Search

Flies are vectors that can transmit disease to humans. Therefore, it needs to be controlled. To control flies, use natural insecticides (natural repellents). This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the decoction of cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum burmanii) as a fly repellent in the drying process of salted seat fish. This type of study is quasi-experimental, with a posttest-only control group design. The samples in this study were flies found in the wild. It consisted of 5 treatments, one control, and four repetitions (replications). The ANOVA test showed that varying doses of boiled cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum burmanii) as a fly repellent affected drying salted fish. The sig value is 0.00 < 0.05. The difference in the repellent power of the 12% dose was 14.47%, the 15% dose was 37.35%, the 18% dose was 55.2%, the 21% dose was 67.71%, and the 24% dose was 83.63%. It is hoped that the public can use a decoction of cinnamon bark as a natural repellent for fly vectors., Flies are vectors that can transmit disease to humans. Therefore, it needs to be controlled. To control flies, use natural insecticides (natural repellents). This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the decoction of cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum burmanii) as a fly repellent in the drying process of salted seat fish. This type of study is quasi-experimental, with a posttest-only control group design. The samples in this study were flies found in the wild. It consisted of 5 treatments, one control, and four repetitions (replications). The ANOVA test showed that varying doses of boiled cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum burmanii) as a fly repellent affected drying salted fish. The sig value is 0.00 < 0.05. The difference in the repellent power of the 12% dose was 14.47%, the 15% dose was 37.35%, the 18% dose was 55.2%, the 21% dose was 67.71%, and the 24% dose was 83.63%. It is hoped that the public can use a decoction of cinnamon bark as a natural repellent for fly vectors.

Flies are vectors that can transmit disease to humans. Therefore, it needs to be controlled. To control flies, use natural insecticides (natural repellents). This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the decoction of cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum burmanii) as a fly repellent in the drying process of salted seat fish. This type of study is quasi-experimental, with a posttest-only control group design. The samples in this study were flies found in the wild. It consisted of 5 treatments, one control, and four repetitions (replications). The ANOVA test showed that varying doses of boiled cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum burmanii) as a fly repellent affected drying salted fish. The sig value is 0.00 < 0.05. The difference in the repellent power of the 12% dose was 14.47%, the 15% dose was 37.35%, the 18% dose was 55.2%, the 21% dose was 67.71%, and the 24% dose was 83.63%. It is hoped that the public can use a decoction of cinnamon bark as a natural repellent for fly vectors., Flies are vectors that can transmit disease to humans. Therefore, it needs to be controlled. To control flies, use natural insecticides (natural repellents). This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the decoction of cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum burmanii) as a fly repellent in the drying process of salted seat fish. This type of study is quasi-experimental, with a posttest-only control group design. The samples in this study were flies found in the wild. It consisted of 5 treatments, one control, and four repetitions (replications). The ANOVA test showed that varying doses of boiled cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum burmanii) as a fly repellent affected drying salted fish. The sig value is 0.00 < 0.05. The difference in the repellent power of the 12% dose was 14.47%, the 15% dose was 37.35%, the 18% dose was 55.2%, the 21% dose was 67.71%, and the 24% dose was 83.63%. It is hoped that the public can use a decoction of cinnamon bark as a natural repellent for fly vectors.

This course will explore a diverse collection of striking biological phenomena associated with the X chromosome. We will examine the genetic basis and significance of several X-linked mutations. We will also discuss why men are more likely than women to display X-linked traits. We will look at the different mechanisms by which X chromosome gene expression is equalized in mammals, flies, and worms and how these mechanisms can yield unusual phenotypes. Throughout our discussions of the X chromosome we will use both recent and classic primary research papers to learn about this chromosome's fascinating biology. This course is one of many Advanced Undergraduate Seminars offered by the Biology Department at MIT. These seminars are tailored for students with an interest in using primary research literature to discuss and learn about current biological research in a highly interactive setting. Many instructors of the Advanced Undergraduate Seminars are postdoctoral scientists with a strong interest in teaching.

Background. DNA of African swine fever virus (ASFV) has previously been detected in hematophagous insects on ASF outbreak farms. However, it remains unclear whether the viral DNA derived from blood meals that originated from pigs on the outbreak farm or was introduced from infected domestic pigs or wild boar sources located outside of the outbreak farm. Methods. We caught 644 hematophagous insects on the windows at two non-outbreak high-biosecurity pig farms (i.e., without ASFV-infected pigs) using plastic meshes coated with sticky glue, as well as 3576 hematophagous insects using H-traps on or around the farms. Using PCR analyses, we identified which insects were present, whether these hematophagous insects carried blood from an external (exogenous) source and if the blood contained ASFV DNA. Results. We found blood meals with ASFV DNA in one pool of five Haematopota spp. in the H-traps. From the window traps, we found 0-2.7% of Haematopota spp., Stomoxys calcitrans, and Aedes spp. carrying blood meals from exogenous sources into the farms. Some insects carried bovine blood; the closest registered source for this was 2500m from the pig farm. Conclusion. Hematophagous insects carrying ASFV-positive blood meals or blood meals from exogenous sources seem to be attracted to high-biosecurity pig farms and attempt to enter them through their windows. Despite the small percentage of insects carrying blood and the small amounts carried by each insect, the large numbers of insects result in a sufficient volume of exogenous blood, potentially containing ASFV, to constitute a non-negligible risk for ASFV-introduction into unprotected pig stables. This study is the first to provide quantitative data on the number of hematophagous insects trying to enter high-biosecurity pig farms. It is also the first to provide information about the origin of their blood meals, indicating that insect-borne introduction of blood containing ASFV into high-biosecurity pig farms is possible an

Background. DNA of African swine fever virus (ASFV) has previously been detected in hematophagous insects on ASF outbreak farms. However, it remains unclear whether the viral DNA derived from blood meals that originated from pigs on the outbreak farm or was introduced from infected domestic pigs or wild boar sources located outside of the outbreak farm. Methods. We caught 644 hematophagous insects on the windows at two non-outbreak high-biosecurity pig farms (i.e., without ASFV-infected pigs) using plastic meshes coated with sticky glue, as well as 3576 hematophagous insects using H-traps on or around the farms. Using PCR analyses, we identified which insects were present, whether these hematophagous insects carried blood from an external (exogenous) source and if the blood contained ASFV DNA. Results. We found blood meals with ASFV DNA in one pool of five Haematopota spp. in the H-traps. From the window traps, we found 0-2.7% of Haematopota spp., Stomoxys calcitrans, and Aedes spp. carrying blood meals from exogenous sources into the farms. Some insects carried bovine blood; the closest registered source for this was 2500m from the pig farm. Conclusion. Hematophagous insects carrying ASFV-positive blood meals or blood meals from exogenous sources seem to be attracted to high-biosecurity pig farms and attempt to enter them through their windows. Despite the small percentage of insects carrying blood and the small amounts carried by each insect, the large numbers of insects result in a sufficient volume of exogenous blood, potentially containing ASFV, to constitute a non-negligible risk for ASFV-introduction into unprotected pig stables. This study is the first to provide quantitative data on the number of hematophagous insects trying to enter high-biosecurity pig farms. It is also the first to provide information about the origin of their blood meals, indicating that insect-borne introduction of blood containing ASFV into high-biosecurity pig farms is possible an

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria in the livestock is a growing problem, partly due to inappropriate use of antimicrobial drugs. Antimicrobial use (AMU) occurs in Swedish dairy farming but is restricted to the treatment of sick animals based on prescription by a veterinary practitioner. Despite these strict rules, calves shedding antimicrobial resistant Enterobacteriaceae have been recorded both in dairy farms and in slaughterhouses. Yet, not much is known how these bacteria disseminate into the local environment around dairy farms. In this study, we collected samples from four animal sources (fecal samples from calves, birds and rodents, and whole flies) and two environmental sources (cow manure drains and manure pits). From the samples, Escherichia coli was isolated and antimicrobial susceptibility testing performed. A subset of isolates was whole genome sequenced to evaluate relatedness between sources and genomic determinants such as antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and the presence of plasmids were assessed. We detected both ARGs, mobile genetic elements and low rates of AMR. In particular, we observed four potential instances of bacterial clonal sharing in two different animal sources. This demonstrates resistant E. coli dissemination potential within the dairy farm, between calves and scavenger animals (rodents and flies). AMR dissemination and the zoonotic AMR risk is generally low in countries with low and restricted AMU. However, we show that interspecies dissemination does occur, and in countries that have little to no AMU restrictions this risk could be under-estimated.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria in the livestock is a growing problem, partly due to inappropriate use of antimicrobial drugs. Antimicrobial use (AMU) occurs in Swedish dairy farming but is restricted to the treatment of sick animals based on prescription by a veterinary practitioner. Despite these strict rules, calves shedding antimicrobial resistant Enterobacteriaceae have been recorded both in dairy farms and in slaughterhouses. Yet, not much is known how these bacteria disseminate into the local environment around dairy farms. In this study, we collected samples from four animal sources (fecal samples from calves, birds and rodents, and whole flies) and two environmental sources (cow manure drains and manure pits). From the samples, Escherichia coli was isolated and antimicrobial susceptibility testing performed. A subset of isolates was whole genome sequenced to evaluate relatedness between sources and genomic determinants such as antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and the presence of plasmids were assessed. We detected both ARGs, mobile genetic elements and low rates of AMR. In particular, we observed four potential instances of bacterial clonal sharing in two different animal sources. This demonstrates resistant E. coli dissemination potential within the dairy farm, between calves and scavenger animals (rodents and flies). AMR dissemination and the zoonotic AMR risk is generally low in countries with low and restricted AMU. However, we show that interspecies dissemination does occur, and in countries that have little to no AMU restrictions this risk could be under-estimated.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria in the livestock is a growing problem, partly due to inappropriate use of antimicrobial drugs. Antimicrobial use (AMU) occurs in Swedish dairy farming but is restricted to the treatment of sick animals based on prescription by a veterinary practitioner. Despite these strict rules, calves shedding antimicrobial resistant Enterobacteriaceae have been recorded both in dairy farms and in slaughterhouses. Yet, not much is known how these bacteria disseminate into the local environment around dairy farms. In this study, we collected samples from four animal sources (fecal samples from calves, birds and rodents, and whole flies) and two environmental sources (cow manure drains and manure pits). From the samples, Escherichia coli was isolated and antimicrobial susceptibility testing performed. A subset of isolates was whole genome sequenced to evaluate relatedness between sources and genomic determinants such as antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and the presence of plasmids were assessed. We detected both ARGs, mobile genetic elements and low rates of AMR. In particular, we observed four potential instances of bacterial clonal sharing in two different animal sources. This demonstrates resistant E. coli dissemination potential within the dairy farm, between calves and scavenger animals (rodents and flies). AMR dissemination and the zoonotic AMR risk is generally low in countries with low and restricted AMU. However, we show that interspecies dissemination does occur, and in countries that have little to no AMU restrictions this risk could be under-estimated.

type:Article, Flies, especially non-biting flies, are recognized as vectors of various clinically relevant pathogens, including antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in human and veterinary medicine, and can lead to colonization and infection. Studies have attempted to clarify the role of flies for the dissemination and transmission of bacteria from various perspectives. However, most studies have only detected pathogens and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria from flies, and many studies have not shown concrete proof for the bacterial transmission, contamination, and infection in humans and animals. To clarify the bacterial transmission routes to humans and animals via flies, from various sources, the control measure must be considered. Additionally, quantitative analysis of the flies carrying bacteria and their bacterial transmission allows the assessment of the risk factors of fly-mediated infectious disease. In this mini-review, we introduce research about the origin, maintenance, and contamination of bacteria harbored by flies, and the trial strategy to prevent transmission of the bacteria. Furthermore, we suggest an effective way to prevent the bacterial transmission via flies, to better understand the important role of flies as vectors and reservoirs of microorganisms. This mini-review will be applicable to flies and other insects and animals, to improve the sanitary environments.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria in the livestock is a growing problem, partly due to inappropriate use of antimicrobial drugs. Antimicrobial use (AMU) occurs in Swedish dairy farming but is restricted to the treatment of sick animals based on prescription by a veterinary practitioner. Despite these strict rules, calves shedding antimicrobial resistant Enterobacteriaceae have been recorded both in dairy farms and in slaughterhouses. Yet, not much is known how these bacteria disseminate into the local environment around dairy farms. In this study, we collected samples from four animal sources (fecal samples from calves, birds and rodents, and whole flies) and two environmental sources (cow manure drains and manure pits). From the samples, Escherichia coli was isolated and antimicrobial susceptibility testing performed. A subset of isolates was whole genome sequenced to evaluate relatedness between sources and genomic determinants such as antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and the presence of plasmids were assessed. We detected both ARGs, mobile genetic elements and low rates of AMR. In particular, we observed four potential instances of bacterial clonal sharing in two different animal sources. This demonstrates resistant E. coli dissemination potential within the dairy farm, between calves and scavenger animals (rodents and flies). AMR dissemination and the zoonotic AMR risk is generally low in countries with low and restricted AMU. However, we show that interspecies dissemination does occur, and in countries that have little to no AMU restrictions this risk could be under-estimated.

Garbage is something that is no longer needed, used and needed anymore. Trash that is buried and decayed will become a breeding ground for flies. The fly density level is the number of flies measured using a fly grill and can be used as a parameter to determine the success of waste management at the TPA or TPS. At the temporary disposal site on Jalan Brigjend Katamso, Yogyakarta City, there was an increase in the volume of waste and no previous measurements of fly density had been carried out. The purpose of this study was to determine differences in the density of house flies (Musca domestica) on various fly grill colors at the Temporary Disposal Site of Jalan Brigjend Katamso Yogyakarta. The type of research in this study is quantitative with an experimental analytical design using a post test only control group design approach. Based on the results of the study, there were differences in the density of house flies (Musca domestica) on red, orange, blue, purple and unpainted fly grills in temporary shelters on Brigjend Katamso Street, Yogyakarta City with the highest density of house flies (Musca domestica) on fly the red grille with an average value of 10 and the lowest average on the blue fly grill with an average value of 3.4. There is a significant difference between the red fly grill and the blue fly grill with a significance value of 0.041 < 0.05. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the red fly grill is the preferred color for flies with the highest fly density level and the blue fly grill is the disliked color for flies with the lowest fly density level., Sampah adalah hal yang sudah tidak diperlukan,digunakan dan di butuhkan lagi. Sampah yang tertimbun dan mengalami pembusukan akan menjadi tempat perkembang biakan yang disukai lalat. Tingkat kepadatan lalat adalah jumlah lalat yang diukur menggunakan fly grill dan dapat di jadikan parameter untuk mengetahui keberhasilan dalam pengelolaan sampah di TPA atau TPS. Di tempat pembuangan sementara Jalan Brigjend Katamso Kota Yogyakarta terjadi kenaikan volume sampah dan belum dilakukan pengukuran kepadatan lalat sebelumnya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbedaan kepadatan lalat rumah (Musca domestica) pada berbagai warna fly grill di Tempat Pembuangan Sementara Jalan Brigjend Katamso Yogyakarta. Jenis penelitian dalam penelitian ini adalah kuantitatif dengan desain analitik eksperimental menggunakan pendekatan post test only control group design. Berdasakan hasil penelitian terdapat perbedaan kepadatan lalat rumah (Musca domestica) pada fly grill warna merah, jingga, biru, ungu dan fly grill yang tidak dicat dengan kepadatan lalat rumah (Musca domestica) tertinggi pada fly grill warna merah dengan nilai rata-rata 10 dan rata-rata terendah pada fly grill warna biru dengan nilai rata-rata 3,4. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara fly grill warna merah dan fly grill warna biru dengan nilai signifikansi 0,041<0,05. Fly grill merah adalah warna yang disukai lalat dengan tingkat kepadatan lalat tertinggi dan fly grill warna biru adalah warna yang tidak disukai lalat dengan tingkat kepadatan lalat terendah.

Flies are the main nuisance insects and mechanical vectors which in their bodies can carry various diseases such as diarrhea, myiasis, helminthiasis, and anthrax. Generally, flies have an affinity for lighter, darker colors, and flies like things that have used various baits with pungent odors. Therefore, this study used a yellow fly trap and used various baits with strong odors. This study aims to determine differences in the effectiveness of bait types in the use of yellow fly traps. This research is an experimental study with a quasi-experimental design. The research was carried out at a chicken farm located on Penangkaran Buaya street, Makroman Urban Village, Sambutan District, Samarinda City. Research in the field lasted for 4 days start at 08.00 – 12.00 WITA. The results showed that there were differences in the effectiveness of bait types in the use of yellow fly traps in chicken coops located on Penangkaran Buaya street, Makroman Village. There was a significant difference between shrimp bait - control (0.04 < 0.05), between squid bait - beef offal (0.016 < 0.05), between feed of beef offal - control 0.001 and between fish gills - control 0.02 < 0 ,05. The most effective in attracting flies was the bait of cow offal by an average of 47 flies per day. Controlling flies by using various baits on fly traps is quite easy, inexpensive, and, certainly, can be applied by the community. The control must be carried out especially for residential areas that are not far from the breeding sites of flies., Lalat merupakan serangga pengganggu utama serta vektor mekanis yang pada tubuhnya dapat membawa berbagai penyakit seperti diare, myiasis, kecacingan dan anthrax. Umumnya lalat memiliki ketertarikan terhadap warna yang lebih cerah dan pekat serta lalat menyukai sesuatu yang memiliki bau menyengat. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini menggunakan fly trap berwarna kuning dan menggunakan berbagai umpan dengan bau menyengat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan efektivitas jenis umpan dalam penggunaan fly trap warna kuning. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimen dengan rancangan quasi eksperimen. Penelitian dilaksanakan di peternakan ayam yang berada di Jalan Penangkaran Buaya, Kelurahan Makroman, Kecamatan Sambutan, Kota Samarinda. Penelitian di lapangan berlangsung selama 4 hari mulai pukul 08.00 – 12.00 WITA. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada perbedaan efektivitas jenis umpan dalam penggunaan fly trap warna kuning di kandang ayam yang berlokasi di Jalan Penangkaran Buaya, Kelurahan Makroman. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara umpan udang - kontrol (0,04 < 0,05), antara umpan cumi - jeroan sapi (0,016 < 0,05), antara umpan jeroan sapi - kontrol 0,001 dan antara insang ikan - kontrol 0,02 < 0,05. Yang paling efektif menarik lalat adalah umpan jeroan sapi dengan rata-rata 47 lalat per hari. Pengendalian lalat dengan menggunakan berbagai umpan pada fly trap cukup mudah, murah dan tentunya bisa diaplikasikan oleh masyarakat. Pengendalian harus dilakukan terutama untuk daerah permukiman yang letaknya tidak jauh dari lokasi tempat perkembangbiakan lalat.

Flies are the main nuisance insects and mechanical vectors which in their bodies can carry various diseases such as diarrhea, myiasis, helminthiasis, and anthrax. Generally, flies have an affinity for lighter, darker colors, and flies like things that have used various baits with pungent odors. Therefore, this study used a yellow fly trap and used various baits with strong odors. This study aims to determine differences in the effectiveness of bait types in the use of yellow fly traps. This research is an experimental study with a quasi-experimental design. The research was carried out at a chicken farm located on Penangkaran Buaya street, Makroman Urban Village, Sambutan District, Samarinda City. Research in the field lasted for 4 days start at 08.00 – 12.00 WITA. The results showed that there were differences in the effectiveness of bait types in the use of yellow fly traps in chicken coops located on Penangkaran Buaya street, Makroman Village. There was a significant difference between shrimp bait - control (0.04 < 0.05), between squid bait - beef offal (0.016 < 0.05), between feed of beef offal - control 0.001 and between fish gills - control 0.02 < 0 ,05. The most effective in attracting flies was the bait of cow offal by an average of 47 flies per day. Controlling flies by using various baits on fly traps is quite easy, inexpensive, and, certainly, can be applied by the community. The control must be carried out especially for residential areas that are not far from the breeding sites of flies., Lalat merupakan serangga pengganggu utama serta vektor mekanis yang pada tubuhnya dapat membawa berbagai penyakit seperti diare, myiasis, kecacingan dan anthrax. Umumnya lalat memiliki ketertarikan terhadap warna yang lebih cerah dan pekat serta lalat menyukai sesuatu yang memiliki bau menyengat. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini menggunakan fly trap berwarna kuning dan menggunakan berbagai umpan dengan bau menyengat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan efektivitas jenis umpan dalam penggunaan fly trap warna kuning. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimen dengan rancangan quasi eksperimen. Penelitian dilaksanakan di peternakan ayam yang berada di Jalan Penangkaran Buaya, Kelurahan Makroman, Kecamatan Sambutan, Kota Samarinda. Penelitian di lapangan berlangsung selama 4 hari mulai pukul 08.00 – 12.00 WITA. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada perbedaan efektivitas jenis umpan dalam penggunaan fly trap warna kuning di kandang ayam yang berlokasi di Jalan Penangkaran Buaya, Kelurahan Makroman. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara umpan udang - kontrol (0,04 < 0,05), antara umpan cumi - jeroan sapi (0,016 < 0,05), antara umpan jeroan sapi - kontrol 0,001 dan antara insang ikan - kontrol 0,02 < 0,05. Yang paling efektif menarik lalat adalah umpan jeroan sapi dengan rata-rata 47 lalat per hari. Pengendalian lalat dengan menggunakan berbagai umpan pada fly trap cukup mudah, murah dan tentunya bisa diaplikasikan oleh masyarakat. Pengendalian harus dilakukan terutama untuk daerah permukiman yang letaknya tidak jauh dari lokasi tempat perkembangbiakan lalat.

Garbage is something that is no longer needed, used and needed anymore. Trash that is buried and decayed will become a breeding ground for flies. The fly density level is the number of flies measured using a fly grill and can be used as a parameter to determine the success of waste management at the TPA or TPS. At the temporary disposal site on Jalan Brigjend Katamso, Yogyakarta City, there was an increase in the volume of waste and no previous measurements of fly density had been carried out. The purpose of this study was to determine differences in the density of house flies (Musca domestica) on various fly grill colors at the Temporary Disposal Site of Jalan Brigjend Katamso Yogyakarta. The type of research in this study is quantitative with an experimental analytical design using a post test only control group design approach. Based on the results of the study, there were differences in the density of house flies (Musca domestica) on red, orange, blue, purple and unpainted fly grills in temporary shelters on Brigjend Katamso Street, Yogyakarta City with the highest density of house flies (Musca domestica) on fly the red grille with an average value of 10 and the lowest average on the blue fly grill with an average value of 3.4. There is a significant difference between the red fly grill and the blue fly grill with a significance value of 0.041 < 0.05. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the red fly grill is the preferred color for flies with the highest fly density level and the blue fly grill is the disliked color for flies with the lowest fly density level., Sampah adalah hal yang sudah tidak diperlukan,digunakan dan di butuhkan lagi. Sampah yang tertimbun dan mengalami pembusukan akan menjadi tempat perkembang biakan yang disukai lalat. Tingkat kepadatan lalat adalah jumlah lalat yang diukur menggunakan fly grill dan dapat di jadikan parameter untuk mengetahui keberhasilan dalam pengelolaan sampah di TPA atau TPS. Di tempat pembuangan sementara Jalan Brigjend Katamso Kota Yogyakarta terjadi kenaikan volume sampah dan belum dilakukan pengukuran kepadatan lalat sebelumnya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbedaan kepadatan lalat rumah (Musca domestica) pada berbagai warna fly grill di Tempat Pembuangan Sementara Jalan Brigjend Katamso Yogyakarta. Jenis penelitian dalam penelitian ini adalah kuantitatif dengan desain analitik eksperimental menggunakan pendekatan post test only control group design. Berdasakan hasil penelitian terdapat perbedaan kepadatan lalat rumah (Musca domestica) pada fly grill warna merah, jingga, biru, ungu dan fly grill yang tidak dicat dengan kepadatan lalat rumah (Musca domestica) tertinggi pada fly grill warna merah dengan nilai rata-rata 10 dan rata-rata terendah pada fly grill warna biru dengan nilai rata-rata 3,4. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara fly grill warna merah dan fly grill warna biru dengan nilai signifikansi 0,041<0,05. Fly grill merah adalah warna yang disukai lalat dengan tingkat kepadatan lalat tertinggi dan fly grill warna biru adalah warna yang tidak disukai lalat dengan tingkat kepadatan lalat terendah.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria in the livestock is a growing problem, partly due to inappropriate use of antimicrobial drugs. Antimicrobial use (AMU) occurs in Swedish dairy farming but is restricted to the treatment of sick animals based on prescription by a veterinary practitioner. Despite these strict rules, calves shedding antimicrobial resistant Enterobacteriaceae have been recorded both in dairy farms and in slaughterhouses. Yet, not much is known how these bacteria disseminate into the local environment around dairy farms. In this study, we collected samples from four animal sources (fecal samples from calves, birds and rodents, and whole flies) and two environmental sources (cow manure drains and manure pits). From the samples, Escherichia coli was isolated and antimicrobial susceptibility testing performed. A subset of isolates was whole genome sequenced to evaluate relatedness between sources and genomic determinants such as antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and the presence of plasmids were assessed. We detected both ARGs, mobile genetic elements and low rates of AMR. In particular, we observed four potential instances of bacterial clonal sharing in two different animal sources. This demonstrates resistant E. coli dissemination potential within the dairy farm, between calves and scavenger animals (rodents and flies). AMR dissemination and the zoonotic AMR risk is generally low in countries with low and restricted AMU. However, we show that interspecies dissemination does occur, and in countries that have little to no AMU restrictions this risk could be under-estimated.

Bees and many flies, particularly hoverflies (Syrphidae), have evolved a diverse range of mechanisms to gather pollen from a wide variety of flowering plants. Bees and hoverflies use protein-rich pollen as a food resource to mature reproductive organs and eggs and, in bees, to feed their larvae. A particularly striking pollen-collecting behaviour involves the production of thoracic vibrations to dislodge pollen from flowers. Vibratile pollen collection is widespread in bees (>11 600 species) but extremely rare in flies (~1 species of hoverfly). Why the use of floral vibrations to collect pollen is so rare among flies is currently unknown. A hypothesis proposed to explain why flies do not engage in vibratile or buzz pollination is that they are unable to reach the vibration amplitude required to expel pollen from anthers. Here we document, for the first time, the mechanical properties of non-flight thoracic vibrations produced by hoverflies and compare them to the vibrations produced by buzz-pollinating bees under similar contexts (defence buzzes). We analysed ~4000 vibrations produced by nearly 300 individuals representing 20 species of hoverflies and 22 bee taxa, recorded using a miniature piezoelectric accelerometer. We characterised both frequency and acceleration amplitude components of non-flight thoracic vibrations and their relationship to insect size. Our results show that, after accounting for size, buzz-pollinating bees and hoverflies produce vibrations with similar acceleration. We show experimentally that the acceleration amplitude produced by some hoverflies is sufficient to elicit pollen release from buzz-pollinated flowers (Solanum dulcamara and S. rostratum). Our study does not support the hypothesis that the dearth of buzz-pollinating flies is caused by their inability to produce vibrations of sufficient amplitude. We discuss alternative hypotheses to explain why most flies do not engage in buzz pollination and suggest that the lack of buzz-polli

The Oriental Region phorid genus Epicnemis Borgmeier is revised, resulting in the recognition of 15 species, 10 of which are new to science: E. alus, chaweewanae, digitalis, disjunctus, dorsalis, lotus, projectus, ratanae, setosus, and sinuosus. Only males are treated, as females are highly modified and cannot be associated with their males based on morphology alone.

Sugar-containing foods offered at cooler temperatures tend to be less appealing to many animals. However, the mechanism through which the gustatory system senses thermal input and integrates temperature and chemical signals to produce a given behavioral output is poorly understood. To study this fundamental problem, we used the fly, Drosophila melanogaster. We found that the palatability of sucrose is strongly reduced by modest cooling. Using Ca2+ imaging and electrophysiological recordings, we demonstrate that bitter gustatory receptor neurons (GRNs) and mechanosensory neurons (MSNs) are activated by slight cooling, although sugar neurons are insensitive to the same mild stimulus. We found that a rhodopsin, Rh6, is expressed and required in bitter GRNs for cool-induced suppression of sugar appeal. Our findings reveal that the palatability of sugary food is reduced by slightly cool temperatures through different sets of thermally activated neurons, one of which depends on a rhodopsin (Rh6) for cool sensation.

Although great in number and hard at work in agricultural and landscape systems, beneficial insects are often overlooked and can be overshadowed by the comparatively small number of insect pests. Only about 1% of all insects and mites are harmful. With some look-alike insects and heightened concern for pest populations, there is potential to wrongly label a beneficial as a pest. This guide was developed to help properly identify Utah's natural enemies and raise awareness of ways to attract and conserve them.

Reliance on broad-spectrum insecticides and chemotherapeutic agents to control hematophagous insect vectors, and their related diseases is threatened by increasing insecticide and drug resistance, respectively. Thus, development of novel, alternative, complementary and effective technologies for surveillance and control of such insects is strongly encouraged. Semiochemicals are increasingly developed for monitoring and intervention of insect crop pests, but this has not been adequately addressed for hematophagous insects of medical and veterinary importance. This review provides an insight in the application of semiochemicals for control of hematophagous insects. Here, we provide specific information regarding the isolation and identification of semiochemical compounds, optimization approaches, detection, perception and discrimination by the insect olfactory system. Navigation of insects along wind-borne odor plumes is discussed and methods of odor application in field situations are reviewed. Finally, we discuss prospects and future challenges for the application of semiochemical-based tools with emphasis on mosquitoes. The acquired knowledge can guide development of more effective components of integrated vector management, safeguard against emerging resistance of insects to existing insecticides and reduce the burden of vector-borne diseases.

The flower colour of Anemone coronaria (Ranunculaceae) is a genetically inherited trait. Such intra-specific flower colour polymorphism might be driven by pollinators, other non-pollinating agents, or by abiotic factors. We investigated the genetic relations among red, white and purple-blue flower colour morphs growing in 10 populations of A. coronaria in Israel, in relation to their breeding system, pollination modes, differential perception by bees and visitors' behaviour. Flowers of these three morphs differed in their reflectance that could be perceived by bees. Honeybees, solitary bees and flies demonstrated only partial preferences for the different colour morphs. No spontaneous self-pollination was found; however, fruit set under nets, excluding insects but allowing wind pollination, was not significantly lower than that of natural free pollinated flowers, indicating a potential role of wind pollination. Anemone coronaria flowers were visited by various insects, honeybees and Andrena sp. preferred the white and purple-blue morphs, while the syrphid flies preferred the white flowers. Thus, visitor behaviour can only partially explain the evolution or maintenance of the colour polymorphism. No significant genetic differences were found among the populations or colour morphs. Wind pollination, causing random gene flow, may explain why no significant genetic divergence was found among all studied populations and their colour morphs. The existence of monomorphic red populations, along other polymorphic populations, might be explained by linked resistance to aridity and/or grazing., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Sugar-containing foods offered at cooler temperatures tend to be less appealing to many animals. However, the mechanism through which the gustatory system senses thermal input and integrates temperature and chemical signals to produce a given behavioral output is poorly understood. To study this fundamental problem, we used the fly, Drosophila melanogaster. We found that the palatability of sucrose is strongly reduced by modest cooling. Using Ca2+ imaging and electrophysiological recordings, we demonstrate that bitter gustatory receptor neurons (GRNs) and mechanosensory neurons (MSNs) are activated by slight cooling, although sugar neurons are insensitive to the same mild stimulus. We found that a rhodopsin, Rh6, is expressed and required in bitter GRNs for cool-induced suppression of sugar appeal. Our findings reveal that the palatability of sugary food is reduced by slightly cool temperatures through different sets of thermally activated neurons, one of which depends on a rhodopsin (Rh6) for cool sensation.

The project analyses the set of plausible stresses that generate the observed deformations of central nervous system in Drosophila during the condensation process. From a set of planar displacements fields measured at different instants, the student will compute stress profiles on 3D geometries, modelled with finitie elements. A customised Matlab code will be employed and adapted to the problem at hand. Different rheological hypothesis will be tested: elastic and viscoelastic models of Maxwell and Kelvin types. From the analysis and post-process of results, suitable material parameters and models will be proposed for the embryonic tissue., Incoming

Focus stacked. Very high-resolution image available.

Опрашивање је важна екосистемска услуга у копненим системима, кључна за размножавање биљака цветница, очување биолошке разно- врсности, али и производњу хране. Већину цветница (87.5%) опрашују инсекти и друге животиње, док чак око 75% главних врста гајених биљака у свету могу имати користи од оваквог вида опрашивања. Од 115 најчешћих врста гајених биљака за људску исхрану, чак 87 се у мањој или већој мери ослања на животиње опрашиваче, а око 35% произведене хране на глобалном нивоу зависи од њих. Између биљка и опрашивача постоје веома комплексни односи међусобне условљености и утицаја на размножавање, продукцију и одржавање популација и заједница, а од посебног интереса је установити који су главни трендови и ефекти испољавања ових феноме- на на градијенту од природних и полуприродних – релативно очуваних екосистема, до агроекосистема и других претежно вештачких формација, изложених снажном негативном утицају. Опрашивачи су данас изложени бројним негативним чиниоци- ма глобалних промена, међу којима се посебно истичу: климатске промене, промене у коришћењу земљишта, интензификација у пољопривреди и ширење инвазивних врста – посебно патогена. Пад бројности и разноврсности опрашивача могао би имати каскадни ефекат на губитак многих других сегмената биодиверзитета, али и велике последице по безбедност производње хране у глобалним размерама. Еко- номска вредност од опрашивачких услуга које пружају животиње у пољопривреди на глобалном нивоу су процењене на 153 милијарде евра (подаци за 2005. годину). Најбројнија групација опрашивача су инсекти, а међу њима су далеко најзначајније пчеле (Hymenoptera: Apiformes); од преко 2050 врста познатих у фауни Европе, за Србију можемо грубо проценити да је вероватно присутно око 800‒1000 врста. Муве (Diptera) су други по фреквентности најчешћи посетиоци цветова, а међу бројним групама најзначајнији опрашивачи су чланови породице Syrphidae.Од приближно 900 врста сирфида у европској фауни, у Србији је забеле- жено преко 400. Дневних л, Pollination is important ecosystem services in terrestrial systems, essential for the reproduction of flowering plants, the conservation of biological diversity, as well as food production. The vast majority of flowering plants (87.5%) are pollinated by insects and other animals, and even about 75% of the main types of cultivated plants in the world can benefit from this type of pollination. Of the 115 most commonly cultivated plants for human consumption, as many as 87, it relies more or less on pollinators, and about 35% of the food produced at global level depends on them. Between plant and pollinators there are very complex relations of mutual condition and influence on reproduction, production, and maintenance of populations and communities, and it is of particular interest to determine what are the main trends and effects of manifesting these phenomena on the gradient from natural and semi-natural – relatively conserved ecosystems to agroecosystems and other predominantly artificial formations, exposed to a strong negative impact. Pollinators are now exposed to a number of negative factors of global change, among which the most important are: climate change, changes in land use, intensification of agriculture and the spread of invasive species - especially pathogens. The decline in the number and variety of pollinators could have a cascading effect on the loss of many other biodiversity segments, as well as major implications for food safety in global terms. The economic value of pollinating services provided by animals in agriculture on a global scale was estimated at 153 billion euros (data for 2005). The most numerous pollinators are insects, and among them are by far the most significant bees (Hymenoptera: Apiformes); of over 2,000 species known in the fauna of Europe, for Serbia we can roughly estimate that there are probably around 800-1,000 species. Flies (Diptera) are the second most frequent visitors of flowers, and among many groups, the most signifi

The aim of this study was to find out whether pests on the Utrecht University campus and environs were vectors for ESBL/AmpC-producing bacteria and/or methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Samples were collected on and around campus in educational buildings, an aviary, the university pig farm, botanical gardens, the university hospital, and community buildings. Samples were analysed for the presence of ESBL/ AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae and MRSA and for susceptibility to five antibiotics. Of the samples 5/78 (6.4%) were positive for ESBL E. coli and/or MRSA. All fly samples and bird samples originated on the farm. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that one of the isolates from flies was confirmed ESBL-producing E. coli according to CLSM guidelines. In conclusion, it is possible that pests on the university farm could be a vector for ESBL- producing E. coli and MRSA.

The myrmecophile larva of the dipteran taxon Nothomicrodon Wheeler is rediscovered, almost a century after its original description and unique report. The systematic position of this dipteran has remained enigmatic due to the absence of reared imagos to confirm indentity. We also failed to rear imagos, but we scrutinized entire nests of the Brazilian arboreal dolichoderine ant Azteca chartifex which, combined with morphological and molecular studies, enabled us to establish beyond doubt that Nothomicrodon belongs to the Phoridae (Insecta: Diptera), not the Syrphidae where it was first placed, and that the species we studied is an endoparasitoid of the larvae of A. chartifex, exclusively attacking sexual female (gyne) larvae. Northomicrodon parasitism can exert high fitness costs to a host colony. Our discovery adds one more case to the growing number of phorid taxa known to parasitize ant larvae and suggests that many others remain to be discovered. Our findings and literature review confirm that the Phoridae is the only taxon known that parasitizes both adults and the immature stages of different castes of ants, thus threatening ants on all fronts.

Crossbreeding Bos indicus with Bos taurus cattle was explored as a measure to manage ectoparasite infestation specifically comparing tick, mite, fly and lice resistance between Brahman, Sussex and Brahman x Sussex crossbreds. The study area was located in the central Free State on different farms, not more than 15km apart, where cattle breeds were followed and ectoparasites collected on a monthly basis from March 2014 to March 2015. The aim of the study was to determine if Brahman cattle have a natural ectoparasite resistance and if this resistance can be linked to certain breed characteristics when compared to other cattle breeds such as Sussex. A second aim was to establish if the resistance qualities identified are preserved in the cross bred generations. Ectoparasites were collected from both the on-host environment by inspecting 20 cattle from each breed every month as well as the off-host environment through tick drags, fluorescent light traps and sticky fly traps. Ectoparasite abundance regarding both the on-host and off-host environment were also compared to mean monthly temperature and rainfall numbers A total of five Ixodidae species were collected from the animals over the study period including Hyalomma rufipes (3797), R. evertsi evertsi (596), H. truncatum (393), R. decoloratus (29) and R. appendiculatus (30). All of the tick species except for H. truncatum showed a higher affinity for the Sussex breed. The Sussex cattle groups also had the most tick infested individuals over the entire test period. Attachment areas for ticks showed Sussex cattle to have nine areas of tick attachment with Red Brahman two, Grey Brahman three and the crossbred cattle with four attachment areas, corresponding more to the Brahman breeds than the Sussex breed. A greater overview was gained of Diptera diversity and abundance as well as the presence of veterinary important Diptera ectoparasites in the Kroonstad region. Rainfall however, seemed to be a factor influencing host p, Brahman Breeders Association of South Africa

Like many visually active animals, including humans, flies generate both smooth and rapid saccadic movements to stabilize their gaze. How rapid body saccades and smooth movement interact for simultaneous object pursuit and gaze stabilization is not understood. We directly observed these interactions in magnetically tethered Drosophila free to rotate about the yaw axis. A moving bar elicited sustained bouts of saccades following the bar, with surprisingly little smooth movement. By contrast, a moving panorama elicited robust smooth movement interspersed with occasional optomotor saccades. The amplitude, angular velocity, and torque transients of bar-fixation saccades were finely tuned to the speed of bar motion and were triggered by a threshold in the temporal integral of the bar error angle rather than its absolute retinal position error. Optomotor saccades were tuned to the dynamics of panoramic image motion and were triggered by a threshold in the integral of velocity over time. A hybrid control model based on integrated motion cues simulates saccade trigger and dynamics. We propose a novel algorithm for tuning fixation saccades in flies.

This guide was developed to aid in the identification and control of common arthropod and vertebrate pests found in and around Utah's urban buildings and homes as well as pests of health concern. It is not an exhaustive list of all urban pests in Utah. After using this guide to identify a pest, verify the pest's identity using online resources or by contacting the Utah Plant Pest Diagnostic Lab.

Chrysomya albiceps (Weidemann), Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) and Hemilucilia segmentaria (Fabricius) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) are among the fly species of forensic interest commonly found in Brazil. The correct identification of the specimen, or fragment of a specimen, collected at a crime scene is a crucial step for the use of forensic entomology as a tool in criminal investigations. In this study, the discrimination of these three species of Calliphoridae based on wing morphology, by means of geometric morphometric analysis was investigated. Right wings of 139 specimens were analyzed, 55 C. albiceps, 42 C. megacephala e 42 H. segmentaria, through Canonical Variate Analysis, Discriminant Analysis and Cross Validation tests. Of the 278 pairwise comparison, six misidentifications were recorded for discriminant analysis (2.1%), while 22 (7.9 %) misclassification for cross-validation tests, which points to a high technical reliability index. More studies are needed to validate this technique for use in forensic practice, Chrysomya albiceps (Weidemann), Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) e Hemilucilia segmentaria (Fabricius)(Diptera, Calliphoridae) estão entre as espécies de dípteros necrófagos mais encontrados em locais de crime no Brasil. A correta identificação do espécime, ou fragmento deste, coletado em um local de crime é etapa fundamental para o emprego da entomologia forense em investigações criminais. Nesse estudo, avaliamos a possibilidade de identificação dessas três espécies de califorídeos pela morfologia alar, por meio de análises de morfometria geométrica. Foram analisadas as asas direitas de 139 espécimes, 55 C. albiceps, 42 C. megacephala e 42 H. segmentaria, por meio de análises de variáveis canônicas e análises discriminantes. Das 278 comparações par a par, apenas 6 seis erros de identificação foram registrados (2,1%), enquanto 22 (7,9%) erros de classificação para o teste de validação cruzada, o que aponta para um alto índice de confiabilidade da técnica. Mais estudos são necessários para a validação dessa técnica para seu uso na prática forense

This work reports the larvicidal action of two formulations of Amanita muscaria against Musca domestica. Two methods of extraction were tested: an aqueous extract from dried, powdered basidiomes (DPB); and an extract from fresh basidiomes liquefied in water (FLB). The mortality caused by the DPB extract varied from 14.67% to 100%. The efficiency of the FLB extract varied from 10.67% to 89.33%. The mean lethal concentration (LC50) of the DPB extract was approximately 1,931.02 ppm, whereas the LC50 for the FLB extract was about 30%. The extracted substances from these methods did not interfere with the development period of immatures and did not influence pupal weight. These results show the potential of A. muscaria extracts for controlling M. domestica., Foi relatada a ação larvicida de duas formulações de Amanita muscaria em Musca domestica. Dois métodos de extração foram testados: extrato aquoso de basidioma desidratado e triturado (BDT), e extrato de basidioma fresco liquefeito em água (BFL). A mortalidade causada pelo extrato BDT variou de 14,67% a 100%. A eficácia do extrato BFL variou de 10,67 a 89,33%. A concentração letal média (CL50) do extrato BDT foi de, aproximadamente, 1.931,02 ppm, enquanto que a CL50 do extrato BFL foi em torno de 30%. As substâncias extraídas por esses métodos de extração não interferiram no período de desenvolvimento dos imaturos e não influenciaram no peso pupal dos indivíduos. Esses resultados mostram o potencial de extratos de A. muscaria para o controle de M. domestica.

This research was about how life history traits were influenced by the nutrient components in the juvenile diet. The aim of this study was to provide more understanding about the function and the purpose of nutrients consumption. The first chapter addresses how essential and non-essential amino acids in the juvenile diet influence the juvenile performance and adult morphological traits. The second chapter addresses the effects of additional vitamin E in the protein-unrestricted juvenile diets on adult fitness and longevity. Both chapters had used Telostylinus angusticollis, neriid flies as the experimental organism. This was because this species is exceptionally plastic in adult morphology to its larval diet. The experimental larvae in the first chapter were raised in the nutrient-poor diet with the combination of extra essential amino acids, non-essential amino acids and sugar. The adult body size and relative head, antenna, wing and foreleg length were boosted by the presence of extra essential amino acids while the relative hind leg length was not affected, but the cost of such benefit was the decrease of larval viability. In contrast, the viability was significantly reduced to almost none by the non-essential amino acids. This may be caused by the large change in pH associated with the addition of non-essential amino acids. The development time was not affected by either essential or non-essential amino acids. The larvae in chapter two were raised in treatments with three levels (1, 3, 5μg/mL) of vitamin E and the presence of an additional amount of protein to the nutrient-poor base diet in the first experiment. The larvae in the second experiment were raised in treatments of the nutrient-poor base diet with the addition of 3μg/mL of vitamin E and the poor base diet as the control. The first experiment provided little evidence of a vitamin E by protein interaction. The second experiment showed that vitamin E itself had a positive effect on body size, but this ef

Campylobacter is the leading cause of bacterial diarrhoeal disease worldwide, with raw and undercooked poultry meat and products the primary source of infection. Colonization of broiler chicken flocks with Campylobacter has proved difficult to prevent, even with high levels of biosecurity. Dipteran flies are proven carriers of Campylobacter and their ingress into broiler houses may contribute to its transmission to broiler chickens. However, this has not been investigated in the UK. Campylobacter was cultured from 2195 flies collected from four UK broiler farms. Of flies cultured individually, 0·22% [2/902, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0–0·53] were positive by culture for Campylobacter spp. Additionally, 1293 flies were grouped by family and cultured in 127 batches: 4/127 (3·15%, 95% CI 0·11-6·19) from three broiler farms were positive for Campylobacter. Multilocus sequence typing of isolates demonstrated that the flies were carrying broiler-associated sequence types, responsible for human enteric illness. Malaise traps were used to survey the dipteran species diversity on study farms and also revealed up to 612 flies present around broiler-house ventilation inlets over a 2-h period. Therefore, despite the low prevalence of Campylobacter cultured from flies, the risk of transmission by this route may be high, particularly during summer when fly populations are greatest.

ABSTRAKLalat buah merupakan salah satu hama yang sangat penting dalam budidaya tanaman mangga. Informasi mengenai jenis lalat buah yang mengunjungi tanaman mangga di Aceh Besar belum dilaporkan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui jenis lalat buah yang mengunjungi tanaman mangga pada empat varietas mangga yaitu manalagi, gadung, cengkih dan madu. Penelitian ini berlangsung dari Februari sampai Agustus 2014. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode Perangkap Modifikasi Steinner. Parameter yang diamati berupa jumlah dan jenis lalat buah yang terperangkap. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif yang ditampilkan dalam bentuk gambar. Jenis lalat buah yang ditemukan adalah Bactrocera dorsalis dan Bactrocera umbrosus. Lalat buah yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah B. dorsalis sebanyak 1.438 individu dan B. umbrosus sebanyak empat individu. Lalat buah yang paling banyak ditemukan terdapat pada mangga manalagi. B. dorsalis dan B. umrosus dibedakan dari bagian sayapnya. Membran sayap pada B. dorsalis tidak memiliki pita sedangkan pada B. umrosus terdapat tiga pita melintang pada membran sayap yang berwarna coklat.Kata Kunci : Lalat Buah, Tanaman Mangga, Bactrocera dorsalis, Bactrocera umbrosusABSTRACTFruit flies are one of the most important pests in manggo cultivation. Information about the type of fruit flies that visited manggo cultivation in Aceh Besar has not been reported. The purpose of this research was to determine the kind of fruit flies that visited four varieties of manggo plant, namely manalagi, gadung, cengkih and madu. The research form February to August 2014. Modified Steinner Trap method was applied to the research. Parameters of this research are the number and type of trapped fruit flies. The data was analyzed descriptively and presented in figures. The type of fruit flies that were found are Bactrocera dorsalis and Bactrocera umbrosus. The most commonly found is Bactrocera dorsalis as many as 1.438 individuals and Bactrocera umbrosus as many as four indiv, Banda Aceh

Myiasis is the infestation of living vertebrates or humans tissues by dipterous larvae. The oral cavity is rarely affected by this infestation and the circumstances which can lead to oral myiasis include persistent mouth opening together with poor hygiene. Such infestations have been reported mainly in developing countries such as in Asia. Although rare, nosocomial myiasis must be noted carefully, especially in case of hospitalized patients. This report describes three cases of nosocomial oral myiasis in hospitalized patients in ICU (intensive care unit) in Tabriz, North West of Iran., Bei der Myiasis handelt es sich um die Infestation von Fliegenmaden in lebenden Geweben von Vertebraten oder des Menschen. Die Mundhöhle wird selten von dieser Infestation betroffen. Die Umstände, die zu einem Befall führen können, beinhalten ein persistierendes Offenstehen des Mundes in Verbindung mit schlechter Hygiene. Berichte über derartige Infestationen stammen vor allem aus Entwicklungsländern z.B. in Asien. Trotz des seltenen Vorkommens muss eine nosokomiale Myiasis vor allem bei hospitalisierten Patienten sorgfältig beachtet werden. Beschrieben werden drei konsekutive nosokomiale Fälle von oraler Myiasis bei hospitalisierten Intensivtherapiepatienten in Tabriz, Nordwestiran.

Diptera can be hematophagous, scavenger, and transmitter diseases, important pest to cultivated plants, predators or parasitoids of pest-insects. Some are pollinate important plants and others attack weeds. Aiming to evaluate the faunal analysis and populational fluctuationof these insect at ecosystems of “Área de Proteção Ambiental do Araripe” in Barbalha-CE, weekly surveys were been realized during dry and wet season using McPhail traps, using guava juice as a bait. Sarcophagidae and Drosophilidae were more abundant in dry and rainy season, with a major number of individuals collected during a rainy season in each ecosystem of the “Área de Proteção Ambiental do Araripe”. The Sarcophagidae family dominates and occurs frequently and constantly in all ecosystems of dry season, while individuals of Drosophilidae, despite of be dominant and occurs constantly, are more frequent in agricultural area and Arajara Park due to anthropogenic action which changes these ecosystems for insert agricultural cultures and recreational areas. Drosophilidae dominates and occurs frequently and constantly in all ecosystems during rainy season, while Sarcophagidae in despite of dominate and occurs constantly, are more frequent at agricultural area and humid forest due anthropogenic action got by irrigations associated with a major humidity caused by favorable microclimate founded in rainforest. The Diptera populations picks predominate in all ecosystems of the “Área de Proteção Ambiental do Araripe” occurs at rainy months associated if low temperatures, Os Diptera podem ser hematófagos, detritívoros, vetores de doenças, pragas importantes de plantas cultivadas, predadores ou parasitoides de insetos-praga. Algumas espécies polinizam plantas importantes e outras atacam ervas daninhas. Objetivando verificar a análise faunística e a flutuação populacional desses insetos nos ecossistemas da Área de Proteção Ambiental do Araripe, em Barbalha-CE, foram realizadas coletas semanais na estação seca e chuvosa, por meio da armadilha McPhail, iscada com suco de goiaba. Os Sarcophagidae e Drosophilidae são as famílias mais abundantes tanto na estação seca como na chuvosa, nos quatro ecossistemas da Área de Proteção Ambiental do Araripe. Os Sarcophagidae dominam e ocorrem frequente e constantemente em todos os ecossistemas da estação seca da Área de Proteção Ambiental do Araripe, enquanto que os Drosophilidae apesar de dominarem e ocorrerem constantemente, são mais frequentes na área agrícola e no Arajara Park devido à ação antrópica que altera esses ecossistemas para a implantação de culturas agrícolas e áreas de lazer. Os Drosophilidae dominam e ocorrem frequente e constantemente em todos os ecossistemas da estação chuvosa da Área de Proteção Ambiental do Araripe, enquanto que os Sarcophagidae, apesar de dominarem e ocorrerem constantemente, são mais frequentes na área agrícola e na mata úmida devido à ação antrópica obtida pelas irrigações das culturas agrícolas da área agrícola associada com maior umidade pelo microclima favorável encontrado na mata úmida. Os picos populacionais dos dípteros que predominam nos ecossistemas da Área de Proteção Ambiental do Araripe ocorrem nos meses chuvosos associados a baixas temperaturas

Blowflies are insects of forensic interest as they may indicate characteristics of the environment where a body has been laying prior to the discovery. In order to estimate changes in community related to landscape and to assess if blowfly species can be used as indicators of the landscape where a corpse has been decaying, we studied the blowfly community and how it is affected by landscape in a 7,000 km(2) region during a whole year. Using baited traps deployed monthly we collected 28,507 individuals of 10 calliphorid species, 7 of them well represented and distributed in the study area. Multiple Analysis of Variance found changes in abundance between seasons in the 7 analyzed species, and changes related to land use in 4 of them (Calliphora vomitoria, Lucilia ampullacea, L. caesar and L. illustris). Generalised Linear Model analyses of abundance of these species compared with landscape descriptors at different scales found only a clear significant relationship between summer abundance of C. vomitoria and distance to urban areas and degree of urbanisation. This relationship explained more deviance when considering the landscape composition at larger geographical scales (up to 2,500 m around sampling site). For the other species, no clear relationship between land uses and abundance was found, and therefore observed changes in their abundance patterns could be the result of other variables, probably small changes in temperature. Our results suggest that blowfly community composition cannot be used to infer in what kind of landscape a corpse has decayed, at least in highly fragmented habitats, the only exception being the summer abundance of C. vomitoria.

Nearly thirty-five years have passed since Hackman published his “Check list of the Finnish Diptera” (1980). The number of true flies (Diptera) known from Finland has increased by more than two thousand species since then. At the same time, hundreds of erroneous records have been recognized and purged from the checklist. ZooKeys issue 441 provides a new checklist of the Diptera species of the Republic of Finland. This introductory paper presents the rationale behind the project, provides technical documentation on the checklist format and sources used, and summarizes the results. The remaining papers in this issue cover one or more Diptera families in detail. Two electronic appendices are provided: supporting data (additional references to first published records and the previous checklist) and a complete list of Finnish Diptera taxa in Darwin Core compliant format for easy computer access and processing. The new checklist records 6920 fly species from Finland, 2932 belonging to the nematoceran or lower flies and 3989 to the suborder Brachycera. The changes since 1980 are most prominent in the Lower Diptera. For example, more than 400 non-biting midges (Chironomidae) have been added since 1980, and the number of moth flies (Psychodidae) known from Finland has more than tripled. Among the larger families, large increases in known Finnish species are also seen in Cecidomyiidae (161% increase), Pipunculidae (98%), and Chironomidae (90%).

The northern European taxa of genus Melanostoma Schiner, 1860 (Syrphidae, Diptera) are revised. A longstanding question concerning the number of Melanostoma taxa occurring in northern Europe prompted us to contrast and compare their morphological and molecular variability. Particular uncertainty concerned the putative existence of a sibling species of Melanostoma mellinum, and the identity of the taxon Melanostoma dubium in northern Europe due to existence of morphologically similar dark forms of M. mellinum in the northern parts of its distributional range. Partial sequences of two DNA markers, the mitochondrial protein-coding gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI-3') and the nuclear second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) were analysed separately under parsimony. The obtained COI-3'gene fragment showed taxon-specific haplotypes and haplotypes that were shared among the taxa. The ITS2 sequences presented genotypes unique to each species, and congruence with our independently established taxonomic entities. Based on congruent signal of the ITS2 sequences and study of morphological characters we establish the presence of four taxa in northern Europe: Melanostoma mellium (= M. dubium nec auctt., syn. n.), M. certum sp. n. (= M. dubium auctt.), M. mellarium stat. n. (= M. mellinum auctt. partim) and M. scalare. Lectotype designations were made for Musca mellina, Syrphus mellarius and Melanostoma mellinum var. melanatus. The following synonymies were established: Melanostoma mellarium=Melanostoma melanatum syn. n.;Melanostoma mellinum = Scaeva dubia syn. n., Melanostoma tschernovi syn. n., and Melanostoma clausseni syn. n. Morphological circumscriptions of the taxa and an identification key are presented.

Blowflies are insects of forensic interest as they may indicate characteristics of the environment where a body has been laying prior to the discovery. In order to estimate changes in community related to landscape and to assess if blowfly species can be used as indicators of the landscape where a corpse has been decaying, we studied the blowfly community and how it is affected by landscape in a 7,000 km(2) region during a whole year. Using baited traps deployed monthly we collected 28,507 individuals of 10 calliphorid species, 7 of them well represented and distributed in the study area. Multiple Analysis of Variance found changes in abundance between seasons in the 7 analyzed species, and changes related to land use in 4 of them (Calliphora vomitoria, Lucilia ampullacea, L. caesar and L. illustris). Generalised Linear Model analyses of abundance of these species compared with landscape descriptors at different scales found only a clear significant relationship between summer abundance of C. vomitoria and distance to urban areas and degree of urbanisation. This relationship explained more deviance when considering the landscape composition at larger geographical scales (up to 2,500 m around sampling site). For the other species, no clear relationship between land uses and abundance was found, and therefore observed changes in their abundance patterns could be the result of other variables, probably small changes in temperature. Our results suggest that blowfly community composition cannot be used to infer in what kind of landscape a corpse has decayed, at least in highly fragmented habitats, the only exception being the summer abundance of C. vomitoria.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the species composition of the family Calliphoridae from samples collected in four different cities in the colombian Caribbean coast. Van Someren-Rydon traps were used baited with human faeces, rotten fish and fermented fruit were used. Six traps were placed in each city (two traps per type of bait), for a total of 24 traps. They were left for 72 hours in each site and samples were collected every 12 hours (day and night). 5654 individuals were identified, belonging to the subfamilies Chrysomyinae and Luciliinae. The identified species were Cochliomyia macellaria, Chrysomya albiceps, Chrysomya megacephala, Lucilia eximia, Lucilia sericata and Chloroprocta idioidea, expanding the range of distribution for the last two species. The best bait was the rotten fish and the best time to collect these species was during daylight., El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar la composición de las especies de la familia Calliphoridae recolectadas en cuatro diferentes ciudades de la costa Caribe colombiana. Se utilizaron trampas Van Someren-Rydon cebadas con heces humanas, pescado descompuesto y fruta fermentada. Seis trampas fueron colocadas en cada ciudad (dos trampas por cebo), para un total de 24 trampas. Estas se dejaron durante 72 horas en cada sitio y se recogieron muestras cada 12 horas (día y noche). Se identificaron 5654 individuos, pertenecientes a las subfamilias Chrysomyinae y Luciliinae. Las especies identificadas fueron Cochliomyia macellaria, Chrysomya albiceps, Chrysomya megacephala, Lucilia eximia, Lucilia sericata y Chloroprocta idioidea, ampliando el rango de distribución de las dos últimas especies. El cebo más efectivo fue el pescado descompuesto y el mejor momento para recolectar estas especies fue durante el día.

Blowflies are insects of forensic interest as they may indicate characteristics of the environment where a body has been laying prior to the discovery. In order to estimate changes in community related to landscape and to assess if blowfly species can be used as indicators of the landscape where a corpse has been decaying, we studied the blowfly community and how it is affected by landscape in a 7,000 km(2) region during a whole year. Using baited traps deployed monthly we collected 28,507 individuals of 10 calliphorid species, 7 of them well represented and distributed in the study area. Multiple Analysis of Variance found changes in abundance between seasons in the 7 analyzed species, and changes related to land use in 4 of them (Calliphora vomitoria, Lucilia ampullacea, L. caesar and L. illustris). Generalised Linear Model analyses of abundance of these species compared with landscape descriptors at different scales found only a clear significant relationship between summer abundance of C. vomitoria and distance to urban areas and degree of urbanisation. This relationship explained more deviance when considering the landscape composition at larger geographical scales (up to 2,500 m around sampling site). For the other species, no clear relationship between land uses and abundance was found, and therefore observed changes in their abundance patterns could be the result of other variables, probably small changes in temperature. Our results suggest that blowfly community composition cannot be used to infer in what kind of landscape a corpse has decayed, at least in highly fragmented habitats, the only exception being the summer abundance of C. vomitoria.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the species composition of the family Calliphoridae from samples collected in four different cities in the colombian Caribbean coast. Van Someren-Rydon traps were used baited with human faeces, rotten fish and fermented fruit were used. Six traps were placed in each city (two traps per type of bait), for a total of 24 traps. They were left for 72 hours in each site and samples were collected every 12 hours (day and night). 5654 individuals were identified, belonging to the subfamilies Chrysomyinae and Luciliinae. The identified species were Cochliomyia macellaria, Chrysomya albiceps, Chrysomya megacephala, Lucilia eximia, Lucilia sericata and Chloroprocta idioidea, expanding the range of distribution for the last two species. The best bait was the rotten fish and the best time to collect these species was during daylight., El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar la composición de las especies de la familia Calliphoridae recolectadas en cuatro diferentes ciudades de la costa Caribe colombiana. Se utilizaron trampas Van Someren-Rydon cebadas con heces humanas, pescado descompuesto y fruta fermentada. Seis trampas fueron colocadas en cada ciudad (dos trampas por cebo), para un total de 24 trampas. Estas se dejaron durante 72 horas en cada sitio y se recogieron muestras cada 12 horas (día y noche). Se identificaron 5654 individuos, pertenecientes a las subfamilias Chrysomyinae y Luciliinae. Las especies identificadas fueron Cochliomyia macellaria, Chrysomya albiceps, Chrysomya megacephala, Lucilia eximia, Lucilia sericata y Chloroprocta idioidea, ampliando el rango de distribución de las dos últimas especies. El cebo más efectivo fue el pescado descompuesto y el mejor momento para recolectar estas especies fue durante el día.

Taxonomic studies in necrphagous Diptera is relevant because of its importance for forensic, health and medical purposes, since they feed in decaying organic matter as protein source, at least in one stage of their lives. Synantropic Diptera, such us some species of Calliphoridae, Muscidae and Fannidae had not been studied in Feira de Santana, BA. The aim of this study was to do an inventory of necrophagous Diptera belonging to the families cited above. Five baited traps (24 hours of exposure) were placed in three sites in the town, once a month, resulting in a subset of 60 traps per site and a total of 180 samples. A total of 4.818 specimens were collected, belonging to 20 species: Calliphoridae (six species), Fannidae (three species) and Muscidae (11 species). The abundance of synantropic Diptera showed seasonality being the fall the season with higher abundance while in the summer the abundance was significant lower. Thirteen out of the twenty species collected were cited in the literature as being of forensic importance., Os dípteros necrófagos utilizam matéria orgânica em decomposição como fonte proteica em ao menos uma fase de sua vida. Deste modo o conhecimento taxonômico dessa fauna se torna importante para estudos forense, sanitário e médico. Os dípteros das famílias Calliphoridae, Muscidae e Fanniidae possuem espécies necrófagas associadas ao ambiente humano, estando entre os insetos de maior destaque nesse aspecto e até então nunca foram estudados na cidade de Feira de Santana, Bahia. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar um levantamento da fauna de dípteros necrófagos das famílias Calliphoridae, Muscidae e Fanniidae de Feira de Santana, Bahia. Para isso, foram realizadas coletas mensais ao longo de um ano em três áreas da cidade com um total de cinco armadilhas iscadas (com 24 horas de exposição) por área, resultando em um subconjunto de 60 armadilhas/área e um total de 180 amostras. Foram coletados 4.818 dípteros, pertencentes a 20 espécies das três famílias estudadas: Calliphoridae (seis espécies), Fanniidae (três espécies) e Muscidae (11 espécies). A maior abundância das famílias ocorreu no outono e a menor no verão. Observou-se que treze das vinte espécies coletadas, possuem interesse forense e sanitário descritos na literatura.

In this paper, informed by more-than-human and biosecurity literatures, I attend a neglected nonhuman considered a serious agricultural pest: the fruit fly. In addressing what it takes to live without fruit flies, biosecurity is theorised as ongoing, enacted achievement sustained (or not) by everyday and eventful interactions of heterogeneous spaces, strategies, and participants—human and nonhuman. Relations of fruits, flies, and people are explored through one vital attempt to biosecure life: Australia’s Fruit Fly Exclusion Zone (FFEZ), a tristate pest-free area established to protect commercial horticulture from the fruit fly. Fruit flies become problematised as their appetites and mobilities confound fruit production and marketing, and affiliated biosecurity controls. Making fruit safe enrolls policy and agricultural sectors, but also more dispersed agents (travellers, residents, trees) and management sites (primarily off-farm). Since its introduction, the FFEZ’s ongoing biosecuring normalised, with only occasional outbreak events. However, recent unprecedented outbreaks evoke questions about the FFEZ’s future status. In such eventful times, it is worth reflecting on what kinds of living are possible in biosecurity zones—for flies, for resident human communities, and for agrifood networks.