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The aime of this article is describe differents perspectives on social policies and the food needs to rescue the context in which they were emerging in the the state matrix by taking some regional examples, centrally in Argentina. This will characterize the different modalities for which they were passing the food assistance programs in the care of vulnerable populations and the state's response to security and social rights with respect to access to food., En el trabajo se intentan articular diferentes miradas sobre las políticas sociales y las necesidades alimentarias a fin de rescatar el contexto en que fueron surgiendo en la matriz estatal la atención del problema alimentario tomando algunos casos de la región y centralmente de nuestro país. Para ello se caracterizarán las diferentes modalidades por las que fueron pasando los programas de asistencia alimentaria en la atención de poblaciones vulnerables y la respuesta del Estado a las garantías y derechos sociales con respecto al acceso al alimento.

The aime of this article is describe differents perspectives on social policies and the food needs to rescue the context in which they were emerging in the the state matrix by taking some regional examples, centrally in Argentina. This will characterize the different modalities for which they were passing the food assistance programs in the care of vulnerable populations and the state's response to security and social rights with respect to access to food., En el trabajo se intentan articular diferentes miradas sobre las políticas sociales y las necesidades alimentarias a fin de rescatar el contexto en que fueron surgiendo en la matriz estatal la atención del problema alimentario tomando algunos casos de la región y centralmente de nuestro país. Para ello se caracterizarán las diferentes modalidades por las que fueron pasando los programas de asistencia alimentaria en la atención de poblaciones vulnerables y la respuesta del Estado a las garantías y derechos sociales con respecto al acceso al alimento.

Monitoring drought across many scales Chris Funk As gas and food prices increase while per capita harvested area decreases, drought and disruptions in food availability exert more and more pressure on the political and economic stability of ‘frailed’ states. Improved drought monitoring across many spatial and temporal time scales has therefore become increasingly important. As this need mounts, so have our capacities to observe and understand the earth’s climate. Relatively new satellite systems, such as the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer, allow us to watch the earth at scales of ~100 meters. Improved rainfall retrievals give us more timely and accurate observations of hydrologic extremes. Web-based mapping and analysis tools help us integrate and utilize this information in ‘actionable’ ways. Over the past few years, scientists at the US Geological Survey and the University of California, Santa Barbara’s Climate Hazard Group have developed new monitoring datasets, tools and methods supporting the monitoring of drought across South America, Africa and Asia. This talk summarizes these new products, and sets out some general principles that will help us to identify agricultural droughts in rainfed environments. Special attention is given to monitoring and understanding low frequency changes in climate over and around the Indian Ocean during boreal spring and summer. This work links ‘bottom up’ evaluations of terrestrial drying trends with ‘top down’ diagnostic analyses tracing the associated changes in atmospheric thermodynamics and moisture transports. The resulting framework for ‘drought forensics’ is helping us to understand and prepare for near-term climate changes. As the south-central Indian Ocean (SIO) has warmed beneath rapid surface winds, SIO evaporation and rainfall have increased dramatically, setting up overturning circulations helping to lower rainfall across east Africa and India. Current collaboration with USAID links this research with clima

Water scarcity is an emerging topic in security and conflict studies. This selected bibliography highlights some of the concerns, including border disputes, effect on food supply, and the shared responsibility for the future of water resources. Not a comprehensive listing, this selected bibliography is intended to be a starting point for research. With certain exceptions, the materials in the bibliography are dated from 2006 to the present. All items are available through the U.S. Army War College Library. For your convenience, we have added USAWC call numbers, Internet addresses, or database links at the end of each entry. Web sites were accessed June 2011. This bibliography and others compiled by our research librarians are available online through the Library's home page at http://www.carlisle.army.mil/library/bibliographies.htm. For additional information, please contact the Research, Instruction, and Access Services Branch, U.S. Army War College Library, by sending an e-mail message to USAWC.LibraryR@us.army.mil, or by phoning DSN 242-3660 or Commercial (717) 245-3660.

The present article reviews the strengths and weaknesses of the three main methods for estimating the prevalence of malnutrition in populations: self-reported hunger, estimates based on food supplies, and anthropometrics. Although far from flawless, anthropometrics is found to be the most reliable method and also the most useful for directing policy. The main form of malnutrition among adults is overweight, not only in developed countries, but also in almost all developing countries. Only in a few developing countries is adult underweight more prevalent. By the conventional anthropometric indicators, about one-quarter of all children below the age of 5 in the developing countries are stunted or underweight, and about 10% are wasted. The total burden of malnutrition among young children, as measured by the Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure, is considerably higher, about 60% in India, the country with the largest child population in the world., authorCount :1

Monitoring drought across many scales Chris Funk As gas and food prices increase while per capita harvested area decreases, drought and disruptions in food availability exert more and more pressure on the political and economic stability of ‘frailed’ states. Improved drought monitoring across many spatial and temporal time scales has therefore become increasingly important. As this need mounts, so have our capacities to observe and understand the earth’s climate. Relatively new satellite systems, such as the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer, allow us to watch the earth at scales of ~100 meters. Improved rainfall retrievals give us more timely and accurate observations of hydrologic extremes. Web-based mapping and analysis tools help us integrate and utilize this information in ‘actionable’ ways. Over the past few years, scientists at the US Geological Survey and the University of California, Santa Barbara’s Climate Hazard Group have developed new monitoring datasets, tools and methods supporting the monitoring of drought across South America, Africa and Asia. This talk summarizes these new products, and sets out some general principles that will help us to identify agricultural droughts in rainfed environments. Special attention is given to monitoring and understanding low frequency changes in climate over and around the Indian Ocean during boreal spring and summer. This work links ‘bottom up’ evaluations of terrestrial drying trends with ‘top down’ diagnostic analyses tracing the associated changes in atmospheric thermodynamics and moisture transports. The resulting framework for ‘drought forensics’ is helping us to understand and prepare for near-term climate changes. As the south-central Indian Ocean (SIO) has warmed beneath rapid surface winds, SIO evaporation and rainfall have increased dramatically, setting up overturning circulations helping to lower rainfall across east Africa and India. Current collaboration with USAID links this research with clima

Este trabajo desea aportar información acerca del abastecimiento de víveres durante el conflicto de Trafalgar, tratando acerca de los alimentos que se hallaban a bordo en los buques españoles en servicio en ese año de 1805. Añadido a esto, se estudia el abastecimiento alimentario en la Armada Española desde sus inicios, en las flotas castellana y aragonesa de la Edad Media, o en las Armadas del Mediterráneo y de las Indias en los siglos XVI, XVII y XVIII. Pretendemos exponer aquí, asimismo, el uso histórico de estos alimentos, la dificultad de los abastecimientos, y su coste; las diferencias sociales en la mesa de a bordo; la producción de los víveres, o la aplicación de las Ordenanzas (por ejemplo, las de 1793) que regulaban los suministros., This paper studies food supplies on board the ships of the Spanish Navy that took part in the Battle of Trafalgar in the year 1805. It also studies the food supplies of the Spanish Armada from the time of its foundation, beginning with the fleets of Castile and Aragon in the Middle Ages and continuing with the fleets of the Mediterranean and the West Indies in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. The study includes the difficulties and costs involved in the supplying of food, the social differences existing on board, as reflected in what was eaten by the crew, the production of food, and the enforcement of the ordinances which regulated supplies.

Este trabajo desea aportar información acerca del abastecimiento de víveres durante el conflicto de Trafalgar, tratando acerca de los alimentos que se hallaban a bordo en los buques españoles en servicio en ese año de 1805. Añadido a esto, se estudia el abastecimiento alimentario en la Armada Española desde sus inicios, en las flotas castellana y aragonesa de la Edad Media, o en las Armadas del Mediterráneo y de las Indias en los siglos XVI, XVII y XVIII. Pretendemos exponer aquí, asimismo, el uso histórico de estos alimentos, la dificultad de los abastecimientos, y su coste; las diferencias sociales en la mesa de a bordo; la producción de los víveres, o la aplicación de las Ordenanzas (por ejemplo, las de 1793) que regulaban los suministros., This paper studies food supplies on board the ships of the Spanish Navy that took part in the Battle of Trafalgar in the year 1805. It also studies the food supplies of the Spanish Armada from the time of its foundation, beginning with the fleets of Castile and Aragon in the Middle Ages and continuing with the fleets of the Mediterranean and the West Indies in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. The study includes the difficulties and costs involved in the supplying of food, the social differences existing on board, as reflected in what was eaten by the crew, the production of food, and the enforcement of the ordinances which regulated supplies.

Este trabajo desea aportar información acerca del abastecimiento de víveres durante el conflicto de Trafalgar, tratando acerca de los alimentos que se hallaban a bordo en los buques españoles en servicio en ese año de 1805. Añadido a esto, se estudia el abastecimiento alimentario en la Armada Española desde sus inicios, en las flotas castellana y aragonesa de la Edad Media, o en las Armadas del Mediterráneo y de las Indias en los siglos XVI, XVII y XVIII. Pretendemos exponer aquí, asimismo, el uso histórico de estos alimentos, la dificultad de los abastecimientos, y su coste; las diferencias sociales en la mesa de a bordo; la producción de los víveres, o la aplicación de las Ordenanzas (por ejemplo, las de 1793) que regulaban los suministros., This paper studies food supplies on board the ships of the Spanish Navy that took part in the Battle of Trafalgar in the year 1805. It also studies the food supplies of the Spanish Armada from the time of its foundation, beginning with the fleets of Castile and Aragon in the Middle Ages and continuing with the fleets of the Mediterranean and the West Indies in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. The study includes the difficulties and costs involved in the supplying of food, the social differences existing on board, as reflected in what was eaten by the crew, the production of food, and the enforcement of the ordinances which regulated supplies.

Este trabajo desea aportar información acerca del abastecimiento de víveres durante el conflicto de Trafalgar, tratando acerca de los alimentos que se hallaban a bordo en los buques españoles en servicio en ese año de 1805. Añadido a esto, se estudia el abastecimiento alimentario en la Armada Española desde sus inicios, en las flotas castellana y aragonesa de la Edad Media, o en las Armadas del Mediterráneo y de las Indias en los siglos XVI, XVII y XVIII. Pretendemos exponer aquí, asimismo, el uso histórico de estos alimentos, la dificultad de los abastecimientos, y su coste; las diferencias sociales en la mesa de a bordo; la producción de los víveres, o la aplicación de las Ordenanzas (por ejemplo, las de 1793) que regulaban los suministros., This paper studies food supplies on board the ships of the Spanish Navy that took part in the Battle of Trafalgar in the year 1805. It also studies the food supplies of the Spanish Armada from the time of its foundation, beginning with the fleets of Castile and Aragon in the Middle Ages and continuing with the fleets of the Mediterranean and the West Indies in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. The study includes the difficulties and costs involved in the supplying of food, the social differences existing on board, as reflected in what was eaten by the crew, the production of food, and the enforcement of the ordinances which regulated supplies.

This paper studies food supplies on board the ships of the Spanish Navy that took part in the Battle of Trafalgar in the year 1805. It also studies the food supplies of the Spanish Armada from the time of its foundation, beginning with the fleets of Castile and Aragon in the Middle Ages and continuing with the fleets of the Mediterranean and the West Indies in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. The study includes the difficulties and costs involved in the supplying of food, the social differences existing on board, as reflected in what was eaten by the crew, the production of food, and the enforcement of the ordinances which regulated supplies., Este trabajo desea aportar información acerca del abastecimiento de víveres durante el conflicto de Trafalgar, tratando acerca de los alimentos que se hallaban a bordo en los buques españoles en servicio en ese año de 1805. Añadido a esto, se estudia el abastecimiento alimentario en la Armada Española desde sus inicios, en las flotas castellana y aragonesa de la Edad Media, o en las Armadas del Mediterráneo y de las Indias en los siglos XVI, XVII y XVIII. Pretendemos exponer aquí, asímismo, el uso histórico de estos alimentos, la dificultad de los abastecimientos, y su coste; las diferencias sociales en la mesa de a bordo; la producción de los víveres, o la aplicación de las Ordenanzas (por ejemplo, las de 1793) que regulaban los suministros.

Este trabajo desea aportar información acerca del abastecimiento de víveres durante el conflicto de Trafalgar, tratando acerca de los alimentos que se hallaban a bordo en los buques españoles en servicio en ese año de 1805. Añadido a esto, se estudia el abastecimiento alimentario en la Armada Española desde sus inicios, en las flotas castellana y aragonesa de la Edad Media, o en las Armadas del Mediterráneo y de las Indias en los siglos XVI, XVII y XVIII. Pretendemos exponer aquí, asimismo, el uso histórico de estos alimentos, la dificultad de los abastecimientos, y su coste; las diferencias sociales en la mesa de a bordo; la producción de los víveres, o la aplicación de las Ordenanzas (por ejemplo, las de 1793) que regulaban los suministros., This paper studies food supplies on board the ships of the Spanish Navy that took part in the Battle of Trafalgar in the year 1805. It also studies the food supplies of the Spanish Armada from the time of its foundation, beginning with the fleets of Castile and Aragon in the Middle Ages and continuing with the fleets of the Mediterranean and the West Indies in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. The study includes the difficulties and costs involved in the supplying of food, the social differences existing on board, as reflected in what was eaten by the crew, the production of food, and the enforcement of the ordinances which regulated supplies.

This paper studies food supplies on board the ships of the Spanish Navy that took part in the Battle of Trafalgar in the year 1805. It also studies the food supplies of the Spanish Armada from the time of its foundation, beginning with the fleets of Castile and Aragon in the Middle Ages and continuing with the fleets of the Mediterranean and the West Indies in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. The study includes the difficulties and costs involved in the supplying of food, the social differences existing on board, as reflected in what was eaten by the crew, the production of food, and the enforcement of the ordinances which regulated supplies., Este trabajo desea aportar información acerca del abastecimiento de víveres durante el conflicto de Trafalgar, tratando acerca de los alimentos que se hallaban a bordo en los buques españoles en servicio en ese año de 1805. Añadido a esto, se estudia el abastecimiento alimentario en la Armada Española desde sus inicios, en las flotas castellana y aragonesa de la Edad Media, o en las Armadas del Mediterráneo y de las Indias en los siglos XVI, XVII y XVIII. Pretendemos exponer aquí, asímismo, el uso histórico de estos alimentos, la dificultad de los abastecimientos, y su coste; las diferencias sociales en la mesa de a bordo; la producción de los víveres, o la aplicación de las Ordenanzas (por ejemplo, las de 1793) que regulaban los suministros.

Este trabajo desea aportar información acerca del abastecimiento de víveres durante el conflicto de Trafalgar, tratando acerca de los alimentos que se hallaban a bordo en los buques españoles en servicio en ese año de 1805. Añadido a esto, se estudia el abastecimiento alimentario en la Armada Española desde sus inicios, en las flotas castellana y aragonesa de la Edad Media, o en las Armadas del Mediterráneo y de las Indias en los siglos XVI, XVII y XVIII. Pretendemos exponer aquí, asimismo, el uso histórico de estos alimentos, la dificultad de los abastecimientos, y su coste; las diferencias sociales en la mesa de a bordo; la producción de los víveres, o la aplicación de las Ordenanzas (por ejemplo, las de 1793) que regulaban los suministros., This paper studies food supplies on board the ships of the Spanish Navy that took part in the Battle of Trafalgar in the year 1805. It also studies the food supplies of the Spanish Armada from the time of its foundation, beginning with the fleets of Castile and Aragon in the Middle Ages and continuing with the fleets of the Mediterranean and the West Indies in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. The study includes the difficulties and costs involved in the supplying of food, the social differences existing on board, as reflected in what was eaten by the crew, the production of food, and the enforcement of the ordinances which regulated supplies.

Este trabajo desea aportar información acerca del abastecimiento de víveres durante el conflicto de Trafalgar, tratando acerca de los alimentos que se hallaban a bordo en los buques españoles en servicio en ese año de 1805. Añadido a esto, se estudia el abastecimiento alimentario en la Armada Española desde sus inicios, en las flotas castellana y aragonesa de la Edad Media, o en las Armadas del Mediterráneo y de las Indias en los siglos XVI, XVII y XVIII. Pretendemos exponer aquí, asimismo, el uso histórico de estos alimentos, la dificultad de los abastecimientos, y su coste; las diferencias sociales en la mesa de a bordo; la producción de los víveres, o la aplicación de las Ordenanzas (por ejemplo, las de 1793) que regulaban los suministros., This paper studies food supplies on board the ships of the Spanish Navy that took part in the Battle of Trafalgar in the year 1805. It also studies the food supplies of the Spanish Armada from the time of its foundation, beginning with the fleets of Castile and Aragon in the Middle Ages and continuing with the fleets of the Mediterranean and the West Indies in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. The study includes the difficulties and costs involved in the supplying of food, the social differences existing on board, as reflected in what was eaten by the crew, the production of food, and the enforcement of the ordinances which regulated supplies.

This paper studies food supplies on board the ships of the Spanish Navy that took part in the Battle of Trafalgar in the year 1805. It also studies the food supplies of the Spanish Armada from the time of its foundation, beginning with the fleets of Castile and Aragon in the Middle Ages and continuing with the fleets of the Mediterranean and the West Indies in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. The study includes the difficulties and costs involved in the supplying of food, the social differences existing on board, as reflected in what was eaten by the crew, the production of food, and the enforcement of the ordinances which regulated supplies., Este trabajo desea aportar información acerca del abastecimiento de víveres durante el conflicto de Trafalgar, tratando acerca de los alimentos que se hallaban a bordo en los buques españoles en servicio en ese año de 1805. Añadido a esto, se estudia el abastecimiento alimentario en la Armada Española desde sus inicios, en las flotas castellana y aragonesa de la Edad Media, o en las Armadas del Mediterráneo y de las Indias en los siglos XVI, XVII y XVIII. Pretendemos exponer aquí, asímismo, el uso histórico de estos alimentos, la dificultad de los abastecimientos, y su coste; las diferencias sociales en la mesa de a bordo; la producción de los víveres, o la aplicación de las Ordenanzas (por ejemplo, las de 1793) que regulaban los suministros.

The Industrial Age has been made possible by cheap, abundant fossil fuels, primarily petroleum and coal. The life expectancy of an industrial civilization is about 100 years. Some forecasts estimate the critical period of the current age to be from 1930 to approximately 2030. A key to this range is peak oil, which may occur in 2007. After peak oil, a terminal decline will occur in the industrial civilization because replacement or substitute energy sources are not as attractive as petroleum. Coal is a poor replacement for petroleum and produces twice as many greenhouse gases and also is finite in reserves. Nuclear energy poses formidable radioactive waste disposal problems, and, in France and Spain, nuclear power plants had to shut down when the cooling water became too warm. Biofuels have serious problems, the worst of which is reducing the food supply. Predictions that the human population will reach 9 billion in 2050 means less per capita energy even if energy availability does not diminish and much less per capita if it does diminish as peak oil models predict. The post-industrial age is almost certain to be an age of scarcity with painful contrasts to the cornucopian Industrial Age. Alternative energy sources such as wind and solar are essential, but will not replace the "fossil sunlight" of the Industrial Age.

Foraging behaviour in birds is strongly determined by temporal factors such as season and time of day. Most birds show a limited number of food use methods such as consuming, feeding to conspecifics, or discarding. A relatively small number of birds also cache food for later use. The expression of caching in birds has been attributed to numerous factors. However, noting the environmental instability experienced by most caching species, researchers tend to cite survival of future food scarcity as the predominant advantage. Recording the food use behaviour of wild birds is typically difficult and time consuming, and many studies of north-temperate food-caching birds are limited by long caching distances, protracted caching durations, and a lack of year-round data. Additionally, food-caching in Australasian passerines has received limited quantification. The naïveté of the New Zealand robin (Petroica australis) makes it ideal for behavioural observations in the wild. Robins express a wide range of food use behaviours within close proximity of observers, and cached food is retrieved within a few days. Food use can be observed year-round in a temperate environment that is relatively stable. Thus, food use decisions in robins can be assessed in a wider context. In this study, behavioural data were collected from robins inhabiting the Karori Wildlife Sanctuary in Wellington. Robin behaviour was quantified by presenting monogamous, paired birds an ephemeral food resource and observing their responses. Seasonal variation in food use differed with sex and season. Birds mediated their food use in response to the presence of conspecifics. Males dominated food use year-round. During the breeding season, males cached little, mostly feeding familial conspecifics. However, non-breeding males selfishly cached food. Conversely, female caching propensity was mediated by courtship feeding during the breeding season, and the threat of male pilferage outside of it. Birds did not appear t

The consumers that live near the border Uruguay-Brazil have the possibility of buying goods on both sides of such border. They may replace purchases of one country to the other according to the evolution of prices. In this way, consumers have a lower cost of living compared to the consumers living in the rest of the country. Besides, if the real bilateral exchange rate undergoes important fluctuations, they may take significant advantage of their location. This paper deals with the issue from a theoretical and empirical point of view. On one hand, it presents an adaptation of the cost-of-living index theory to the situation, and on the other hand, the estimates show that the advantages of living on the border were really significant in the last decade., El consumidor que vive próximo a la frontera de Uruguay con Brasil tiene la posibilidad de comprar bienes en ambas márgenes de la misma. Puede sustituir compras de un país hacia el otro según la evolución relativa de los precios. De esta manera, tiene acceso a un menor costo de vida que un consumidor ubicado en el interior del país. Además, si el tipo de cambio real bilateral experimenta fluctuaciones importantes, puede sacar un provecho significativo de su localización. Este trabajo aborda el tema desde un punto de vista teórico y empírico. Por un lado, se presenta una adaptación de la teoría de los índices del costo de vida a la situación planteada. Por otro, las estimaciones realizadas muestran que la ventaja derivada de vivir en la frontera fue muy significativa en la última década.

Foraging behaviour in birds is strongly determined by temporal factors such as season and time of day. Most birds show a limited number of food use methods such as consuming, feeding to conspecifics, or discarding. A relatively small number of birds also cache food for later use. The expression of caching in birds has been attributed to numerous factors. However, noting the environmental instability experienced by most caching species, researchers tend to cite survival of future food scarcity as the predominant advantage. Recording the food use behaviour of wild birds is typically difficult and time consuming, and many studies of north-temperate food-caching birds are limited by long caching distances, protracted caching durations, and a lack of year-round data. Additionally, food-caching in Australasian passerines has received limited quantification. The naïveté of the New Zealand robin (Petroica australis) makes it ideal for behavioural observations in the wild. Robins express a wide range of food use behaviours within close proximity of observers, and cached food is retrieved within a few days. Food use can be observed year-round in a temperate environment that is relatively stable. Thus, food use decisions in robins can be assessed in a wider context. In this study, behavioural data were collected from robins inhabiting the Karori Wildlife Sanctuary in Wellington. Robin behaviour was quantified by presenting monogamous, paired birds an ephemeral food resource and observing their responses. Seasonal variation in food use differed with sex and season. Birds mediated their food use in response to the presence of conspecifics. Males dominated food use year-round. During the breeding season, males cached little, mostly feeding familial conspecifics. However, non-breeding males selfishly cached food. Conversely, female caching propensity was mediated by courtship feeding during the breeding season, and the threat of male pilferage outside of it. Birds did not appear t

Foraging behaviour in birds is strongly determined by temporal factors such as season and time of day. Most birds show a limited number of food use methods such as consuming, feeding to conspecifics, or discarding. A relatively small number of birds also cache food for later use. The expression of caching in birds has been attributed to numerous factors. However, noting the environmental instability experienced by most caching species, researchers tend to cite survival of future food scarcity as the predominant advantage. Recording the food use behaviour of wild birds is typically difficult and time consuming, and many studies of north-temperate food-caching birds are limited by long caching distances, protracted caching durations, and a lack of year-round data. Additionally, food-caching in Australasian passerines has received limited quantification. The naïveté of the New Zealand robin (Petroica australis) makes it ideal for behavioural observations in the wild. Robins express a wide range of food use behaviours within close proximity of observers, and cached food is retrieved within a few days. Food use can be observed year-round in a temperate environment that is relatively stable. Thus, food use decisions in robins can be assessed in a wider context. In this study, behavioural data were collected from robins inhabiting the Karori Wildlife Sanctuary in Wellington. Robin behaviour was quantified by presenting monogamous, paired birds an ephemeral food resource and observing their responses. Seasonal variation in food use differed with sex and season. Birds mediated their food use in response to the presence of conspecifics. Males dominated food use year-round. During the breeding season, males cached little, mostly feeding familial conspecifics. However, non-breeding males selfishly cached food. Conversely, female caching propensity was mediated by courtship feeding during the breeding season, and the threat of male pilferage outside of it. Birds did not appear t

Foraging behaviour in birds is strongly determined by temporal factors such as season and time of day. Most birds show a limited number of food use methods such as consuming, feeding to conspecifics, or discarding. A relatively small number of birds also cache food for later use. The expression of caching in birds has been attributed to numerous factors. However, noting the environmental instability experienced by most caching species, researchers tend to cite survival of future food scarcity as the predominant advantage. Recording the food use behaviour of wild birds is typically difficult and time consuming, and many studies of north-temperate food-caching birds are limited by long caching distances, protracted caching durations, and a lack of year-round data. Additionally, food-caching in Australasian passerines has received limited quantification. The naïveté of the New Zealand robin (Petroica australis) makes it ideal for behavioural observations in the wild. Robins express a wide range of food use behaviours within close proximity of observers, and cached food is retrieved within a few days. Food use can be observed year-round in a temperate environment that is relatively stable. Thus, food use decisions in robins can be assessed in a wider context. In this study, behavioural data were collected from robins inhabiting the Karori Wildlife Sanctuary in Wellington. Robin behaviour was quantified by presenting monogamous, paired birds an ephemeral food resource and observing their responses. Seasonal variation in food use differed with sex and season. Birds mediated their food use in response to the presence of conspecifics. Males dominated food use year-round. During the breeding season, males cached little, mostly feeding familial conspecifics. However, non-breeding males selfishly cached food. Conversely, female caching propensity was mediated by courtship feeding during the breeding season, and the threat of male pilferage outside of it. Birds did not appear t

Foraging behaviour in birds is strongly determined by temporal factors such as season and time of day. Most birds show a limited number of food use methods such as consuming, feeding to conspecifics, or discarding. A relatively small number of birds also cache food for later use. The expression of caching in birds has been attributed to numerous factors. However, noting the environmental instability experienced by most caching species, researchers tend to cite survival of future food scarcity as the predominant advantage. Recording the food use behaviour of wild birds is typically difficult and time consuming, and many studies of north-temperate food-caching birds are limited by long caching distances, protracted caching durations, and a lack of year-round data. Additionally, food-caching in Australasian passerines has received limited quantification. The naïveté of the New Zealand robin (Petroica australis) makes it ideal for behavioural observations in the wild. Robins express a wide range of food use behaviours within close proximity of observers, and cached food is retrieved within a few days. Food use can be observed year-round in a temperate environment that is relatively stable. Thus, food use decisions in robins can be assessed in a wider context. In this study, behavioural data were collected from robins inhabiting the Karori Wildlife Sanctuary in Wellington. Robin behaviour was quantified by presenting monogamous, paired birds an ephemeral food resource and observing their responses. Seasonal variation in food use differed with sex and season. Birds mediated their food use in response to the presence of conspecifics. Males dominated food use year-round. During the breeding season, males cached little, mostly feeding familial conspecifics. However, non-breeding males selfishly cached food. Conversely, female caching propensity was mediated by courtship feeding during the breeding season, and the threat of male pilferage outside of it. Birds did not appear t

The consumers that live near the border Uruguay-Brazil have the possibility of buying goods on both sides of such border. They may replace purchases of one country to the other according to the evolution of prices. In this way, consumers have a lower cost of living compared to the consumers living in the rest of the country. Besides, if the real bilateral exchange rate undergoes important fluctuations, they may take significant advantage of their location. This paper deals with the issue from a theoretical and empirical point of view. On one hand, it presents an adaptation of the cost-of-living index theory to the situation, and on the other hand, the estimates show that the advantages of living on the border were really significant in the last decade., El consumidor que vive próximo a la frontera de Uruguay con Brasil tiene la posibilidad de comprar bienes en ambas márgenes de la misma. Puede sustituir compras de un país hacia el otro según la evolución relativa de los precios. De esta manera, tiene acceso a un menor costo de vida que un consumidor ubicado en el interior del país. Además, si el tipo de cambio real bilateral experimenta fluctuaciones importantes, puede sacar un provecho significativo de su localización. Este trabajo aborda el tema desde un punto de vista teórico y empírico. Por un lado, se presenta una adaptación de la teoría de los índices del costo de vida a la situación planteada. Por otro, las estimaciones realizadas muestran que la ventaja derivada de vivir en la frontera fue muy significativa en la última década.

On December 26, 2004, an undersea earthquake of magnitude 9.0 off the coast of Aceh Province (Sumatra) in Indonesia set off a series of large tsunamis across the Indian Ocean region. In all, 12 countries were hit by wave surges, with the brunt of the impact in coastal communities in Indonesia, the Maldives, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. The death toll has been estimated at 140,000-200,000. It is believed that between 3 and 5 million people have been affected, including those displaced, or who have lost their homes and livelihoods. An estimated 2 million people are in urgent need of food aid. Thus far, the United States, other countries, and international organizations have pledged over $4 billion in emergency assistance. The U.S. pledged contribution, including food aid valued at $34.5 million, currently stands at $350 million. The President requested, on February 14, 2005, an additional $701 million in supplemental appropriations for tsunami relief, some of which could be used for food aid. Prior to the Indian Ocean disaster, U.S. and global food aid resources were facing considerable demand for emergency food aid to respond to urgent needs, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Congress may be confronted with a number of interrelated food aid issues early in the 109th Congress, including reconciling emergency and non-emergency uses of food aid, determining the U.S. share of global food aid for tsunami victims as well as other food-insecure people in Africa and elsewhere, and funding alternatives for U.S. emergency and non-emergency food aid. This report will be updated., CRS Report for Congress.

This report responds to your April 11,1991, request for information on the development and potential issuance of a biotechnology regulation under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TscA) to control certain genetically modified mIcroorganisms used in commerce. Specifically, you asked us to address (1) the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) efforts to issue a TSCA biotechnology regulation and (2) the impact on the biotechnology industry of not havIng a TSCA biotechnology regulation. Biotechnology has the potential to dramatically improve the health of humans and animals, the food supply, and the environment. In this process, new vaccines, pesticides, insect-resistant plants, bacteria that break down toxic wastes, and other products and services can be created by applying biological procedures, such as genetic engineering, to living organisms or their components. However, safeguards are needed to ensure that the release of these organisms created by biotechnology does not pose an unreasonable risk to public health or the environment. TSCA was enacted in October 1976 to provide a safeguard against the introduction of harmful new chemicals into the environment and to address the risks posed by chemicals already in use. EPA considers microorganisms and their component parts used in biotechnology products to be "chemical substances" and thus subject to regulation under the act., Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Regulation, Business Opportunities, and Energy, Committee on Small Business, House of Representatives.