of a late Neolithic dog (dated to similar to 4800 calendar years before the present) from Ireland. Our analyses revealed a deep split separating modern East Asian and Western Eurasian dogs. Surprisingly, the date of this divergence (similar to 14,000 to 6400 years ago) occurs commensurate with, or several millennia after, the first appearance of dogs in Europe and East Asia. Additional analyses of ancient and modern mitochondrial DNA revealed a sharp discontinuity in haplotype frequencies in Europe. Combined, these results suggest that dogs may have been domesticated independently in Eastern and Western Eurasia from distinct wolf populations. East Eurasian dogs were then possibly transported to Europe with people, where they partially replaced European Paleolithic dogs.

Published
2016
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