Search

Den större ischiasskåran (incisura ischiadica major) är en inskärning i höftbenet som karakteriseras av morfologier, användbara för att estimera biologiskt kön. Slutsatser gjorda från okulära observationer kan variera beroende på utövare och därmed kan morfologiska metoder anses vara mindre tillförlitliga gentemot metriska metoder. Tillvägagångssättet för denna uppsats bestod av en jämförande studie mellan en metod som använder formanalys och en som använder vinkelgrad för att bedöma biologiskt kön, på den större ischiasskåran. I denna uppsats användes ett praktiskt tillvägagångssätt för att observera 33 höftben från Sankt Hans medeltida kyrkogård. Det osteologiska materialet var inlånat från Gotlands museum och det praktiska arbetet utfördes på plats på magasinet, under våren 2024. Undersökningsmaterialet avgränsades till att inkludera endast vuxna individer av både manligt och kvinnligt kön. Resultaten visade att det finns en korrelation mellan kurvan på inskärningen och biologiskt kön. I diskussionsdelen av uppsatsen diskuterades tillförlitlighet och användarvänlighet för de två metoderna samt hur de kan nyttjas i osteologiska sammanhang., The greater sciatic notch (incisura ischiadica major) is an incision in the hip bone that is characterized by morphologies, useful to assess biological sex. Conclusions that are made from visual observations may vary between practitioners, and therefore, morphological methods can be less reliable than metric methods. The approach of this essay consisted of a comparative study between a method using shape analysis and one using angle degree to assess biological sex, on the greater sciatic notch. In this essay, a practical approach was applied to observe 33 hip bones from Sankt Hans medieval cemetery. The material was borrowed from Gotland’s Museum, and the practical work was performed on site, during spring of 2024. The studied material was delimitated to include only adult individuals consisting of both males and females. The results showed that there is a correlation between the curve of the incision and biological sex. In the discussion, the essay explored the reliability and user-friendliness of the two methods, along with their potential applications in osteological contexts.

Certificates of medical evidence are often used to aid the court in assessing the cause and severity of a victim’s injuries. In cases with significant blood loss, the question whether the bleeding itself was life-threatening sometimes arises. To answer this, the volume classification of hypovolemic shock described in ATLS® is commonly used as an aid, where a relative blood loss > 30% is considered life-threatening. In a recent study of deaths due to internal haemorrhage, many cases had a relative blood loss < 30%. However, many included cases had injuries which could presumably cause deaths via other mechanisms, making the interpretation uncertain. To resolve remaining ambiguity, we studied whether deaths due to isolated liver lacerations had a relative blood loss < 30%, a cause of death where the mechanism of death is presumably exsanguination only. Using the National Board of Forensic Medicine autopsy database, we identified all adult decedents, who had undergone a medico-legal autopsy 2001–2021 (n = 105 952), where liver laceration was registered as the underlying cause of death (n = 102). Cases where death resulted from a combination of also other injuries (n = 79), and cases that had received hospital care, were excluded (n = 4), leaving 19 cases. The proportion of internal haemorrhage to calculated total blood volume in these fatal pure exsanguinations ranged from 12 to 52%, with 63% of cases having a proportion < 30%. Our results lend further support to the claim that the volume classification of hypovolemic shock described in ATLS® is inappropriate for assessing the degree of life-threatening haemorrhage in medico-legal cases.

Certificates of medical evidence are often used to aid the court in assessing the cause and severity of a victim’s injuries. In cases with significant blood loss, the question whether the bleeding itself was life-threatening sometimes arises. To answer this, the volume classification of hypovolemic shock described in ATLS® is commonly used as an aid, where a relative blood loss > 30% is considered life-threatening. In a recent study of deaths due to internal haemorrhage, many cases had a relative blood loss < 30%. However, many included cases had injuries which could presumably cause deaths via other mechanisms, making the interpretation uncertain. To resolve remaining ambiguity, we studied whether deaths due to isolated liver lacerations had a relative blood loss < 30%, a cause of death where the mechanism of death is presumably exsanguination only. Using the National Board of Forensic Medicine autopsy database, we identified all adult decedents, who had undergone a medico-legal autopsy 2001–2021 (n = 105 952), where liver laceration was registered as the underlying cause of death (n = 102). Cases where death resulted from a combination of also other injuries (n = 79), and cases that had received hospital care, were excluded (n = 4), leaving 19 cases. The proportion of internal haemorrhage to calculated total blood volume in these fatal pure exsanguinations ranged from 12 to 52%, with 63% of cases having a proportion < 30%. Our results lend further support to the claim that the volume classification of hypovolemic shock described in ATLS® is inappropriate for assessing the degree of life-threatening haemorrhage in medico-legal cases.

Den större ischiasskåran (incisura ischiadica major) är en inskärning i höftbenet som karakteriseras av morfologier, användbara för att estimera biologiskt kön. Slutsatser gjorda från okulära observationer kan variera beroende på utövare och därmed kan morfologiska metoder anses vara mindre tillförlitliga gentemot metriska metoder. Tillvägagångssättet för denna uppsats bestod av en jämförande studie mellan en metod som använder formanalys och en som använder vinkelgrad för att bedöma biologiskt kön, på den större ischiasskåran. I denna uppsats användes ett praktiskt tillvägagångssätt för att observera 33 höftben från Sankt Hans medeltida kyrkogård. Det osteologiska materialet var inlånat från Gotlands museum och det praktiska arbetet utfördes på plats på magasinet, under våren 2024. Undersökningsmaterialet avgränsades till att inkludera endast vuxna individer av både manligt och kvinnligt kön. Resultaten visade att det finns en korrelation mellan kurvan på inskärningen och biologiskt kön. I diskussionsdelen av uppsatsen diskuterades tillförlitlighet och användarvänlighet för de två metoderna samt hur de kan nyttjas i osteologiska sammanhang., The greater sciatic notch (incisura ischiadica major) is an incision in the hip bone that is characterized by morphologies, useful to assess biological sex. Conclusions that are made from visual observations may vary between practitioners, and therefore, morphological methods can be less reliable than metric methods. The approach of this essay consisted of a comparative study between a method using shape analysis and one using angle degree to assess biological sex, on the greater sciatic notch. In this essay, a practical approach was applied to observe 33 hip bones from Sankt Hans medieval cemetery. The material was borrowed from Gotland’s Museum, and the practical work was performed on site, during spring of 2024. The studied material was delimitated to include only adult individuals consisting of both males and females. The results showed that there is a correlation between the curve of the incision and biological sex. In the discussion, the essay explored the reliability and user-friendliness of the two methods, along with their potential applications in osteological contexts.

The aim of this research was to obtain regression equations for estimating age and gender determination in three slices of maxillary central incisors and molars using CBCT. Material and Methods. A total of 360 randomly selected CBCTs were included in this cross-sectional study. The sample size was determined by means of the Slovin’sformula. Results. The equations obtained from sagittal linear measurements and ratios presented a standard error of the estimate (SEE) of 12.4 years. The binary logistic regression models for predicting gender indicated that ace_MDTL demonstrates a significant positive effect on predicting male gender. Conclusion. The present study shows that CBCT linear measurements on upper central incisors and upper first molar are an acceptable method for age and gender estimation.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent impact on psychological work, Division 41 of the American Psychological Association convened a taskforce to provide guidance to its membership regarding the use of technology for practice and research at the intersection of psychology and law. Drawing from existing research in psychology-law and beyond, as well as the first-hand experience of taskforce members, this document outlines foundational guidance to apply technology to forensic and correctional work while acknowledging these settings provide unique challenges to ethical practice. The recommendations provide support for psychologists involved in assessment, treatment, training, and research. However, these recommendations may not exhaustively apply to all areas of psycholegal practice or all forms of technology. Further, these recommendations are intended to be consulted in conjunction with other professional practice guidelines, emerging research, and policy changes that impact the integration of technologies into this work.

Bakgrund: Inom psykiatriska- och rättspsykiatriska vårdavdelningar förekommer tvångsvård. Patienterna vårdas då mot sin vilja. Vård under tvångsvård kan upplevas traumatiskt och medför lidande. Lidandet och meningen med tvångsvården uppfattas olika beroende på känsla av sammanhang. Att stödja patienten till att hantera känslor är en del av sjuksköterskans arbete inom psykiatrin. Sjuksköterskan skall vårda patienten ur en helhetssyn som människa. Syfte: Att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att vårda patienter under tvångsvård inom psykiatriska- och rättspsykiatriska vårdavdelningar. Metod: Metoden är en litteraturbaserad studie. Nio vetenskapliga artiklar analyserades och sammanställdes genom Fribergs (2022a) analysmodell för litteraturbaserade studier. Resultat: Tvångsvård framkallar ångest, rädsla och trauma. Sjuksköterskor begränsas i att möta patienternas önskemål. Ofta ses dem av patienterna som ansvariga för tvångsåtgärderna. Sjuksköterskor tvingas frångå grundvärderingar så som etiska koder samt att respektera patienters autonomi. Det upplevs som att de kränker patienternas värdighet. Trots detta är tvångsvård ett nödvändigt ont. Det erhåller en säker och trygg miljö för både patienter och samhälle. Sjuksköterskor använder sig av olika strategier för att hantera de utmaningar som de kan möta i arbetet. Konklusion: Tvångsvård går ej att undvika, det skyddar både individen och samhället. Därav anser sjuksköterskor att tvångsvård gör mer nytta än skada., Background: Coercive treatment occurs within psychiatric and forensic care departments. Being under compulsory care causes trauma and suffering. The suffering and the meaning of compulsory care are perceived differently depending on the sense of coherence. Supporting the patient to manage emotions is part of the nurses’ work in psychiatry. The nurse must care for the patient from a holistic view as a person. Aim: To describe nurses’ experiences of caring for patients under compulsory care in psychiatric and forensic psychiatric care departments. Method: The method is a literature-based study. Nine scientific articles were analyzed by Fribergs (2022a) analysis model for literature-based studys. Findings: Compulsory care induces anxiety and trauma. Nurses are limited in meeting patients’ wishes. Often patients see nurses as responsible for the coercive measures. Nurses are forced from values such as ethical codes and respecting patients’ autonomy. It is perceived as violating patients’ dignity. Despite this, compulsory care is a necessary evil. It provides safety for both patients and society. Nurses use strategies to cope with the work. Conclusion: Compulsory care cannot be avoided, it protects both the individual and society. Therefore, nurses believe that forced care does more good than harm.

Bakgrund: Inom psykiatriska- och rättspsykiatriska vårdavdelningar förekommer tvångsvård. Patienterna vårdas då mot sin vilja. Vård under tvångsvård kan upplevas traumatiskt och medför lidande. Lidandet och meningen med tvångsvården uppfattas olika beroende på känsla av sammanhang. Att stödja patienten till att hantera känslor är en del av sjuksköterskans arbete inom psykiatrin. Sjuksköterskan skall vårda patienten ur en helhetssyn som människa. Syfte: Att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att vårda patienter under tvångsvård inom psykiatriska- och rättspsykiatriska vårdavdelningar. Metod: Metoden är en litteraturbaserad studie. Nio vetenskapliga artiklar analyserades och sammanställdes genom Fribergs (2022a) analysmodell för litteraturbaserade studier. Resultat: Tvångsvård framkallar ångest, rädsla och trauma. Sjuksköterskor begränsas i att möta patienternas önskemål. Ofta ses dem av patienterna som ansvariga för tvångsåtgärderna. Sjuksköterskor tvingas frångå grundvärderingar så som etiska koder samt att respektera patienters autonomi. Det upplevs som att de kränker patienternas värdighet. Trots detta är tvångsvård ett nödvändigt ont. Det erhåller en säker och trygg miljö för både patienter och samhälle. Sjuksköterskor använder sig av olika strategier för att hantera de utmaningar som de kan möta i arbetet. Konklusion: Tvångsvård går ej att undvika, det skyddar både individen och samhället. Därav anser sjuksköterskor att tvångsvård gör mer nytta än skada., Background: Coercive treatment occurs within psychiatric and forensic care departments. Being under compulsory care causes trauma and suffering. The suffering and the meaning of compulsory care are perceived differently depending on the sense of coherence. Supporting the patient to manage emotions is part of the nurses’ work in psychiatry. The nurse must care for the patient from a holistic view as a person. Aim: To describe nurses’ experiences of caring for patients under compulsory care in psychiatric and forensic psychiatric care departments. Method: The method is a literature-based study. Nine scientific articles were analyzed by Fribergs (2022a) analysis model for literature-based studys. Findings: Compulsory care induces anxiety and trauma. Nurses are limited in meeting patients’ wishes. Often patients see nurses as responsible for the coercive measures. Nurses are forced from values such as ethical codes and respecting patients’ autonomy. It is perceived as violating patients’ dignity. Despite this, compulsory care is a necessary evil. It provides safety for both patients and society. Nurses use strategies to cope with the work. Conclusion: Compulsory care cannot be avoided, it protects both the individual and society. Therefore, nurses believe that forced care does more good than harm.

Forensic sexual assault samples typically contain a mixture of a small quantity of sperm cells and a high quantity of epithelial cells. This relationship complicates the generation of a DNA profile, which prompts the need for differential lysis and extraction of the DNA. Differential extraction is a lengthy method that includes multiple tube transfers and requires a purification step. Amicon Ultra centrifugal filters are employed to purify samples; however, these filters are costly and susceptible to potential breaks in the supply chain. The objective of this project was to examine alternative methods utilizing “off-the-shelf” reagents for sperm cell lysis or sample purification, with the goal of streamlining the current differential extraction protocol. Three methods for sperm cell lysis were studied: alkaline lysis, lysis with the nonionic detergent NP-40, and lysis with a natural decondensation assay. Isopropanol precipitation was examined as an alternative purification method. Additionally, reducing the number of washing steps in the differential extraction protocol was investigated. The results showed that optimized alkaline lysis (25 µL NaOH (0.2 M), 25 µL Tris-HCl (0.2 M) and TE buffer) was comparable to the differential extraction protocol in terms of DNA recovery. Alkaline lysis was also comparable to the differential extraction when performed on mock sexual assault samples. Isopropanol precipitation likewise showed equal DNA yields, complete DNA profiles and peak heights compared to Amicon filtration. Lastly, it was shown that reducing the number of washing steps of the reference protocol produced comparable DNA profiles. In conclusion, the findings suggest that the differential extraction protocol can be modified by using alkaline lysis for sperm cell lysis or isopropanol for purification, as well as by performing only one washing step., Sperm cells are usually the most interesting biological material to analyze in forensic sexual assault samples. However, today’s method for extracting DNA from sperm is both time-consuming and requires purification with expensive filters. It is therefore relevant to investigate alternative protocols that can help streamline the process. The term “sexual offense” it the Swedish legal umbrella term for crimes of a sexual nature, with major crimes including sexual assault. Typically, the biological material of highest interest in sexual assault samples is sperm cells, as DNA can be extracted and potentially linked to a suspect. However, due to the nature of most sexual assault samples, where sperm cells are present in lower quantities in comparison to other cell types (e.g. epithelial cells), successful extraction and analysis of sperm cell DNA is difficult. Because of this, a method called differential extraction is typically performed, where the sperm cells and other cells in the mixture are treated separately. Differential extraction is a lengthy protocol that requires multiple transfers of material between tubes, which can lead to loss of DNA and contamination. On top of this, it uses the strong reagent dithiothreitol (DTT) to successfully break open the sperm cells and release the DNA. DTT interferes with downstream analysis and DNA profiling, for which reason the samples must be purified. At the National Forensic Centre (NFC), purification of samples is done with centrifugal filters called Amicon filters. As there is only one supplier of these filters, the process is susceptible to disruptions in the supply chain, which occurred during the Covid-19 pandemic. Furthermore, Amicon filters are expensive. Therefore, it was relevant to examine alternative methods for sperm cell disruption (lysis) and sample purification that could simplify the current method, preferably while using easily accessible reagents. This project examined three alternative methods for sperm ce

QC 20230807

The general practitioner is a primary care professional who cares for and treats an endless number of medical cases and who can be located at different levels of health care. Now, legal medicine, also known as forensic medicine, is a specialized field that applies medical knowledge to legal matters. However, general practitioners receive some notions of legal medicine as part of their training and can collaborate in some legal cases, just as legal practitioners often perform functions as general practitioners. From the above, the relationship between general medicine and legal medicine can be inferred; and based on this, the objective of the following investigation is proposed, which is to capture the general aspects of both, their functions and said relationship. The research was carried out under a bibliographic documentary type methodology, under the review modality. Although forensic medicine and general medicine are two distinct fields, they often overlap and collaborate with each other. Legal medicine can be found as a subject within the medical career, but also as a specialized career. In this sense, the general practitioner, depending on the country and the educational system, must handle the minimum knowledge about legal medicine, therefore, collaborate in some parts of the judicial process. In cases of medical malpractice or neg-ligence, forensic experts may be called in to give testimony in court and determine the level of care that should have been provided. Medical examiners, who are trained in both legal medicine and general medicine, play a critical role in investi-gating sudden or unexpected deaths and determining the cause and manner of death. Therefore, the relationship between legal medicine and general medicine is complex and multifaceted, with each field playing a crucial role in promoting health and guaranteeing justice, El médico general es un profesional de atención primaria que atiende y trata un sinfín de casos médicos y que se puede ubicar en los diferentes niveles de atención de salud. Ahora bien, la medicina legal, también conocida como medicina fo-rense, es un campo especializado que aplica los conocimientos médicos a los asuntos legales. No obstante, los médicos generales dentro de su formación reciben algunas nociones de medicina legal y pueden colaborar en algunos casos de justicia, así como el médico legal muchas veces cumple funciones como médico general. De lo anterior se infiere la rela-ción existente entre la medicina general y la medicina legal; y en base a ello es que se plantea el objetivo de la siguiente investigación, el cual es plasmar los aspectos generales de ambas, sus funciones y dicha relación. La investigación se realizó bajo una metodología de tipo documental bibliográfica, bajo la modalidad de revisión. Aunque la medicina legal y la medicina general son dos campos distintos, a menudo se superponen y colaboran entre sí. La medicina legal puede encontrarse como materia dentro de la carrera de medicina, pero también como una carrera especializada. En tal sentido, el médico general, según sea el país y sistema educativo, debe manejar los conocimientos mínimos acerca de medicina legal, por tanto, colaborar en algunas partes del proceso judicial. En casos de mala praxis o negligencia médica, se puede llamar a expertos en medicina legal para que brinden testimonio en los juzgados y determinen el nivel de atención que debería haberse brindado. Los médicos forenses, que están capacitados tanto en medicina legal como en medicina general, desempeñan un papel fundamental en la investigación de muertes súbitas o inesperadas y en la determinación de la causa y la forma de muerte. Por lo tanto, la relación entre la medicina legal y la medicina general es compleja y mul-tifacética, y cada campo juega un papel crucial en la promoción de la salud y la garantía de la just

The general practitioner is a primary care professional who cares for and treats an endless number of medical cases and who can be located at different levels of health care. Now, legal medicine, also known as forensic medicine, is a specialized field that applies medical knowledge to legal matters. However, general practitioners receive some notions of legal medicine as part of their training and can collaborate in some legal cases, just as legal practitioners often perform functions as general practitioners. From the above, the relationship between general medicine and legal medicine can be inferred; and based on this, the objective of the following investigation is proposed, which is to capture the general aspects of both, their functions and said relationship. The research was carried out under a bibliographic documentary type methodology, under the review modality. Although forensic medicine and general medicine are two distinct fields, they often overlap and collaborate with each other. Legal medicine can be found as a subject within the medical career, but also as a specialized career. In this sense, the general practitioner, depending on the country and the educational system, must handle the minimum knowledge about legal medicine, therefore, collaborate in some parts of the judicial process. In cases of medical malpractice or neg-ligence, forensic experts may be called in to give testimony in court and determine the level of care that should have been provided. Medical examiners, who are trained in both legal medicine and general medicine, play a critical role in investi-gating sudden or unexpected deaths and determining the cause and manner of death. Therefore, the relationship between legal medicine and general medicine is complex and multifaceted, with each field playing a crucial role in promoting health and guaranteeing justice, El médico general es un profesional de atención primaria que atiende y trata un sinfín de casos médicos y que se puede ubicar en los diferentes niveles de atención de salud. Ahora bien, la medicina legal, también conocida como medicina fo-rense, es un campo especializado que aplica los conocimientos médicos a los asuntos legales. No obstante, los médicos generales dentro de su formación reciben algunas nociones de medicina legal y pueden colaborar en algunos casos de justicia, así como el médico legal muchas veces cumple funciones como médico general. De lo anterior se infiere la rela-ción existente entre la medicina general y la medicina legal; y en base a ello es que se plantea el objetivo de la siguiente investigación, el cual es plasmar los aspectos generales de ambas, sus funciones y dicha relación. La investigación se realizó bajo una metodología de tipo documental bibliográfica, bajo la modalidad de revisión. Aunque la medicina legal y la medicina general son dos campos distintos, a menudo se superponen y colaboran entre sí. La medicina legal puede encontrarse como materia dentro de la carrera de medicina, pero también como una carrera especializada. En tal sentido, el médico general, según sea el país y sistema educativo, debe manejar los conocimientos mínimos acerca de medicina legal, por tanto, colaborar en algunas partes del proceso judicial. En casos de mala praxis o negligencia médica, se puede llamar a expertos en medicina legal para que brinden testimonio en los juzgados y determinen el nivel de atención que debería haberse brindado. Los médicos forenses, que están capacitados tanto en medicina legal como en medicina general, desempeñan un papel fundamental en la investigación de muertes súbitas o inesperadas y en la determinación de la causa y la forma de muerte. Por lo tanto, la relación entre la medicina legal y la medicina general es compleja y mul-tifacética, y cada campo juega un papel crucial en la promoción de la salud y la garantía de la just

The general practitioner is a primary care professional who cares for and treats an endless number of medical cases and who can be located at different levels of health care. Now, legal medicine, also known as forensic medicine, is a specialized field that applies medical knowledge to legal matters. However, general practitioners receive some notions of legal medicine as part of their training and can collaborate in some legal cases, just as legal practitioners often perform functions as general practitioners. From the above, the relationship between general medicine and legal medicine can be inferred; and based on this, the objective of the following investigation is proposed, which is to capture the general aspects of both, their functions and said relationship. The research was carried out under a bibliographic documentary type methodology, under the review modality. Although forensic medicine and general medicine are two distinct fields, they often overlap and collaborate with each other. Legal medicine can be found as a subject within the medical career, but also as a specialized career. In this sense, the general practitioner, depending on the country and the educational system, must handle the minimum knowledge about legal medicine, therefore, collaborate in some parts of the judicial process. In cases of medical malpractice or neg-ligence, forensic experts may be called in to give testimony in court and determine the level of care that should have been provided. Medical examiners, who are trained in both legal medicine and general medicine, play a critical role in investi-gating sudden or unexpected deaths and determining the cause and manner of death. Therefore, the relationship between legal medicine and general medicine is complex and multifaceted, with each field playing a crucial role in promoting health and guaranteeing justice, El médico general es un profesional de atención primaria que atiende y trata un sinfín de casos médicos y que se puede ubicar en los diferentes niveles de atención de salud. Ahora bien, la medicina legal, también conocida como medicina fo-rense, es un campo especializado que aplica los conocimientos médicos a los asuntos legales. No obstante, los médicos generales dentro de su formación reciben algunas nociones de medicina legal y pueden colaborar en algunos casos de justicia, así como el médico legal muchas veces cumple funciones como médico general. De lo anterior se infiere la rela-ción existente entre la medicina general y la medicina legal; y en base a ello es que se plantea el objetivo de la siguiente investigación, el cual es plasmar los aspectos generales de ambas, sus funciones y dicha relación. La investigación se realizó bajo una metodología de tipo documental bibliográfica, bajo la modalidad de revisión. Aunque la medicina legal y la medicina general son dos campos distintos, a menudo se superponen y colaboran entre sí. La medicina legal puede encontrarse como materia dentro de la carrera de medicina, pero también como una carrera especializada. En tal sentido, el médico general, según sea el país y sistema educativo, debe manejar los conocimientos mínimos acerca de medicina legal, por tanto, colaborar en algunas partes del proceso judicial. En casos de mala praxis o negligencia médica, se puede llamar a expertos en medicina legal para que brinden testimonio en los juzgados y determinen el nivel de atención que debería haberse brindado. Los médicos forenses, que están capacitados tanto en medicina legal como en medicina general, desempeñan un papel fundamental en la investigación de muertes súbitas o inesperadas y en la determinación de la causa y la forma de muerte. Por lo tanto, la relación entre la medicina legal y la medicina general es compleja y mul-tifacética, y cada campo juega un papel crucial en la promoción de la salud y la garantía de la just

The general practitioner is a primary care professional who cares for and treats an endless number of medical cases and who can be located at different levels of health care. Now, legal medicine, also known as forensic medicine, is a specialized field that applies medical knowledge to legal matters. However, general practitioners receive some notions of legal medicine as part of their training and can collaborate in some legal cases, just as legal practitioners often perform functions as general practitioners. From the above, the relationship between general medicine and legal medicine can be inferred; and based on this, the objective of the following investigation is proposed, which is to capture the general aspects of both, their functions and said relationship. The research was carried out under a bibliographic documentary type methodology, under the review modality. Although forensic medicine and general medicine are two distinct fields, they often overlap and collaborate with each other. Legal medicine can be found as a subject within the medical career, but also as a specialized career. In this sense, the general practitioner, depending on the country and the educational system, must handle the minimum knowledge about legal medicine, therefore, collaborate in some parts of the judicial process. In cases of medical malpractice or neg-ligence, forensic experts may be called in to give testimony in court and determine the level of care that should have been provided. Medical examiners, who are trained in both legal medicine and general medicine, play a critical role in investi-gating sudden or unexpected deaths and determining the cause and manner of death. Therefore, the relationship between legal medicine and general medicine is complex and multifaceted, with each field playing a crucial role in promoting health and guaranteeing justice, El médico general es un profesional de atención primaria que atiende y trata un sinfín de casos médicos y que se puede ubicar en los diferentes niveles de atención de salud. Ahora bien, la medicina legal, también conocida como medicina fo-rense, es un campo especializado que aplica los conocimientos médicos a los asuntos legales. No obstante, los médicos generales dentro de su formación reciben algunas nociones de medicina legal y pueden colaborar en algunos casos de justicia, así como el médico legal muchas veces cumple funciones como médico general. De lo anterior se infiere la rela-ción existente entre la medicina general y la medicina legal; y en base a ello es que se plantea el objetivo de la siguiente investigación, el cual es plasmar los aspectos generales de ambas, sus funciones y dicha relación. La investigación se realizó bajo una metodología de tipo documental bibliográfica, bajo la modalidad de revisión. Aunque la medicina legal y la medicina general son dos campos distintos, a menudo se superponen y colaboran entre sí. La medicina legal puede encontrarse como materia dentro de la carrera de medicina, pero también como una carrera especializada. En tal sentido, el médico general, según sea el país y sistema educativo, debe manejar los conocimientos mínimos acerca de medicina legal, por tanto, colaborar en algunas partes del proceso judicial. En casos de mala praxis o negligencia médica, se puede llamar a expertos en medicina legal para que brinden testimonio en los juzgados y determinen el nivel de atención que debería haberse brindado. Los médicos forenses, que están capacitados tanto en medicina legal como en medicina general, desempeñan un papel fundamental en la investigación de muertes súbitas o inesperadas y en la determinación de la causa y la forma de muerte. Por lo tanto, la relación entre la medicina legal y la medicina general es compleja y mul-tifacética, y cada campo juega un papel crucial en la promoción de la salud y la garantía de la just

The general practitioner is a primary care professional who cares for and treats an endless number of medical cases and who can be located at different levels of health care. Now, legal medicine, also known as forensic medicine, is a specialized field that applies medical knowledge to legal matters. However, general practitioners receive some notions of legal medicine as part of their training and can collaborate in some legal cases, just as legal practitioners often perform functions as general practitioners. From the above, the relationship between general medicine and legal medicine can be inferred; and based on this, the objective of the following investigation is proposed, which is to capture the general aspects of both, their functions and said relationship. The research was carried out under a bibliographic documentary type methodology, under the review modality. Although forensic medicine and general medicine are two distinct fields, they often overlap and collaborate with each other. Legal medicine can be found as a subject within the medical career, but also as a specialized career. In this sense, the general practitioner, depending on the country and the educational system, must handle the minimum knowledge about legal medicine, therefore, collaborate in some parts of the judicial process. In cases of medical malpractice or neg-ligence, forensic experts may be called in to give testimony in court and determine the level of care that should have been provided. Medical examiners, who are trained in both legal medicine and general medicine, play a critical role in investi-gating sudden or unexpected deaths and determining the cause and manner of death. Therefore, the relationship between legal medicine and general medicine is complex and multifaceted, with each field playing a crucial role in promoting health and guaranteeing justice, El médico general es un profesional de atención primaria que atiende y trata un sinfín de casos médicos y que se puede ubicar en los diferentes niveles de atención de salud. Ahora bien, la medicina legal, también conocida como medicina fo-rense, es un campo especializado que aplica los conocimientos médicos a los asuntos legales. No obstante, los médicos generales dentro de su formación reciben algunas nociones de medicina legal y pueden colaborar en algunos casos de justicia, así como el médico legal muchas veces cumple funciones como médico general. De lo anterior se infiere la rela-ción existente entre la medicina general y la medicina legal; y en base a ello es que se plantea el objetivo de la siguiente investigación, el cual es plasmar los aspectos generales de ambas, sus funciones y dicha relación. La investigación se realizó bajo una metodología de tipo documental bibliográfica, bajo la modalidad de revisión. Aunque la medicina legal y la medicina general son dos campos distintos, a menudo se superponen y colaboran entre sí. La medicina legal puede encontrarse como materia dentro de la carrera de medicina, pero también como una carrera especializada. En tal sentido, el médico general, según sea el país y sistema educativo, debe manejar los conocimientos mínimos acerca de medicina legal, por tanto, colaborar en algunas partes del proceso judicial. En casos de mala praxis o negligencia médica, se puede llamar a expertos en medicina legal para que brinden testimonio en los juzgados y determinen el nivel de atención que debería haberse brindado. Los médicos forenses, que están capacitados tanto en medicina legal como en medicina general, desempeñan un papel fundamental en la investigación de muertes súbitas o inesperadas y en la determinación de la causa y la forma de muerte. Por lo tanto, la relación entre la medicina legal y la medicina general es compleja y mul-tifacética, y cada campo juega un papel crucial en la promoción de la salud y la garantía de la just

The general practitioner is a primary care professional who cares for and treats an endless number of medical cases and who can be located at different levels of health care. Now, legal medicine, also known as forensic medicine, is a specialized field that applies medical knowledge to legal matters. However, general practitioners receive some notions of legal medicine as part of their training and can collaborate in some legal cases, just as legal practitioners often perform functions as general practitioners. From the above, the relationship between general medicine and legal medicine can be inferred; and based on this, the objective of the following investigation is proposed, which is to capture the general aspects of both, their functions and said relationship. The research was carried out under a bibliographic documentary type methodology, under the review modality. Although forensic medicine and general medicine are two distinct fields, they often overlap and collaborate with each other. Legal medicine can be found as a subject within the medical career, but also as a specialized career. In this sense, the general practitioner, depending on the country and the educational system, must handle the minimum knowledge about legal medicine, therefore, collaborate in some parts of the judicial process. In cases of medical malpractice or neg-ligence, forensic experts may be called in to give testimony in court and determine the level of care that should have been provided. Medical examiners, who are trained in both legal medicine and general medicine, play a critical role in investi-gating sudden or unexpected deaths and determining the cause and manner of death. Therefore, the relationship between legal medicine and general medicine is complex and multifaceted, with each field playing a crucial role in promoting health and guaranteeing justice, El médico general es un profesional de atención primaria que atiende y trata un sinfín de casos médicos y que se puede ubicar en los diferentes niveles de atención de salud. Ahora bien, la medicina legal, también conocida como medicina fo-rense, es un campo especializado que aplica los conocimientos médicos a los asuntos legales. No obstante, los médicos generales dentro de su formación reciben algunas nociones de medicina legal y pueden colaborar en algunos casos de justicia, así como el médico legal muchas veces cumple funciones como médico general. De lo anterior se infiere la rela-ción existente entre la medicina general y la medicina legal; y en base a ello es que se plantea el objetivo de la siguiente investigación, el cual es plasmar los aspectos generales de ambas, sus funciones y dicha relación. La investigación se realizó bajo una metodología de tipo documental bibliográfica, bajo la modalidad de revisión. Aunque la medicina legal y la medicina general son dos campos distintos, a menudo se superponen y colaboran entre sí. La medicina legal puede encontrarse como materia dentro de la carrera de medicina, pero también como una carrera especializada. En tal sentido, el médico general, según sea el país y sistema educativo, debe manejar los conocimientos mínimos acerca de medicina legal, por tanto, colaborar en algunas partes del proceso judicial. En casos de mala praxis o negligencia médica, se puede llamar a expertos en medicina legal para que brinden testimonio en los juzgados y determinen el nivel de atención que debería haberse brindado. Los médicos forenses, que están capacitados tanto en medicina legal como en medicina general, desempeñan un papel fundamental en la investigación de muertes súbitas o inesperadas y en la determinación de la causa y la forma de muerte. Por lo tanto, la relación entre la medicina legal y la medicina general es compleja y mul-tifacética, y cada campo juega un papel crucial en la promoción de la salud y la garantía de la just

The purpose of this research is to contribute to the understanding of new tools to be applied in unidentified bodies based on STRs genetic markers, which have a high discrimination power, observed heterozygosity higher than 70%; distant chromosomal locations or, ideally, in different chromosomes to ensure independent segregation; robustness and reproducibility of results in multiplex PCR. In addition to a PCR fragment yield of less than 500 base pairs to achieve better performance in samples with degraded DNA. Additionally, other variables are analyzed, such as Indels classification, the allelic frequency distribution of Indels markers, FST fixation indexes, and allelic frequency distribution for the Central Andean Region, among others. Among the most relevant conclusions of the study is the creation of reference databases from different regions of the country for a panel of 38 Indels markers of easy characterization using a technique of simple implementation in all existing forensic laboratories., Esta investigación tiene como propósito aportar a la compresión de nuevas herramientas para aplicar en cuerpos no identificados con base a los marcadores genéticos STRs, que cuenta con un elevado poder de discriminación una heterocigosis observada superior al 70%; localización cromosómica distante o, idealmente, en cromosomas distintos para asegurar una segregación independiente; robustez y reproducibilidad de resultados en PCR multiplex. Además de una producción de fragmentos de PCR menor a 500 pares de bases para lograr un mejor rendimiento en muestras con ADN degradado. Adicionalmente, se analizan otras variables, tales como clasificación de los Indels, distribución de frecuencias alélicas de los marcadores Indels, índices de fijación FST, distribución de las frecuencias alélicas para Región Andina Central, entre otros. Entre las conclusiones más relevantes del estudio se destaca la creación de bases de datos de referencia de diferentes regiones del país para un panel de 38 marcadores Indels de fácil caracterización mediante una técnica de sencilla implementación en todos los laboratorios forenses existentes.

Email-related incidents/crimes are on the rise owing to the fact that communication by electronic mail (e-mail) has become an important part of our daily lives. The technicality behind e-mail plays an important role when looking for digital evidence that can be used to create a hypothesis that can be used during litigation. During this process, it is needful to have a tool that can help to isolate email incidents as a potential crime scene in the wake of suspected attacks. The problem that this paper is addressing paper, is more centered on realizing an open-source email-forensic tool that used the header analysis approach. One advantage of this approach is that it helps investigators to collect digital evidence from e-mail systems, organize the collected data, analyze and discover any discrepancies in the header fields of an e-mail, and generates an evidence report. The main contribution of this paper focuses on generating a freshly computed hash that is attached to every generated report, to ensure the verifiability, reliability, and integrity of the reports to prove that they have not been modified in any way. Finally, this ensures that the sanctity and forensic soundness of the collected evidence are maintained. © 2023 ACM.

The general practitioner is a primary care professional who cares for and treats an endless number of medical cases and who can be located at different levels of health care. Now, legal medicine, also known as forensic medicine, is a specialized field that applies medical knowledge to legal matters. However, general practitioners receive some notions of legal medicine as part of their training and can collaborate in some legal cases, just as legal practitioners often perform functions as general practitioners. From the above, the relationship between general medicine and legal medicine can be inferred; and based on this, the objective of the following investigation is proposed, which is to capture the general aspects of both, their functions and said relationship. The research was carried out under a bibliographic documentary type methodology, under the review modality. Although forensic medicine and general medicine are two distinct fields, they often overlap and collaborate with each other. Legal medicine can be found as a subject within the medical career, but also as a specialized career. In this sense, the general practitioner, depending on the country and the educational system, must handle the minimum knowledge about legal medicine, therefore, collaborate in some parts of the judicial process. In cases of medical malpractice or neg-ligence, forensic experts may be called in to give testimony in court and determine the level of care that should have been provided. Medical examiners, who are trained in both legal medicine and general medicine, play a critical role in investi-gating sudden or unexpected deaths and determining the cause and manner of death. Therefore, the relationship between legal medicine and general medicine is complex and multifaceted, with each field playing a crucial role in promoting health and guaranteeing justice, El médico general es un profesional de atención primaria que atiende y trata un sinfín de casos médicos y que se puede ubicar en los diferentes niveles de atención de salud. Ahora bien, la medicina legal, también conocida como medicina fo-rense, es un campo especializado que aplica los conocimientos médicos a los asuntos legales. No obstante, los médicos generales dentro de su formación reciben algunas nociones de medicina legal y pueden colaborar en algunos casos de justicia, así como el médico legal muchas veces cumple funciones como médico general. De lo anterior se infiere la rela-ción existente entre la medicina general y la medicina legal; y en base a ello es que se plantea el objetivo de la siguiente investigación, el cual es plasmar los aspectos generales de ambas, sus funciones y dicha relación. La investigación se realizó bajo una metodología de tipo documental bibliográfica, bajo la modalidad de revisión. Aunque la medicina legal y la medicina general son dos campos distintos, a menudo se superponen y colaboran entre sí. La medicina legal puede encontrarse como materia dentro de la carrera de medicina, pero también como una carrera especializada. En tal sentido, el médico general, según sea el país y sistema educativo, debe manejar los conocimientos mínimos acerca de medicina legal, por tanto, colaborar en algunas partes del proceso judicial. En casos de mala praxis o negligencia médica, se puede llamar a expertos en medicina legal para que brinden testimonio en los juzgados y determinen el nivel de atención que debería haberse brindado. Los médicos forenses, que están capacitados tanto en medicina legal como en medicina general, desempeñan un papel fundamental en la investigación de muertes súbitas o inesperadas y en la determinación de la causa y la forma de muerte. Por lo tanto, la relación entre la medicina legal y la medicina general es compleja y mul-tifacética, y cada campo juega un papel crucial en la promoción de la salud y la garantía de la just

Introduction The clinical diagnosis of disorders of arousal (DOA) is based primarily on a clinical history including amnesia for episodes. The presence of amnesia means the patient cannot provide direct evidence. In a forensic setting, when the defendant has been charged criminally with violent actions or sexual related assaults allegedly during sleep, a sleepwalking defense may be presented. As opposed to clinical history, the prosecution generally focuses on the single episode of alleged DOA that resulted in the criminal charges against the defendant. The prosecution will argue that this episode of complex behavior was not consistent with a DOA. A past history of purported episodes is not proof that a recent single episode must be a DOA. However, most sleepwalking defenses rely heavily on standard clinical evaluations despite the fact they have no direct connection with the current criminally charged episode. The International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD-3) General Diagnostic Criteria C for DOAs that states “limited or no associated cognition” should be present. Recent real time studies of DOAs have shown that during DOA episodes the prefrontal cortex (PRC) is deactivated while the motor cortex remains active. Conclusion The PFC is the location of almost all executive functions including inhibition, planning, memory, and many others. Thus, when the PFC is deactivated, these higher cognitive functions are not available. The presence of higher cognitive functions during an alleged episode of DOA would be inconsistent with a deactivated PFC and thus inconsistent with generally accepted brain activity during a NREM parasomnia. This would be direct evidence that the episode could not be a DOA but occurred during wakefulness. Clinical trial No.

IntroductionForensic pathologists are frequently confronted with questions about the likelihood that an injury is inflicted by an assault or is self-inflicted. However, little is known of epidemiological variables applicable to differentiate between homicides and suicides in deaths caused by single stab injuries to the trunk. MethodUsing the Swedish forensic autopsy register we identified 94 homicides and 45 suicides between 2010 and 2021 that died following a single stab injury to the trunk. We extracted characteristics from the cases and performed statistical analyses using Mann-Whitney U and Chi-square test.ResultVictims of homicides were younger than suicide victims (median age 33 years vs. 52 years, p < 0.05), and males were in majority in both groups (93% vs. 82%). Some homicidal stab wounds were placed on the posterior (12%) and axillar trunk (11%) unlike the suicidal stabs which were all placed on the anterior trunk. Most stab wounds of all examinations were placed on the left side of the anterior thorax (60%). In suicides, single stab injuries to the heart were more common than in homicides (67% vs. 48%, p < 0.05). Vasculature injuries were more common in homicides (51% vs. 9%, p < 0.05).DiscussionThe epidemiological variables could be used as a tool when assessing the manner of death in single stabs. Further research on variables associated with manner of death are needed and we suggest also including surviving victims in such analyses.

Background Excellence is that quality that drives continuously improving outcomes for patients. Excellence must be measurable. We set out to measure excellence in forensic mental health services according to four levels of organisation and complexity (basic, standard, progressive and excellent) across seven domains: values and rights; clinical organisation; consistency; timescale; specialisation; routine outcome measures; research and development. Aims To validate the psychometric properties of a measurement scale to test which objective features of forensic services might relate to excellence: for example, university linkages, service size and integrated patient pathways across levels of therapeutic security.Method A survey instrument was devised by a modified Delphi process. Forensic leads, either clinical or academic, in 48 forensic services across 5 jurisdictions completed the questionnaire. Results Regression analysis found that the number of security levels, linked patient pathways, number of in-patient teams and joint university appointments predicted total excellence score. Conclusions Larger services organised according to stratified therapeutic security and with strong university and research links scored higher on this measure of excellence. A weakness is that these were self-ratings. Reliability could be improved with peer review and with objective measures such as quality and quantity of research output. For the future, studies are needed of the determinants of other objective measures of better outcomes for patients, including shorter lengths of stay, reduced recidivism and readmission, and improved physical and mental health and quality of life.

The general practitioner is a primary care professional who cares for and treats an endless number of medical cases and who can be located at different levels of health care. Now, legal medicine, also known as forensic medicine, is a specialized field that applies medical knowledge to legal matters. However, general practitioners receive some notions of legal medicine as part of their training and can collaborate in some legal cases, just as legal practitioners often perform functions as general practitioners. From the above, the relationship between general medicine and legal medicine can be inferred; and based on this, the objective of the following investigation is proposed, which is to capture the general aspects of both, their functions and said relationship. The research was carried out under a bibliographic documentary type methodology, under the review modality. Although forensic medicine and general medicine are two distinct fields, they often overlap and collaborate with each other. Legal medicine can be found as a subject within the medical career, but also as a specialized career. In this sense, the general practitioner, depending on the country and the educational system, must handle the minimum knowledge about legal medicine, therefore, collaborate in some parts of the judicial process. In cases of medical malpractice or neg-ligence, forensic experts may be called in to give testimony in court and determine the level of care that should have been provided. Medical examiners, who are trained in both legal medicine and general medicine, play a critical role in investi-gating sudden or unexpected deaths and determining the cause and manner of death. Therefore, the relationship between legal medicine and general medicine is complex and multifaceted, with each field playing a crucial role in promoting health and guaranteeing justice, El médico general es un profesional de atención primaria que atiende y trata un sinfín de casos médicos y que se puede ubicar en los diferentes niveles de atención de salud. Ahora bien, la medicina legal, también conocida como medicina fo-rense, es un campo especializado que aplica los conocimientos médicos a los asuntos legales. No obstante, los médicos generales dentro de su formación reciben algunas nociones de medicina legal y pueden colaborar en algunos casos de justicia, así como el médico legal muchas veces cumple funciones como médico general. De lo anterior se infiere la rela-ción existente entre la medicina general y la medicina legal; y en base a ello es que se plantea el objetivo de la siguiente investigación, el cual es plasmar los aspectos generales de ambas, sus funciones y dicha relación. La investigación se realizó bajo una metodología de tipo documental bibliográfica, bajo la modalidad de revisión. Aunque la medicina legal y la medicina general son dos campos distintos, a menudo se superponen y colaboran entre sí. La medicina legal puede encontrarse como materia dentro de la carrera de medicina, pero también como una carrera especializada. En tal sentido, el médico general, según sea el país y sistema educativo, debe manejar los conocimientos mínimos acerca de medicina legal, por tanto, colaborar en algunas partes del proceso judicial. En casos de mala praxis o negligencia médica, se puede llamar a expertos en medicina legal para que brinden testimonio en los juzgados y determinen el nivel de atención que debería haberse brindado. Los médicos forenses, que están capacitados tanto en medicina legal como en medicina general, desempeñan un papel fundamental en la investigación de muertes súbitas o inesperadas y en la determinación de la causa y la forma de muerte. Por lo tanto, la relación entre la medicina legal y la medicina general es compleja y mul-tifacética, y cada campo juega un papel crucial en la promoción de la salud y la garantía de la just

The general practitioner is a primary care professional who cares for and treats an endless number of medical cases and who can be located at different levels of health care. Now, legal medicine, also known as forensic medicine, is a specialized field that applies medical knowledge to legal matters. However, general practitioners receive some notions of legal medicine as part of their training and can collaborate in some legal cases, just as legal practitioners often perform functions as general practitioners. From the above, the relationship between general medicine and legal medicine can be inferred; and based on this, the objective of the following investigation is proposed, which is to capture the general aspects of both, their functions and said relationship. The research was carried out under a bibliographic documentary type methodology, under the review modality. Although forensic medicine and general medicine are two distinct fields, they often overlap and collaborate with each other. Legal medicine can be found as a subject within the medical career, but also as a specialized career. In this sense, the general practitioner, depending on the country and the educational system, must handle the minimum knowledge about legal medicine, therefore, collaborate in some parts of the judicial process. In cases of medical malpractice or neg-ligence, forensic experts may be called in to give testimony in court and determine the level of care that should have been provided. Medical examiners, who are trained in both legal medicine and general medicine, play a critical role in investi-gating sudden or unexpected deaths and determining the cause and manner of death. Therefore, the relationship between legal medicine and general medicine is complex and multifaceted, with each field playing a crucial role in promoting health and guaranteeing justice, El médico general es un profesional de atención primaria que atiende y trata un sinfín de casos médicos y que se puede ubicar en los diferentes niveles de atención de salud. Ahora bien, la medicina legal, también conocida como medicina fo-rense, es un campo especializado que aplica los conocimientos médicos a los asuntos legales. No obstante, los médicos generales dentro de su formación reciben algunas nociones de medicina legal y pueden colaborar en algunos casos de justicia, así como el médico legal muchas veces cumple funciones como médico general. De lo anterior se infiere la rela-ción existente entre la medicina general y la medicina legal; y en base a ello es que se plantea el objetivo de la siguiente investigación, el cual es plasmar los aspectos generales de ambas, sus funciones y dicha relación. La investigación se realizó bajo una metodología de tipo documental bibliográfica, bajo la modalidad de revisión. Aunque la medicina legal y la medicina general son dos campos distintos, a menudo se superponen y colaboran entre sí. La medicina legal puede encontrarse como materia dentro de la carrera de medicina, pero también como una carrera especializada. En tal sentido, el médico general, según sea el país y sistema educativo, debe manejar los conocimientos mínimos acerca de medicina legal, por tanto, colaborar en algunas partes del proceso judicial. En casos de mala praxis o negligencia médica, se puede llamar a expertos en medicina legal para que brinden testimonio en los juzgados y determinen el nivel de atención que debería haberse brindado. Los médicos forenses, que están capacitados tanto en medicina legal como en medicina general, desempeñan un papel fundamental en la investigación de muertes súbitas o inesperadas y en la determinación de la causa y la forma de muerte. Por lo tanto, la relación entre la medicina legal y la medicina general es compleja y mul-tifacética, y cada campo juega un papel crucial en la promoción de la salud y la garantía de la just

Forensic sexual assault samples typically contain a mixture of a small quantity of sperm cells and a high quantity of epithelial cells. This relationship complicates the generation of a DNA profile, which prompts the need for differential lysis and extraction of the DNA. Differential extraction is a lengthy method that includes multiple tube transfers and requires a purification step. Amicon Ultra centrifugal filters are employed to purify samples; however, these filters are costly and susceptible to potential breaks in the supply chain. The objective of this project was to examine alternative methods utilizing “off-the-shelf” reagents for sperm cell lysis or sample purification, with the goal of streamlining the current differential extraction protocol. Three methods for sperm cell lysis were studied: alkaline lysis, lysis with the nonionic detergent NP-40, and lysis with a natural decondensation assay. Isopropanol precipitation was examined as an alternative purification method. Additionally, reducing the number of washing steps in the differential extraction protocol was investigated. The results showed that optimized alkaline lysis (25 µL NaOH (0.2 M), 25 µL Tris-HCl (0.2 M) and TE buffer) was comparable to the differential extraction protocol in terms of DNA recovery. Alkaline lysis was also comparable to the differential extraction when performed on mock sexual assault samples. Isopropanol precipitation likewise showed equal DNA yields, complete DNA profiles and peak heights compared to Amicon filtration. Lastly, it was shown that reducing the number of washing steps of the reference protocol produced comparable DNA profiles. In conclusion, the findings suggest that the differential extraction protocol can be modified by using alkaline lysis for sperm cell lysis or isopropanol for purification, as well as by performing only one washing step., Sperm cells are usually the most interesting biological material to analyze in forensic sexual assault samples. However, today’s method for extracting DNA from sperm is both time-consuming and requires purification with expensive filters. It is therefore relevant to investigate alternative protocols that can help streamline the process. The term “sexual offense” it the Swedish legal umbrella term for crimes of a sexual nature, with major crimes including sexual assault. Typically, the biological material of highest interest in sexual assault samples is sperm cells, as DNA can be extracted and potentially linked to a suspect. However, due to the nature of most sexual assault samples, where sperm cells are present in lower quantities in comparison to other cell types (e.g. epithelial cells), successful extraction and analysis of sperm cell DNA is difficult. Because of this, a method called differential extraction is typically performed, where the sperm cells and other cells in the mixture are treated separately. Differential extraction is a lengthy protocol that requires multiple transfers of material between tubes, which can lead to loss of DNA and contamination. On top of this, it uses the strong reagent dithiothreitol (DTT) to successfully break open the sperm cells and release the DNA. DTT interferes with downstream analysis and DNA profiling, for which reason the samples must be purified. At the National Forensic Centre (NFC), purification of samples is done with centrifugal filters called Amicon filters. As there is only one supplier of these filters, the process is susceptible to disruptions in the supply chain, which occurred during the Covid-19 pandemic. Furthermore, Amicon filters are expensive. Therefore, it was relevant to examine alternative methods for sperm cell disruption (lysis) and sample purification that could simplify the current method, preferably while using easily accessible reagents. This project examined three alternative methods for sperm ce

Areh et al. (Psychiatry, Psychology and Law 29:183-205, 2022) recently commented on what standards should be applied to determine whether a test is appropriate for psycholegal use and concluded that the Rorschach does not meet their proposed standards. Accordingly, they concluded that psychologists should not use it in legal contexts. However, Areh et al.'s (2022) claims are based on a significant misunderstanding of how the Rorschach task works, relative neglect of the last 20 years of Rorschach research, unrealistic psychometric standards for assessing the reliability and validity of a psychological assessment measure, and a single European legal case in which a forensic expert used the Rorschach inappropriately. Our article seeks to clarify and correct some of their errors and misleading assertions. First, we clarify how the Rorschach task works according to more recent and widely accepted conceptualizations. Then, we show that Areh et al.'s (2022) position that Rorschach task data do not meet acceptable validity standards, especially when compared to medical tests, is empirically untenable. Next, we provide a detailed and nuanced account of what the Rorschach has to offer as a performance-based assessment method for forensic evaluators and the legal system, with attention paid to the anecdotal legal case Areh et al. (2022) highlighted. Finally, we provide four reasons why the Rorschach can be a useful tool for forensic mental health assessments when using the Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS).

The general practitioner is a primary care professional who cares for and treats an endless number of medical cases and who can be located at different levels of health care. Now, legal medicine, also known as forensic medicine, is a specialized field that applies medical knowledge to legal matters. However, general practitioners receive some notions of legal medicine as part of their training and can collaborate in some legal cases, just as legal practitioners often perform functions as general practitioners. From the above, the relationship between general medicine and legal medicine can be inferred; and based on this, the objective of the following investigation is proposed, which is to capture the general aspects of both, their functions and said relationship. The research was carried out under a bibliographic documentary type methodology, under the review modality. Although forensic medicine and general medicine are two distinct fields, they often overlap and collaborate with each other. Legal medicine can be found as a subject within the medical career, but also as a specialized career. In this sense, the general practitioner, depending on the country and the educational system, must handle the minimum knowledge about legal medicine, therefore, collaborate in some parts of the judicial process. In cases of medical malpractice or neg-ligence, forensic experts may be called in to give testimony in court and determine the level of care that should have been provided. Medical examiners, who are trained in both legal medicine and general medicine, play a critical role in investi-gating sudden or unexpected deaths and determining the cause and manner of death. Therefore, the relationship between legal medicine and general medicine is complex and multifaceted, with each field playing a crucial role in promoting health and guaranteeing justice, El médico general es un profesional de atención primaria que atiende y trata un sinfín de casos médicos y que se puede ubicar en los diferentes niveles de atención de salud. Ahora bien, la medicina legal, también conocida como medicina fo-rense, es un campo especializado que aplica los conocimientos médicos a los asuntos legales. No obstante, los médicos generales dentro de su formación reciben algunas nociones de medicina legal y pueden colaborar en algunos casos de justicia, así como el médico legal muchas veces cumple funciones como médico general. De lo anterior se infiere la rela-ción existente entre la medicina general y la medicina legal; y en base a ello es que se plantea el objetivo de la siguiente investigación, el cual es plasmar los aspectos generales de ambas, sus funciones y dicha relación. La investigación se realizó bajo una metodología de tipo documental bibliográfica, bajo la modalidad de revisión. Aunque la medicina legal y la medicina general son dos campos distintos, a menudo se superponen y colaboran entre sí. La medicina legal puede encontrarse como materia dentro de la carrera de medicina, pero también como una carrera especializada. En tal sentido, el médico general, según sea el país y sistema educativo, debe manejar los conocimientos mínimos acerca de medicina legal, por tanto, colaborar en algunas partes del proceso judicial. En casos de mala praxis o negligencia médica, se puede llamar a expertos en medicina legal para que brinden testimonio en los juzgados y determinen el nivel de atención que debería haberse brindado. Los médicos forenses, que están capacitados tanto en medicina legal como en medicina general, desempeñan un papel fundamental en la investigación de muertes súbitas o inesperadas y en la determinación de la causa y la forma de muerte. Por lo tanto, la relación entre la medicina legal y la medicina general es compleja y mul-tifacética, y cada campo juega un papel crucial en la promoción de la salud y la garantía de la just

The general practitioner is a primary care professional who cares for and treats an endless number of medical cases and who can be located at different levels of health care. Now, legal medicine, also known as forensic medicine, is a specialized field that applies medical knowledge to legal matters. However, general practitioners receive some notions of legal medicine as part of their training and can collaborate in some legal cases, just as legal practitioners often perform functions as general practitioners. From the above, the relationship between general medicine and legal medicine can be inferred; and based on this, the objective of the following investigation is proposed, which is to capture the general aspects of both, their functions and said relationship. The research was carried out under a bibliographic documentary type methodology, under the review modality. Although forensic medicine and general medicine are two distinct fields, they often overlap and collaborate with each other. Legal medicine can be found as a subject within the medical career, but also as a specialized career. In this sense, the general practitioner, depending on the country and the educational system, must handle the minimum knowledge about legal medicine, therefore, collaborate in some parts of the judicial process. In cases of medical malpractice or neg-ligence, forensic experts may be called in to give testimony in court and determine the level of care that should have been provided. Medical examiners, who are trained in both legal medicine and general medicine, play a critical role in investi-gating sudden or unexpected deaths and determining the cause and manner of death. Therefore, the relationship between legal medicine and general medicine is complex and multifaceted, with each field playing a crucial role in promoting health and guaranteeing justice, El médico general es un profesional de atención primaria que atiende y trata un sinfín de casos médicos y que se puede ubicar en los diferentes niveles de atención de salud. Ahora bien, la medicina legal, también conocida como medicina fo-rense, es un campo especializado que aplica los conocimientos médicos a los asuntos legales. No obstante, los médicos generales dentro de su formación reciben algunas nociones de medicina legal y pueden colaborar en algunos casos de justicia, así como el médico legal muchas veces cumple funciones como médico general. De lo anterior se infiere la rela-ción existente entre la medicina general y la medicina legal; y en base a ello es que se plantea el objetivo de la siguiente investigación, el cual es plasmar los aspectos generales de ambas, sus funciones y dicha relación. La investigación se realizó bajo una metodología de tipo documental bibliográfica, bajo la modalidad de revisión. Aunque la medicina legal y la medicina general son dos campos distintos, a menudo se superponen y colaboran entre sí. La medicina legal puede encontrarse como materia dentro de la carrera de medicina, pero también como una carrera especializada. En tal sentido, el médico general, según sea el país y sistema educativo, debe manejar los conocimientos mínimos acerca de medicina legal, por tanto, colaborar en algunas partes del proceso judicial. En casos de mala praxis o negligencia médica, se puede llamar a expertos en medicina legal para que brinden testimonio en los juzgados y determinen el nivel de atención que debería haberse brindado. Los médicos forenses, que están capacitados tanto en medicina legal como en medicina general, desempeñan un papel fundamental en la investigación de muertes súbitas o inesperadas y en la determinación de la causa y la forma de muerte. Por lo tanto, la relación entre la medicina legal y la medicina general es compleja y mul-tifacética, y cada campo juega un papel crucial en la promoción de la salud y la garantía de la just

Background Violent criminal offenders with personality disorders (PD's) can cause immense harm, but are often deemed untreatable. This study aimed to conduct a randomized clinical trial to test the effectiveness of long-term psychotherapy for rehabilitating offenders with PDs. Methods We compared schema therapy (ST), an evidence-based psychotherapy for PDs, to treatment-as-usual (TAU) at eight high-security forensic hospitals in the Netherlands. Patients in both conditions received multiple treatment modalities and differed only in the individual, study-specific therapy they received. One-hundred-three male offenders with antisocial, narcissistic, borderline, or paranoid PDs, or Cluster B PD-not-otherwise-specified, were assigned to 3 years of ST or TAU and assessed every 6 months. Primary outcomes were rehabilitation, involving gradual reintegration into the community, and PD symptoms. Results Patients in both conditions showed moderate to large improvements in outcomes. ST was superior to TAU on both primary outcomes - rehabilitation (i.e. attaining supervised and unsupervised leave) and PD symptoms - and six of nine secondary outcomes, with small to moderate advantages over TAU. ST patients moved more rapidly through rehabilitation (supervised leave, treatment∗time: F(5308) = 9.40, p < 0.001; unsupervised leave, treatment∗time: F(5472) = 3.45, p = 0.004), and showed faster improvements on PD scales (treatment∗time: t(1387) = -2.85, p = 0.005). Conclusions These findings contradict pessimistic views on the treatability of violent offenders with PDs, and support the effectiveness of long-term psychotherapy for rehabilitating these patients, facilitating their re-entry into the community.

A bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) found dead in northern Spain presented external lesions consistent with electrocution as the cause of death. During forensic examination, macroscopic lesions suggested potential comorbidity, so samples were collected for molecular and toxicological analyses. Gastric content and liver were analysed for toxic substances, and pentobarbital (a common pharmaceutical used for euthanasia in domestic animals) was detected at a concentration of 37.3 and 0.05 µg/g, respectively. Other toxicological, viral and endoparasite analyses (avian malaria, avian influenza and flaviviruses) were negative. Thus, although the cause of death was electrocution, pentobarbital intoxication likely impaired the equilibrium and reflexes of the individual, possibly causing the bird to contact energized wires that it would not have otherwise. These results underline the importance of comprehensive analysis of forensic cases of wildlife deaths and reveal barbiturate poisoning as an additional threat for the conservation of the bearded vulture in Europe.

The primary purpose of the study consisted in carrying out an analysis on the applicability of forensic audit techniques as a strategy to stop economic fraud in organizations of the public and/or private sector, in this study the beginnings of the implementation of audits are proposed based on in the different methods such as obtaining evidence through a forensic search. This research proposes accounting as a discipline of economic sciences and main input for decision making. To achieve this objective, the systematic review of the literature was taken as a method, having as a principle to investigate the current state of the art from a holistic and paradigmatic perspective, considering the forensic audit in these alternative periods due to the effects of globalization of clients; where companies are not exempt from being presented with financial fraud. Finally, it can be inferred that the forensic auditor has a specific function of going beyond what is observable, but also from the ethics of his activity. Bearing in mind that these financial frauds are most often perpetrated by people within organizations; for these reasons, the forensic auditor must have some skills, competencies and knowledge of legal regulations., O objetivo principal do estudo foi realizar uma análise sobre a aplicabilidade das técnicas de auditoria forense como estratégia para impedir fraudes econômicas em organizações do setor público e/ou privado, neste estudo são propostos os primórdios da implementação de auditorias com base em os diferentes métodos, como a obtenção de provas através de uma pesquisa forense. Esta pesquisa propõe a contabilidade como disciplina das ciências econômicas e principal insumo para a tomada de decisão. Para atingir este objetivo, tomou-se como método a revisão sistemática da literatura, tendo como princípio investigar o atual estado da arte a partir de uma perspectiva holística e paradigmática, considerando a auditoria forense nestes períodos alternativos devido aos efeitos da globalização de clientes; onde as empresas não estão isentas de fraudes financeiras. Por fim, pode-se inferir que o auditor forense tem função específica de ir além do observável, mas também da ética de sua atividade. Tendo em mente que essas fraudes financeiras são na maioria das vezes perpetradas por pessoas dentro das organizações; por estas razões, o auditor forense deve ter algumas habilidades, competências e conhecimento das normas legais., El primordial fin del estudio consistió en realizar un análisis sobre la aplicabilidad de las técnicas de auditoría forense como estrategia para detener el fraude económico en las organizaciones del sector público y/o particular, en este estudio se plantean los inicios de la implementación de auditorías basándose en los diferentes métodos como es la obtención de la prueba a través de una búsqueda forense. Esta investigación propone a la contabilidad como una disciplina de las ciencias económicas e insumo principal para tomar decisiones. Para lograr este objetivo, se tomó como método la revisión sistemática de la literatura, teniendo como principio indagar el estado actual del arte desde una perspectiva holística y paradigmática, considerando la auditoría forense en estos periodos alternativos por los efectos de la mundialización de los clientes; donde las empresas no están exentas de presentárseles fraudes financieros. Finalmente se puede inferir que el auditor forense tiene una función específica de ir más allá de lo observable, sino también desde la ética en su actividad. Teniendo en cuenta que estos fraudes financieros son perpetrados en la mayoría de las veces por personas dentro de las organizaciones; por tales razones el auditor forense debe contar con unas habilidades, competencias y conocimientos de la normativa legal.

In the forensic medicine field, molecular autopsy is the post-mortem genetic analysis performed to attempt to unravel the cause of decease in cases remaining unexplained after a comprehensive forensic autopsy. This negative autopsy, classified as negative or non-conclusive, usually occurs in young population. In these cases, in which the cause of death is unascertained after a thorough autopsy, an underlying inherited arrhythmogenic syndrome is the main suspected cause of death. Next-generation sequencing allows a rapid and cost-effectives genetic analysis, identifying a rare variant classified as potentially pathogenic in up to 25% of sudden death cases in young population. The first symptom of an inherited arrhythmogenic disease may be a malignant arrhythmia, and even sudden death. Early identification of a pathogenic genetic alteration associated with an inherited arrhythmogenic syndrome may help to adopt preventive personalized measures to reduce risk of malignant arrhythmias and sudden death in the victim’s relatives, at risk despite being asymptomatic. The current main challenge is a proper genetic interpretation of variants identified and useful clinical translation. The implications of this personalized translational medicine are multifaceted, requiring the dedication of a specialized team, including forensic scientists, pathologists, cardiologists, pediatric cardiologists, and geneticists.

Základním předmětem příspěvku je problematika digitální identifikace vozidla, využitelná zejména pro forenzní, technické a administrativně správní účely. Příspěvek vychází z tříletého výzkumu nově vyrobených vozidel v letech 2018–2021 na Policejní akademii v Bratislavě, Slovenská republika. U 43 světových výrobců vozidel byly u jejich 250 modelů zjišťovány různé charakteristiky digitálních identifikátorů. Příspěvek definuje pojmy veřejných a neveřejných digitálních identifikátorů vozidel a zabývá se jejich základními vlastnostmi – umístění identifikátorů v komponentách vozidel, jejich počty, opakovatelností, strukturou, informačním obsahem, ochrannými prvky identifikátoru, problematikou neměnnosti identifikátorů, vhodnými protokoly a zařízeními pro čtení identifikátorů, specifičnostmi a praktickou využitelností identifikátorů. V příspěvku je poprvé zaveden a vysvětlen termín digiVIN (digital VIN), který je definován jako Vehicle Identification Number, opakovaně umístěný v digitální podobě v různých komponentách vozidla. Příspěvek srovnává značení jednotlivých komponent ve vozidlech u vybraných výrobců vozidel na světě pomocí digitálních identifikátorů. V příspěvku jsou uvedena pozitiva a negativa využití digitálních identifikátorů v praxi v současné podobě a doporučeny další postupy pro zavedení těchto pokrokových identifikačních postupů do každodenní forenzní praxe., The basic subject of the article is the issue of digital vehicle identification, which can be especially utilised for forensic, technical and administrative purposes. The article is based on a three-year research of newly produced vehicles over the course of years 2018–2021 at the Police academy in Bratislava, Slovak Republic. Over 250 vehicle models from 43 manufacturers worldwide have been researched for the various characteristics of their digital identifiers. The article defines the terms of public and non-public digital vehicle identifiers and explores their basic properties – their placement in vehicle components, their quantities, repeatability, structure, informational content, protective elements, the issue of their permanence, suitable protocols and reading devices, particularities and practical utility. The article first introduces and explains the term digiVIN (digital VIN), which is identified as Vehicle Identification, periodically placed in digital form on the various components of the vehicle. The article compares the markings (via digital identifiers) of the individual components in the vehicles from selected vehicle manufacturers from around the world. The article describes the positives and negatives of using digital identifiers in practice in the current form and recommends further procedures for introducing these progressive identification methods into everyday forensics.

This report consists of an inventory of the skeletal remains of case# 167, assessment of the minimum number of individuals (MNI), a biological profile if possible, and a literature review of the assessment and understanding of ballistic trauma. The skeletal remains are consistent with an MNI of one. The remains are likely from a male individual, and skeletal features are representative of a person of Caucasian ancestry. The individual is estimated to be between of 35-65 years old with an estimated stature of between 5’5” and 5’9”.

Preventing family harm and providing care for those affected is a high priority for governments and social services worldwide. Adverse consequences of family harm continue to place demands on justice, mental health and care and protection services. The costs to individuals, families and communities are beyond measure, given that rates of family harm are under-reported. Quantitative researchers have demonstrated a link between childhood maltreatment and family harm perpetration with existing psychological theories used to explain this link. However, mainstream theories were first developed many decades ago, at a time when the notion of gender was not inclusively factored into theory development. Neither were they developed with or by Indigenous peoples, calling into question the translatability of mainstream theories for stopping the intergenerational transmission of trauma and violence. The main aim of this thesis was to explore the relationship between childhood maltreatment and the perpetration of family harm by investigating two research questions. How could psychological theories better explain the pathways between childhood experiences of maltreatment and family harm perpetration? And, to what extent do psychological theories about the cycle of family harm reflect the experiences of Māori and non-Māori men and women in Aotearoa New Zealand? To answer these questions, interviews were conducted with 16 individuals who self-identified as perpetrating family harm and had childhood histories of maltreatment. (n=8 men, n=8 women). Purposive sampling ensured an equal number of Māori (Indigenous people of Aotearoa New Zealand) and non-Māori participated in the research. Thematic analysis was utilised to examine the personal conceptualisations regarding the association between experiences of childhood maltreatment and subsequent perpetration of family harm. The core corpus of data explored the maltreatment-family harm relationship within and between Māori and non-Māori

Salvaging burned human remains can be a challenging task for the forensic specialists, and interpreting evidence from thermally altered skeletal elements can be difficult. Based on the results presented in this dissertation more is possible than was previously known. In this dissertation, novel ways of finding and analyzing burned human remains are presented to the field of forensic anthropology. This thesis introduces new methods to collect and differentiate cremated bone from construction debris from a fire scene, and estimate the exposure temperature that bones have been exposed to – which is important for forensic investigation. Further, this dissertation provides the reader with new knowledge on heat induced biophysical changes and characteristics that aids the interpretation of skeletal damage that occurred before, during or after the fire. It is important for new methods in forensic practice to comply with legal standards. Accordingly, the value of the presented methods for practice in both the field and the courtroom are thoroughly discussed to inform both the forensic practitioner as well as the legal experts.

« L’intelligence et le sens moral d’un enfant de 8 ans », c’est par ces mots qu’en août 1933, le médecin-chef de l’Etablissement de Défense Sociale de Tournai qualifie l’état psychique de Maxence C., un débile mental (sic) reconnu coupable du chef de vol et d’escroquerie mais jugé incapable du contrôle de ses actions. A l’aube de ses 27 ans, ce « demi-fou » enchaîne depuis vingt ans les séjours en institution. Entre internats médico-pédagogiques, asiles d’aliénés et établissements de défense sociale, le parcours de vie de Maxence C. est jalonné de multiples interactions avec les autorités judiciaires, médicales et administratives qui tantôt le condamne à l’incarcération, tantôt favorise sa réhabilitation au sein de la société. Arrimé à cette identité de marginal dans un « monde faux et crapuleux » selon ses dires, Maxence C. peine à acquérir une pleine autonomie synonyme de liberté (re)trouvée. Travail, suivi médical, tutelle morale et accompagnement familial semblent toujours vains. Devenu sexagénaire, il demeure ainsi un « danger social » balloté entre asiles-prisons et prisons-asiles aux quatre coins du royaume. A travers l’examen minutieux d’un dossier de plusieurs centaines de pages élaboré par la Commission de défense sociale de Forest, cette communication propose de mettre en lumière la complexité de la trajectoire de vie d’un individu à la fois criminel et aliéné, visé par un dispositif hybride de sécurité et de soins. Si cette étude considère la perspective du patient à travers une histoire par le bas, elle dépasse celle-ci pour entrouvrir la possibilité d’un récit polyphonique sur des temps longs qui confronte de multiples voix (celle de l’administration et de la police, celle des médecins et des magistrats, celle du malade et de ses proches). Nourrit par les enseignements de la micro-histoire et de l’étude de cas dans la recherche historique, cette contribution offre un regard original sur l’évolution des normes qui conditionnent un mouvement vers ou, au

« L’intelligence et le sens moral d’un enfant de 8 ans », c’est par ces mots qu’en août 1933, le médecin-chef de l’Etablissement de Défense Sociale de Tournai qualifie l’état psychique de Maxence C., un débile mental (sic) reconnu coupable du chef de vol et d’escroquerie mais jugé incapable du contrôle de ses actions. A l’aube de ses 27 ans, ce « demi-fou » enchaîne depuis vingt ans les séjours en institution. Entre internats médico-pédagogiques, asiles d’aliénés et établissements de défense sociale, le parcours de vie de Maxence C. est jalonné de multiples interactions avec les autorités judiciaires, médicales et administratives qui tantôt le condamne à l’incarcération, tantôt favorise sa réhabilitation au sein de la société. Arrimé à cette identité de marginal dans un « monde faux et crapuleux » selon ses dires, Maxence C. peine à acquérir une pleine autonomie synonyme de liberté (re)trouvée. Travail, suivi médical, tutelle morale et accompagnement familial semblent toujours vains. Devenu sexagénaire, il demeure ainsi un « danger social » balloté entre asiles-prisons et prisons-asiles aux quatre coins du royaume. A travers l’examen minutieux d’un dossier de plusieurs centaines de pages élaboré par la Commission de défense sociale de Forest, cette communication propose de mettre en lumière la complexité de la trajectoire de vie d’un individu à la fois criminel et aliéné, visé par un dispositif hybride de sécurité et de soins. Si cette étude considère la perspective du patient à travers une histoire par le bas, elle dépasse celle-ci pour entrouvrir la possibilité d’un récit polyphonique sur des temps longs qui confronte de multiples voix (celle de l’administration et de la police, celle des médecins et des magistrats, celle du malade et de ses proches). Nourrit par les enseignements de la micro-histoire et de l’étude de cas dans la recherche historique, cette contribution offre un regard original sur l’évolution des normes qui conditionnent un mouvement vers ou, au

An allele frequency database can be used to determine how common or rare an allele or a combination of alleles is. Allele frequencies can be used to determine random match probabilities in forensic cases, paternity testing, mass disasters, cold cases and missing persons investigations. The purpose of this study is to create a population database that represents the 6.7 million people estimated to be living in El Salvador. We determined the allele frequencies of the 21 loci of the GlobalFiler™ PCR Amplification Kit for the El Salvador population. The DNA samples were collected by Pro-Busqueda, a non-profit organization in El Salvador from unrelated volunteers to be representative of the country. We received 762 DNA samples, extracted DNA from 502 samples, quantified, amplified and separated DNA fragments by size and determined the alleles from 360 samples, genotyped and generated DNA profiles for 317 samples. We used STRAF, an online tool to calculate allele frequencies, test loci for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and linkage disequilibrium, determine if there is population substructure, as well as calculate relevant forensic parameters such as the power of discrimination (PD or 1-PM), match probability (PM), polymorphism information content (PIC), the power of exclusion (PE) and typical parental index (TPI). We determined the 21 autosomal Globalfiler™ loci used for the database are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and, therefore, can be used for genotyping probabilities. The loci are also in linkage equilibrium, are independent from one another and therefore the product rule can be used to calculate random match probabilities and likelihood ratios. We used GenePop v 4.7.5 to perform a Fisher’s Exact G-Test for population differentiation within the country. After validating the allele frequency database, we compared it to the United States Hispanic allele frequency database. We determined that the El Salvador and the United States Hispanic databases were significantly diff

Základním předmětem příspěvku je problematika digitální identifikace vozidla, využitelná zejména pro forenzní, technické a administrativně správní účely. Příspěvek vychází z tříletého výzkumu nově vyrobených vozidel v letech 2018–2021 na Policejní akademii v Bratislavě, Slovenská republika. U 43 světových výrobců vozidel byly u jejich 250 modelů zjišťovány různé charakteristiky digitálních identifikátorů. Příspěvek definuje pojmy veřejných a neveřejných digitálních identifikátorů vozidel a zabývá se jejich základními vlastnostmi – umístění identifikátorů v komponentách vozidel, jejich počty, opakovatelností, strukturou, informačním obsahem, ochrannými prvky identifikátoru, problematikou neměnnosti identifikátorů, vhodnými protokoly a zařízeními pro čtení identifikátorů, specifičnostmi a praktickou využitelností identifikátorů. V příspěvku je poprvé zaveden a vysvětlen termín digiVIN (digital VIN), který je definován jako Vehicle Identification Number, opakovaně umístěný v digitální podobě v různých komponentách vozidla. Příspěvek srovnává značení jednotlivých komponent ve vozidlech u vybraných výrobců vozidel na světě pomocí digitálních identifikátorů. V příspěvku jsou uvedena pozitiva a negativa využití digitálních identifikátorů v praxi v současné podobě a doporučeny další postupy pro zavedení těchto pokrokových identifikačních postupů do každodenní forenzní praxe., The basic subject of the article is the issue of digital vehicle identification, which can be especially utilised for forensic, technical and administrative purposes. The article is based on a three-year research of newly produced vehicles over the course of years 2018–2021 at the Police academy in Bratislava, Slovak Republic. Over 250 vehicle models from 43 manufacturers worldwide have been researched for the various characteristics of their digital identifiers. The article defines the terms of public and non-public digital vehicle identifiers and explores their basic properties – their placement in vehicle components, their quantities, repeatability, structure, informational content, protective elements, the issue of their permanence, suitable protocols and reading devices, particularities and practical utility. The article first introduces and explains the term digiVIN (digital VIN), which is identified as Vehicle Identification, periodically placed in digital form on the various components of the vehicle. The article compares the markings (via digital identifiers) of the individual components in the vehicles from selected vehicle manufacturers from around the world. The article describes the positives and negatives of using digital identifiers in practice in the current form and recommends further procedures for introducing these progressive identification methods into everyday forensics.

Although risk factors associated with offending and recidivism are relatively well-established for mainstream sexual offenses, much less is known about men with a low IQ who have sexually offended (MIQSO), let alone those with forensic involvement. In this exploratory study, 137 convicted for the commission of at least one sexual offense and found not criminally responsible because a mental disorder were recruited in a maximum-security hospital. They were all assessed with the SORAG (static risk factors) and the RSVP (dynamic risk factors). Compared with MIQSO (N = 76), men with an average or higher IQ who have sexually offended (MSO, N = 61) obtained significantly higher scores on static factors related with general delinquency (histories of alcohol abuse, non-violent criminality, violent criminality, and sexual offense) and dynamic factors related with sexual delinquency, paraphilia, and recidivism (chronicity, psychological coercion, escalation, sexual deviance, and substance abuse). In contrast, MIQSO obtained significantly higher scores on major mental illness, problems with planning and problems with self-awareness. Logistic regressions revealed that both the SORAG and RSVP were useful to predict group membership. It is concluded that risk factors related with general and sexual delinquency better describe offenses committed by MSO, whereas risk factors related with mental disorder, lack of insight and contextual impulsivity better describe offenses committed by MIQSO.

Forensic Audit and Financial Fraud The Forensic Audit was born as a result of the proliferation of scandals and financial fraud that have arisen in recent years, such as in the United States, the cases of the companies Enron, Worldcom and Tyco, hence the importance of investigating hundreds of companies, being necessary to establish their own audit parameters to evaluate quality control, accounting standards, corporate responsibility, reports and guidelines that facilitate the treatment of corporate fraud. Currently there is a broad movement against corruption, activities that are positive and should be encouraged, to generate more awareness in society; demanding effective punitive measures. The evidence provided by traditional audits is not enough and impunity continues to manifest itself daily, which is why this paper aims to highlight that forensic auditing is a more specialized technique and, above all, a topic that as auditor accountants we must investigate and put into practice. in practice. After the investigation of several authors and applications, it is determined that the Forensic Audit is an alternative to combat corruption, provide evaluations and advice so that experts in this branch issue before the judges concepts and opinions of technical value, which allow acting with justice, greater certainty, especially in relation to compliance with the management of public and private institutions, in addition to promoting a control system that allows obtaining the necessary evidence to face the crimes committed by officials and employees, consequently the work of the Forensic Auditor, must develop in an integrated environment with a multidisciplinary team of specialists, La Auditoria Forense, nace a raíz de la proliferación de escándalos y fraudes financieros suscitados en los últimos años, como en Estados Unidos, los casos de las empresas Enron, Worldcom y Tyco, de ahí la importancia de investigar a cientos de empresas, siendo necesario el establecimiento de parámetros propios de auditoria para evaluar el control de calidad, normas de contabilidad, responsabilidad corporativa, informes y lineamientos que faciliten el tratamiento del fraude corporativo. Actualmente se observa un amplio movimiento contra la corrupción, actividades que resultan positivas y deben ser estimuladas, para generar más conciencia en la sociedad; exigiendo medidas sancionatorias efectivas. Las pruebas que aportan las auditorías tradicionales no son suficientes y la impunidad se sigue manifestando a diario, razón por la cual en este trabajo se pretende destacar que la auditoria forense es una técnica más especializada y sobretodo un tema que como contadores auditores debemos investigar y poner en práctica. Luego de la investigación de varios autores y aplicaciones se determina que la Auditoría Forense es una alternativa para combatir la corrupción, proporcionar evaluaciones y asesoramiento para que expertos en esta rama emitan ante los jueces conceptos y opiniones de valor técnico, que permitan actuar con justicia, mayor certeza, especialmente en lo relativo al cumplimiento de la gestión de las instituciones públicas y privadas, además de promover de un sistema de control que permite obtener evidencias necesarias para enfrentar los delitos cometidos por funcionarios y empleados, consecuentemente la labor del Auditor Forense, debe desarrollarse en ambiente integrado con equipo multidisciplinario de especialistas.

Forensic Audit and Financial Fraud The Forensic Audit was born as a result of the proliferation of scandals and financial fraud that have arisen in recent years, such as in the United States, the cases of the companies Enron, Worldcom and Tyco, hence the importance of investigating hundreds of companies, being necessary to establish their own audit parameters to evaluate quality control, accounting standards, corporate responsibility, reports and guidelines that facilitate the treatment of corporate fraud. Currently there is a broad movement against corruption, activities that are positive and should be encouraged, to generate more awareness in society; demanding effective punitive measures. The evidence provided by traditional audits is not enough and impunity continues to manifest itself daily, which is why this paper aims to highlight that forensic auditing is a more specialized technique and, above all, a topic that as auditor accountants we must investigate and put into practice. in practice. After the investigation of several authors and applications, it is determined that the Forensic Audit is an alternative to combat corruption, provide evaluations and advice so that experts in this branch issue before the judges concepts and opinions of technical value, which allow acting with justice, greater certainty, especially in relation to compliance with the management of public and private institutions, in addition to promoting a control system that allows obtaining the necessary evidence to face the crimes committed by officials and employees, consequently the work of the Forensic Auditor, must develop in an integrated environment with a multidisciplinary team of specialists, La Auditoria Forense, nace a raíz de la proliferación de escándalos y fraudes financieros suscitados en los últimos años, como en Estados Unidos, los casos de las empresas Enron, Worldcom y Tyco, de ahí la importancia de investigar a cientos de empresas, siendo necesario el establecimiento de parámetros propios de auditoria para evaluar el control de calidad, normas de contabilidad, responsabilidad corporativa, informes y lineamientos que faciliten el tratamiento del fraude corporativo. Actualmente se observa un amplio movimiento contra la corrupción, actividades que resultan positivas y deben ser estimuladas, para generar más conciencia en la sociedad; exigiendo medidas sancionatorias efectivas. Las pruebas que aportan las auditorías tradicionales no son suficientes y la impunidad se sigue manifestando a diario, razón por la cual en este trabajo se pretende destacar que la auditoria forense es una técnica más especializada y sobretodo un tema que como contadores auditores debemos investigar y poner en práctica. Luego de la investigación de varios autores y aplicaciones se determina que la Auditoría Forense es una alternativa para combatir la corrupción, proporcionar evaluaciones y asesoramiento para que expertos en esta rama emitan ante los jueces conceptos y opiniones de valor técnico, que permitan actuar con justicia, mayor certeza, especialmente en lo relativo al cumplimiento de la gestión de las instituciones públicas y privadas, además de promover de un sistema de control que permite obtener evidencias necesarias para enfrentar los delitos cometidos por funcionarios y empleados, consecuentemente la labor del Auditor Forense, debe desarrollarse en ambiente integrado con equipo multidisciplinario de especialistas.

Aim: The aim of the present study is to determine sex of the individuals using mandibular ramus width (right side).Introduction: Sex determination as a cornerstone of identification is at the same time an importantaspect of forensic anthropology and in forensic examination. Measurements of the mandibular ramus typically reveal more gender differences than those of the mandibular body, and measurements of the mandibular ramus typically reveal more sexual dimorphism Materials and methods: This study was conducted in the department of Forensic Odontology. A retrospective study was conducted using an orthopantomograph of 60 subjects (30 males and 30 females). Their ages ranged from 41 to 50 years.Results and discussion: In the present study comprising 30 males and 30 females; The mean standard deviation for male is 35.9667 + 4.02264 and the mean + standard deviation for female is 36.7567 + 4.90487. The mandible is considered to be the best bone for determining sex because of its distinct characteristics, which include being the largest, strongest, and sexually dimorphic bone of the skull as well as frequently being recovered substantially intact. The condylar area and mandibular ramus undergo the most morphological transformations during growth in terms of size and remodelling. Conclusion: The study concluded that the minimum mandibular ramus width of females is 36.76 and that of male is 35.96 stating that females have larger mandibular width than males. From the results it can be concluded that minimum mandibular ramus width is one of the best parameters in sex determination.

Gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS) are widely used techniques in the analysis of complex mixtures due to their various advantages, such as high selectivity, reproducibility, precision, and sensitivity. However, the data processing is often complex and time-consuming and requires a great deal of experience, which might be a serious drawback in certain areas, such as quality control, or regarding research in the field of medicine or forensic sciences, where time plays a crucial role. For these reasons, some authors have proposed the use of alternative data processing approaches, such as the total ion chromatogram or total mass spectrum, allowing these techniques to be treated as sensors where each retention time or ratio m/z acts as a sensor collecting total intensities. In this way, the main advantages associated with both techniques are maintained, but the outcomes from the analysis can be reached in a faster, simpler, and an almost automated way. In this review, the main features of the GC- and MS-based analysis methodologies and the ways in which to apply them are highlighted. Moreover, their implementation in different fields, such as agri-food, forensics, environmental sciences, or medicine is discussed, highlighting important advantages as well as limitations.

Preventing family harm and providing care for those affected is a high priority for governments and social services worldwide. Adverse consequences of family harm continue to place demands on justice, mental health and care and protection services. The costs to individuals, families and communities are beyond measure, given that rates of family harm are under-reported. Quantitative researchers have demonstrated a link between childhood maltreatment and family harm perpetration with existing psychological theories used to explain this link. However, mainstream theories were first developed many decades ago, at a time when the notion of gender was not inclusively factored into theory development. Neither were they developed with or by Indigenous peoples, calling into question the translatability of mainstream theories for stopping the intergenerational transmission of trauma and violence. The main aim of this thesis was to explore the relationship between childhood maltreatment and the perpetration of family harm by investigating two research questions. How could psychological theories better explain the pathways between childhood experiences of maltreatment and family harm perpetration? And, to what extent do psychological theories about the cycle of family harm reflect the experiences of Māori and non-Māori men and women in Aotearoa New Zealand? To answer these questions, interviews were conducted with 16 individuals who self-identified as perpetrating family harm and had childhood histories of maltreatment. (n=8 men, n=8 women). Purposive sampling ensured an equal number of Māori (Indigenous people of Aotearoa New Zealand) and non-Māori participated in the research. Thematic analysis was utilised to examine the personal conceptualisations regarding the association between experiences of childhood maltreatment and subsequent perpetration of family harm. The core corpus of data explored the maltreatment-family harm relationship within and between Māori and non-Māori