Search

The environmental impact of cattle includes enteric and manure management derived greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and reactive nitrogen (Nr) production. In the United States, beef and dairy cattle are responsible for 27.4% and 5.2% of total methane (CH4) emissions through enteric fermentation and manure management, respectively (EPA, 2024). Concurrently, beef and dairy cattle manure management accounts for 8.4% of total GHG emissions from agriculture, while agricultural soil management (including manure fertilizer application) accounts for 49% of total agricultural GHG emissions (EPA, 2024). Feed additives are a well-studied technique with potential to reduce enteric GHG emissions. With respect to additives, containing plant secondary metabolites (PSM), or constituent molecules derived from PSM, it remains an open question as to whether these molecules retain bioactivity throughout the gastrointestinal tract. If so, these feed additives could then continue affecting GHG and Nr production in manure. Additionally, improved diet formulation can aid in increasing digestibility, delivering more nutrients to the animal and less in manure (feces and urine). In Chapter 2 of the present dissertation, the objective was to determine the effect of plant secondary metabolite-based feed additives on fecal chemistry, and how these chemical properties would lead to differences in GHG emissions and Nr when feces were amended to different soils and at different water content levels. This was achieved by recovering feces from a live-animal trial where 24 Angus and crossbred Angus steers were divided as a randomized incomplete block design to determine the effects of the feed additive treatments Agolin (AG) or Mootral (MT) as compared to cattle on an un-supplemented diet (UN) as controls. The AG treatment was fed at 1 g/day dry matter (DM) and MT was fed at 23.5 g/day DM. Fresh fecal samples were collected from all animals per pen after cattle had been on treatment for 4 weeks, and were

The objective was to determine the long-term effect of 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) on CH4 emission and milk production characteristics from dairy cows receiving 3-NOP in their diet for a full year, covering all lactation stages of the dairy cows. Sixty-four late-lactation Holstein-Friesian cows (34% primiparous) were blocked in pairs, based on expected calving date, parity, and daily milk yield. The experiment started with an adaptation period of 1 wk followed by a covariate period of 3 wk in which all cows received the same basal diet and baseline measurements were performed. Directly after, cows within a block were randomly allocated to 1 of 2 dietary treatments: a diet containing on average 69.8 mg 3-NOP/kg DM (total ration level, corrected for intake of nonsupplemented GreenFeed bait) and a diet containing a placebo. Forage composition as well as forage-to-concentrate ratio altered with lactation stage (i.e., dry period and early, mid, and late lactation). Diets were provided as a total mixed ration, and additional bait was fed in GreenFeed units (C-Lock Inc.), which were used for emission measurements. Supplementation of 3-NOP did not affect total DMI, BW, or BCS, but resulted in a 6.5% increase in the yields of energy-corrected milk and fat- and protein-corrected milk (FPCM). Furthermore, milk fat and protein as well as feed efficiency were increased upon 3-NOP supplementation. Overall, a reduction of 21%, 20%, and 27% was achieved for CH4 production (g/d), yield (g/kg DMI), and intensity (g/kg FPCM), respectively, upon 3-NOP supplementation. The CH4 mitigation potential of 3-NOP was affected by the lactation stage dependent diet to which 3-NOP was supplemented. On average, a 16%, 20%, 16%, and 26% reduction in CH4 yield (g/kg DMI) was achieved upon 3-NOP supplementation for the dry period, and early, mid, and late-lactation diets, respectively. The CH4 mitigation potential of 3-NOP was affected by the length of 3-NOP supplementation within a lactation stage de

type:Article, [Background] Antimicrobial resistance to colistin, a widely used feed additive for farm animals across the world, has raised public health concern in recent years. Since July 2018, its use as feed additive has been banned in Japan to reduce the spread of plasmid-based mobilized colistin resistance (mcr) genes and the subsequent development of colistin-resistant bacteria. Evaluating the effects of these measures is required. [Methods] We evaluated the effects of colistin use, as a feed additive, on colistin resistance in pigs (n = 5) from birth to finishing in the farm. Moreover, to evaluate changes in colistin resistance and mcr gene prevalence in response to colistin withdrawal, E. coli samples derived from pig faeces sourced from the fields of three geographically distinct farms were characterized before and after the withdrawal of colistin as a feed additive. [Results] Colistin-resistant Escherichia coli in pigs (n = 5) increased during the colistin administration period and decreased immediately after its end. In three fields, the colistin resistance rate and prevalence of mcr-1 decreased immediately and significantly after the ban. However, colistin-resistant and mcr-1-positive E. coli were still detected in all three farm fields 12 months after the ban on colistin use. [Conclusion] Agricultural colistin use caused selective pressure that contributed to widespread mcr dissemination in Japan. Colistin resistance and the presence of mcr genes should be continuously monitored in food-producing animals.

Probiotics, also known as direct-fed microbials, have been proposed as a strategy to improve growth and enhance health of dairy calves. However, the available literature regarding the efficacy of probiotic supplementation on calf growth and feed intake is inconsistent. Moreover, scarce information exists on the safety of commercially available cattle probiotics, particularly concerning their antibiotic resistance profile. Thus, the objectives of this dissertation were to: (i) identify, describe, and characterize the literature on probiotic supplementation in dairy calves, (ii) quantify the effect of probiotic supplementation, considering different probiotics combined and categorized by probiotic genus, on ADG, feed intake, and feed efficiency of dairy calves and (iii) evaluate the phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterococcus and Bacillus ssp. isolated from commercially available cattle probiotics. For the first objective, a comprehensive scoping review was performed, compromising studies with non-randomized, quasi- randomized, and randomized controlled trials in English, Spanish, or Portuguese that evaluated the effect of probiotic supplementation on the growth and health of dairy calves. Searches were conducted in Biosis, CAB Abstracts, Medline, Scopus, and the Dissertations and Theses Database. In total, 4,467 records were retrieved, of which 103 studies (110 controlled trials) met the inclusion criteria. The studies were published between 1980 and 2021 and originated from 28 different countries. Eighty percent of the trials were randomized, with most using Holstein calves (74.5%) which were under 15 d old at the start of probiotic supplementation (71.8%). The most studied probiotics were Lactobacillus acidophilus and Enterococcus faecium. On average, supplementation lasted 50 d, and probiotics were mostly mixed into feed (88.5%). Most trials measured weight gain (88.2%) and fecal consistency (64.5%) to assess growth and health, respectively. For the se

The study aimed to assess Nile tilapia's (Oreochromis niloticus) growth performance and body chemical composition through varying levels of L-Glutamic acid supplementation. In the experiment, four different groups of feed were prepared; the control C (0% L-Glutamic acid), G1 (1% L-Glutamic acid), G2 (2% L-Glutamic acid), and G3 (3% L-Glutamic acid). Tilapia juveniles with an average initial weight of 4.86 g were stocked into 12 fiberglass tanks (450L) with 40 individuals and three replications under controlled conditions, and the experiment was continued for a period of 60 days. At the end of the experiment, for the G2 group final weight (FW, 19.31±0.59 g), specific growth rate (SGR; 2.30±0.05), feed conversion ratio (FCR; 1.02±0.03), daily growth rate (DGR; 4.95±0.20) protein efficiency ratio (PER 2.83±0.10) and net protein utilization (NPU; 61.62±3.39) were better than the other groups (P<0.05). Nutritional composition data showed that the groups differed between protein, dry matter, and lipid compositions. The G2 group exhibited the highest whole-body protein level, recording a value of 21.24±0.52, whereas the control group demonstrated the lowest protein level at 20.17±0.15. In conclusion, incorporating 2% L-Glutamic acid into the diet of juvenile Nile tilapia is advisable for both the growth and development of the fish and for enhancing their nutritional composition.

Given their role in lipid digestion, feed supplementation with bile salts could be an economic and sustainable solution to alterations in adiposity and intestinal inflammation generated by some strategies currently used in aquaculture. An important part of the metabolism of bile salts takes place in the intestine, where the microbiota transforms them into more toxic forms. Consequently, we aimed to evaluate the gut immune response and microbial populations in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) fed a diet supplemented with a blend of bile salts with proven background as a regulator of lipid metabolism and fat content. After the 90-day feeding trial, a differential modulation of the microbiota between the anterior and posterior intestine was observed. While in the anterior intestine the relative abundance of Desulfobacterota doubled, in the posterior intestine, the levels of Firmicutes increased and Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota, and Campylobacterota were reduced when supplementing the diet with bile salts. Even so, only in the anterior intestine, there was a decrease in estimated richness (Chao1 and ACE indices) in presence of dietary bile salts. No significant differences were displayed in alpha (Shannon and Simpson indices) nor beta-diversity, showing that bile sales did not have a great impact on the intestinal microbiota. Regarding the gene expression profile in 2 h postprandial-fish, several changes were observed in the analyzed biomarkers of epithelial integrity, nutrient transport, mucus production, interleukins, cell markers, immunoglobulin production and pathogen recognition receptors. These results may indicate the development of an intestinal immune-protective status to tackle future threats. This work also suggests that this immune response is not only regulated by the presence of the dietary bile salts in the intestine, but also by the microbial populations that are in turn modulated by bile salts. After a fasting period of 2 days, the overall gene exp

Aquaculture is the fastest-growing food production sector and nowadays provides more food than extractive fishing. Studies focused on the understanding of how teleost growth is regulated are essential to improve fish production. Cysteamine (CSH) is a novel feed additive that can improve growth through the modulation of the GH/IGF axis; however, the underlying mechanisms and the interaction between tissues are not well understood. This study aimed to investigate the effects of CSH inclusion in diets at 1.65 g/kg of feed for 9 weeks and 1.65 g/kg or 3.3 g/kg for 9 weeks more, on growth performance and the GH/IGF-1 axis in plasma, liver, stomach, and white muscle in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) fingerlings (1.8 ± 0.03 g) and juveniles (14.46 ± 0.68 g). Additionally, the effects of CSH stimulation in primary cultured muscle cells for 4 days on cell viability and GH/IGF axis relative gene expression were evaluated. Results showed that CSH-1.65 improved growth performance by 16% and 26.7% after 9 and 18 weeks, respectively, while CSH-3.3 improved 32.3% after 18 weeks compared to control diet (0 g/kg). However, no significant differences were found between both experimental doses. CSH reduced the plasma levels of GH after 18 weeks and increased the IGF-1 ones after 9 and 18 weeks. Gene expression analysis revealed a significant upregulation of the ghr-1, different igf-1 splice variants, igf-2 and the downregulation of the igf-1ra and b, depending on the tissue and dose. Myocytes stimulated with 200 µM of CSH showed higher cell viability and mRNA levels of ghr1, igf-1b, igf-2 and igf-1rb compared to control (0 µM) in a similar way to white muscle. Overall, CSH improves growth and modulates the GH/IGF-1 axis in vivo and in vitro toward an anabolic status through different synergic ways, revealing CSH as a feasible candidate to be included in fish feed.

Spirulina is a species of blue green algae that contains many phenolic compounds, phytonutrients and pigments which have potential as a feed additives to improve the physical and chemical quality of eggs. The present study evaluated the effect of spirulina flour-based feed additive supplementation during the late growth to the early egg-laying period on Tegal-laying ducks' physical and chemical egg quality. A total of 25 ducks were randomly divided into 5 treatments; the control group treated with standard feed (P0), P1, P2, P3, and P4 were treated with standard feed supplemented by spirulina flour-based feed additive at concentrations of 0.3%, 0.6%,1.2%, and 2.4%, respectively for four weeks. Physical quality indicators included the Haugh unit, yolk index, weight measurements, eggshell thickness, and shape index. Chemical quality indicators assessed albumen protein content, egg yolk cholesterol, and b-carotene levels. This research revealed that spirulina flour, added at concentrations between 0.30% and 2.40%, significantly enhanced the egg quality of Tegal-laying ducks compared to the control group. This study concludes that spirulina flour can be used as a feed additive to improve the physical and chemical quality of Tegal-laying ducks’ egg. The novelty of this research is spirulina flour has the potential to be used as a feed additive to increases the albumen protein levels, increases b-carotene, and reduces egg yolk cholesterol in eggs of Tegal-laying ducks. Spirulina flour can be a potential source of feed additive for various other local ducks in Indonesia.

The paper examines the search and development of effective ways to reduce the proportion of grain in feed due to non-grain raw materials and partial or complete replacement of such high-value ingredients as animal proteins, fats, phosphatides, macro-and micronutrients and vitamin-mineral premixes through the use of natural resources of the local raw material base. The main nutrients contained in the protein-mineral supplement of the Dniester River indicate its unique, natural multicomponent composition, so it can be widely used, in particular, as a source of protein, amino acids, vitamins, macro-and micronutrients and possibly others. biologically active substances not yet identified by us. It was found that the brightness of the experimental groups in terms of live weight slightly exceeded the animals of the control group. Bright experimental groups made slightly better use of feed nutrients. Feed costs per 1 kg of live weight gain, they were 6.5-8.4% lower. When feeding the bright research groups aquaculture of the Dniester River, there is a tendency to increase the strength of their wool. The inclusion of aquaculture additives in the feed helped to increase the concentration in the blood of bright experimental groups of hemoglobin by 0.13-0.38 g (P> 0.05) compared with the control, which indicates an increased level of redox processes in the body. Moreover, the highest content of hemoglobin (12.01 vs. 11.63 g%) was observed in the blood of bright IV experimental group, in the diet of which was compound feed with the inclusion of 15 wt.% Additive. However, the difference in this indicator between the animals of the IV experimental and I (control) groups (0.38 g%) is statically unlikely (P> 0.05).

This study was conducted to evaluate the benefit of a peat-based additive in reducing the neonatal diarrhoea of piglets, according to sow's parity. From five consecutive batches, a total of 100 Large White x Landrace sows [50 primiparous (PR) and 50 multiparous (ML)] were randomly allocated to the control (CTR) or treated (TRT) group. The peat additive was provided to TRT piglets from the day of birth to day 7 of life (6 g/day/head). Overall, PR group resulted in lower piglets performance with higher enteric disease incidence compared with ML group. Compared with ML, PR sows had lower BCS at weaning (P < .001), fewer total piglets born, lower average piglet weaning weight (P < .01) and higher incidence of deaths due to enteric disease (P < .05). Regardless parity, TRT group showed a fewer number of litters affected by enteric disease (P < .05). No significant interaction between sow parity and treatment was observed.

Flavonoids, naturally-occurring compounds with multiple phenolic structures, are the most widely distributed phytochemicals in the plant kingdom, and are mainly found in vegetables, fruits, grains, roots, herbs, and tea and red wine products. Flavonoids have health-promoting effects and are indispensable compounds in nutritional and pharmaceutical (i.e., nutraceutical) applications. Among the demonstrated bioactive effects of flavonoids are anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial in a range of research models. Through dietary formulation strategies, numerous flavonoids provide the ability to support bird health while improving the nutritional quality of poultry meat and eggs by changing the profile of fatty acids and reducing cholesterol content. A number of such compounds have been shown to inhibit adipogenesis, and promote lipolysis and apoptosis in adipose tissue cells, and thereby have the potential to affect fat accretion in poultry at various ages and stages of production. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties contribute to animal health by preventing free radical damage in tissues and ameliorating inflammation in adipose tissue, which are concerns in broiler breeders and laying hens. In this review, we summarize the progress in understanding the effects of dietary flavonoids on lipid metabolism and fat deposition in poultry, and discuss the associated physiological mechanisms.

Flavonoids, naturally-occurring compounds with multiple phenolic structures, are the most widely distributed phytochemicals in the plant kingdom, and are mainly found in vegetables, fruits, grains, roots, herbs, and tea and red wine products. Flavonoids have health-promoting effects and are indispensable compounds in nutritional and pharmaceutical (i.e., nutraceutical) applications. Among the demonstrated bioactive effects of flavonoids are anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial in a range of research models. Through dietary formulation strategies, numerous flavonoids provide the ability to support bird health while improving the nutritional quality of poultry meat and eggs by changing the profile of fatty acids and reducing cholesterol content. A number of such compounds have been shown to inhibit adipogenesis, and promote lipolysis and apoptosis in adipose tissue cells, and thereby have the potential to affect fat accretion in poultry at various ages and stages of production. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties contribute to animal health by preventing free radical damage in tissues and ameliorating inflammation in adipose tissue, which are concerns in broiler breeders and laying hens. In this review, we summarize the progress in understanding the effects of dietary flavonoids on lipid metabolism and fat deposition in poultry, and discuss the associated physiological mechanisms.

The paper examines the search and development of effective ways to reduce the proportion of grain in feed due to non-grain raw materials and partial or complete replacement of such high-value ingredients as animal proteins, fats, phosphatides, macro-and micronutrients and vitamin-mineral premixes through the use of natural resources of the local raw material base. The main nutrients contained in the protein-mineral supplement of the Dniester River indicate its unique, natural multicomponent composition, so it can be widely used, in particular, as a source of protein, amino acids, vitamins, macro-and micronutrients and possibly others. biologically active substances not yet identified by us. It was found that the brightness of the experimental groups in terms of live weight slightly exceeded the animals of the control group. Bright experimental groups made slightly better use of feed nutrients. Feed costs per 1 kg of live weight gain, they were 6.5-8.4% lower. When feeding the bright research groups aquaculture of the Dniester River, there is a tendency to increase the strength of their wool. The inclusion of aquaculture additives in the feed helped to increase the concentration in the blood of bright experimental groups of hemoglobin by 0.13-0.38 g (P> 0.05) compared with the control, which indicates an increased level of redox processes in the body. Moreover, the highest content of hemoglobin (12.01 vs. 11.63 g%) was observed in the blood of bright IV experimental group, in the diet of which was compound feed with the inclusion of 15 wt.% Additive. However, the difference in this indicator between the animals of the IV experimental and I (control) groups (0.38 g%) is statically unlikely (P> 0.05).

The paper examines the search and development of effective ways to reduce the proportion of grain in feed due to non-grain raw materials and partial or complete replacement of such high-value ingredients as animal proteins, fats, phosphatides, macro-and micronutrients and vitamin-mineral premixes through the use of natural resources of the local raw material base. The main nutrients contained in the protein-mineral supplement of the Dniester River indicate its unique, natural multicomponent composition, so it can be widely used, in particular, as a source of protein, amino acids, vitamins, macro-and micronutrients and possibly others. biologically active substances not yet identified by us. It was found that the brightness of the experimental groups in terms of live weight slightly exceeded the animals of the control group. Bright experimental groups made slightly better use of feed nutrients. Feed costs per 1 kg of live weight gain, they were 6.5-8.4% lower. When feeding the bright research groups aquaculture of the Dniester River, there is a tendency to increase the strength of their wool. The inclusion of aquaculture additives in the feed helped to increase the concentration in the blood of bright experimental groups of hemoglobin by 0.13-0.38 g (P> 0.05) compared with the control, which indicates an increased level of redox processes in the body. Moreover, the highest content of hemoglobin (12.01 vs. 11.63 g%) was observed in the blood of bright IV experimental group, in the diet of which was compound feed with the inclusion of 15 wt.% Additive. However, the difference in this indicator between the animals of the IV experimental and I (control) groups (0.38 g%) is statically unlikely (P> 0.05).

The root of Scutellaria baicalensis (Scutellaria Radix) has been used as herbal medicine for years in China; however, its stem and leaf (aerial part) are considered as waste. The water extract of aerial part of S. baicalensis, named as SBA, having anti-microbial property has been applied in fish aquaculture. To extend the usage of SBA in fish feeding, SBA was employed to feed pearl gentian grouper (a hybrid of Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus♂), and subsequently the total fish output, the levels of digestive enzymes and inflammatory cytokines were determined. Feeding the fish with different doses of SBA for two months, the body length and weight were significantly increased by 5%–10%. In parallel, the expressions of alkaline phosphatase and growth-related factors in bone, liver and muscle of SBA-fed fish were doubled, which could account the growth promoting effect of SBA. Besides, the activity of digestive enzyme, lipase, and the expressions of anti-inflammatory cytokines were markedly stimulated by 2–3 times under the feeding of 3% SBA-containing diet. The results indicated the growth promoting activity of SBA in culture of pearl gentian grouper, as well as the effect of SBA in strengthening the immunity. These beneficial effects of SBA feeding can increase the total yield of pearl gentian grouper in aquaculture. Thus, the re-cycle of waste products during the farming of S. baicalensis herb in serving as fish feeding should be encouraged. © 2022

The novel chelator, L-glutamic acid, N,N-diacetic acid (GLDA) can be used as a dietary ingredient to safely reduce Zn supplementation in complete feed, without compromising the Zn status of farm animals. The objective of this study was to study dietary tolerance, bioaccumulation, and evaluate the safety of GLDA when supplemented in broiler diets at 0, 100, 300, 1000, 3,000, and 10,000 mg/kg. A total of 480 one-day-old Ross 308 male broilers were randomly allocated to 48 pens and fed one of the 6 experimental diets. Production performance was used to assess tolerance to the additive. At trial end, toxicity was evaluated using hematology, plasma biochemistry (n = 144) and gross necropsy (n = 48). Residue levels of GLDA were assessed in liver, kidney and breast tissue of birds used for necropsy. Performance showed an increase (P < 0.05) in body weight for GLDA inclusion at 300 mg/kg. A decrease on the measured performance parameters was found for the 10,000 mg/kg GLDA inclusion level (P < 0.05). The additive was added as a tetra-sodium salt, leading to sodium levels being 2.5 times higher in the latter treatment compared to the control diet which may have led to impaired intestinal barrier function. Mortality was not different between treatments. Residue levels for GLDA at the highest inclusion indicate that 0.0005% of total GLDA consumption is accumulated in breast tissue. Higher values of GLDA were found in kidney and liver at the highest inclusion level, potentially confirming that the small fraction of GLDA absorbed was readily excreted by the animal. At 100 and 300 mg/kg GLDA inclusion there were negligible amounts of GLDA present in all tissues measured. The present experiment demonstrated a high dietary tolerance to GLDA in broilers and indicated that GLDA does not pose a significant risk to food safety when supplemented below 3,000 mg/kg.

The objective of this study was to investigate whether the CH4 mitigation potential of 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) in dairy cattle was affected by basal diet (BD) composition. The experiment involved 64 Holstein-Friesian dairy cows (146 ± 45 d in milk at the start of trial; mean ± SD) in 2 overlapping crossover trials, each consisting of 2 measurement periods. Cows were blocked according to parity, d in milk, and milk yield, and randomly allocated to 1 of 3 diets: a grass silage-based diet (GS) consisting of 30% concentrates and 70% grass silage (DM basis), a grass silage- and corn silage-mixed diet (GSCS) consisting of 30% concentrates, 42% grass silage, and 28% corn silage (DM basis), or a corn silage-based diet (CS) consisting of 30% concentrates, 14% grass silage, and 56% corn silage (DM basis). Two types of concentrates were formulated, viz. a concentrate for the GS diet and a concentrate for the CS diet, to meet the energy and protein requirements for maintenance and milk production. The concentrate for the GSCS diet consisted of a 50:50 mixture of both concentrates. Subsequently, the cows within each type of BD received 2 treatments in a crossover design: either 60 mg of 3-NOP/kg of DM (NOP60) and a placebo with 0 mg of 3-NOP/kg of DM (NOP0) in one crossover or 80 mg of 3-NOP/kg of DM (NOP80) and NOP0 in the other crossover. Diets were provided as total mixed ration in feed bins, which automatically recorded feed intake. Additional concentrate was fed in the GreenFeed system that was used to measure emissions of CH4 and H2. The CS diets resulted in a reduced CH4 yield (g/kg DMI) and CH4 intensity (g/kg milk). Feeding 3-NOP resulted in a decreased DMI. Milk production and composition did not differ between NOP60 and NOP0, whereas milk yield and the yield of major components decreased for NOP80 compared with NOP0. Feed efficiency was not affected by feeding 3-NOP. Interactions between BD and supplementation of 3-NOP were observed for the production (g/d) and yie

Дослідження останніх десятиліть доводять провідну роль у процесах лактації тварин кори великих півкуль головного мозку, як вищого регуляторного центру, що направляє та корегує діяльність усіх органів та організму в цілому. Досліди були проведені у господарстві села Винарівка Київської області. Типи вищої нервової діяльності (ВНД) визначали за методикою харчових умовних рефлексів. За результатами дослідження умовно-рефлекторної діяльності було сформовано 4 дослідні групи. Коровам дослідної групи протягом 30 діб випоювали кормову добавку «Гермацинк» в дозі 10 мл/добу. Тварини контрольних груп (різних типів вищої нервової діяльності) отримували стандартний раціон. Метою досліджень було визначити рівень продуктивності корів залежно від типів вищої нервової діяльності та автономної нервової системи за допомогою кормової добавки «Гермацинк». Проведеними дослідженнями було встановлено, що задавання кормової добавки «Гермацинк» призводить до збільшення середньодобового удою молока у корів сильних типів вищої нервової діяльності тварин на 1,8–4,4 %, а у тварин слабкого типу на 13 %. У корів сильного врівноваженого інертного типу молочна продуктивність була меншою і складала – 26,4±1,3 кг/добу. Тоді, як у корів сильного неврівноваженого та слабкого типу вищої нервової діяльності була достовірно меншою на 18,8 % та 37,2 % відповідно до показників у тварин сильного врівноваженого рухливого типу. Встановлено, що у корів з переважанням тонусу симпатичного відділу автономної нервової системи середньодобовий удій становив 20,7±1,9 кг/добу, що на 20,1 % та 24,5 % менше по відношенню до тварин нормо- та ваготоніків. За результатами досліджень був встановлений взаємозв’язок основних характеристик нервових процесів з продуктивністю корів. Було відмічено, що сила нервових процесів у більшій мірі прямо взаємопов’язана з середньодобовим надоєм ніж з жирністю. Молочна продуктивність корів, як за якісними так і за кількісними показниками, залежить від кортико-вегетативних регуляторних механ, Studies of the last decades have shown a leading role of cerebral cortex in animal lactation, as a higher regulatory center that directs and corrects the activity of all organs and the body. The research was conducted on the farm of Vinarivka village of Kyiv oblast. The types of HNA were determined by the method of food conditioned reflexes. According to the results of the study of conditioned reflex activity, four experimental groups were formed. The cows of the experimental group received the feed additive «Germatsink» at a dose of 10 ml/day within 30 days. Animals in the control groups (with different types of higher nervous activity) received a standard diet. The goal of the study was to determine the level of cows’ productivity depending on the types of higher nervous activity and the autonomic nervous system using the feed additive «Germatsink». Studies have shown that application of feed additive «Germatsink» leads to an increase in average daily milk yield in cows of strong types of higher nervous activity by 1.8–4.4 %, and in animals of weak type – by 13 %. In cows with a strong balanced inert type dairy productivity was lower – 26.4±1.3 kg/day, whereas in cows with a strong unbalanced and weak types of higher nervous activity it was significantly lower by 18.8 % and 37.2 %, respectively, in comparison with the indicators in animals of a strong balanced mobile type. It was found that in cows with predominance of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system tone, the average daily yield was 20.7±1.9 kg/day, which is lower by 20.1 % and 24.5 % in comparison with animals of normo- and vagotonics. The study found that the main characteristics of nerve processes were correlated with cows’ productivity. It was noted that the strength of the nervous processes was directly related to the average daily yield than to its fat content. The cows’ milk production, both in qualitative and quantitative indices, depends on cortico-vegetative regulatory mechanism, Исследования последних десятилетий доказывают ведущую роль в процессах лактации животных коры больших полушарий головного мозга, как высшего регуляторного центра, направляет и корректирует деятельность всех органов и организма в целом. Опыты были проведены в хозяйстве села Винаровка Киевской области. Типы высшей нервной деятельности (ВНД) определяли по методике пищевых условных рефлексов. По результатам исследования условно-рефлекторной деятельности было сформировано 4 исследовательские группы. Коровам опытной группы в течении 30 суток выпаивали кормовую добавку «Гермацинк» в дозе 10 мл / сут. Животные контрольных групп (разных типов высшей нервной деятельности) получали стандартный рацион. Целью исследований было определить уровень продуктивности коров в зависимости от типов высшей нервной деятельности и автономной нервной системы с помощью кормовой добавки «Гермацинк». Проведенными исследованиями было установлено, что задания кормовой добавки «Гермацинк» приводит к увеличению среднесуточного удоя молока у коров сильных типов высшей нервной деятельности животных на 1,8-4,4%, а у животных слабого типа на 13%. У коров сильного уравновешенного инертного типа молочная продуктивность была меньше и составляла - 26,4 ± 1,3 кг / сутки. Тогда, как у коров сильного неуравновешенного и слабого типа высшей нервной деятельности была достоверно меньше на 18,8% и 37,2% соответственно к показателям у животных сильного уравновешенного подвижного типа. Установлено, что у коров с преобладанием тонуса симпатического отдела вегетативной нервной системы среднесуточный удой составил 20,7 ± 1,9 кг / сутки, что на 20,1% и 24,5% меньше по отношению к животным нормо и ваготоников. По результатам исследований была установлена взаимосвязь основных характеристик нервных процессов с производительностью коров. Было отмечено, что сила нервных процессов в большей степени прямо взаимосвязана со среднесуточным удоем чем с жирностью. Молочная продуктивность коров, как по качественным так и по количест

The inclusion of a medicinal plant leaf extract (MPLE) from sage (Salvia officinalis) and lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora), rich in verbascoside and triterpenic compounds like ursolic acid, was evaluated in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) fed a low fishmeal-based diet (48% crude protein, 17% crude fat, 21.7 MJ kg-1, 7% fishmeal, 15% fish oil) for 92 days. In particular, the study focused on the effect of these phytogenic compounds on the gut condition by analyzing the transcriptomic profiling (microarray analysis) and histological structure of the intestinal mucosa, as well as the histochemical properties of mucins stored in goblet cells. A total number of 506 differentially expressed genes (285 up- and 221 down-regulated) were found when comparing the transcriptomic profiling of the intestine from fish fed the control and MPLE diets. The gut transcripteractome revealed an expression profile that favored biological mechanisms associated to the 1) immune system, particularly involving T cell activation and differentiation, 2) gut integrity (i.e., adherens and tight junctions) and cellular proliferation, and 3) cellular proteolytic pathways. The histological analysis showed that the MPLE dietary supplementation promoted an increase in the number of intestinal goblet cells and modified the composition of mucins’ glycoproteins stored in goblet cells, with an increase in the staining intensity of neutral mucins, as well as in mucins rich in carboxylated and weakly sulfated glycoconjugates, particularly those rich in sialic acid residues. The integration of transcriptomic and histological results showed that the evaluated MPLE from sage and lemon verbena is responsible for the maintenance of intestinal health, supporting gut homeostasis and increasing the integrity of the intestinal epithelium, which suggests that this phytogenic may be considered as a promising sustainable functional additive for aquafeeds.

The root of Scutellaria baicalensis (Scutellaria Radix) has been used as herbal medicine for years, while its stem and leaf (aerial part) are considered as waste. The water extract from the aerial part of S. baicalensis (named as SBA) being included in the feeding of Siganus fuscescens (grey rabbit fish) has been shown to replace antibiotics in aquaculture with excellent outcome. To strengthen the usage of SBA in fish feeding, the total fish output and its nutritive value were determined here. Feeding the fishes with different doses of SBA for a month, the body length and weight were significantly increased after intake of standard feed containing 1% SBA. In parallel, the expressions of alkaline phosphatase and growth-related factors in bone, liver, and muscle of 1% SBA-fed fishes were markedly increased, suggesting the beneficial effects of SBA. The composition of amino acid and fatty acid in fish muscle, after intaking 1% SBA-containing feed, was altered. In SBA-fed fish muscle, the amounts of threonine and methionine were increased, while the amount of leucine was decreased, as compared with control group. The amounts of fatty acids, including docosahexaenoic acid, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine, were increased in the 1% SBA-fed fish, while the amounts of triglycerides were decreased. The results indicated the growth-promoting activity of SBA in an in vivo culture of S. fuscescens, as well as to increase the nutritive values of the muscle. Thus, the re-cycle of waste products during the farming of S. baicalensis herb in serving as fish feeding should be encouraged. © 2021 The Authors. Food Science & Nutrition published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

The root of Scutellaria baicalensis (Scutellaria Radix) has been used as herbal medicine for years, while its stem and leaf (aerial part) are considered as waste. The water extract from the aerial part of S. baicalensis (named as SBA) being included in the feeding of Siganus fuscescens (grey rabbit fish) has been shown to replace antibiotics in aquaculture with excellent outcome. To strengthen the usage of SBA in fish feeding, the total fish output and its nutritive value were determined here. Feeding the fishes with different doses of SBA for a month, the body length and weight were significantly increased after intake of standard feed containing 1% SBA. In parallel, the expressions of alkaline phosphatase and growth-related factors in bone, liver, and muscle of 1% SBA-fed fishes were markedly increased, suggesting the beneficial effects of SBA. The composition of amino acid and fatty acid in fish muscle, after intaking 1% SBA-containing feed, was altered. In SBA-fed fish muscle, the amounts of threonine and methionine were increased, while the amount of leucine was decreased, as compared with control group. The amounts of fatty acids, including docosahexaenoic acid, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine, were increased in the 1% SBA-fed fish, while the amounts of triglycerides were decreased. The results indicated the growth-promoting activity of SBA in an in vivo culture of S. fuscescens, as well as to increase the nutritive values of the muscle. Thus, the re-cycle of waste products during the farming of S. baicalensis herb in serving as fish feeding should be encouraged. © 2021 The Authors. Food Science & Nutrition published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Phytic acid is an anti-nutritional compound able to chelate proteins and ions. For this reason, the food industry is looking for a convenient method which allows its degradation. Phytases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the degradation of phytic acid and are used as additives in feed-related industrial processes. Due to their industrial importance, our goal was to identify new activities that exhibit best performances in terms of tolerance to high temperature and acidic pH. As a result of an initial screening on 21 yeast species, we focused our attention on phytases found in Cyberlindnera jadinii, Kluyveromyces marxianus, and Torulaspora delbrueckeii. In particular, C. jadinii showed the highest secreted and cell-bound activity, with optimum of temperature and pH at 50°C and 4.5, respectively. These characteristics suggest that this enzyme could be successfully used for feed as well as for food-related industrial applications.

Nutritional feed additives are incorporated into rations to improve reproductive and growth performance in livestock. Dietary supplementation with OmniGen-AF® (OMN; Phibro Animal Health Corporation, Teaneck, NJ, USA) has been studied in dairy and beef cattle to date, but no research has been conducted in swine. This study evaluated the effects of feeding OMN and administration of P.G 600® (400 IU PMSG + 200 IU hCG; Merck Animal Health, Millsboro, DE, USA) on reproductive performance of crossbred gilts. Gilts were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups: 1. a fortified corn and soybean-meal based control diet, 2. a control diet plus an i.m. injection of P.G. 600, 3. OMN (control diet plus 4 g per 100 kg BW/head/d), 4. OMN plus an i.m. injection of P.G. 600. Gilts were fed appropriate diets for approximately 40 d before breeding, and estrous cycles were synchronized using an orally active progestin (15 mg/d Matrix®; Merck Animal Health) for 14 d, and 24 h after withdrawal received either an injection of P.G. 600, or no P.G. 600. Gilts were bred by post-cervical AI using pooled Duroc semen (Swine Genetics International, Cambridge, IA). Reproductive tracts were harvested at approximately d 50 of gestation. P.G. 600 was effective in reducing the interval to estrus among gilts (P = 0.03), which is consistent with previous studies. P.G. 600 also increased average ovary weight (P = 0.04), and total corpora lutea (P < 0.01) (indicative of ovulation rate), but decreased fetus survival (P < 0.01). Fetus weights were less (P = 0.03) in OMN-supplemented gilts compared with controls. Pregnancy rate decreased after P.G. 600 treatment in OMN-fed gilts, but not in controls (OMN x P.G. 600, P < 0.01). In summary, gilts had typical responses to P.G. 600 and in general, the effects of P.G. 600 were not affected by dietary supplementation with OMN.

Background: Creatine and its precursor, guanidinoacetic acid (GAA), decrease protein degradation, avoiding amino acid offset to gluconeogenesis. Objective: To evaluate the inclusion of GAA in the pre-initial diet (1 to 7 days) on performance, digestibility, and blood parameters of broilers from one to 21 days of age. Methods: 252 male broiler chickens aged one day were distributed in a completely randomized design with seven replicates and 12 animals per experimental unit. Treatments consisted of a basal diet, and the basal added with 0.10 and 0.20% GAA. Results: From days 1 to 7, a tendency on improved feed conversion (FC) was observed for broilers receiving 0.20% GAA (p<0.10). Between 7 and 14 days, FC improved, as well as a tendency was observed on improved weight gain in animals fed 0.20% GAA. Animals that received 0.20% GAA showed higher blood concentrations of creatine kinase. Blood creatine and blood glucose did not differ between treatments at day six. The assimilation coefficient of crude protein increased during days 3 to 7 for animals receiving 0.20% GAA. On the period between 17 and 21 days, no difference was observed between treatments. Intestinal weight and length did not show significant differences. Conclusion: Dietary inclusion of 0.20% GAA during the pre-initial stage could improve weight gain and feed conversion of broilers between 1 and 14 days of age., Antecedentes: A creatina é uma substância que fornece energia e o ácido guanidinoacético (GAA) é seu precursor atuando como substrato energético, menor degradação proteica evitando o desvio de aminoácidos para gliconeogênese. Objetivo: Avaliar o GAA em dietas pré-iniciais sobre o desempenho, a digestibilidade e parâmetros sanguíneos. Métodos: Foram utilizados 252 pintos de corte machos de um a 21 dias de idade distribuído sem delineamento inteiramente casualizado, sete repetições e 12 aves por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram: ração basal e rações com 0,10 e 0,20% de GAA. Resultados: No período de 1 a 7 dias foi observada tendência de melhora da conversão alimentar (FC) (p<0,10) quando as aves receberam 0,20% de GAA. No período de 7 a 14 dias houve melhora na FC e tendência de melhora do ganho de peso dos animais que receberam 0,20% de GAA. Animais que receberam 0,20% de GAA apresentaram concentração sanguínea da enzima creatina quinase maior. A creatinina sanguínea aos seis dias e glicose sanguínea não diferiram entre os tratamentos. O coeficiente de metabolização da proteína bruta foi aumentado no período de 3 a 7 dias para animais que receberam 0,20% de GAA, para o período de 17 a 21 dias não houve diferença entre os tratamentos. Peso e comprimento do intestino não apresentaram diferenças significativas. Conclusão: O GAA em nível de 0,20% na dieta pré-inicial melhoram o ganho de peso, e a conversão alimentar no período de 1 a 14 dias de idade em frangos., Antecedentes: La creatina suministra energía y el ácido guanidinoacético (GAA) es su precursor y actúa como sustrato energético, reduciendo la degradación proteica y evitando el desvío de aminoácidos para gluconeogénesis. Objetivo: Evaluar el GAA en la dieta de pre-iniciación (1 a 7 dias) sobre el desempeño, la digestibilidad y los parámetros sanguíneos de pollos entre 1 y 21 dias de edad. Métodos: Se utilizaron 252 pollitos de engorde machos de un día de edad, distribuidos en un diseño completamente al azar, con siete repeticiones y 12 aves por unidad experimental. Los tratamientos consistieron en: ración basal y ración basal adicionada con 0,10 y 0,20% de GAA. Resultados: En el período de 1 a 7 días se observó una tendencia de mejora de la conversión alimenticia (FC) en las aves que recibieron 0,20% de GAA (p<0,10). De 7 a 14 días hubo mejoría en FC y tendencia de mejora en ganancia de peso de los animales que recibieron 0,20% de GAA. Los animales que recibieron 0,20% de GAA presentaron mayor concentración sanguínea de creatina quinasa. La creatinina y la glucosa sanguínea a los seis días no difirieron entre los tratamientos. El coeficiente de metabolización de la proteína bruta aumentó en el período de 3 a 7 días en los animales que recibieron 0,20% de GAA. Para el período de 17 a 21 días no hubo diferencia entre los tratamientos. Para peso y longitud del intestino no se presentaron diferencias significativas. Conclusión: El GAA a un nivel de 0,20% en la dieta pre-inicial podria mejorar la ganancia de peso, y la conversión alimenticia en el período de 1 a 14 días de edad en pollos de engorde.

Background: Creatine and its precursor, guanidinoacetic acid (GAA), decrease protein degradation, avoiding amino acid offset to gluconeogenesis. Objective: To evaluate the inclusion of GAA in the pre-initial diet (1 to 7 days) on performance, digestibility, and blood parameters of broilers from one to 21 days of age. Methods: 252 male broiler chickens aged one day were distributed in a completely randomized design with seven replicates and 12 animals per experimental unit. Treatments consisted of a basal diet, and the basal added with 0.10 and 0.20% GAA. Results: From days 1 to 7, a tendency on improved feed conversion (FC) was observed for broilers receiving 0.20% GAA (p<0.10). Between 7 and 14 days, FC improved, as well as a tendency was observed on improved weight gain in animals fed 0.20% GAA. Animals that received 0.20% GAA showed higher blood concentrations of creatine kinase. Blood creatine and blood glucose did not differ between treatments at day six. The assimilation coefficient of crude protein increased during days 3 to 7 for animals receiving 0.20% GAA. On the period between 17 and 21 days, no difference was observed between treatments. Intestinal weight and length did not show significant differences. Conclusion: Dietary inclusion of 0.20% GAA during the pre-initial stage could improve weight gain and feed conversion of broilers between 1 and 14 days of age., Antecedentes: A creatina é uma substância que fornece energia e o ácido guanidinoacético (GAA) é seu precursor atuando como substrato energético, menor degradação proteica evitando o desvio de aminoácidos para gliconeogênese. Objetivo: Avaliar o GAA em dietas pré-iniciais sobre o desempenho, a digestibilidade e parâmetros sanguíneos. Métodos: Foram utilizados 252 pintos de corte machos de um a 21 dias de idade distribuído sem delineamento inteiramente casualizado, sete repetições e 12 aves por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram: ração basal e rações com 0,10 e 0,20% de GAA. Resultados: No período de 1 a 7 dias foi observada tendência de melhora da conversão alimentar (FC) (p<0,10) quando as aves receberam 0,20% de GAA. No período de 7 a 14 dias houve melhora na FC e tendência de melhora do ganho de peso dos animais que receberam 0,20% de GAA. Animais que receberam 0,20% de GAA apresentaram concentração sanguínea da enzima creatina quinase maior. A creatinina sanguínea aos seis dias e glicose sanguínea não diferiram entre os tratamentos. O coeficiente de metabolização da proteína bruta foi aumentado no período de 3 a 7 dias para animais que receberam 0,20% de GAA, para o período de 17 a 21 dias não houve diferença entre os tratamentos. Peso e comprimento do intestino não apresentaram diferenças significativas. Conclusão: O GAA em nível de 0,20% na dieta pré-inicial melhoram o ganho de peso, e a conversão alimentar no período de 1 a 14 dias de idade em frangos., Antecedentes: La creatina suministra energía y el ácido guanidinoacético (GAA) es su precursor y actúa como sustrato energético, reduciendo la degradación proteica y evitando el desvío de aminoácidos para gluconeogénesis. Objetivo: Evaluar el GAA en la dieta de pre-iniciación (1 a 7 dias) sobre el desempeño, la digestibilidad y los parámetros sanguíneos de pollos entre 1 y 21 dias de edad. Métodos: Se utilizaron 252 pollitos de engorde machos de un día de edad, distribuidos en un diseño completamente al azar, con siete repeticiones y 12 aves por unidad experimental. Los tratamientos consistieron en: ración basal y ración basal adicionada con 0,10 y 0,20% de GAA. Resultados: En el período de 1 a 7 días se observó una tendencia de mejora de la conversión alimenticia (FC) en las aves que recibieron 0,20% de GAA (p<0,10). De 7 a 14 días hubo mejoría en FC y tendencia de mejora en ganancia de peso de los animales que recibieron 0,20% de GAA. Los animales que recibieron 0,20% de GAA presentaron mayor concentración sanguínea de creatina quinasa. La creatinina y la glucosa sanguínea a los seis días no difirieron entre los tratamientos. El coeficiente de metabolización de la proteína bruta aumentó en el período de 3 a 7 días en los animales que recibieron 0,20% de GAA. Para el período de 17 a 21 días no hubo diferencia entre los tratamientos. Para peso y longitud del intestino no se presentaron diferencias significativas. Conclusión: El GAA a un nivel de 0,20% en la dieta pre-inicial podria mejorar la ganancia de peso, y la conversión alimenticia en el período de 1 a 14 días de edad en pollos de engorde.

The root of Scutellaria baicalensis (Scutellaria Radix) has been used as herbal medicine for years, while its stem and leaf (aerial part) are considered as waste. The water extract from the aerial part of S. baicalensis (named as SBA) being included in the feeding of Siganus fuscescens (grey rabbit fish) has been shown to replace antibiotics in aquaculture with excellent outcome. To strengthen the usage of SBA in fish feeding, the total fish output and its nutritive value were determined here. Feeding the fishes with different doses of SBA for a month, the body length and weight were significantly increased after intake of standard feed containing 1% SBA. In parallel, the expressions of alkaline phosphatase and growth-related factors in bone, liver, and muscle of 1% SBA-fed fishes were markedly increased, suggesting the beneficial effects of SBA. The composition of amino acid and fatty acid in fish muscle, after intaking 1% SBA-containing feed, was altered. In SBA-fed fish muscle, the amounts of threonine and methionine were increased, while the amount of leucine was decreased, as compared with control group. The amounts of fatty acids, including docosahexaenoic acid, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine, were increased in the 1% SBA-fed fish, while the amounts of triglycerides were decreased. The results indicated the growth-promoting activity of SBA in an in vivo culture of S. fuscescens, as well as to increase the nutritive values of the muscle. Thus, the re-cycle of waste products during the farming of S. baicalensis herb in serving as fish feeding should be encouraged. © 2021 The Authors. Food Science & Nutrition published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Phytic acid is an anti-nutritional compound able to chelate proteins and ions. For this reason, the food industry is looking for a convenient method which allows its degradation. Phytases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the degradation of phytic acid and are used as additives in feed-related industrial processes. Due to their industrial importance, our goal was to identify new activities that exhibit best performances in terms of tolerance to high temperature and acidic pH. As a result of an initial screening on 21 yeast species, we focused our attention on phytases found in Cyberlindnera jadinii, Kluyveromyces marxianus, and Torulaspora delbrueckeii. In particular, C. jadinii showed the highest secreted and cell-bound activity, with optimum of temperature and pH at 50°C and 4.5, respectively. These characteristics suggest that this enzyme could be successfully used for feed as well as for food-related industrial applications.

Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) is a natural precursor for creatine, which is involved in physiological energy generation. Six hundred and ninety-nine weaned pigs (6-30 kg) were fed a basal diet (Diet 1-4, corresponding to four phases) without (CTRL) and with 0.12% GAA supplementation. Pigs in the CTRL group displayed higher (P < 0.05) average daily gain and lower feed conversion ratio, and body weight, during the periods of Diet 1 and 2, compared with GAA pigs. In the period of Diet 3 CTRL pigs tended (P < 0.10) to be heavier than GAA pigs, whereas in the period of Diet 4 GAA pigs tended (P < 0.10) to grow faster than CTRL pigs. Over the entire experimental period CTRL compared with GAA pigs displayed improved feed efficiency (P < 0.05) and tended (P < 0.10) to grow faster. In conclusion, GAA did show minor potential to increase average daily gain in the last part of the weaning phase.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether marine microorganism-derived astaxanthin has effects on coloration improvement and growth of the Hong Kong grouper (Epinephelus akaara). Juvenile and immature E. akaara were fed diets comprised of a mixture of commercial feed and biosynthetic astaxanthin obtained from Paracoccus haeundaensis to analyze changes in their growth and body color. Color variances in the skin and muscle were measured using spectrophotometry. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to measure the astaxanthin content in the muscle and skin, and to determine the amount of astaxanthin accumulated in the body. Astaxanthin did not affect growth but affected red coloration of the skin in both juvenile and immature E. akaara. Furthermore, the astaxanthin content in the muscle and skin of immature fish consistently increased as the concentration of astaxanthin supplemented in the feed increased. In conclusion, astaxanthin derived from the marine microorganism Paracoccus haeundaensis was effective in improving the coloration of both juvenile and immature E. akaara. Therefore, it is considered a feasible feed additive that improves the coloration of fish and increase the aquaculture business’s income.

This thesis was conducted to investigate the efficacy of red osier dogwood extracts (RDE) as alternatives to in-feed antibiotics on the growth performance, digestive and absorptive functions, intestinal microbiota and meat quality in broiler chickens. A total of 320 1-day-old Cobb 500 chicks with an initial weight of 48.3 ± 3.3 g were assigned to 4 dietary treatments fed in 3 phases and provided in mash form for 46 days. The treatments were:1) negative control (NC) corn-soybean basal diet, 2) positive control (PC) basal diet and 30 ppm avilamycin, 3) basal diet supplemented with 1000 ppm RDE (RDE1) 4) basal diet with 3000 ppm RDE (RDE2). Each treatment was assigned 8 replicate pens, where n=80 per treatment and raised on floor pens of sizes 4,808.5 sq. inches with straw as bedding. Growth performance data was recorded for 41 days. Sampling of heart, liver, spleen, intestinal segments and digesta was conducted on day 45. Breast meat was collected on day 46 in a commercial slaughterhouse. The results showed that the RDE had no effect on the average daily gain, average daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio and relative organ weight of broiler chickens. The RDE2 treatment reduced the mortality rate during the whole experimental period, suggesting that RDE has the ability to improve livability. The results also showed that RDE1 and RDE2 supplementation altered the diversity of ileal and cecal microbiota and RDE2 increased the ileal digestibility of crude fat and amino acids and nutrient transporters mRNA gene expressions and the villus: crypt ratio of jejunum, while RDE1 and RDE2 reduced the mRNA expression of tight junction proteins, suggesting that the RDE supplementation improved the intestinal environment and functions. There was no significant difference among the treatment means of white striping and woody breast scores and their incidence. Moreover, meat quality showed no difference in the pH, drip loss, myofibrillar fragmentation index, shear force, lipid pero

У статті наведені результати впливу кормової добавки Гермацинк на вміст мікроелементів Цинку, Купруму, Феруму, Мангану, Літію у клітинах та сироватці крові тварин з різним тонусом автономної нервової системи. Визначення мікроелементів проводили за методом атомно- адсорбційної спектрофотометрії в полумʼяному режимі. Вміст Цинку в клітинах крові залежав від тонусу автономної нервової системи. З 10-ї до 30-ї доби після задавання кормової добавки вміст Цинку в клітинах крові корів з різним вегетативним статусом збільшується відповідно на 6,8–10,5 % та 9,0–13,3 %. Додавання кормової добавки Гермацинк супроводжується достовірним зростанням з 10-ї до 30-ї доби вміст Купруму в клітинах крові корів-симпатикотоніків на 12,9% (р<0,01). Проведеними дослідженнями було відмічено поступове збільшенням до 45-ї доби експерименту вміст Феруму в клітинах крові корів нормо-, ваго- та симпатикотоніків відповідно на 6,8 % (р<0,05), 23,1 % (р<0,01) та 22,8 % (р<0,001). Додавання кормової добавки коровам супроводжується збільшенням показника трансмембранного потенціалу з Ферумом у крові корів нормо-, ваго- та симпатикотоніків відповідно на 2,6 %, 15,2 % (р<0,001) та 17,0 % (р<0,01). В проведених дослідженнях було відмічено поступове збільшення вмісту Мангану в сироватці крові корів протягом 45 діб експерименту, зокрема, у корів-нормо-, ваго- та симпатикотоніків даний показник збільшується відповідно на 12,6 % (р<0,05), 11,3 % та 13,0 % .Одержаними результатами було відмічено поступове збільшення до 45-ї доби експерименту вмісту Мангану в клітинах крові корів нормо-, ваго- та симпатикотоніків відповідно на 6,3 % (р<0,05), 9,3 % та 10,6 %. Показник трансмембранного потенціалу за Манганом (Mnклітин/Mnсироватки) у корів-ваготоніків та симпатикотоніків достовірно до початку експерименту був менше відповідно на 14,2 % (р<0,05) та 16,4 % (р<0,01). Додавання кормової добавки Гермацинк супроводжується поступовим збільшенням до 45-ї доби експерименту вмісту Літію в клітинах крові корів симпатикотоні, The paper presents the results of the studies of the influence of feed additive «Germatsink» on the content of zinc, copper, iron, magnesium, lithium in the blood cells and serum of cows with different tones of autonomic nervous system. Micronutrients determination was conducted by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in a flame mode. Zinc content in in the blood cells depended on the tone of the autonomic nervous system. Zinc content in blood cells of cows with different autonomic tones increased by 6.8–10.5 % and 9.0–13.3 % from the 10th to the 30th day respectively after feed additive was given. Application of feed additive «Germatsink» showed significant increase of copper content in the blood cells of sympathicotonic cows by 12.9 % (p <0.01) from 10th to 30th day. The conducted studies showed a gradual increase of iron content in the blood cells by the 45th day of the study in normo-, vago- and sympathicotonic cows respectively by 6.8 % (p<0.05), 23.1 % (p<0.01) and 22.8% (p<0.001). Application of feed additive to cows demonstrated an increase in transmembrane potential with iron in the blood of normo-, vago- and sympathicotonic cows by 2.6 %, 15.2 % (p<0.001) and 17.0 % (p<0.01), respectively. Studies showed a gradual increase in the content of manganese in the serum of cows within 45 days, in particular, in normo-, vago- and sympathicotonic cows this index increased, respectively by 12.6 % (p<0.05), 11.3 % and 13.0 %. The results showed a gradual increase of manganese up to 45 day in blood cells of in normo-, vago- and sympathicotonic cows by 6.3 % (p<0.05), 9.3 %, and 10.6 %, respectively. Manganese transmembrane potential index (Mncell/Mnserum) in vago- and sympathicotonic cows was significantly lower before the beginning of the study by 14.2 % (p<0.05) and 16.4 % (p<0.01) respectively. Application of feed additive “Germatsink” showed a gradual increase in the content of lithium in the blood cells of sympathicotonic cows by 12.0 % (p<0.05) up to the 45th day, В статье приведены результаты влияния кормовой добавки Гермацинк на содержание микроэлементов Цинка, Меди, Железа, Марганца, Лития в клетках и сыворотке крови животных с различным тонусом вегетативной нервной системы. Определение микроэлементов проводили по методу атомно адсорбционной спектрофотометрии в пламенном режиме. Содержание цинка в клетках крови зависил от тонуса вегетативной нервной системы. С 10 до 30-го дня после добавления кормовой добавки содержание Цинка в клетках крови коров с различным вегетативным статусом увеличивается соответственно на 6,8-10,5 % и 9,0-13,3 %. Добавление кормовой добавки Гермацинк сопровождается достоверным ростом с 10 до 30-и суток содержание меди в клетках крови коров-симпатикотоников на 12,9 % (р <0,01). Проведенными исследованиями было отмечено постепенное увеличение до 45-го дня эксперимента содержания железа в клетках крови коров нормо, ваго- и симпатикотоников соответственно на 6,8 % (р <0,05), 23,1% (р <0,01) и 22,8 % (р <0,001). Добавление кормовой добавки коровам сопровождается увеличением показателя трансмембранного потенциала Железа в крови коров нормо, ваго- и симпатикотоников соответственно на 2,6 %, 15,2 % (р <0,001) и 17,0 % (р <0,01). В проведенных исследованиях было отмечено постепенное увеличение содержания марганца в сыворотке крови коров в течение 45 суток эксперимента, в частности, коров-нормо, ваго- и симпатикотоников данный показатель увеличивается соответственно на 12,6% (р <0,05), 11,3 % и 13,0 %. Полученными результатами было отмечено постепенное увеличение до 45-го дня эксперимента содержания марганца в клетках крови коров нормо, ваго- и симпатикотоников соответственно на 6,3 % (р <0,05), 9,3 % и 10,6 %. Показатель трансмембранного потенциала Марганца (Mnклеток/Mnсыворотки) у коров-ваготоников и симпатикотоников достоверно до начала эксперимента был меньше соответственно на 14,2 % (р <0,05) и 16,4 % (р <0,01). Добавление кормовой добавки Гермацинк сопровождается постепенным увеличением до 45-го дня экс

This thesis was conducted to investigate the efficacy of red osier dogwood extracts (RDE) as alternatives to in-feed antibiotics on the growth performance, digestive and absorptive functions, intestinal microbiota and meat quality in broiler chickens. A total of 320 1-day-old Cobb 500 chicks with an initial weight of 48.3 ± 3.3 g were assigned to 4 dietary treatments fed in 3 phases and provided in mash form for 46 days. The treatments were:1) negative control (NC) corn-soybean basal diet, 2) positive control (PC) basal diet and 30 ppm avilamycin, 3) basal diet supplemented with 1000 ppm RDE (RDE1) 4) basal diet with 3000 ppm RDE (RDE2). Each treatment was assigned 8 replicate pens, where n=80 per treatment and raised on floor pens of sizes 4,808.5 sq. inches with straw as bedding. Growth performance data was recorded for 41 days. Sampling of heart, liver, spleen, intestinal segments and digesta was conducted on day 45. Breast meat was collected on day 46 in a commercial slaughterhouse. The results showed that the RDE had no effect on the average daily gain, average daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio and relative organ weight of broiler chickens. The RDE2 treatment reduced the mortality rate during the whole experimental period, suggesting that RDE has the ability to improve livability. The results also showed that RDE1 and RDE2 supplementation altered the diversity of ileal and cecal microbiota and RDE2 increased the ileal digestibility of crude fat and amino acids and nutrient transporters mRNA gene expressions and the villus: crypt ratio of jejunum, while RDE1 and RDE2 reduced the mRNA expression of tight junction proteins, suggesting that the RDE supplementation improved the intestinal environment and functions. There was no significant difference among the treatment means of white striping and woody breast scores and their incidence. Moreover, meat quality showed no difference in the pH, drip loss, myofibrillar fragmentation index, shear force, lipid pero

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on l-histidine monohydrochloride (HCl) monohydrate produced by fermentation using Escherichia coli KCCM 80212 when used as a nutritional additive in feed for all animal species. The production strain is genetically modified. The production strain and its recombinant DNA were not detected in the final product. l-Histidine HCl monohydrate manufactured by fermentation using E. coli KCCM 80212 does not give rise to any safety concern regarding the genetic modification. The use of l-histidine HCl monohydrate produced by fermentation using E. coli KCCM 80212 is safe for the target species when used as a nutritional additive to supplement the diet in appropriate amounts to cover the requirements, depending on the species, the physiological state of the animal, the performance level, the environmental conditions, the background amino acid composition of the unsupplemented diet and the status of some essential trace elements such as copper and zinc. l-Histidine HCl monohydrate produced using E. coli KCCM 80212 supplemented at levels appropriate for the requirements of the target species is considered safe for the consumer. l-Histidine HCl monohydrate produced by E. coli KCCM 80212 is a skin sensitiser. There is a risk for persons handling the additive from the exposure to endotoxins by inhalation. The additive under assessment is not irritant to skin or eyes. The use of l-histidine HCl monohydrate produced using E. coli KCCM 80212 in animal nutrition is not expected to represent a risk to the environment. l-Histidine HCl monohydrate is considered an efficacious source of the essential amino acid l-histidine for non-ruminant animal species. For the supplemental l-histidine to be as efficacious in ruminants as in non-ruminant species, it would require protection against degradation in the rumen.

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety for the target animals, consumer, user and the environment and on the efficacy of a concentrated liquid l-lysine (base, minimum 50%) and a l-lysine monohydrochloride (HCl, minimum 99%) produced by fermentation with a genetically modified strain of Corynebacterium glutamicum (KCTC 12307BP). Both forms of l-lysine are intended to be used in feed for all animal species and categories. Neither the production strain nor its recombinant DNA were detected in the final products. The additives do not pose any safety concern associated with the genetic modification of the production strain. Concentrated liquid l-lysine (base) and l-lysine HCl produced by the strain C. glutamicumKCTC 12307BP do not represent a risk for the target species, for the consumer, for the user and for the environment. l-Lysine HCl and concentrated liquid l-lysine (base) are considered to be efficacious sources of the essential amino acid l-lysine for non-ruminant animal species. For the supplemental l-lysine to be as efficacious in ruminants as in non-ruminant species, it would require protection against degradation in the rumen.

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on l-histidine monohydrochloride (HCl) monohydrate produced by fermentation using Escherichia coli KCCM 80212 when used as a nutritional additive in feed for all animal species. The production strain is genetically modified. The production strain and its recombinant DNA were not detected in the final product. l-Histidine HCl monohydrate manufactured by fermentation using E. coli KCCM 80212 does not give rise to any safety concern regarding the genetic modification. The use of l-histidine HCl monohydrate produced by fermentation using E. coli KCCM 80212 is safe for the target species when used as a nutritional additive to supplement the diet in appropriate amounts to cover the requirements, depending on the species, the physiological state of the animal, the performance level, the environmental conditions, the background amino acid composition of the unsupplemented diet and the status of some essential trace elements such as copper and zinc. l-Histidine HCl monohydrate produced using E. coli KCCM 80212 supplemented at levels appropriate for the requirements of the target species is considered safe for the consumer. l-Histidine HCl monohydrate produced by E. coli KCCM 80212 is a skin sensitiser. There is a risk for persons handling the additive from the exposure to endotoxins by inhalation. The additive under assessment is not irritant to skin or eyes. The use of l-histidine HCl monohydrate produced using E. coli KCCM 80212 in animal nutrition is not expected to represent a risk to the environment. l-Histidine HCl monohydrate is considered an efficacious source of the essential amino acid l-histidine for non-ruminant animal species. For the supplemental l-histidine to be as efficacious in ruminants as in non-ruminant species, it would require protection against degradation in the rumen.

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety for the target animals, consumer, user and the environment and on the efficacy of a concentrated liquid l-lysine (base, minimum 50%) and a l-lysine monohydrochloride (HCl, minimum 99%) produced by fermentation with a genetically modified strain of Corynebacterium glutamicum (KCTC 12307BP). Both forms of l-lysine are intended to be used in feed for all animal species and categories. Neither the production strain nor its recombinant DNA were detected in the final products. The additives do not pose any safety concern associated with the genetic modification of the production strain. Concentrated liquid l-lysine (base) and l-lysine HCl produced by the strain C. glutamicumKCTC 12307BP do not represent a risk for the target species, for the consumer, for the user and for the environment. l-Lysine HCl and concentrated liquid l-lysine (base) are considered to be efficacious sources of the essential amino acid l-lysine for non-ruminant animal species. For the supplemental l-lysine to be as efficacious in ruminants as in non-ruminant species, it would require protection against degradation in the rumen.

This thesis was conducted to investigate the efficacy of red osier dogwood extracts (RDE) as alternatives to in-feed antibiotics on the growth performance, digestive and absorptive functions, intestinal microbiota and meat quality in broiler chickens. A total of 320 1-day-old Cobb 500 chicks with an initial weight of 48.3 ± 3.3 g were assigned to 4 dietary treatments fed in 3 phases and provided in mash form for 46 days. The treatments were:1) negative control (NC) corn-soybean basal diet, 2) positive control (PC) basal diet and 30 ppm avilamycin, 3) basal diet supplemented with 1000 ppm RDE (RDE1) 4) basal diet with 3000 ppm RDE (RDE2). Each treatment was assigned 8 replicate pens, where n=80 per treatment and raised on floor pens of sizes 4,808.5 sq. inches with straw as bedding. Growth performance data was recorded for 41 days. Sampling of heart, liver, spleen, intestinal segments and digesta was conducted on day 45. Breast meat was collected on day 46 in a commercial slaughterhouse. The results showed that the RDE had no effect on the average daily gain, average daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio and relative organ weight of broiler chickens. The RDE2 treatment reduced the mortality rate during the whole experimental period, suggesting that RDE has the ability to improve livability. The results also showed that RDE1 and RDE2 supplementation altered the diversity of ileal and cecal microbiota and RDE2 increased the ileal digestibility of crude fat and amino acids and nutrient transporters mRNA gene expressions and the villus: crypt ratio of jejunum, while RDE1 and RDE2 reduced the mRNA expression of tight junction proteins, suggesting that the RDE supplementation improved the intestinal environment and functions. There was no significant difference among the treatment means of white striping and woody breast scores and their incidence. Moreover, meat quality showed no difference in the pH, drip loss, myofibrillar fragmentation index, shear force, lipid pero

This thesis was conducted to investigate the efficacy of red osier dogwood extracts (RDE) as alternatives to in-feed antibiotics on the growth performance, digestive and absorptive functions, intestinal microbiota and meat quality in broiler chickens. A total of 320 1-day-old Cobb 500 chicks with an initial weight of 48.3 ± 3.3 g were assigned to 4 dietary treatments fed in 3 phases and provided in mash form for 46 days. The treatments were:1) negative control (NC) corn-soybean basal diet, 2) positive control (PC) basal diet and 30 ppm avilamycin, 3) basal diet supplemented with 1000 ppm RDE (RDE1) 4) basal diet with 3000 ppm RDE (RDE2). Each treatment was assigned 8 replicate pens, where n=80 per treatment and raised on floor pens of sizes 4,808.5 sq. inches with straw as bedding. Growth performance data was recorded for 41 days. Sampling of heart, liver, spleen, intestinal segments and digesta was conducted on day 45. Breast meat was collected on day 46 in a commercial slaughterhouse. The results showed that the RDE had no effect on the average daily gain, average daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio and relative organ weight of broiler chickens. The RDE2 treatment reduced the mortality rate during the whole experimental period, suggesting that RDE has the ability to improve livability. The results also showed that RDE1 and RDE2 supplementation altered the diversity of ileal and cecal microbiota and RDE2 increased the ileal digestibility of crude fat and amino acids and nutrient transporters mRNA gene expressions and the villus: crypt ratio of jejunum, while RDE1 and RDE2 reduced the mRNA expression of tight junction proteins, suggesting that the RDE supplementation improved the intestinal environment and functions. There was no significant difference among the treatment means of white striping and woody breast scores and their incidence. Moreover, meat quality showed no difference in the pH, drip loss, myofibrillar fragmentation index, shear force, lipid pero

Ethoxyquin (EQ) is an antioxidant that has, to date, been commonly used in feed production. Reports on the detrimental effects of this substance on vertebrates are growing, but effects in aquatic systems have rarely been described. Therefore, the present study was conducted using serial concentrations of EQ ranging from 0.03 to 16.5 mg l-1 to determine effects on 3 types of aquatic organisms. In zebrafish, 5 mg l-1 EQ caused mortality (25%) and a further 62.5% of the embryos showed yolk sac edema as well as deformed bodies or missing eyes. Furthermore, all the investigated EQ concentrations decreased the heart rate of the embryos. The lowest observed effect level was 0.31 mg l-1. In addition to zebrafish, the study also used water fleas Daphnia magna and green algae (Scenedesmus obliquus and Chlorella vulgaris). These treatments revealed that daphnids are also sensitive to EQ, exhibiting detrimental effects with a half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 2.65 mg l-1 after 48 h of exposure. The algae appeared to be at least 2 times less sensitive to EQ than fish embryos or daphnids. The results were used to calculate the risk for aquatic life resulting in a maximum tolerable level of 1 µg l-1 for fish embryos and daphnids, with a safety factor of 300. According to current knowledge, this does not exceed environmental concentrations of this substance. However, this study raises further concern about the (until recently) legal maximum tolerable EQ levels in fish feeding and the rather slow pace at which authorization to use EQ as a feed additive for diverse animals in Europe is being suspended.

Background: Kaolin may improve quail performance by maintaining intestinal integrity and improving nutrient absorption. Objective: To evaluate the overall performance, egg quality, moisture, nitrogen and calcium content in the excreta, intestinal morphology and financial analysis of kaolin in Japanese quail feed during the production phase. Methods: A total of 192 Japanese quails, distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments and six repetitions with eight birds each, were used. Kaolin levels added to the diet were 0, 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5%. Results: Kaolin reduced feed consumption. Additionally, egg production, feed conversion and viability increased. Moisture, nitrogen and calcium in the excreta decreased. Height and width of the intestinal villi increased with increasing levels of kaolin in the diet. Kaolin had no effect on egg quality. Inclusion level of 1.5% kaolin allowed for greater economic gains. Conclusion: Kaolin improved performance, intestinal morphology, and reduced the moisture, nitrogen and calcium contents in the excreta. Egg quality remained unchanged with the addition of kaolin, and the best economic response resulted with the addition 1.5% kaolin., Antecedentes: O caulim pode melhorar o desempenho de codornas mantendo a integridade intestinal e maior absorção de nutrientes. Objetivo: Avaliar o desempenho global, a qualidade do ovo, a umidade, o teor de nitrogênio e cálcio na excreta, a morfologia intestinal e a análise financeira do caulim em codornas japonesas durante a fase de produção. Métodos: Foram utilizadas 192 codornas japonesas, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições, com oito aves cada. Os níveis de caulim adicionados à dieta foram 0; 1,5; 3,0; 4,5%. Resultados: O consumo de ração foi reduzido, houve melhora na porcentagem de ovos produzidos, conversão alimentar e viabilidade, os níveis de umidade, nitrogênio e cálcio nas excretas diminuíram, a altura e a largura das vilosidades intestinais aumentaram com a inclusão de níveis crescentes de caulim. Não houve efeito na qualidade do ovo. Os níveis de inclusão de 1,5% de caulim permitiram maiores ganhos econômicos. Conclusão: O caulim melhorou o desempenho, a morfologia intestinal e reduziu os teores de umidade, nitrogênio e cálcio na excreta. A qualidade dos ovos produzidos permaneceu inalterada com a adição de diferentes níveis de caulim, e o melhor nível de caulim, de acordo com a análise econômica, foi de 1,5% como aditivo para as codornas japonesas., Antecedentes: El caolín puede mejorar el rendimiento de la codorniz al mantener la integridad intestinal y una mayor absorción de nutrientes. Objetivo: Evaluar el rendimiento general, calidad del huevo, humedad, contenido de nitrógeno y calcio en la excreta, morfología intestinal, y realizar un análisis financiero de la inclusión de caolín en el alimento de codorniz japonesa durante la fase de producción. Métodos: Se utilizaron un total de 192 codornices japonesas, distribuidas en un diseño completamente al azar con cuatro tratamientos y seis repeticiones con ocho aves cada una. Los niveles de caolín agregado a la dieta fueron 0; 1,5; 3,0; y 4,5%. Resultados: El caolín redujo el consumo de alimento, hubo una mejora en el porcentaje de huevos producidos, la conversión del alimento y la viabilidad, Los niveles de humedad, nitrógeno y calcio en la excreta disminuyeron, la altura y el ancho de las vellosidades intestinales aumentaron con la inclusión de niveles crecientes de caolín. No hubo efecto sobre la calidad del huevo. Los niveles de inclusión de 1,5% de caolín permitieron mayores ganancias económicas. Conclusión: El caolín mejoró el rendimiento, la morfología intestinal y redujo los contenidos de humedad, nitrógeno y calcio en las excretas. La calidad de los huevos producidos se mantuvo sin cambios con la adición de diferentes niveles de caolín, y el mejor nivel de inclusión de caolín -según el análisis económico- fue de 1,5%.

Introduction. In the livestock production for commercial purposes, additives are frequently used to increase the effectiveness of nutrients present in the food, its availability, and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, as well as modulate the intestinal flora of animals and promote their growth and productivity. Antibiotics have been among the most used additives in recent decades animal production worldwide. Objective. The aim of this literature review was to describe the use of probiotics as additives in animal nutrition, as an alternative to the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in commercial livestock production. Development. This compilation analyzes the current definition of probiotics accepted by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) it also describres the microorganisms allowed as probiotics in animal nutrition in Costa Rica and the United States. Additionally,the main mechanisms of action in productive animals are explained. Probiotics are living organisms that when administered in adequate amounts confer a benefit to the health of the host, this effect must be proven and overcome the effect given by the placebo. The microorganisms used as probiotics in animal nutrition should not be pathogenic for animals, and should be resistant to the processes of food and feed elaboration. It has been reported that the benefit of probiotics in productive animals is mainly due to the fact that these promote the microbial balance in the digestive tract and the modulation of the immune system, resulting in an increase in the digestion and absorption of nutrients and decreasing the incidence of infectious diseases. Conclusion. The use of different probiotics in productive animals to increase productivity and animal health, has been proven in different commercial livestock species and its use is promising as a growth promoter instead of antibiotics., Introducción. En la producción pecuaria con fines comerciales, es frecuente el uso de aditivos para aumentar la efectividad de los nutrientes presentes en el alimento, su disponibilidad y absorción en el tracto gastrointestinal, además, de modular la flora intestinal de los animales y promover su crecimiento y productividad. Los antibióticos han sido de los aditivos más utilizados en las últimas décadas en producción animal en el mundo. Objetivo. El objetivo de esta revisión bibliográfica fue describir y analizar el uso de probióticos como aditivos en nutrición animal y como una alternativa al uso de antibióticos como promotores de crecimiento en la producción pecuaria comercial. Desarrollo. En esta recopilación se analiza la definición actual de probióticos aceptada por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO) y la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), se describen los microorganismos permitidos como probióticos en nutrición animal en Costa Rica y Estados Unidos, y se explican los principales mecanismos de acción de los mismos en animales productivos. Los probióticos son organismos vivos que cuando son administrados en cantidades adecuadas confieren un beneficio para la salud del hospedero, este efecto debe estar probado y superar al efecto dado por el placebo. Los microorganismos usados como probióticos en nutrición animal no deben ser patógenos para los animales y deben ser resistentes a los procesos de elaboración de alimentos y piensos. Se ha reportado que el beneficio de los probióticos en animales productivos, se debe principalmente a que estos fomentan el balance microbiano en el tubo digestivo y la modulación del sistema inmune, resultando en un aumento en la digestión y absorción de nutrientes, y disminuyen la incidencia de enfermedades infecciosas. Conclusión. El uso de diferentes probióticos en animales productivos para aumentar el rendimiento y la salud animal, ha sido comprobado en diferentes especies product

Background: Kaolin may improve quail performance by maintaining intestinal integrity and improving nutrient absorption. Objective: To evaluate the overall performance, egg quality, moisture, nitrogen and calcium content in the excreta, intestinal morphology and financial analysis of kaolin in Japanese quail feed during the production phase. Methods: A total of 192 Japanese quails, distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments and six repetitions with eight birds each, were used. Kaolin levels added to the diet were 0, 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5%. Results: Kaolin reduced feed consumption. Additionally, egg production, feed conversion and viability increased. Moisture, nitrogen and calcium in the excreta decreased. Height and width of the intestinal villi increased with increasing levels of kaolin in the diet. Kaolin had no effect on egg quality. Inclusion level of 1.5% kaolin allowed for greater economic gains. Conclusion: Kaolin improved performance, intestinal morphology, and reduced the moisture, nitrogen and calcium contents in the excreta. Egg quality remained unchanged with the addition of kaolin, and the best economic response resulted with the addition 1.5% kaolin., Antecedentes: O caulim pode melhorar o desempenho de codornas mantendo a integridade intestinal e maior absorção de nutrientes. Objetivo: Avaliar o desempenho global, a qualidade do ovo, a umidade, o teor de nitrogênio e cálcio na excreta, a morfologia intestinal e a análise financeira do caulim em codornas japonesas durante a fase de produção. Métodos: Foram utilizadas 192 codornas japonesas, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições, com oito aves cada. Os níveis de caulim adicionados à dieta foram 0; 1,5; 3,0; 4,5%. Resultados: O consumo de ração foi reduzido, houve melhora na porcentagem de ovos produzidos, conversão alimentar e viabilidade, os níveis de umidade, nitrogênio e cálcio nas excretas diminuíram, a altura e a largura das vilosidades intestinais aumentaram com a inclusão de níveis crescentes de caulim. Não houve efeito na qualidade do ovo. Os níveis de inclusão de 1,5% de caulim permitiram maiores ganhos econômicos. Conclusão: O caulim melhorou o desempenho, a morfologia intestinal e reduziu os teores de umidade, nitrogênio e cálcio na excreta. A qualidade dos ovos produzidos permaneceu inalterada com a adição de diferentes níveis de caulim, e o melhor nível de caulim, de acordo com a análise econômica, foi de 1,5% como aditivo para as codornas japonesas., Antecedentes: El caolín puede mejorar el rendimiento de la codorniz al mantener la integridad intestinal y una mayor absorción de nutrientes. Objetivo: Evaluar el rendimiento general, calidad del huevo, humedad, contenido de nitrógeno y calcio en la excreta, morfología intestinal, y realizar un análisis financiero de la inclusión de caolín en el alimento de codorniz japonesa durante la fase de producción. Métodos: Se utilizaron un total de 192 codornices japonesas, distribuidas en un diseño completamente al azar con cuatro tratamientos y seis repeticiones con ocho aves cada una. Los niveles de caolín agregado a la dieta fueron 0; 1,5; 3,0; y 4,5%. Resultados: El caolín redujo el consumo de alimento, hubo una mejora en el porcentaje de huevos producidos, la conversión del alimento y la viabilidad, Los niveles de humedad, nitrógeno y calcio en la excreta disminuyeron, la altura y el ancho de las vellosidades intestinales aumentaron con la inclusión de niveles crecientes de caolín. No hubo efecto sobre la calidad del huevo. Los niveles de inclusión de 1,5% de caolín permitieron mayores ganancias económicas. Conclusión: El caolín mejoró el rendimiento, la morfología intestinal y redujo los contenidos de humedad, nitrógeno y calcio en las excretas. La calidad de los huevos producidos se mantuvo sin cambios con la adición de diferentes niveles de caolín, y el mejor nivel de inclusión de caolín -según el análisis económico- fue de 1,5%.

Introduction. In the livestock production for commercial purposes, additives are frequently used to increase the effectiveness of nutrients present in the food, its availability, and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, as well as modulate the intestinal flora of animals and promote their growth and productivity. Antibiotics have been among the most used additives in recent decades animal production worldwide. Objective. The aim of this literature review was to describe the use of probiotics as additives in animal nutrition, as an alternative to the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in commercial livestock production. Development. This compilation analyzes the current definition of probiotics accepted by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) it also describres the microorganisms allowed as probiotics in animal nutrition in Costa Rica and the United States. Additionally,the main mechanisms of action in productive animals are explained. Probiotics are living organisms that when administered in adequate amounts confer a benefit to the health of the host, this effect must be proven and overcome the effect given by the placebo. The microorganisms used as probiotics in animal nutrition should not be pathogenic for animals, and should be resistant to the processes of food and feed elaboration. It has been reported that the benefit of probiotics in productive animals is mainly due to the fact that these promote the microbial balance in the digestive tract and the modulation of the immune system, resulting in an increase in the digestion and absorption of nutrients and decreasing the incidence of infectious diseases. Conclusion. The use of different probiotics in productive animals to increase productivity and animal health, has been proven in different commercial livestock species and its use is promising as a growth promoter instead of antibiotics., Introducción. En la producción pecuaria con fines comerciales, es frecuente el uso de aditivos para aumentar la efectividad de los nutrientes presentes en el alimento, su disponibilidad y absorción en el tracto gastrointestinal, además, de modular la flora intestinal de los animales y promover su crecimiento y productividad. Los antibióticos han sido de los aditivos más utilizados en las últimas décadas en producción animal en el mundo. Objetivo. El objetivo de esta revisión bibliográfica fue describir y analizar el uso de probióticos como aditivos en nutrición animal y como una alternativa al uso de antibióticos como promotores de crecimiento en la producción pecuaria comercial. Desarrollo. En esta recopilación se analiza la definición actual de probióticos aceptada por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO) y la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), se describen los microorganismos permitidos como probióticos en nutrición animal en Costa Rica y Estados Unidos, y se explican los principales mecanismos de acción de los mismos en animales productivos. Los probióticos son organismos vivos que cuando son administrados en cantidades adecuadas confieren un beneficio para la salud del hospedero, este efecto debe estar probado y superar al efecto dado por el placebo. Los microorganismos usados como probióticos en nutrición animal no deben ser patógenos para los animales y deben ser resistentes a los procesos de elaboración de alimentos y piensos. Se ha reportado que el beneficio de los probióticos en animales productivos, se debe principalmente a que estos fomentan el balance microbiano en el tubo digestivo y la modulación del sistema inmune, resultando en un aumento en la digestión y absorción de nutrientes, y disminuyen la incidencia de enfermedades infecciosas. Conclusión. El uso de diferentes probióticos en animales productivos para aumentar el rendimiento y la salud animal, ha sido comprobado en diferentes especies product

Ethoxyquin (EQ) is an antioxidant that has, to date, been commonly used in feed production. Reports on the detrimental effects of this substance on vertebrates are growing, but effects in aquatic systems have rarely been described. Therefore, the present study was conducted using serial concentrations of EQ ranging from 0.03 to 16.5 mg l-1 to determine effects on 3 types of aquatic organisms. In zebrafish, 5 mg l-1 EQ caused mortality (25%) and a further 62.5% of the embryos showed yolk sac edema as well as deformed bodies or missing eyes. Furthermore, all the investigated EQ concentrations decreased the heart rate of the embryos. The lowest observed effect level was 0.31 mg l-1. In addition to zebrafish, the study also used water fleas Daphnia magna and green algae (Scenedesmus obliquus and Chlorella vulgaris). These treatments revealed that daphnids are also sensitive to EQ, exhibiting detrimental effects with a half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 2.65 mg l-1 after 48 h of exposure. The algae appeared to be at least 2 times less sensitive to EQ than fish embryos or daphnids. The results were used to calculate the risk for aquatic life resulting in a maximum tolerable level of 1 µg l-1 for fish embryos and daphnids, with a safety factor of 300. According to current knowledge, this does not exceed environmental concentrations of this substance. However, this study raises further concern about the (until recently) legal maximum tolerable EQ levels in fish feeding and the rather slow pace at which authorization to use EQ as a feed additive for diverse animals in Europe is being suspended.

Several recent studies have shown that Arthrospira sp. supplementation of feeds has a beneficial effect on fish health and growth, but less is known about its possible effects on stress responsiveness. The present study was designed to evaluate using Arthrospira platensis as a feed supplement for Oreochromis niloticus fry, reared in recirculating aquaculture systems. Two isocaloric and isonitrogenous fishmeal-based diets were prepared with 0% and 1% A. platensis and fed to fry, approximately 10 mg live weight at the beginning of the experimental period (n=16 tanks, 8 tanks per treatment), at a feeding rate of 6% live weight, four meals a day for 50 d. The weight gain per tank, specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio were similar among treatments but A. platensis supplementation significantly increased survival (p<0.05). Stress responsiveness was measured in all fish from 12 tanks using a non-invasive two-choice test. All fish from one home tank (n=6 tanks per treatment), were placed into a shaded tank where oxygen levels were slowly reduced. A doorway was then opened to a second illuminated tank with normal oxygen levels and the number of fish that left the home tank were counted. The fish fed A. platensis stayed significantly (p=0.001) longer in the home tank (30.20 min ± 13.22) than controls (17.35 min ± 8.32), suggesting a lower stress responsiveness and a higher tolerance to hypoxia.

Several recent studies have shown that Arthrospira sp. supplementation of feeds has a beneficial effect on fish health and growth, but less is known about its possible effects on stress responsiveness. The present study was designed to evaluate using Arthrospira platensis as a feed supplement for Oreochromis niloticus fry, reared in recirculating aquaculture systems. Two isocaloric and isonitrogenous fishmeal-based diets were prepared with 0% and 1% A. platensis and fed to fry, approximately 10 mg live weight at the beginning of the experimental period (n=16 tanks, 8 tanks per treatment), at a feeding rate of 6% live weight, four meals a day for 50 d. The weight gain per tank, specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio were similar among treatments but A. platensis supplementation significantly increased survival (p<0.05). Stress responsiveness was measured in all fish from 12 tanks using a non-invasive two-choice test. All fish from one home tank (n=6 tanks per treatment), were placed into a shaded tank where oxygen levels were slowly reduced. A doorway was then opened to a second illuminated tank with normal oxygen levels and the number of fish that left the home tank were counted. The fish fed A. platensis stayed significantly (p=0.001) longer in the home tank (30.20 min ± 13.22) than controls (17.35 min ± 8.32), suggesting a lower stress responsiveness and a higher tolerance to hypoxia.

Застосування каоліну – алюмосилікату природного походження у вигляді пухкої гірської породи, що має адсорбційні, в’яжучі, бактерицидні та іонообмінні властивості, є джерелом калію, натрію, кальцію, магнію, цинку, як кормової добавки для профілактики отруєнь свиней важкими металами., Применение каолина – алюмосиликата природного происхождения в виде рыхлой горной породы, имеет адсорбционные, вяжущие, бактерицидные и ионообменные свойства, является источником калия, натрия, кальция, магния, цинка, в качестве кормовой добавки для профилактики отравлений свиней тяжелыми металлами., Application of kaolin – aluminosilicate of natural origin in the form of loose rocks having adsorptive, astringent, bactericidal and ion exchange properties, is a source of potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, zinc as a feed additive for the prevention of poisoning pigs by heavy metals.

Застосування алуніту – основного сульфату алюмінію та калію природного походження, що являє собою готову до вживання подрібнену (менше 1 мм) масу з адсорбційними, в’яжучими, бактерицидними, іонообмінними властивостями та який є джерелом кремнію, алюмінію, заліза, калію, кальцію, сірки, срібла, кобальту, міді, марганцю, молібдену, цинку – як кормової добавки для профілактики отруєнь свиней важкими металами., Применение алунита – основного сульфата алюминия и калия природного происхождения, представляет собой готовую к употреблению измельченную (менее 1 мм) массу с адсорбционными, вяжущими, бактерицидными, ионообменными свойствами и являющийся источником кремния, алюминия, железа, калия, кальция, серы, серебра, кобальта, меди, марганца, молибдена, цинка – в качестве кормовой добавки для профилактики отравлений свиней тяжелыми металлами., Application of alunite – the main aluminum and potassium sulphate of natural origin, which is a ready to use crushed (less than 1 mm) mass with adsorption, astringent, bactericidal, ion-exchange properties and a source of silicon, aluminum, iron, potassium, calcium, sulfur, silver, cobalt, copper, manganese, molybdenum, zinc as a feed supplement for the prevention of poisoning pigs with heavy metals.

Застосування каоліну – алюмосилікату природного походження у вигляді пухкої гірської породи, що має адсорбційні, в’яжучі, бактерицидні та іонообмінні властивості, є джерелом калію, натрію, кальцію, магнію, цинку, як кормової добавки для профілактики отруєнь свиней важкими металами., Применение каолина – алюмосиликата природного происхождения в виде рыхлой горной породы, имеет адсорбционные, вяжущие, бактерицидные и ионообменные свойства, является источником калия, натрия, кальция, магния, цинка, в качестве кормовой добавки для профилактики отравлений свиней тяжелыми металлами., Application of kaolin – aluminosilicate of natural origin in the form of loose rocks having adsorptive, astringent, bactericidal and ion exchange properties, is a source of potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, zinc as a feed additive for the prevention of poisoning pigs by heavy metals.

Застосування алуніту – основного сульфату алюмінію та калію природного походження, що являє собою готову до вживання подрібнену (менше 1 мм) масу з адсорбційними, в’яжучими, бактерицидними, іонообмінними властивостями та який є джерелом кремнію, алюмінію, заліза, калію, кальцію, сірки, срібла, кобальту, міді, марганцю, молібдену, цинку – як кормової добавки для профілактики отруєнь свиней важкими металами., Применение алунита – основного сульфата алюминия и калия природного происхождения, представляет собой готовую к употреблению измельченную (менее 1 мм) массу с адсорбционными, вяжущими, бактерицидными, ионообменными свойствами и являющийся источником кремния, алюминия, железа, калия, кальция, серы, серебра, кобальта, меди, марганца, молибдена, цинка – в качестве кормовой добавки для профилактики отравлений свиней тяжелыми металлами., Application of alunite – the main aluminum and potassium sulphate of natural origin, which is a ready to use crushed (less than 1 mm) mass with adsorption, astringent, bactericidal, ion-exchange properties and a source of silicon, aluminum, iron, potassium, calcium, sulfur, silver, cobalt, copper, manganese, molybdenum, zinc as a feed supplement for the prevention of poisoning pigs with heavy metals.