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Nearly half of today’s population is living in poverty, meaning that they are living on less than $2.50 a day. The lack of capital creates a vicious cycle for those in poverty. The less fortunate do not have sufficient access to education, healthcare, proper nutrition and loans. This forces those living in poverty to focus on getting by one day at a time instead of looking to the future. Those with a lack of sufficient income can’t get access to loans because of the risk associated with lending to subprime borrowers. However, microfinance loans change this. They are unique because they give subprime borrowers the opportunity to borrow money that they wouldn’t have otherwise been able to obtain. Microloans are more beneficial to the borrower than a charitable gift. The loan creates an incentive to keep up a sustainable and profitable business because there is a need to pay off the loan. In addition, the loan allows the borrower the psychological benefit of feeling that they are not the object of charity but a true contributor to the economy. In 2006, Muhammad Yunus and the Grameen Bank won the Noble Peace Prize for their efforts in micro lending to create economic and social development. Yet, for subprime borrowers, the cost of borrowing is substantial. Borrowing costs include service fees, administrative expenses, interest and a premium to protect the lender from losses. Are microloans a tool to help alleviate poverty by creating successful entrepreneurs with sustainable businesses and lifestyles or do they exploit borrowers with extremely high interest rates?

We propose a method for determining how much to charge users of a communication network when they share bandwidth. Our approach can be employed either when a network owner wishes to sell bandwidth for a specified period of time to a number of different users, or when users cooperate to build a network to be shared among themselves. We show how a Contract and Balancing Mechanism can be defined to mediate between rapidly fluctuating prices and the longer time scales over which bandwidth contracts might be traded. An important property of the process is that it avoids introducing perverse incentives for a capacity provider to increase congestion.

The purpose of this paper Is to discuss, to the extent allowed by the limited material available, the functions and duties of the National Mediation Board. This little known agency of government has the vital job of preventing work stoppages on the railroads of the United States. The success of this Board is of vital importance to all Americans, because upon its success, or failure, depends the uninterrupted flow of our interstate commerce. The purpose of this paper Is to discuss, to the extent allowed by the limited material available, the functions and duties of the National Mediation Board. This little known agency of government has the vital job of preventing work stoppages on the railroads of the United States. The success of this Board is of vital importance to all Americans, because upon its success, or failure, depends the uninterrupted flow of our interstate commerce.

American business is now faced with one of the most difficult periods in its history. There are problems of reconstruction, and of reconverting plants and equipment converted to war-time production back to peacetime production, and, of course, of rebuilding distribution organizations, along with the development of new products. To promote these facilities there is a need for new capital. Capital is the backbone of our economic system; it is, along with human effort and skill the thing that makes all production possible. Whether a man be a farmer, a carpenter, a lathe operator, or an executive, it is capital which makes possible his job. The farmer needs equipment, seeds, and land; the carpenter needs tools, and a building to build; the lathe operator needs his lathe, a place to work, and material to produce; and the executive needs the workmen with the skills and equipment. Capital is required by all of these. The purpose of this study is to determine from the point of view of the man In business the sources of capital, the types of capital, the uses of capital and how capital may be obtained.American business is now faced with one of the most difficult periods in its history. There are problems of reconstruction, and of reconverting plants and equipment converted to war-time production back to peacetime production, and, of course, of rebuilding distribution organizations, along with the development of new products. To promote these facilities there is a need for new capital. Capital is the backbone of our economic system; it is, along with human effort and skill the thing that makes all production possible. Whether a man be a farmer, a carpenter, a lathe operator, or an executive, it is capital which makes possible his job. The farmer needs equipment, seeds, and land; the carpenter needs tools, and a building to build; the lathe operator needs his lathe, a place to work, and material to produce; and the executive needs the workmen with the skills and equipment. Cap

American business is now faced with one of the most difficult periods in its history. There are problems of reconstruction, and of reconverting plants and equipment converted to war-time production back to peacetime production, and, of course, of rebuilding distribution organizations, along with the development of new products. To promote these facilities there is a need for new capital. Capital is the backbone of our economic system; it is, along with human effort and skill the thing that makes all production possible. Whether a man be a farmer, a carpenter, a lathe operator, or an executive, it is capital which makes possible his job. The farmer needs equipment, seeds, and land; the carpenter needs tools, and a building to build; the lathe operator needs his lathe, a place to work, and material to produce; and the executive needs the workmen with the skills and equipment. Capital is required by all of these. The purpose of this study is to determine from the point of view of the man In business the sources of capital, the types of capital, the uses of capital and how capital may be obtained.American business is now faced with one of the most difficult periods in its history. There are problems of reconstruction, and of reconverting plants and equipment converted to war-time production back to peacetime production, and, of course, of rebuilding distribution organizations, along with the development of new products. To promote these facilities there is a need for new capital. Capital is the backbone of our economic system; it is, along with human effort and skill the thing that makes all production possible. Whether a man be a farmer, a carpenter, a lathe operator, or an executive, it is capital which makes possible his job. The farmer needs equipment, seeds, and land; the carpenter needs tools, and a building to build; the lathe operator needs his lathe, a place to work, and material to produce; and the executive needs the workmen with the skills and equipment. Cap

The purpose of this paper Is to discuss, to the extent allowed by the limited material available, the functions and duties of the National Mediation Board. This little known agency of government has the vital job of preventing work stoppages on the railroads of the United States. The success of this Board is of vital importance to all Americans, because upon its success, or failure, depends the uninterrupted flow of our interstate commerce. The purpose of this paper Is to discuss, to the extent allowed by the limited material available, the functions and duties of the National Mediation Board. This little known agency of government has the vital job of preventing work stoppages on the railroads of the United States. The success of this Board is of vital importance to all Americans, because upon its success, or failure, depends the uninterrupted flow of our interstate commerce.

The purpose of this paper Is to discuss, to the extent allowed by the limited material available, the functions and duties of the National Mediation Board. This little known agency of government has the vital job of preventing work stoppages on the railroads of the United States. The success of this Board is of vital importance to all Americans, because upon its success, or failure, depends the uninterrupted flow of our interstate commerce. The purpose of this paper Is to discuss, to the extent allowed by the limited material available, the functions and duties of the National Mediation Board. This little known agency of government has the vital job of preventing work stoppages on the railroads of the United States. The success of this Board is of vital importance to all Americans, because upon its success, or failure, depends the uninterrupted flow of our interstate commerce.

American business is now faced with one of the most difficult periods in its history. There are problems of reconstruction, and of reconverting plants and equipment converted to war-time production back to peacetime production, and, of course, of rebuilding distribution organizations, along with the development of new products. To promote these facilities there is a need for new capital. Capital is the backbone of our economic system; it is, along with human effort and skill the thing that makes all production possible. Whether a man be a farmer, a carpenter, a lathe operator, or an executive, it is capital which makes possible his job. The farmer needs equipment, seeds, and land; the carpenter needs tools, and a building to build; the lathe operator needs his lathe, a place to work, and material to produce; and the executive needs the workmen with the skills and equipment. Capital is required by all of these. The purpose of this study is to determine from the point of view of the man In business the sources of capital, the types of capital, the uses of capital and how capital may be obtained.American business is now faced with one of the most difficult periods in its history. There are problems of reconstruction, and of reconverting plants and equipment converted to war-time production back to peacetime production, and, of course, of rebuilding distribution organizations, along with the development of new products. To promote these facilities there is a need for new capital. Capital is the backbone of our economic system; it is, along with human effort and skill the thing that makes all production possible. Whether a man be a farmer, a carpenter, a lathe operator, or an executive, it is capital which makes possible his job. The farmer needs equipment, seeds, and land; the carpenter needs tools, and a building to build; the lathe operator needs his lathe, a place to work, and material to produce; and the executive needs the workmen with the skills and equipment. Cap

The purpose of this paper Is to discuss, to the extent allowed by the limited material available, the functions and duties of the National Mediation Board. This little known agency of government has the vital job of preventing work stoppages on the railroads of the United States. The success of this Board is of vital importance to all Americans, because upon its success, or failure, depends the uninterrupted flow of our interstate commerce. The purpose of this paper Is to discuss, to the extent allowed by the limited material available, the functions and duties of the National Mediation Board. This little known agency of government has the vital job of preventing work stoppages on the railroads of the United States. The success of this Board is of vital importance to all Americans, because upon its success, or failure, depends the uninterrupted flow of our interstate commerce.

American business is now faced with one of the most difficult periods in its history. There are problems of reconstruction, and of reconverting plants and equipment converted to war-time production back to peacetime production, and, of course, of rebuilding distribution organizations, along with the development of new products. To promote these facilities there is a need for new capital. Capital is the backbone of our economic system; it is, along with human effort and skill the thing that makes all production possible. Whether a man be a farmer, a carpenter, a lathe operator, or an executive, it is capital which makes possible his job. The farmer needs equipment, seeds, and land; the carpenter needs tools, and a building to build; the lathe operator needs his lathe, a place to work, and material to produce; and the executive needs the workmen with the skills and equipment. Capital is required by all of these. The purpose of this study is to determine from the point of view of the man In business the sources of capital, the types of capital, the uses of capital and how capital may be obtained.American business is now faced with one of the most difficult periods in its history. There are problems of reconstruction, and of reconverting plants and equipment converted to war-time production back to peacetime production, and, of course, of rebuilding distribution organizations, along with the development of new products. To promote these facilities there is a need for new capital. Capital is the backbone of our economic system; it is, along with human effort and skill the thing that makes all production possible. Whether a man be a farmer, a carpenter, a lathe operator, or an executive, it is capital which makes possible his job. The farmer needs equipment, seeds, and land; the carpenter needs tools, and a building to build; the lathe operator needs his lathe, a place to work, and material to produce; and the executive needs the workmen with the skills and equipment. Cap

Oliver Frank “Trixie” Kelly was a Methodist preacher who operated his own photographic gallery as a hobby on State Street in downtown South Whitley, Indiana from the 1890’s until the 1940’s. As a local photographer, Kelly did most of his own work in and around South Whitley and the nearby town of Collamer in Whitley County.

[grain elevator by railroad tracks], Oliver Frank “Trixie” Kelly was a Methodist preacher who operated his own photographic gallery as a hobby on State Street in downtown South Whitley, Indiana from the 1890’s until the 1940’s. As a local photographer, Kelly did most of his own work in and around South Whitley and the nearby town of Collamer in Whitley County.

Oliver Frank “Trixie” Kelly was a Methodist preacher who operated his own photographic gallery as a hobby on State Street in downtown South Whitley, Indiana from the 1890’s until the 1940’s. As a local photographer, Kelly did most of his own work in and around South Whitley and the nearby town of Collamer in Whitley County.

The men standing wear cloth bags across their chests to hold the apples as they pick them., Oliver Frank “Trixie” Kelly was a Methodist preacher who operated his own photographic gallery as a hobby on State Street in downtown South Whitley, Indiana from the 1890’s until the 1940’s. As a local photographer, Kelly did most of his own work in and around South Whitley and the nearby town of Collamer in Whitley County.

Oliver Frank “Trixie” Kelly was a Methodist preacher who operated his own photographic gallery as a hobby on State Street in downtown South Whitley, Indiana from the 1890’s until the 1940’s. As a local photographer, Kelly did most of his own work in and around South Whitley and the nearby town of Collamer in Whitley County.

The bridge appears to be primarily constructed of wood., Oliver Frank “Trixie” Kelly was a Methodist preacher who operated his own photographic gallery as a hobby on State Street in downtown South Whitley, Indiana from the 1890’s until the 1940’s. As a local photographer, Kelly did most of his own work in and around South Whitley and the nearby town of Collamer in Whitley County.

A bandstand is on the left side of the picture., Oliver Frank “Trixie” Kelly was a Methodist preacher who operated his own photographic gallery as a hobby on State Street in downtown South Whitley, Indiana from the 1890’s until the 1940’s. As a local photographer, Kelly did most of his own work in and around South Whitley and the nearby town of Collamer in Whitley County.

Oliver Frank “Trixie” Kelly was a Methodist preacher who operated his own photographic gallery as a hobby on State Street in downtown South Whitley, Indiana from the 1890’s until the 1940’s. As a local photographer, Kelly did most of his own work in and around South Whitley and the nearby town of Collamer in Whitley County.

Oliver Frank “Trixie” Kelly was a Methodist preacher who operated his own photographic gallery as a hobby on State Street in downtown South Whitley, Indiana from the 1890’s until the 1940’s. As a local photographer, Kelly did most of his own work in and around South Whitley and the nearby town of Collamer in Whitley County.

The stone over the door notes that the church was built in 1884., Oliver Frank “Trixie” Kelly was a Methodist preacher who operated his own photographic gallery as a hobby on State Street in downtown South Whitley, Indiana from the 1890’s until the 1940’s. As a local photographer, Kelly did most of his own work in and around South Whitley and the nearby town of Collamer in Whitley County.

African American and white workers are hauling dirt in wagons as they prepare the street for paving., Oliver Frank “Trixie” Kelly was a Methodist preacher who operated his own photographic gallery as a hobby on State Street in downtown South Whitley, Indiana from the 1890’s until the 1940’s. As a local photographer, Kelly did most of his own work in and around South Whitley and the nearby town of Collamer in Whitley County.

Oliver Frank “Trixie” Kelly was a Methodist preacher who operated his own photographic gallery as a hobby on State Street in downtown South Whitley, Indiana from the 1890’s until the 1940’s. As a local photographer, Kelly did most of his own work in and around South Whitley and the nearby town of Collamer in Whitley County.

The bodies of chickens hang from ropes and workers pull the feathers off., Oliver Frank “Trixie” Kelly was a Methodist preacher who operated his own photographic gallery as a hobby on State Street in downtown South Whitley, Indiana from the 1890’s until the 1940’s. As a local photographer, Kelly did most of his own work in and around South Whitley and the nearby town of Collamer in Whitley County.

Oliver Frank “Trixie” Kelly was a Methodist preacher who operated his own photographic gallery as a hobby on State Street in downtown South Whitley, Indiana from the 1890’s until the 1940’s. As a local photographer, Kelly did most of his own work in and around South Whitley and the nearby town of Collamer in Whitley County.

Oliver Frank “Trixie” Kelly was a Methodist preacher who operated his own photographic gallery as a hobby on State Street in downtown South Whitley, Indiana from the 1890’s until the 1940’s. As a local photographer, Kelly did most of his own work in and around South Whitley and the nearby town of Collamer in Whitley County.

[on steps of school], Oliver Frank “Trixie” Kelly was a Methodist preacher who operated his own photographic gallery as a hobby on State Street in downtown South Whitley, Indiana from the 1890’s until the 1940’s. As a local photographer, Kelly did most of his own work in and around South Whitley and the nearby town of Collamer in Whitley County.

The auction is in a fenced pen of farm yard., Oliver Frank “Trixie” Kelly was a Methodist preacher who operated his own photographic gallery as a hobby on State Street in downtown South Whitley, Indiana from the 1890’s until the 1940’s. As a local photographer, Kelly did most of his own work in and around South Whitley and the nearby town of Collamer in Whitley County.

[Caskey’s team and men], Oliver Frank “Trixie” Kelly was a Methodist preacher who operated his own photographic gallery as a hobby on State Street in downtown South Whitley, Indiana from the 1890’s until the 1940’s. As a local photographer, Kelly did most of his own work in and around South Whitley and the nearby town of Collamer in Whitley County.

[family group having a party], Oliver Frank “Trixie” Kelly was a Methodist preacher who operated his own photographic gallery as a hobby on State Street in downtown South Whitley, Indiana from the 1890’s until the 1940’s. As a local photographer, Kelly did most of his own work in and around South Whitley and the nearby town of Collamer in Whitley County.

Oliver Frank “Trixie” Kelly was a Methodist preacher who operated his own photographic gallery as a hobby on State Street in downtown South Whitley, Indiana from the 1890’s until the 1940’s. As a local photographer, Kelly did most of his own work in and around South Whitley and the nearby town of Collamer in Whitley County.

[children and teachers in front of school], Oliver Frank “Trixie” Kelly was a Methodist preacher who operated his own photographic gallery as a hobby on State Street in downtown South Whitley, Indiana from the 1890’s until the 1940’s. As a local photographer, Kelly did most of his own work in and around South Whitley and the nearby town of Collamer in Whitley County.

An iron bridge and the stream below it are shown., Oliver Frank “Trixie” Kelly was a Methodist preacher who operated his own photographic gallery as a hobby on State Street in downtown South Whitley, Indiana from the 1890’s until the 1940’s. As a local photographer, Kelly did most of his own work in and around South Whitley and the nearby town of Collamer in Whitley County.

Oliver Frank “Trixie” Kelly was a Methodist preacher who operated his own photographic gallery as a hobby on State Street in downtown South Whitley, Indiana from the 1890’s until the 1940’s. As a local photographer, Kelly did most of his own work in and around South Whitley and the nearby town of Collamer in Whitley County.

The writing on the image says "Jewell 1913.", Oliver Frank “Trixie” Kelly was a Methodist preacher who operated his own photographic gallery as a hobby on State Street in downtown South Whitley, Indiana from the 1890’s until the 1940’s. As a local photographer, Kelly did most of his own work in and around South Whitley and the nearby town of Collamer in Whitley County.

The band stand is on the right in the background. Bricks are stacked on the sidewalk. The Whitley Telephone Co. is on the right., Oliver Frank “Trixie” Kelly was a Methodist preacher who operated his own photographic gallery as a hobby on State Street in downtown South Whitley, Indiana from the 1890’s until the 1940’s. As a local photographer, Kelly did most of his own work in and around South Whitley and the nearby town of Collamer in Whitley County.

Men are in the tree picking apples. They put the fruit in cloth bags worn across their chests., Oliver Frank “Trixie” Kelly was a Methodist preacher who operated his own photographic gallery as a hobby on State Street in downtown South Whitley, Indiana from the 1890’s until the 1940’s. As a local photographer, Kelly did most of his own work in and around South Whitley and the nearby town of Collamer in Whitley County.

Oliver Frank “Trixie” Kelly was a Methodist preacher who operated his own photographic gallery as a hobby on State Street in downtown South Whitley, Indiana from the 1890’s until the 1940’s. As a local photographer, Kelly did most of his own work in and around South Whitley and the nearby town of Collamer in Whitley County.

Oliver Frank “Trixie” Kelly was a Methodist preacher who operated his own photographic gallery as a hobby on State Street in downtown South Whitley, Indiana from the 1890’s until the 1940’s. As a local photographer, Kelly did most of his own work in and around South Whitley and the nearby town of Collamer in Whitley County.

Paving bricks are stacked on the sidewalk while a crew of African Americans prepares the street for paving., Oliver Frank “Trixie” Kelly was a Methodist preacher who operated his own photographic gallery as a hobby on State Street in downtown South Whitley, Indiana from the 1890’s until the 1940’s. As a local photographer, Kelly did most of his own work in and around South Whitley and the nearby town of Collamer in Whitley County.

Oliver Frank “Trixie” Kelly was a Methodist preacher who operated his own photographic gallery as a hobby on State Street in downtown South Whitley, Indiana from the 1890’s until the 1940’s. As a local photographer, Kelly did most of his own work in and around South Whitley and the nearby town of Collamer in Whitley County. Bicentennial Train image. Bicentennial Train image.

Winter scene of men sawing logs in the field., Oliver Frank “Trixie” Kelly was a Methodist preacher who operated his own photographic gallery as a hobby on State Street in downtown South Whitley, Indiana from the 1890’s until the 1940’s. As a local photographer, Kelly did most of his own work in and around South Whitley and the nearby town of Collamer in Whitley County.

Oliver Frank “Trixie” Kelly was a Methodist preacher who operated his own photographic gallery as a hobby on State Street in downtown South Whitley, Indiana from the 1890’s until the 1940’s. As a local photographer, Kelly did most of his own work in and around South Whitley and the nearby town of Collamer in Whitley County.

Road construction in front of O. Gandy & Co. Buggy Depository., Oliver Frank “Trixie” Kelly was a Methodist preacher who operated his own photographic gallery as a hobby on State Street in downtown South Whitley, Indiana from the 1890’s until the 1940’s. As a local photographer, Kelly did most of his own work in and around South Whitley and the nearby town of Collamer in Whitley County.

Oliver Frank “Trixie” Kelly was a Methodist preacher who operated his own photographic gallery as a hobby on State Street in downtown South Whitley, Indiana from the 1890’s until the 1940’s. As a local photographer, Kelly did most of his own work in and around South Whitley and the nearby town of Collamer in Whitley County.

Oliver Frank “Trixie” Kelly was a Methodist preacher who operated his own photographic gallery as a hobby on State Street in downtown South Whitley, Indiana from the 1890’s until the 1940’s. As a local photographer, Kelly did most of his own work in and around South Whitley and the nearby town of Collamer in Whitley County.

Oliver Frank “Trixie” Kelly was a Methodist preacher who operated his own photographic gallery as a hobby on State Street in downtown South Whitley, Indiana from the 1890’s until the 1940’s. As a local photographer, Kelly did most of his own work in and around South Whitley and the nearby town of Collamer in Whitley County.

Oliver Frank “Trixie” Kelly was a Methodist preacher who operated his own photographic gallery as a hobby on State Street in downtown South Whitley, Indiana from the 1890’s until the 1940’s. As a local photographer, Kelly did most of his own work in and around South Whitley and the nearby town of Collamer in Whitley County.

Oliver Frank “Trixie” Kelly was a Methodist preacher who operated his own photographic gallery as a hobby on State Street in downtown South Whitley, Indiana from the 1890’s until the 1940’s. As a local photographer, Kelly did most of his own work in and around South Whitley and the nearby town of Collamer in Whitley County.

[people and carriage out in front], Oliver Frank “Trixie” Kelly was a Methodist preacher who operated his own photographic gallery as a hobby on State Street in downtown South Whitley, Indiana from the 1890’s until the 1940’s. As a local photographer, Kelly did most of his own work in and around South Whitley and the nearby town of Collamer in Whitley County.

Paving bricks are stacked on the sidewalk while a crew of African Americans prepares the street for paving., Oliver Frank “Trixie” Kelly was a Methodist preacher who operated his own photographic gallery as a hobby on State Street in downtown South Whitley, Indiana from the 1890’s until the 1940’s. As a local photographer, Kelly did most of his own work in and around South Whitley and the nearby town of Collamer in Whitley County.