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Project Summary: The primary goal of the research was to develop a reference architecture for undersea sensing based on product line principles using the tenets of the Joint Data Labs (JDL) data fusion model. The reference architecture work was completed as a capstone report (Bones, 2018). Specifically, the capstone report examined the concept of combining mobile and stationary underwater sensors into a coherent, distributive network. The project presented a baseline architecture for a data fusion system that facilitates the near real-time exchange of information from disparate sources. This architecture, in turn, provides a basis for further system development, and can guide future studies of relevant data/information fusion concepts and technologies for applications to anti-submarine warfare (ASW) and mine warfare. The study used the unique approach of inverse systems engineering to design an architecture based on the ASW kill chain, and the probability of success in detecting, classifying and tracking underwater objects. The resulting probability of success was then measured against the probability of success of a human ASW operator to determine the adequacy of design. ExtendSim software was used o model and simulate the architecture to validate functional capability and improved performance over the human ASW operator. The resulting architecture can facilitate the successful integration of passive acoustic sensor information with intelligence products and timely distribution of fused data across manned and unmanned platforms. The architecture also allows for future growth into active acoustic sources, environmental data sources, non-traditional ASW sources such as radar, and electronic support measures (ESM).

This capstone report examines the concept of combining mobile and stationary underwater sensors into a coherent, distributive network. This project presents a baseline architecture for a data fusion system that facilitates the near real-time exchange of information from disparate sources. This architecture, in turn, provides a basis for further system development, and guides future studies of relevant data/information fusion concepts and technologies for applications to anti-submarine warfare (ASW) and mine warfare. This study uses the unique approach of inverse systems engineering to design an architecture based on the ASW kill chain, and the probability of success in detecting, classifying and tracking underwater objects. The probability of success is then measured against the same probability of success of a human ASW operator to determine the adequacy of design. The team utilized ExtendSim software to model and simulate the architecture to validate functional capability and improved performance over the human ASW operator. The resulting architecture facilitates the successful integration of passive acoustic sensor information with intelligence products and timely distribution of fused data across manned and unmanned platforms. The architecture also allows for future growth into active acoustic sources, environmental data sources, non-traditional ASW sources such as radar, and ESM., http://archive.org/details/datafusionarchit1094559583, Lieutenant, United States Navy, Civilian, Department of the Navy, Commander, United States Navy, Civilian, Department of the Navy, Lieutenant, United States Navy, Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

This capstone report examines the concept of combining mobile and stationary underwater sensors into a coherent, distributive network. This project presents a baseline architecture for a data fusion system that facilitates the near real-time exchange of information from disparate sources. This architecture, in turn, provides a basis for further system development, and guides future studies of relevant data/information fusion concepts and technologies for applications to anti-submarine warfare (ASW) and mine warfare. This study uses the unique approach of inverse systems engineering to design an architecture based on the ASW kill chain, and the probability of success in detecting, classifying and tracking underwater objects. The probability of success is then measured against the same probability of success of a human ASW operator to determine the adequacy of design. The team utilized ExtendSim software to model and simulate the architecture to validate functional capability and improved performance over the human ASW operator. The resulting architecture facilitates the successful integration of passive acoustic sensor information with intelligence products and timely distribution of fused data across manned and unmanned platforms. The architecture also allows for future growth into active acoustic sources, environmental data sources, non-traditional ASW sources such as radar, and ESM.

The NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS) has revolutionized modern warfare. Since 2005 almost all US precision-guided munitions have used GPS targeting data. Consequently, weapons delivery systems are able to strike enemy targets with precision, often resulting in little or no collateral damage. Furthermore, nearly all military assets, including aircraft, tanks, ships, missiles, mortar rounds, cargo boxes, and dismounted Soldiers rely on the accurate position determination that GPS provides. For military users of this system, two main limitations emerge. First, the system relies on line of sight that is, the satellites must be in view of the receiver s antenna so that it can acquire the signals. This limitation is most pronounced indoors (including underground) and in urban areas, presenting significant navigational challenges for ground forces, remotely piloted aircraft, and precision munitions. Tall buildings in urban areas block satellites from view and create reflected or multipath signals, confusing GPS receivers. Indoors, GPS signals are present but greatly attenuated; as a result, ground forces operating under protective cover have difficulty obtaining a reliable GPS position., Published in Air & Space Power Journal, p24-33 Summer 2011.

America requires access and a physical military presence to prevent conflict in the non-linear volatile environment in which we live and expect to build our economy. By a commitment to our own policy of global engagement through various security cooperation programs we can not only set the conditions for successful intervention in locations unknown to us today but can also prevent upheaval in other locations. Full utilization of our security cooperation program will set the conditions for access to countries where conflict was not preventable. Security Cooperation must be at the forefront of our long-range approach to the current international system. This is consistent with a capability-based strategy for our armed forces. An active security cooperation program aimed at areas deemed vital to American national interests will foster growth in stable governments and establish a mutual basis for cooperation that will likely induce states to support American interests during times of instability.

Multiple Model Adaptive Estimation with Filter Spawning is used to detect and estimate partial actuator failures on the VISTA F-16. The truth model is a full six-degree-of-freedom simulation provided by Calspan and General Dynamics. The design models are chosen as 13-state linearized models, including first order actuator models. Actuator failures are incorporated into the truth model and design model assuming a "failure to free stream . Filter Spawning is used to include additional filters with partial actuator failure hypotheses into the Multiple Model Adaptive Estimation (MMAE) bank. The spawned filters are based on varying degrees of partial failures (in terms of effectiveness) associated with the complete-actuator-failure hypothesis with the highest conditional probability of correctness at the current time. Thus, a blended estimate of the failure effectiveness is found using the filters' estimates based upon a no-failure hypothesis (or, an effectiveness of 100%), a complete actuator failure hypothesis (or, an effectiveness of 0%), and the spawned filters' partial-failure hypotheses. This yields substantial precision in effectiveness estimation, compared to what is possible without spawning additional filters, making partial failure adaptation a viable methodology in a manner heretofore unachieved.

The report suggests that the concept of biological individuality is worthy of study as a means of identifying those persons who possess unique attributes or inadequacies for specific tasks or responsibilities. Many biological factors related to individual differences are known and can be quantified objectively and thus may permit the prediction of some performance capability of an individual. The background of work on biological individuality is reviewed, three examples are cited, and key investigators in these specific fields are identified. However, numerous other examples can be found to illustrate the effects of individual biological factors that impinge on human performance. The suggestions for future research emphasize the basic concerns for performance in a military environment that may reflect the expression of biological individuality.

The human ability to see at night depends on the person's level of dark adaptation, his physiological state, as well as behavioral and environmental factors. There are major individual differences in night vision and the reasons for some differences are known; however, many are essentially unknown or unstudied. It is proposed that through the utilization of the refined techniques recently developed in the fields of vision, physiology, biochemistry and behavior, it may be possible to select individuals for specific duties requiring night vision proficiency. To meet this goal an in-depth study of the subject is required to fully develop the concepts and the opportunities for future research., See also report dated 1970, AD722798.

There is evidence to suggest that auditory and vestibular systems can be stimulated by forms of energy other than sound, gravity and motion. This report reviews the evidence related to such sensitivity and indicates the potential importance of enhanced sensory capabilities. Suggestions for future research on the response of the auditory and vestibular systems to additional environmental stimuli are presented.

The computer sciences have had a major impact on research and development in the physical sciences and engineering over the past several decades. Their influence on biological research has developed less rapidly. Computer sciences have assumed a more important role in biological and medical research as hardware has become more sophisticated, more widely available, and as its capabilities have been appreciated. The applicability of computers to many facets of biological research is on the threshold of further advances because these applications appear to be maximally efficient and useful at minimized costs. However, monetary constraints over the next several years may delay the extent to which further applications are pursued.

The report provides a comprehensive review of the adverse effects of sound on man in the military environment. The diversity and complexity of Army systems that overexpose the soldier to noise have caused concern for his health and his capability to perform efficiently. Despite the recognition of the deleterious effects of noise exposure, problems with noise-induced hearing loss and human performance decrement continue to enlarge. It is generally recognized that overexposure to high-intensity noise during a lifetime will result in progressive hearing loss. There is no way to correct permanent threshold shift; permanent hearing loss is irreversible. It is not possible at the present time to identify audiometrically individuals with increased susceptibility or resistance to injury from noise exposure. Protection by sound attenuating devices, such as earplugs or earmuffs, has proved to be the most practical way to protect and to conserve the hearing of men required to work in a noisy environment. Effective hearing conservation and reduction of noise-induced hearing loss are compromised by lack of adherence to existing Army regulations and frequent waiving of equipment design standards. Work should be directed toward reduction of noise at its source; and, emphasis should be placed on increased support for ARMY HEARING CONSERVATION PROGRAMS. The report identifies research opportunities that are related to Army needs.

The report provides a comprehensive analysis of the significance of individual variation in human night vision capability. It reviews the origin and magnitude of inter- and intra-individual variation in the several physiological and behavioral processes that constitute dark adaptation and scotopic vision. the genetic, somatic, and behavioral factors that exhibit variation and the environmental factors affecting variation are discussed. The report identifies gaps in this knowledge that bear on the requirements for efficient night vision in the soldier. The report suggests that recognition of individual variation is critical to the concept of selecting key individuals for specific duties requiring night vision capability.

The study provides a comprehensive review of the feasibility of developing and utilizing the chemical senses of the soldier. Experience in other countries suggests that a soldier trained to recognize olfactory cues is more effective in the field, more responsive to hazards, and less likely to give olfactory information to the enemy than one whose chemical senses are underutilized. Practical testing and training methods suited to that Army's needs have been lacking in the past, and basic knowledge of the mechanisms of olfaction and taste is incomplete. However, elements of a suitable technology have been identified. This technology appears suitable for further development within the Army research and development community. This report concludes that it is feasible for the Army to use these methods in determining classifications of personnel that require normal acuity of the chemical senses and to institute training programs. Regular testing for normal acuity of the chemical senses may uncover cases of some illnesses, indicate extensive exposures to ionizing radiation, and categorize personnel as either suitable or unfit for certain Army duties. If administered at recruitment, these tests can be used later to document disability claims for service-related losses of olfaction and taste. (Author Modified Abstract)

The study was undertaken to review work in this field and to identify new approaches to an understanding of the fundamental causes of motion sickness. It includes a brief overview of present research and suggests possible applications of advances in a number of biomedical disciplines that provide opportunities for research. The study discusses the lack of a universally accepted definition of motion sickness, the need to investigate specific stimuli that evoke motion sickness, opportunities for studies on the anatomy and physiology of the vestibular apparatus of animals and man, and how evolving knowledge of the neurochemistry of the central and autonomic nervous systems may be applicable to understanding some basic considerations of motion sickness. (Modified author abstract)

Videotape of a visit to the home of Don Kreiss by the Fisher family on March 10, 1990. The informal interview captures a discussion on bottle collecting and various stories of San Mateo County history., California Revealed