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21. Electron beam collimation with a 40 000 tip metallic double-gate field emitter array and in-situ control of nanotip sharpness distribution

Author

Helfenstein, P, Guzenko, V A, Fink, H W, Tsujino, S, Helfenstein, P, Guzenko, V A, Fink, H W, and Tsujino, S

Abstract

The generation of highly collimated electron beams from a double-gate field emitter array with 40000 metallic tips and large collimation gate apertures is reported. Field emission beam measurements demonstrated the reduction of the beam envelope down to the array size by applying a negative potential to the on-chip gate electrode for the collimation of individual field emission beamlets. Owing to the optimized gate structure, the concomitant decrease of the emission current was minimal, leading to a net enhancement of the current density. Furthermore, a noble gas conditioning process was successfully applied to the double-gate device to improve the beam uniformity in-situ with orders of magnitude increase of the active emission area. The results show that the proposed double-gate field emission cathodes are promising for high current and high brightness electron beam applications such as free-electron lasers and THz power devices.

Published
2013

23. Fabrication of metallic double-gate field emitter arrays and their electron beam collimation characteristics

Author

Helfenstein, P, Jefimovs, K, Kirk, E, Escher, C, Fink, H-W, Tsujino, S, Helfenstein, P, Jefimovs, K, Kirk, E, Escher, C, Fink, H-W, and Tsujino, S

Abstract

The fabrication of double-gate metallic field emitter arrays with large collimation gate apertures and their field emission beam characteristics are reported. The device fabrication steps, including the molding technique for array fabrication, the electron extraction gate fabrication by the self-aligned resist etch-back method, and the fabrication of the collimation gate electrode using a focused ion beam assisted method are described in detail. The experimental results of 2 × 2 tip arrays with the proposed double-gate structure demonstrate an order of magnitude enhancement in beam brightness with minimal current loss. A similarly high beam brightness enhancement was achieved with a 20 × 20 tip array device, showing the scalability of the proposed structure. The observation of improved current-voltage characteristics with the 20 × 20 tip array is ascribed to the difference in gate aperture shape. The possibility of further improving the beam characteristics of double-gate field emitter arrays and the reduction of the transverse electron velocity spread are discussed.

Published
2012

24. Non-destructive imaging of an individual protein

Author

Longchamp, J-N, Latychevskaia, T, Escher, C, Fink, H-W, Longchamp, J-N, Latychevskaia, T, Escher, C, and Fink, H-W

Abstract

Imaging a single biomolecule at atomic resolution without averaging over different conformations is the ultimate goal in structural biology. We report recordings of a protein at nanometer resolution obtained from one individual ferritin by means of low-energy electron holography. One single protein could be imaged for an extended period of time without any sign of radiation damage. Since the fragile protein shell encloses a robust iron cluster, the holographic reconstructions could also be cross-validated against transmission electron microscopy images of the very same molecule by imaging its iron core.

Published
2012

25. Highly collimated electron beams from double-gate field emitter arrays with large collimation gate apertures

Author

Helfenstein, P, Kirk, E, Jefimovs, K, Vogel, T, Escher, C, Fink, H W, Tsujino, S, Helfenstein, P, Kirk, E, Jefimovs, K, Vogel, T, Escher, C, Fink, H W, and Tsujino, S

Abstract

Electron collimation in field emitter arrays with electron extraction gate and collimation gate electrodes is studied with the goal to develop a high-brightness high current cathode. Using metallic field emitter arrays prepared by the molding method, we fabricated a stacked double-gate device with the two gates differing in diameter by a process utilizing focused-ion beam milling. We measured the field-emission beam characteristics and demonstrated a reduction of the emission angle by a factor of 7.1±0.8 with minimal emission current decrease under collimating conditions, resulting in a current density increase by a factor of 13.9±1.0.

Published
2011

27. Bone mineral density and fractures in older men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma

Author

Dam, T.-T., Dam, T.-T., Harrison, S., Fink, H. A., Ramsdell, J., Barrett-Connor, E., Dam, T.-T., Dam, T.-T., Harrison, S., Fink, H. A., Ramsdell, J., and Barrett-Connor, E.

Abstract

In 5,541 community dwelling men, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or asthma was associated with lower bone mineral density (BMD) at the spine and total hip and an increased risk of vertebral and nonvertebral fractures independent of age, body mass index, and smoking. Men prescribed with corticosteroids had the lowest BMD. It is unclear whether chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is independently associated with BMD and fractures. In 5,541 men from the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study, history of COPD or asthma, current treatment with corticosteroids, BMD, bone loss after 4.5 years and fractures were ascertained. Seven hundred fourteen (13%) men reported COPD or asthma, of which 103 were prescribed an oral steroid and 177 an inhaled steroid. Independent of confounders, men prescribed corticosteroids for COPD or asthma had the lowest BMD and a 2-fold increased risk of vertebral osteoporosis compared to men with no history of COPD or asthma (OR 2.13, 95% CI (confidence interval) 1.15–3.93 oral steroids; OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.27–3.31 inhaled steroids). During follow-up, BMD increased at the spine, but there was no difference in bone loss at the hip. However, men with COPD or asthma had a 2.6- and 1.4-fold increased risk of vertebral and nonvertebral fractures, respectively. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma was associated with lower BMD at the spine and hip and increased risk of vertebral and nonvertebral fractures independent of age, clinic site, BMI, and smoking. A history of COPD or asthma may be a useful clinical risk factor to identify patients with osteoporosis.

Published
2010

28. Study of Heart and Renal Protection (SHARP): Randomized trial to assess the effects of lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol among 9,438 patients with chronic kidney disease.

Author

Reaich R., Schouten D., Rashid H., Birtcher K., Cantu J., Tait C., Taun W., Fadem S., Das D., Khosla U., Brown C., Brown T., Buquing J., Cromwell H., Dickson N., Najimipour B., Robeson J., Tabibi W., Mulloy L., Bailey K., Burton B., Fall P., Jagadeesan M., Paulson W., Szerlip H., White J., Faulkner M., Adeleye O., Boatright D., Mensah D., Nwankwo U., Crutcher L., Cummings C., Floyd M., Putatunda B., Ross J., Sanford V., Thadani U., Haragsim L., Parker B., Rogan L., Thresher M., Turner J., Dworkin L., Mignano D., O'Mara A., Shemin D., Bakris G., Basta E., Chua D., Neri G., Ahmed I., Elliott W., Fondren L., Hasabou N., Khosla N., Mazin A., Riehle J., Kovesdy C., Mendoza J., Ahmadzadeh S., Iranmanesh A., Lewis M., Lu J., Benabe J., Gonzalez-Melendez E., Padilla B., Serrano J., Russ T., Athmann L., Funke L., Larson P., Roach D., Salveson B., Nogueira J., Hanes D., Hise M., Light P., Copland E., Fink J., Hakim M., Hough K., McMinn S., Weir M., Young C., Kershaw G., Hill I., White B., Plumb T., Florescu M., Groggel G., Martin M., Rao V., Denu-Ciocca C., Candiani C., Cooper J., Gordon B., Joy M., Kiser M., Lambeth C., Rosas S., Cochetti P., Robinson J., Schankel K., Teng H., Weise W., Geneidy A., Murray P., Solomon R., De Waal D., LaPointe S., Schoenknecht A., Campese V., Habashy M., Ananthakrisna R., Bedwani D., Fazli U., Fetrat M., Frampton Q., Kaldas B., Kazarian V., Pitts L., Sadeghi A., Yeasmin N., Young E., Fissell R., Belanger K., Ricci N., Farwell W., Bowman T., Dhingra R., Pesenson A., Ambrosino J., Chittamooru S., Kaufman J., Ramos M., Yap C., Nakhle S., Aligaen L., Duren D., Laine B., Moore S., Tuazon H., Coyne D., Audrain J., Bryant B., Dombek S., Freeman S., Klein P., Germain M., Berkowitz A., Bokhari A., Braden G., Diaz A., Greco B., Mulhern J., O'Shea M., Poindexter A., Poppel D., Ryan M., Sweet S., Ye J., Osterman J., Lin T., Mays B., Rizvi A., Sonnier C., Twining C., Wang S., Hix M., Schenck J., Baigent C., Landray M., Reith C., Dasgupta T., Emberson J., Herrington W., Lewis D., Mafham M., Collins R., Bray C., Chen Y., Baxter A., Young A., Hill M., Knott C., Cass A., Feldt-Rasmussen B., Fellstrom B., Grobbee R., Gronhagen-Riska C., Haas M., Holdaas H., Hooi L.S., Jiang L., Kasiske B., Krairittichai U., Levin A., Massy Z., Tesar V., Walker R., Wanner C., Wheeler D., Wiecek A., Majoni W., Simpson D., Strony J., Musliner T., Agodoa L., Armitage J., Chen Z., Craig J., De Zeeuw D., Gaziano M., Grimm R., Krane V., Neal B., Ophascharoensuk V., Pedersen T., Sleight P., Tobert J., Tomson C., Sandercock P., Keech A., Whelton P., Yusuf S., Peto R., Parish S., Dolph L., Bahu T., Booth-Davey E., Brewster A., Yau F., Denis E., Frederick K., Haywood D., Heineman J., Howard S., Jayne K., Madgwick Z., Michell S., Murphy K., Ning L., Nolan J., Nunn M., Roberts J., Wickman M., Bowman L., Bulbulia R., Haynes R., Rahimi K., Rahman N., Ait-Sadi R., Barton I., Zhu W., Clark S., Kourellias K., Radley M., Brown K., Worthing D., Coates G., Goodenough B., Lucas N., Carreras A., Currie R., Donaldson O., Fjalling E., Gallagher M., Gibson K., Goddard J., Healy J., Hones L., Jardine M., Kwong I., Merai M., Murray S., Perkovic V., Rendina A., Gallo K., Caron S., Carlson K., Foley K., Matzek S., Mewhort L., O'Donoghue S., Perel-Winkler A., Terins T., Nie Q., Yu H., Ge L., Hao D., Li L., Pang X., Wei X., Yan G., Certikova Chabova V., Holst H., Molvadgaard T., Munksgaard D., Peltonen Y., Liabeuf S., Lebel C., Ouabou L., Bauer B., Bergmann K., Beusch M., Cavitt D., Drechsler C., Dulau I., Hugen K., Kempf S., Kuchenmeister B., Pscheidl V., Schmiedeke D., Schwarz M., Speerschneider K., Stahl B., Lim B.C., Nadia H., Zishareena M.F., Vasuthavan S., Ganesapillai A.T., Yuen S., Grobbee D., Bobbink I., Groot K., Sikking I., Raley J., Colban M., Smerud K., Trygg N., Waagaard E., Westad H., Rotkegel S., Spiechowicz U., Domoradzka M., Gawlowska M., Flygar A., Odmark I., Pettersson A., Blackwood S., Barclay J., Benham J., Brown R., Cureton L., Jackson D., Kennedy I., Leaper C., Taylor A., Winter C., Wise C., Nash M., Taylor Bennett A., Donaldson D., Chalmers K., Corderoy H., Bartkoske M., Bjerk C., Camarena A., Herskovitz L., Heuer C., Levin J., Robinson R., Wicklund B., Bentzel D., Cohen S., Costa C., Scranton R., Auwardt R., Boyer M., Cogdell P., Menahem S., Sheldrake J., Mount P., Fraenkel M., Bisscheroux P., Dempester J., Gleeson P., Harris G., Holmes C., Hyett K., Linton A., Miach P., Booth D., Druce L., Mantha M., Borg E., Green S., Killen J., Lynch Y., Colquhoun D., Herzig K., Row G., Addison J., Asa J., Beatson G., Calvird D., Edmunds J., Ferreira-Jardim A., Gwynne A., Mackay D., McLoughlin L., Wightwick C., Williams L., Ferrari P., Barry J., Hodson S., Zakrzewska W., Meagher E., Mulcahy M., Parnham A., Carney S., Garvey L., Gillies A., Hayes S., Mathew M., Fassett R., Anderson L., Clingeleffer C., Curnock A., Mayne L., Richardson D., Smith M., Smith S., Suranyi M., Howlin K., Chow J., Cleland B., Rayment G., Spicer T., Wong J., Wong M., Packham D., Alison C., Fraser I., Mitchell J., Nagle J., Brown F., Ellery C., Monkhouse J., Nandkumar J., Reith-Myers L., Gray N., Cocks C., Courtney M., Hollett P., Johnston C., Larsen H., Pollock A., Stewart S., Styles G., Wyndham R., Fanning M., Gibson W., Jackson S., Mannering M., Mercado E., Oliphant R., Sud K., Ubera N., Wood C., Karrasch J., Brinkley T., Estensen K., Moroney A., Sutton J., Warren R., Saltissi D., Jahke H., Roach H., Saltissi J., Wiederroth O'Brien M., Johnson D., Bali V., Evans M., Franzen K., Halbish S., Helyar J., Martin A., Mudge D., Sonnenburg K., Sudak J., Roger S., Almeida S., Andrews H., Bohringer L., Bouwhuis L., Brady L., Carpenter A., Warren S., Elias T., Bannister K., Chew G., Clarke J., Faull R., Hooper A., Jeffs L., Napier A., Peh C., Pirone K., Skilton F., Ranganathan D., Best J., Hart L., Healy H., Morgan C., Ratanjee S., Salisbury A., Jose M., Freeman J., Hamilton R., Kirkland G., Read G., Anderson H., Boekel K., Farrell M., Foreman A., Iliev K., Pedagogos E., Raspudic T., Pollock C., Cooper B., Kesselhut J., Macadam C., Pearse J., Rowland C., Tully H., Irish A., Dogra G., Coutts P., Hayes L., Khoo D., Nathoo B., Shakespeare K., Warger A., Gillin A., Burman J., George C., Sherwood S., Snelling P., Stevens C., Hutchison B., Luxton G., Devenny N., Herson H., Pellicano S., Kelly J., Coutelas J., Garlinge C., McClelland A., Pirabhahar S., Saleh H., Langham R., Englebright B., Giang M., Lanteri M., Mullins K., Turner C., Collett P., Stokoe S., Sutherland K., Talafua D., Talaulikar G., Clarkson A., Rees C., Carney G., Falk M., Gracey D., Jadeer A., Johnson P., Karpe K., Singer R., Walters G., McDonald S., Burgess J., Fischer K., Gentgall M., Hockley M., Veitch D., De Jersey P., Gillam A., Hartig V., Holland K., McArdle J., Washington W., Rangan G., Mikaheal M., Murie P., Perez N., Punnoose N., Smolonogov T., Taler N., Williams G., Wen C., Kohlhagen J., Wessels J., Johnson S., Reid A., Ryan J., Taprell D., Auinger M., Eigner M., Kodras K., Leithner C., Magpantay L., Marterer C., Prager R., Prinz C., Seiringer E., Kramar R., Mitter E., Stummvoll H., Dieplinger G., Wenzel R., Stolz G., Drose S., Edlinger E., Headlam-Leitner E., Miska H., Then M., Weninger S., Lhotta K., Neyer U., Dickie H., Smodek S., Sprenger-Mahr H., Rosenkranz A., Zitt E., Mayr B., Schinner A., Soltys G., Begin V., Brunet S., Cournoyer S., Gelinas M., Giroux C., Martineau J., Roy M., Savoie L., Agharazii M., Blouin J., Desmeules S., Langlois S., Samson F., Wong G., Constantini L., Jing J., Malko J., Rivers C., Rochester D., Skilling C., Wadgymar A., Wu G., Kates D., Husch J., Mantle M., Turri L., Barrett B., Curtis B., Greeley B., Hannaford M., Harnett J., Kelly M., Langille E., Morgan J., Murphy S., Karim M., Arbo T., Carpenito G., Chan V., DaRoza G., Friesen M., Kraus D., Lam S., Lange B., Minhas S., Starko R., Torng S., Vela K., Madore F., Roy P., Troyanov S., Bonnardeaux A., Lauzon L., Pichette V., Yeates K., Mahoney K., Myers C., Pilkey R., Moist L., Edgar M., House A., Kortas C., Mindorff S., Tam P., Chow S., Fung J., Nagai G., Ng P., Sikaneta T., Ting R., Forzley B., Clouatre Y., Cooper S., DaCosta H., Granger S., Valley S., Karunakaran S., Abdulhadi M., Altwasser C., Anderson S., Bergquist L., Wijeyesinghe C., Berst L., Horgan K., Coles K., Lotter T., Robson L., Barre P., Golden J., Golden M., Tanguay N., Rigatto C., Armstrong S., Fine A., Fontaine B., Friesen D., Henry S., Kraushar M., Reslerova M., Verrelli M., Rabbat C., Clase C., Suva G., Winegard N., Goldstein M., Curvelo S., Donnelly S., Huckle J., Marticorena R., Chan-Yan C., Chiu A., DeLuca L., Flamer D., Gill J., Jamal A., Jung B., Kiaii M., Landsberg D., Rozen N., Taylor P., Werb R., Pylypchuk G., Ahmed A., Barton J., Hundseth M., Kappel J., Keindel I., Klassen J., Pylypchuk S., Rindall M., Tobe S., Naimark D., Agelopoulos M., Chessman M., Hladunewich M., Perkins N., Sainsbury S., McCready W., Adams B., Tonelli M., Caldwell S., Kumar U., McMahon A., Nikitin S., Restall J., Treit S., Wysocki Y., Duncan J., Copland M., Jastrzebski J., Keown P., Kwan S., Rogers D., Shapiro J., Singh S., Sioson L., Yee K., Yeung C., Zacharias J., Bueti J., Dizon B., Lam H., Miller L., Ross M., Zarrillo M., Li Z., Wang C., Liu L., Hong M., Zheng H., Zuo W., Ge Z., Liu Q., Li Y., Sun K., Zhao R., Sun G., Wang F., Cui Z., Lou F., Du Y., Song L., Huang H., Song Z., Wang J., Zhou L., Wu R., Xiao R., Zhang Q., Duan N., Ju N., Wang A., Xu Z., Lu Z., Zhang Y., Zhao L., Zhang C., Mo Z., Xie Y., Xiong J., Chen J., Guo L., Zhao S., Peiskerova M., Jancova E., Kazderova M., Kobrova L., Gorun P., Kmentova T., Burgelova M., Lyerova L., Viklicky O., Berdych M., Nydlova Z., Jelinkova G., Moltas J., Pauzar T., Knetl P., Cahova J., Simkova J., Zakova M., Vankova S., Safarova R., Hruby M., Karlova R., Prikaska V., Sellenberg P., Vesela E., Malanova L., Vlasak J., Kaprova P., Novakova D., Kotherova K., Studenovska M., Christensen J., Solling J., Jepsen M., Kristensen V., Aerenlund H., Braemer-Jensen M., Kamper A., Raaschou S., Heaf J., Dreyer J., Freese P., Holm M., Munch M., Gade-Rasmussen E., Bredmose K., Daugaard H., Nielsen J., Friedberg M., Jensen D., Munk Plum M., Solling K., Dieperink H., Arp Nielsen L., Friborg E., Gloe-Jakobsen A., Thye Ronn P., Rasmussen K., Andersen C., Johansen A., Odum L., Ostergaard O., Pedersen L., Lykkegaard S., Aundal M., Faureholm Huess S., Danielsen H., Madsen J., Nyvang M., Ekstrand A., Boman H., Hartman J., Lipponen A., Lithovius R., Rauta V., Salmela A., Saloranta K., Forslund T., Koskiaho P., Jaaskelainen K., Kanninen M., Laine K., Asola M., Huhti J., Pentti M., Metsarinne K., Heiro M., Koivuviita N., Saarinen M., Tertti R., Choukroun G., Fournier A., Ducloux D., Marechal F., Simula Faivre D., Combe C., Douillet M., Lamblot T., Nardi H., Vendrely B., Bourbigot B., Ferlandin S., Zaoui P., Jouet C., Geffroy-Guiberteau S., Bugnazet L., Aldigier J., El Hamel-Belili C., Giraud S., Dussol B., Berland Y., Chollet M., Sichez H., Cristol J., Canaud B., Morena M., Rodriguez A., Kessler M., Mizejewski B., Risse B., Urena Torres P., Bou-Bekr M.A., Arezki C., Ras El Qdim P., Vela C., Borsato F., Talairach A., Normand M., Normand V., Rieu P., Gauthier B., Vigneron-Foy C., Wolak A., Menoyo V., Alos L., Caillette-Beaudoin A., Berger V., Al-Sarraf S., Konnerth I., Urban C., Weiner S., Boesken W., Jochum E., Kiefer C., Wagner A., Krumme B., Bohler J., Bonow B., Hohenstatt U., Mettang T., Rockel A., Langanke J., Lipponer H., Dunschen-Weimar G., Dunst R., Hubel E., Petrik R., Rengel R., Schmidgen M., Mayr H., Garschhammer C., Weirauch S., Anger H., Goock T., Mai A., Bast I., Suptitz C., Iwig B., Florschutz K., Hasselbacher R., Sauerbrey G., Delrieux S., Rau S., Poley M., Laux R., Schonfelder O., Kunowski G., Fuchs G., Hoffmann K., Schurger R., Brensing K., Guven Z., Immenkamp C., Kottmann C., Schmitt H., Schulz M., Arnold P., Knaup R., Schneider H., Siemsen H., Pyriki P., Korkemeyer F., Pyriki R., Siebrecht A., Schulz E., Krumwiede A., Kruse D., Lucke S., Keim H., Fink H., Fischer S., Klingbeil A., Kuhlmei K., Ortwein-Horn N., Merker L., Bayer B., Benamar K., Emmert S., Floten E., Holzheuer K., Lummer M., Ossendorf E., Scholz M., Oppitz M., Georgiew L., Tripps C., Wendehake M., Lange D., Pingel V., Brause M., Schanze W., Duygulu E., Dellanna F., Heinemann-Nieberding S., Sturmer C., Wieczorek K., Zarga O., Kullmer B., Kullmer S., Akin M., Gondolf M., Schutterle S., Walker G., Bertsch R., Seul M., Allendorff J., Siehler R., Stemmler S., Baldus M., Adler A., Harter S., Wurmell W., Moller M., Hame C., Muller M., Schreiber M., Schurfeld C., Millington-Herrmann M., Benschneider A., Gaffal J., Sprunken U., Bohling M., Wunderlich S., Schramm L., Kollenbrath C., Netzer K., Sieber T., Zimmermann J., Bellersen M., Uerkvitz M., David-Walek T., Hauschildt B., Leimenstoll G., Lonnemann G., Hilfenhaus M., Benedetto C., Stockmann S., Ichtiaris P., Jungmann A., Neumeier K., Stoof A., Bohmer K., Kirpal A., Knogl A., Flege F., Franke K., Groth P., Parensen E., Bockmann M., Przyklenk P., Piazolo L., Thinius-Jaudas L., Versen A., Hettich R., Arendt R., Geiger K., Hoppe H., Schwarting A., Beyer T., Faust J., Hazenbiller A., Tschirner S., Grupp C., Dorsch O., Eigner-Schmidtchen M., Michler K., Roth J., Schramm S., Waldmuller G., Riedl B., Vogele-Dirks H., Linz J., Biggar P., Hennemann H., Bauer G., Buchholz J., Fischer P., Bihlmaier W., Baumann A., Peichl B., Roser S., Ludewig S., Ricksgers M., Szendzielorz M., Baus A., Baust K., Schaller P., Schnellbacher G., Sorensen S., Buschges-Seraphin B., Hauenstein L., Hofmann B., Nikolay J., Merkel F., Nebel M., Petersen J., Schweb S., Zeissler H., Baumhackel K., Krauss A., Schafer R., Pastor A., Zielinski B., Strauss H., Theis H., Burkhardt K., Heckel M., Hussendorfer K., Bahner U., Brandl M., Hammerl-Kraus B., Herrmann D., Kramer H., Baudenbacher H., Blaser C., Buschmann G., Eckert G., Ehrich H., Hofmann K., Huller U., Geiger H., Becker B., Hoischen S., Bartel C., Hennig J., Obermuller N., Schulte C., Fischereder M., Burchardi F., Rupprecht H., Weidner S., Anders H., Andriaccio L., Lederer S., Ricken G., Strasser C., Lammert A., Schmitt W., Van Der Woude F., Langhauser B., Markau S., Osten B., Thiemicke D., Dorligschaw O., Weickert M., Breunig F., Denninger G., Osiek S., Rebstock W., Schulz P., Swoboda F., De Cicco D., Harlos J., Lebert A., Riegel M., Schmiedeke T., Hoffmann U., Nolle M., Jankrift P., Pfleiderer H., Witta J., Wittler B., Luth J., Dumann H., Habel U., Torp A., Sehland D., Tiess M., Etzold C., Friederiszik A., Morgenroth A., Dybala A., Suffel A., Leimbach T., Kron J., Sauer S., Meyer T., Meyer M., Lammers U., Bekman J., Holtz S., Kausler-Book B., Stobbe S., Hohage H., Heck M., Schulte F., Welling U., Zeh M., Seyfried J., De Heij T., Menzinger A., Weinreich T., Hopf M., Groll J., Kammholz K., Peters K., Schwietzer G., Kreft B., Weibchen U., Vosskuhler A., Hollenbeck M., Klaue K., Rzepucha E., Sperling K., Seeger W., Weyer J., Heine C., Kirste P., Zemann B., Alscher D., Rumpf D., Wullen B., Bengel A., Friedrich B., Kirschner T., Knodler U., Machleidt C., Niederstrasser K., Noack E., Wilhelm J., Heuer H., Dulea J., Piolot R., Rudke M., Treinen G., Elberg B., Hanke J., Nitschke T., Rosendahl C., Schmitz A., Schrader J., Kulschewski A., Lubcke C., Hammersen F., Luders S., Venneklaas U., Muhlfeld A., Arabi Al-Khanne F., Ketteler M., Politt D., Schuster C., Eitner F., Goretz U., Heidenreich S., Janssen U., Kranz A., Moormann E., Schneider B., Weber W., Frei U., Jovanovic T., Asmus H., Canaan-Kuhl S., Pannier L., Petersen S., Pluer M., Schaeffner E., Schafer C., Warncke S., Schmieder R., Donhauser C., Schulze B., Koziolek M., Bechtel W., Kurz B., Strutz F., Bramlage C., Dreyer S., Mommeyer E., Niemann J., Scheel A., Troche-Polzien I., Weber F., Heine G., Girndt M., Lizzi F., Rogacev K., Lindner T., Achenbach H., Peschel K., Beige J., Jentho S., Kreyssig C., Prill K., Renders L., Walcher J., Cerny S., Fulbier A., Kristen H., Nitschke M., Kramer J., Marek P., Meier M., Schlieter J., Heyne N., Bachmann F., Faber M., Klipp K., Kustner U., Risler T., Rath T., Ruf T., Budiman D., Seidel C., Weik S., Teo S.M., Lee L.Y., Azizah H., Faridunishah S.A., Foo S.M., Go K.W., Ghazali A., Koh K.H., Zaki M., Wong H.S., Bavanandan S., Boey L.M., Lily M., Wong S.L., Rosnawati Y., Zawawi N., Azimawati A., Hindun A., Hasnah J., Korina R., Yunaidah A., Noraidah P., Ong L.M., Noor Asma A., Liew Y.F., Rozina G., Cheong Y.H., Ang A.H., Dayang J., Lim L.S., Sukeri M., Ramli S., Zulkifli M., Wan Mahmood W.K., Goh B.L., Sarifah B., Bee B.C., Ramasamy C., Ruszarimah S., Liu W.J., Razali O., Haslinah S., Vaithilingam I., Jaaini A., Faridah L., Ng K.H., Krishnan P., Rosnah A.A., Nor Azizah A.S., Tam C.C., Tan S.H., Tan C.C., Shahnaz F.K., Wazir H., Munusamy P., Wan Shaariah M.Y., Chew T.F., Fuziah Z., Tan C.H.H., Maria L., Javelin P., Lim S.K., Nazatul S.B., Engkasan L.P., Tan S.Y., Wong M.G., Julita A.A., Ang 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Mathisen U., Pedersen M., Rumsfeld M., Toft I., Berget K., Landsverk K., Tveiten G., Wamstad H., Klinger M., Krajewska M., Golebiowski T., Kusztal M., Spiechowicz-Zaton U., Rutkowski B., Renke M., Tylicki L., Czekalski S., Koziol L., Wanic-Kossowska M., Wasik-Olejnik A., Nowicki M., Dryja P., Kurnatowska I., Zawiasa A., Ciszek M., Gomolka M., Mysliwiec M., Brzosko S., Mazerska M., Hruby Z., Koscielniak K., Stanek-Piotrowska M., Mesjasz J., Rudka R., Baranski M., Jupowiecki J., Klein D., Switalski M., Kuriga M., Ostrowski M., Lidman A., Linde T., Waltersson K., Weiss L., Andersson G., Lindell C., Welander G., Jacobson S., Edensjo P., Wallin J., Linder M., Karsberg M., Hellgren K., Lonn I., Frisenette-Fich C., Johansson A., Lundstrom A., Mauritz N., Stahl-Nilsson A., Tobafard N., Hellberg O., Ejemar E., Von Schmalensee N., Gunne T., Eriksson A., Ostberg S., Svensson C., Mulec H., Jacobsson A., Karlsson M., Onnermalm L., Osagie S., Ekengren U., Larsson M., Lindberger K., Olofsson A., Samuelsson O., Beagan L., Dezfoolian H., Just M., Ortegren L., Saeed A., Strand U., Ramsauer B., Hultstrom D., Nordlinder K., Sundberg I., Oqvist B., Green C., Fernstrom A., Cassel A., Goransson I., Gylling M., Jorgensen A., Sterner G., Christensson A., Hjelmstedt P., Nystrom A., Sundin P., Samuelsson I., Tidman M., Johansson M., Lofgren Andersson M., Ohman M., Andersson P., Hallberg Karlsson A., Ringstad L., Chittinandana A., Chailimpamontree W., Gojaseni P., Singprasert R., Tungsanga K., Amphun W., Intim P., Kanjanabuch T., Poowarattanakul D., Treratha C., Wongvan P., Jittikanont S., Suriya T., Indrasthitya P., Sumethkul V., Ingsathit A., Jansomwong J., Lertchalorarn K., Phachiyanukul V., Phiromkit T., Saengsri S., Vareesangthip K., Chawanasuntorapoj R., Kiattisunthorn K., Larpkitkachorn R., Webster J., Henderson J., Jayne D., Hollis J., Townsend K., Harron C., Bleakley N., Hanley N., Morgan S., Brittney L., Brown H., Maxwell P., Murtagh H., Thomas M., Burke E., Carmody M., Cox G., Dasgin J., Ali G., Whitehouse L., Williams V., Brown E., Dlelana G., Esson A., Fagerbrink S., Marshall F., Mazibuko B., Nelson C., Russell E., Williams R., Altmann P., McNichols-Thomas C., Parsons K., MacGregor M., McGowan J., Mead P., Gilbanks K., Sanderson M., Fluck R., Chandler G., Hulme L., Smith J., Tse Y., West C., Taylor J., Breakspear S., Burgess B., Isles C., Bell J., Duignan J., Gorman J., Swainson C., Beveridge C., Cairns A., Miller D., Paterson F., Smith L., Kumwenda M., Glover R., Geddes C., Gemmell C., Grieve I., Matthews E., McLaren B., Meyer B., Spiers A., Banks R., Apperley P., Patterson T., Paynter H., Scoble J., Thom D., Watkins J., Kalra P., Gowland S., Haydock L., Smart I., Bhandari S., Gillett P., James K., Lewis R., Melville H., Tamimi A., Williams P., Heath T., Small S., Paterson A., Gibson N., Laven C., Wilson T., Cairns H., Casley-Ready K., Warwick G., Fentum B., James J., Kumar T., Marshall R., Ratcliffe F., Shenton A., Warwicker P., Bowser M., Mumford C., 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Szymanski J., Almond M., Bourton L., Bromwich C., Dawson S., Mason S., Oliveira D., Ramkhelawon R., Tuazon J., Andrews P., Archer K., Moore A., Thomas G., Velazquez C., Mumtaz R., Roberts R., Farquhar F., Ott J., Fenwick S., Callaway A., Garrett P., Dees L., McDonagh U., Garner S., Zehnder D., Aldridge N., Dyer C., Gomez M., Hewins S., McCarthy K., Rush J., Spencer S., Harvey M., Mills H., Drew P., Henry M., Wilberforce S., Worth D., Adair Z., Hartley J., Jibani M., Jones D., Swan S., Shamp T., Alcorn H., Bookey J., Cannon C., Jarvis K., Muesing C., Murphy M., Muster H., Planting M., Strand C., Middleton J., Gitter K., Mace N., Schumm D., Pogue V., Alimohammadi B., Arora P., Herbert L., Cheng J., Dowie D., Mohan S., Peters G., Tuttle K., Albritton S., Benedetti R., Joshi S., Lund B., Shuler L., Trevino M., Mai K., Osborn T., Parekh R., Eustace J., Novak G., Patterson S., Lindsey C., Hill T., Liston M., Wiegmann T., Nagaria A., Hurd C., Hurst A., Omoscharka E., Parks S., Price V., 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N., Carreras A., Currie R., Donaldson O., Fjalling E., Gallagher M., Gibson K., Goddard J., Healy J., Hones L., Jardine M., Kwong I., Merai M., Murray S., Perkovic V., Rendina A., Gallo K., Caron S., Carlson K., Foley K., Matzek S., Mewhort L., O'Donoghue S., Perel-Winkler A., Terins T., Nie Q., Yu H., Ge L., Hao D., Li L., Pang X., Wei X., Yan G., Certikova Chabova V., Holst H., Molvadgaard T., Munksgaard D., Peltonen Y., Liabeuf S., Lebel C., Ouabou L., Bauer B., Bergmann K., Beusch M., Cavitt D., Drechsler C., Dulau I., Hugen K., Kempf S., Kuchenmeister B., Pscheidl V., Schmiedeke D., Schwarz M., Speerschneider K., Stahl B., Lim B.C., Nadia H., Zishareena M.F., Vasuthavan S., Ganesapillai A.T., Yuen S., Grobbee D., Bobbink I., Groot K., Sikking I., Raley J., Colban M., Smerud K., Trygg N., Waagaard E., Westad H., Rotkegel S., Spiechowicz U., Domoradzka M., Gawlowska M., Flygar A., Odmark I., Pettersson A., Blackwood S., Barclay J., Benham J., Brown R., Cureton L., Jackson D., Kennedy I., Leaper C., Taylor A., Winter C., Wise C., Nash M., Taylor Bennett A., Donaldson D., Chalmers K., Corderoy H., Bartkoske M., Bjerk C., Camarena A., Herskovitz L., Heuer C., Levin J., Robinson R., Wicklund B., Bentzel D., Cohen S., Costa C., Scranton R., Auwardt R., Boyer M., Cogdell P., Menahem S., Sheldrake J., Mount P., Fraenkel M., Bisscheroux P., Dempester J., Gleeson P., Harris G., Holmes C., Hyett K., Linton A., Miach P., Booth D., Druce L., Mantha M., Borg E., Green S., Killen J., Lynch Y., Colquhoun D., Herzig K., Row G., Addison J., Asa J., Beatson G., Calvird D., Edmunds J., Ferreira-Jardim A., Gwynne A., Mackay D., McLoughlin L., Wightwick C., Williams L., Ferrari P., Barry J., Hodson S., Zakrzewska W., Meagher E., Mulcahy M., Parnham A., Carney S., Garvey L., Gillies A., Hayes S., Mathew M., Fassett R., Anderson L., Clingeleffer C., Curnock A., Mayne L., Richardson D., Smith M., Smith S., Suranyi M., Howlin K., Chow J., Cleland B., Rayment G., Spicer T., Wong J., Wong M., Packham D., Alison C., Fraser I., Mitchell J., Nagle J., Brown F., Ellery C., Monkhouse J., Nandkumar J., Reith-Myers L., Gray N., Cocks C., Courtney M., Hollett P., Johnston C., Larsen H., Pollock A., Stewart S., Styles G., Wyndham R., Fanning M., Gibson W., Jackson S., Mannering M., Mercado E., Oliphant R., Sud K., Ubera N., Wood C., Karrasch J., Brinkley T., Estensen K., Moroney A., Sutton J., Warren R., Saltissi D., Jahke H., Roach H., Saltissi J., Wiederroth O'Brien M., Johnson D., Bali V., Evans M., Franzen K., Halbish S., Helyar J., Martin A., Mudge D., Sonnenburg K., Sudak J., Roger S., Almeida S., Andrews H., Bohringer L., Bouwhuis L., Brady L., Carpenter A., Warren S., Elias T., Bannister K., Chew G., Clarke J., Faull R., Hooper A., Jeffs L., Napier A., Peh C., Pirone K., Skilton F., Ranganathan D., Best J., Hart L., Healy H., Morgan C., Ratanjee S., Salisbury A., Jose M., Freeman J., Hamilton R., Kirkland G., Read G., Anderson H., Boekel K., Farrell M., Foreman A., Iliev K., Pedagogos E., Raspudic T., Pollock C., Cooper B., Kesselhut J., Macadam C., Pearse J., Rowland C., Tully H., Irish A., Dogra G., Coutts P., Hayes L., Khoo D., Nathoo B., Shakespeare K., Warger A., Gillin A., Burman J., George C., Sherwood S., Snelling P., Stevens C., Hutchison B., Luxton G., Devenny N., Herson H., Pellicano S., Kelly J., Coutelas J., Garlinge C., McClelland A., Pirabhahar S., Saleh H., Langham R., Englebright B., Giang M., Lanteri M., Mullins K., Turner C., Collett P., Stokoe S., Sutherland K., Talafua D., Talaulikar G., Clarkson A., Rees C., Carney G., Falk M., Gracey D., Jadeer A., Johnson P., Karpe K., Singer R., Walters G., McDonald S., Burgess J., Fischer K., Gentgall M., Hockley M., Veitch D., De Jersey P., Gillam A., Hartig V., Holland K., McArdle J., Washington W., Rangan G., Mikaheal M., Murie P., Perez N., Punnoose N., Smolonogov T., Taler N., Williams G., Wen C., Kohlhagen J., Wessels J., Johnson S., Reid A., Ryan J., Taprell D., Auinger M., Eigner M., Kodras K., Leithner C., Magpantay L., Marterer C., Prager R., Prinz C., Seiringer E., Kramar R., Mitter E., Stummvoll H., Dieplinger G., Wenzel R., Stolz G., Drose S., Edlinger E., Headlam-Leitner E., Miska H., Then M., Weninger S., Lhotta K., Neyer U., Dickie H., Smodek S., Sprenger-Mahr H., Rosenkranz A., Zitt E., Mayr B., Schinner A., Soltys G., Begin V., Brunet S., Cournoyer S., Gelinas M., Giroux C., Martineau J., Roy M., Savoie L., Agharazii M., Blouin J., Desmeules S., Langlois S., Samson F., Wong G., Constantini L., Jing J., Malko J., Rivers C., Rochester D., Skilling C., Wadgymar A., Wu G., Kates D., Husch J., Mantle M., Turri L., Barrett B., Curtis B., Greeley B., Hannaford M., Harnett J., Kelly M., Langille E., Morgan J., Murphy S., Karim M., Arbo T., Carpenito G., Chan V., DaRoza G., Friesen M., Kraus D., Lam S., Lange B., Minhas S., Starko R., Torng S., Vela K., Madore F., Roy P., Troyanov S., Bonnardeaux A., Lauzon L., Pichette V., Yeates K., Mahoney K., Myers C., 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A., Nikitin S., Restall J., Treit S., Wysocki Y., Duncan J., Copland M., Jastrzebski J., Keown P., Kwan S., Rogers D., Shapiro J., Singh S., Sioson L., Yee K., Yeung C., Zacharias J., Bueti J., Dizon B., Lam H., Miller L., Ross M., Zarrillo M., Li Z., Wang C., Liu L., Hong M., Zheng H., Zuo W., Ge Z., Liu Q., Li Y., Sun K., Zhao R., Sun G., Wang F., Cui Z., Lou F., Du Y., Song L., Huang H., Song Z., Wang J., Zhou L., Wu R., Xiao R., Zhang Q., Duan N., Ju N., Wang A., Xu Z., Lu Z., Zhang Y., Zhao L., Zhang C., Mo Z., Xie Y., Xiong J., Chen J., Guo L., Zhao S., Peiskerova M., Jancova E., Kazderova M., Kobrova L., Gorun P., Kmentova T., Burgelova M., Lyerova L., Viklicky O., Berdych M., Nydlova Z., Jelinkova G., Moltas J., Pauzar T., Knetl P., Cahova J., Simkova J., Zakova M., Vankova S., Safarova R., Hruby M., Karlova R., Prikaska V., Sellenberg P., Vesela E., Malanova L., Vlasak J., Kaprova P., Novakova D., Kotherova K., Studenovska M., Christensen J., Solling J., Jepsen M., Kristensen 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Abstract

Background: Lowering low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol with statin therapy has been shown to reduce the incidence of atherosclerotic events in many types of patient, but it remains uncertain whether it is of net benefit among people with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Method(s): Patients with advanced CKD (blood creatinine >=1.7 mg/dL [>= 150 mumol/L] in men or >=1.5 mg/dL [ >= 130 mumol/L] in women) with no known history of myocardial infarction or coronary revascularization were randomized in a ratio of 4:4:1 to ezetimibe 10 mg plus simvastatin 20 mg daily versus matching placebo versus simvastatin 20 mg daily (with the latter arm rerandomized at 1 year to ezetimibe 10 mg plus simvastatin 20 mg daily vs placebo). The key outcome will be major atherosclerotic events, defined as the combination of myocardial infarction, coronary death, ischemic stroke, or any revascularization procedure. Results A total of 9,438 CKD patients were randomized, of whom 3,056 were on dialysis. Mean age was 61 years, two thirds were male, one fifth had diabetes mellitus, and one sixth had vascular disease. Compared with either placebo or simvastatin alone, allocation to ezetimibe plus simvastatin was not associated with any excess of myopathy, hepatic toxicity, or biliary complications during the first year of follow-up. Compared with placebo, allocation to ezetimibe 10 mg plus simvastatin 20 mg daily yielded average LDL cholesterol differences of 43 mg/dL (1.10 mmol/L) at 1 year and 33 mg/dL (0.85 mmol/L) at 2.5 years. Follow-up is scheduled to continue until August 2010, when all patients will have been followed for at least 4 years. Conclusions SHARP should provide evidence about the efficacy and safety of lowering LDL cholesterol with the combination of ezetimibe and simvastatin among a wide range of patients with CKD.Copyright © 2010, Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published
2010

29. Study of Heart and Renal Protection (SHARP): Randomized trial to assess the effects of lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol among 9,438 patients with chronic kidney disease.

Author

Reaich R., Schouten D., Rashid H., Birtcher K., Cantu J., Tait C., Taun W., Fadem S., Das D., Khosla U., Brown C., Brown T., Buquing J., Cromwell H., Dickson N., Najimipour B., Robeson J., Tabibi W., Mulloy L., Bailey K., Burton B., Fall P., Jagadeesan M., Paulson W., Szerlip H., White J., Faulkner M., Adeleye O., Boatright D., Mensah D., Nwankwo U., Crutcher L., Cummings C., Floyd M., Putatunda B., Ross J., Sanford V., Thadani U., Haragsim L., Parker B., Rogan L., Thresher M., Turner J., Dworkin L., Mignano D., O'Mara A., Shemin D., Bakris G., Basta E., Chua D., Neri G., Ahmed I., Elliott W., Fondren L., Hasabou N., Khosla N., Mazin A., Riehle J., Kovesdy C., Mendoza J., Ahmadzadeh S., Iranmanesh A., Lewis M., Lu J., Benabe J., Gonzalez-Melendez E., Padilla B., Serrano J., Russ T., Athmann L., Funke L., Larson P., Roach D., Salveson B., Nogueira J., Hanes D., Hise M., Light P., Copland E., Fink J., Hakim M., Hough K., McMinn S., Weir M., Young C., Kershaw G., Hill I., White B., Plumb T., Florescu M., Groggel G., Martin M., Rao V., Denu-Ciocca C., Candiani C., Cooper J., Gordon B., Joy M., Kiser M., Lambeth C., Rosas S., Cochetti P., Robinson J., Schankel K., Teng H., Weise W., Geneidy A., Murray P., Solomon R., De Waal D., LaPointe S., Schoenknecht A., Campese V., Habashy M., Ananthakrisna R., Bedwani D., Fazli U., Fetrat M., Frampton Q., Kaldas B., Kazarian V., Pitts L., Sadeghi A., Yeasmin N., Young E., Fissell R., Belanger K., Ricci N., Farwell W., Bowman T., Dhingra R., Pesenson A., Ambrosino J., Chittamooru S., Kaufman J., Ramos M., Yap C., Nakhle S., Aligaen L., Duren D., Laine B., Moore S., Tuazon H., Coyne D., Audrain J., Bryant B., Dombek S., Freeman S., Klein P., Germain M., Berkowitz A., Bokhari A., Braden G., Diaz A., Greco B., Mulhern J., O'Shea M., Poindexter A., Poppel D., Ryan M., Sweet S., Ye J., Osterman J., Lin T., Mays B., Rizvi A., Sonnier C., Twining C., Wang S., Hix M., Schenck J., Baigent C., Landray M., Reith C., Dasgupta T., Emberson J., 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Pilkey R., Moist L., Edgar M., House A., Kortas C., Mindorff S., Tam P., Chow S., Fung J., Nagai G., Ng P., Sikaneta T., Ting R., Forzley B., Clouatre Y., Cooper S., DaCosta H., Granger S., Valley S., Karunakaran S., Abdulhadi M., Altwasser C., Anderson S., Bergquist L., Wijeyesinghe C., Berst L., Horgan K., Coles K., Lotter T., Robson L., Barre P., Golden J., Golden M., Tanguay N., Rigatto C., Armstrong S., Fine A., Fontaine B., Friesen D., Henry S., Kraushar M., Reslerova M., Verrelli M., Rabbat C., Clase C., Suva G., Winegard N., Goldstein M., Curvelo S., Donnelly S., Huckle J., Marticorena R., Chan-Yan C., Chiu A., DeLuca L., Flamer D., Gill J., Jamal A., Jung B., Kiaii M., Landsberg D., Rozen N., Taylor P., Werb R., Pylypchuk G., Ahmed A., Barton J., Hundseth M., Kappel J., Keindel I., Klassen J., Pylypchuk S., Rindall M., Tobe S., Naimark D., Agelopoulos M., Chessman M., Hladunewich M., Perkins N., Sainsbury S., McCready W., Adams B., Tonelli M., Caldwell S., Kumar U., McMahon A., Nikitin S., Restall J., Treit S., Wysocki Y., Duncan J., Copland M., Jastrzebski J., Keown P., Kwan S., Rogers D., Shapiro J., Singh S., Sioson L., Yee K., Yeung C., Zacharias J., Bueti J., Dizon B., Lam H., Miller L., Ross M., Zarrillo M., Li Z., Wang C., Liu L., Hong M., Zheng H., Zuo W., Ge Z., Liu Q., Li Y., Sun K., Zhao R., Sun G., Wang F., Cui Z., Lou F., Du Y., Song L., Huang H., Song Z., Wang J., Zhou L., Wu R., Xiao R., Zhang Q., Duan N., Ju N., Wang A., Xu Z., Lu Z., Zhang Y., Zhao L., Zhang C., Mo Z., Xie Y., Xiong J., Chen J., Guo L., Zhao S., Peiskerova M., Jancova E., Kazderova M., Kobrova L., Gorun P., Kmentova T., Burgelova M., Lyerova L., Viklicky O., Berdych M., Nydlova Z., Jelinkova G., Moltas J., Pauzar T., Knetl P., Cahova J., Simkova J., Zakova M., Vankova S., Safarova R., Hruby M., Karlova R., Prikaska V., Sellenberg P., Vesela E., Malanova L., Vlasak J., Kaprova P., Novakova D., Kotherova K., Studenovska M., Christensen J., Solling J., Jepsen M., Kristensen V., Aerenlund H., Braemer-Jensen M., Kamper A., Raaschou S., Heaf J., Dreyer J., Freese P., Holm M., Munch M., Gade-Rasmussen E., Bredmose K., Daugaard H., Nielsen J., Friedberg M., Jensen D., Munk Plum M., Solling K., Dieperink H., Arp Nielsen L., Friborg E., Gloe-Jakobsen A., Thye Ronn P., Rasmussen K., Andersen C., Johansen A., Odum L., Ostergaard O., Pedersen L., Lykkegaard S., Aundal M., Faureholm Huess S., Danielsen H., Madsen J., Nyvang M., Ekstrand A., Boman H., Hartman J., Lipponen A., Lithovius R., Rauta V., Salmela A., Saloranta K., Forslund T., Koskiaho P., Jaaskelainen K., Kanninen M., Laine K., Asola M., Huhti J., Pentti M., Metsarinne K., Heiro M., Koivuviita N., Saarinen M., Tertti R., Choukroun G., Fournier A., Ducloux D., Marechal F., Simula Faivre D., Combe C., Douillet M., Lamblot T., Nardi H., Vendrely B., Bourbigot B., Ferlandin S., Zaoui P., Jouet C., Geffroy-Guiberteau S., Bugnazet L., Aldigier J., El Hamel-Belili C., Giraud S., Dussol B., Berland Y., Chollet M., Sichez H., Cristol J., Canaud B., Morena M., Rodriguez A., Kessler M., Mizejewski B., Risse B., Urena Torres P., Bou-Bekr M.A., Arezki C., Ras El Qdim P., Vela C., Borsato F., Talairach A., Normand M., Normand V., Rieu P., Gauthier B., Vigneron-Foy C., Wolak A., Menoyo V., Alos L., Caillette-Beaudoin A., Berger V., Al-Sarraf S., Konnerth I., Urban C., Weiner S., Boesken W., Jochum E., Kiefer C., Wagner A., Krumme B., Bohler J., Bonow B., Hohenstatt U., Mettang T., Rockel A., Langanke J., Lipponer H., Dunschen-Weimar G., Dunst R., Hubel E., Petrik R., Rengel R., Schmidgen M., Mayr H., Garschhammer C., Weirauch S., Anger H., Goock T., Mai A., Bast I., Suptitz C., Iwig B., Florschutz K., Hasselbacher R., Sauerbrey G., Delrieux S., Rau S., Poley M., Laux R., Schonfelder O., Kunowski G., Fuchs G., Hoffmann K., Schurger R., Brensing K., Guven Z., Immenkamp C., Kottmann C., Schmitt H., Schulz M., Arnold P., Knaup R., Schneider H., Siemsen H., Pyriki P., Korkemeyer F., Pyriki R., Siebrecht A., Schulz E., Krumwiede A., Kruse D., Lucke S., Keim H., Fink H., Fischer S., Klingbeil A., Kuhlmei K., Ortwein-Horn N., Merker L., Bayer B., Benamar K., Emmert S., Floten E., Holzheuer K., Lummer M., Ossendorf E., Scholz M., Oppitz M., Georgiew L., Tripps C., Wendehake M., Lange D., Pingel V., Brause M., Schanze W., Duygulu E., Dellanna F., Heinemann-Nieberding S., Sturmer C., Wieczorek K., Zarga O., Kullmer B., Kullmer S., Akin M., Gondolf M., Schutterle S., Walker G., Bertsch R., Seul M., Allendorff J., Siehler R., Stemmler S., Baldus M., Adler A., Harter S., Wurmell W., Moller M., Hame C., Muller M., Schreiber M., Schurfeld C., Millington-Herrmann M., Benschneider A., Gaffal J., Sprunken U., Bohling M., Wunderlich S., Schramm L., Kollenbrath C., Netzer K., Sieber T., Zimmermann J., Bellersen M., Uerkvitz M., David-Walek T., Hauschildt B., Leimenstoll G., Lonnemann G., Hilfenhaus M., Benedetto C., Stockmann S., Ichtiaris P., Jungmann A., Neumeier K., Stoof A., Bohmer K., Kirpal A., Knogl A., Flege F., Franke K., Groth P., Parensen E., Bockmann M., Przyklenk P., Piazolo L., Thinius-Jaudas L., Versen A., Hettich R., Arendt R., Geiger K., Hoppe H., Schwarting A., Beyer T., Faust J., Hazenbiller A., Tschirner S., Grupp C., Dorsch O., Eigner-Schmidtchen M., Michler K., Roth J., Schramm S., Waldmuller G., Riedl B., Vogele-Dirks H., Linz J., Biggar P., Hennemann H., Bauer G., Buchholz J., Fischer P., Bihlmaier W., Baumann A., Peichl B., Roser S., Ludewig S., Ricksgers M., Szendzielorz M., Baus A., Baust K., Schaller P., Schnellbacher G., Sorensen S., Buschges-Seraphin B., Hauenstein L., Hofmann B., Nikolay J., Merkel F., Nebel M., Petersen J., Schweb S., Zeissler H., Baumhackel K., Krauss A., Schafer R., Pastor A., Zielinski B., Strauss H., Theis H., Burkhardt K., Heckel M., Hussendorfer K., Bahner U., Brandl M., Hammerl-Kraus B., Herrmann D., Kramer H., Baudenbacher H., Blaser C., Buschmann G., Eckert G., Ehrich H., Hofmann K., Huller U., Geiger H., Becker B., Hoischen S., Bartel C., Hennig J., Obermuller N., Schulte C., Fischereder M., Burchardi F., Rupprecht H., Weidner S., Anders H., Andriaccio L., Lederer S., Ricken G., Strasser C., Lammert A., Schmitt W., Van Der Woude F., Langhauser B., Markau S., Osten B., Thiemicke D., Dorligschaw O., Weickert M., Breunig F., Denninger G., Osiek S., Rebstock W., Schulz P., Swoboda F., De Cicco D., Harlos J., Lebert A., Riegel M., Schmiedeke T., Hoffmann U., Nolle M., Jankrift P., Pfleiderer H., Witta J., Wittler B., Luth J., Dumann H., Habel U., Torp A., Sehland D., Tiess M., Etzold C., Friederiszik A., Morgenroth A., Dybala A., Suffel A., Leimbach T., Kron J., Sauer S., Meyer T., Meyer M., Lammers U., Bekman J., Holtz S., Kausler-Book B., Stobbe S., Hohage H., Heck M., Schulte F., Welling U., Zeh M., Seyfried J., De Heij T., Menzinger A., Weinreich T., Hopf M., Groll J., Kammholz K., Peters K., Schwietzer G., Kreft B., Weibchen U., Vosskuhler A., Hollenbeck M., Klaue K., Rzepucha E., Sperling K., Seeger W., Weyer J., Heine C., Kirste P., Zemann B., Alscher D., Rumpf D., Wullen B., Bengel A., Friedrich B., Kirschner T., Knodler U., Machleidt C., Niederstrasser K., Noack E., Wilhelm J., Heuer H., Dulea J., Piolot R., Rudke M., Treinen G., Elberg B., Hanke J., Nitschke T., Rosendahl C., Schmitz A., Schrader J., Kulschewski A., Lubcke C., Hammersen F., Luders S., Venneklaas U., Muhlfeld A., Arabi Al-Khanne F., Ketteler M., Politt D., Schuster C., Eitner F., Goretz U., Heidenreich S., Janssen U., Kranz A., Moormann E., Schneider B., Weber W., Frei U., Jovanovic T., Asmus H., Canaan-Kuhl S., Pannier L., Petersen S., Pluer M., Schaeffner E., Schafer C., Warncke S., Schmieder R., Donhauser C., Schulze B., Koziolek M., Bechtel W., Kurz B., Strutz F., Bramlage C., Dreyer S., Mommeyer E., Niemann J., Scheel A., Troche-Polzien I., Weber F., Heine G., Girndt M., Lizzi F., Rogacev K., Lindner T., Achenbach H., Peschel K., Beige J., Jentho S., Kreyssig C., Prill K., Renders L., Walcher J., Cerny S., Fulbier A., Kristen H., Nitschke M., Kramer J., Marek P., Meier M., Schlieter J., Heyne N., Bachmann F., Faber M., Klipp K., Kustner U., Risler T., Rath T., Ruf T., Budiman D., Seidel C., Weik S., Teo S.M., Lee L.Y., Azizah H., Faridunishah S.A., Foo S.M., Go K.W., Ghazali A., Koh K.H., Zaki M., Wong H.S., Bavanandan S., Boey L.M., Lily M., Wong S.L., Rosnawati Y., Zawawi N., Azimawati A., Hindun A., Hasnah J., Korina R., Yunaidah A., Noraidah P., Ong L.M., Noor Asma A., Liew Y.F., Rozina G., Cheong Y.H., Ang A.H., Dayang J., Lim L.S., Sukeri M., Ramli S., Zulkifli M., Wan Mahmood W.K., Goh B.L., Sarifah B., Bee B.C., Ramasamy C., Ruszarimah S., Liu W.J., Razali O., Haslinah S., Vaithilingam I., Jaaini A., Faridah L., Ng K.H., Krishnan P., Rosnah A.A., Nor Azizah A.S., Tam C.C., Tan S.H., Tan C.C., Shahnaz F.K., Wazir H., Munusamy P., Wan Shaariah M.Y., Chew T.F., Fuziah Z., Tan C.H.H., Maria L., Javelin P., Lim S.K., Nazatul S.B., Engkasan L.P., Tan S.Y., Wong M.G., Julita A.A., Ang B.B., Krishnan S., Seet W.W.T., Liew S.K., Keng T.C., Tobe T., Deelen M., Klaassen I., Grave W., Emmen M., Janssen W., Bossen W., Elzinga B., Van Der Velden A., Hemmelder M., Slagman M., Waanders F., Viergever P., Boerema I., Potter Van Loon B., Muthert B., Geers T., Schollaert N., Van Weverwijk I., Veen P., Woittiez A., Krikken J., Kwakernaak A., Visser F., Navis G., Hoekstra F., Hawkins S., McGregor D., Usher J., MacGinley R., Schollum J., Ellis G., Voss D., Rosman J., Upjohn M., Panlilio N., Madhan K., Naicker V., Anderson E., Bushell M., Lumb N., Pepperell B., Sizeland P., Hayett S., Sullivan N., Tuffery C., Macdonald A., Ostapowicz T., Wessel-Aas T., Wessel-Aas H., Bjorbaek E., Bjorbaek R., Simso I., Oien C., Bergrem H., Espedal S., Kronborg J., Solbakken K., Rocke J., Aakervik O., Haugen V., Eide T., Berglund J., Loland W., Schei T., Stromsaether C., Willadsen H., Lyngdal P., Vad A., Waldum B., Froslid G., Roaldsnes C., Rustad D., Soderblom P., Eriksen B., Hanssen E., Julsrud J., Mathisen U., Pedersen M., Rumsfeld M., Toft I., Berget K., Landsverk K., Tveiten G., Wamstad H., Klinger M., Krajewska M., Golebiowski T., Kusztal M., Spiechowicz-Zaton U., Rutkowski B., Renke M., Tylicki L., Czekalski S., Koziol L., Wanic-Kossowska M., Wasik-Olejnik A., Nowicki M., Dryja P., Kurnatowska I., Zawiasa A., Ciszek M., Gomolka M., Mysliwiec M., Brzosko S., Mazerska M., Hruby Z., Koscielniak K., Stanek-Piotrowska M., Mesjasz J., Rudka R., Baranski M., Jupowiecki J., Klein D., Switalski M., Kuriga M., Ostrowski M., Lidman A., Linde T., Waltersson K., Weiss L., Andersson G., Lindell C., Welander G., Jacobson S., Edensjo P., Wallin J., Linder M., Karsberg M., Hellgren K., Lonn I., Frisenette-Fich C., Johansson A., Lundstrom A., Mauritz N., Stahl-Nilsson A., Tobafard N., Hellberg O., Ejemar E., Von Schmalensee N., Gunne T., Eriksson A., Ostberg S., Svensson C., Mulec H., Jacobsson A., Karlsson M., Onnermalm L., Osagie S., Ekengren U., Larsson M., Lindberger K., Olofsson A., Samuelsson O., Beagan L., Dezfoolian H., Just M., Ortegren L., Saeed A., Strand U., Ramsauer B., Hultstrom D., Nordlinder K., Sundberg I., Oqvist B., Green C., Fernstrom A., Cassel A., Goransson I., Gylling M., Jorgensen A., Sterner G., Christensson A., Hjelmstedt P., Nystrom A., Sundin P., Samuelsson I., Tidman M., Johansson M., Lofgren Andersson M., Ohman M., Andersson P., Hallberg Karlsson A., Ringstad L., Chittinandana A., Chailimpamontree W., Gojaseni P., Singprasert R., Tungsanga K., Amphun W., Intim P., Kanjanabuch T., Poowarattanakul D., Treratha C., Wongvan P., Jittikanont S., Suriya T., Indrasthitya P., Sumethkul V., Ingsathit A., Jansomwong J., Lertchalorarn K., Phachiyanukul V., Phiromkit T., Saengsri S., Vareesangthip K., Chawanasuntorapoj R., Kiattisunthorn K., Larpkitkachorn R., Webster J., Henderson J., Jayne D., Hollis J., Townsend K., Harron C., Bleakley N., Hanley N., Morgan S., Brittney L., Brown H., Maxwell P., Murtagh H., Thomas M., Burke E., Carmody M., Cox G., Dasgin J., Ali G., Whitehouse L., Williams V., Brown E., Dlelana G., Esson A., Fagerbrink S., Marshall F., Mazibuko B., Nelson C., Russell E., Williams R., Altmann P., McNichols-Thomas C., Parsons K., MacGregor M., McGowan J., Mead P., Gilbanks K., Sanderson M., Fluck R., Chandler G., Hulme L., Smith J., Tse Y., West C., Taylor J., Breakspear S., Burgess B., Isles C., Bell J., Duignan J., Gorman J., Swainson C., Beveridge C., Cairns A., Miller D., Paterson F., Smith L., Kumwenda M., Glover R., Geddes C., Gemmell C., Grieve I., Matthews E., McLaren B., Meyer B., Spiers A., Banks R., Apperley P., Patterson T., Paynter H., Scoble J., Thom D., Watkins J., Kalra P., Gowland S., Haydock L., Smart I., Bhandari S., Gillett P., James K., Lewis R., Melville H., Tamimi A., Williams P., Heath T., Small S., Paterson A., Gibson N., Laven C., Wilson T., Cairns H., Casley-Ready K., Warwick G., Fentum B., James J., Kumar T., Marshall R., Ratcliffe F., Shenton A., Warwicker P., Bowser M., Mumford C., Mitra S., Woolfson R., Yang R., Williams A., Richards K., Turner A., Odum J., Rylance P., Smallwood A., Ward J., Henderson I., McMahon M., Ross C., Burrows M., Morais J., Rajan S., Tindall H., Barrett C., Kelly F., El-Nahas M., Bartholomew J., Edwards L., Okhuoya F., Bebb C., Cassidy M., Brand S., Quashie-Howard M., Taggart C., Capps N., Tonks L., Mason J., Powell S., Watkins L., Ball S., Dutton M., Fifer L., McGlynn F., Wood M., Jenkins D., Allan N., Fahal I., Elhag-Ali H., King J., Peel R., Potts L., Logie I., McGhie F., Naik R., Parry R., Andain K., Durkin S., D'Souza R., Harrison D., Cooke J., Kinyanjui R., Harper J., Algate K., McCarthy M., Van Eker D., Thuraisingham R., Chinodya M., Deelchand V., Garcia R., Ngango R., Rolfe C., Williams K., Solomon L., Heap T., MacDowall P., Saunderson Smith L., MacDiarmaid-Gordon A., Harman W., Smithson H., Robertson D., Gammon B., O'Grady D., Verow C., Rogerson M., Berry L., Gough C., Hayward E., Jones C., Payne T., Rowe L., Sibley C., Szymanski J., Almond M., Bourton L., Bromwich C., Dawson S., Mason S., Oliveira D., Ramkhelawon R., Tuazon J., Andrews P., Archer K., Moore A., Thomas G., Velazquez C., Mumtaz R., Roberts R., Farquhar F., Ott J., Fenwick S., Callaway A., Garrett P., Dees L., McDonagh U., Garner S., Zehnder D., Aldridge N., Dyer C., Gomez M., Hewins S., McCarthy K., Rush J., Spencer S., Harvey M., Mills H., Drew P., Henry M., Wilberforce S., Worth D., Adair Z., Hartley J., Jibani M., Jones D., Swan S., Shamp T., Alcorn H., Bookey J., Cannon C., Jarvis K., Muesing C., Murphy M., Muster H., Planting M., Strand C., Middleton J., Gitter K., Mace N., Schumm D., Pogue V., Alimohammadi B., Arora P., Herbert L., Cheng J., Dowie D., Mohan S., Peters G., Tuttle K., Albritton S., Benedetti R., Joshi S., Lund B., Shuler L., Trevino M., Mai K., Osborn T., Parekh R., Eustace J., Novak G., Patterson S., Lindsey C., Hill T., Liston M., Wiegmann T., Nagaria A., Hurd C., Hurst A., Omoscharka E., Parks S., Price V., Reaich R., Schouten D., Rashid H., Birtcher K., Cantu J., Tait C., Taun W., Fadem S., Das D., Khosla U., Brown C., Brown T., Buquing J., Cromwell H., Dickson N., Najimipour B., Robeson J., Tabibi W., Mulloy L., Bailey K., Burton B., Fall P., Jagadeesan M., Paulson W., Szerlip H., White J., Faulkner M., Adeleye O., Boatright D., Mensah D., Nwankwo U., Crutcher L., Cummings C., Floyd M., Putatunda B., Ross J., Sanford V., Thadani U., Haragsim L., Parker B., Rogan L., Thresher M., Turner J., Dworkin L., Mignano D., O'Mara A., Shemin D., Bakris G., Basta E., Chua D., Neri G., Ahmed I., Elliott W., Fondren L., Hasabou N., Khosla N., Mazin A., Riehle J., Kovesdy C., Mendoza J., Ahmadzadeh S., Iranmanesh A., Lewis M., Lu J., Benabe J., Gonzalez-Melendez E., Padilla B., Serrano J., Russ T., Athmann L., Funke L., Larson P., Roach D., Salveson B., Nogueira J., Hanes D., Hise M., Light P., Copland E., Fink J., Hakim M., Hough K., McMinn S., Weir M., Young C., Kershaw G., Hill I., White B., Plumb 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Herrington W., Lewis D., Mafham M., Collins R., Bray C., Chen Y., Baxter A., Young A., Hill M., Knott C., Cass A., Feldt-Rasmussen B., Fellstrom B., Grobbee R., Gronhagen-Riska C., Haas M., Holdaas H., Hooi L.S., Jiang L., Kasiske B., Krairittichai U., Levin A., Massy Z., Tesar V., Walker R., Wanner C., Wheeler D., Wiecek A., Majoni W., Simpson D., Strony J., Musliner T., Agodoa L., Armitage J., Chen Z., Craig J., De Zeeuw D., Gaziano M., Grimm R., Krane V., Neal B., Ophascharoensuk V., Pedersen T., Sleight P., Tobert J., Tomson C., Sandercock P., Keech A., Whelton P., Yusuf S., Peto R., Parish S., Dolph L., Bahu T., Booth-Davey E., Brewster A., Yau F., Denis E., Frederick K., Haywood D., Heineman J., Howard S., Jayne K., Madgwick Z., Michell S., Murphy K., Ning L., Nolan J., Nunn M., Roberts J., Wickman M., Bowman L., Bulbulia R., Haynes R., Rahimi K., Rahman N., Ait-Sadi R., Barton I., Zhu W., Clark S., Kourellias K., Radley M., Brown K., Worthing D., Coates G., Goodenough B., Lucas N., Carreras A., Currie R., Donaldson O., Fjalling E., Gallagher M., Gibson K., Goddard J., Healy J., Hones L., Jardine M., Kwong I., Merai M., Murray S., Perkovic V., Rendina A., Gallo K., Caron S., Carlson K., Foley K., Matzek S., Mewhort L., O'Donoghue S., Perel-Winkler A., Terins T., Nie Q., Yu H., Ge L., Hao D., Li L., Pang X., Wei X., Yan G., Certikova Chabova V., Holst H., Molvadgaard T., Munksgaard D., Peltonen Y., Liabeuf S., Lebel C., Ouabou L., Bauer B., Bergmann K., Beusch M., Cavitt D., Drechsler C., Dulau I., Hugen K., Kempf S., Kuchenmeister B., Pscheidl V., Schmiedeke D., Schwarz M., Speerschneider K., Stahl B., Lim B.C., Nadia H., Zishareena M.F., Vasuthavan S., Ganesapillai A.T., Yuen S., Grobbee D., Bobbink I., Groot K., Sikking I., Raley J., Colban M., Smerud K., Trygg N., Waagaard E., Westad H., Rotkegel S., Spiechowicz U., Domoradzka M., Gawlowska M., Flygar A., Odmark I., Pettersson A., Blackwood S., Barclay J., Benham J., Brown R., Cureton L., Jackson D., Kennedy I., Leaper C., Taylor A., Winter C., Wise C., Nash M., Taylor Bennett A., Donaldson D., Chalmers K., Corderoy H., Bartkoske M., Bjerk C., Camarena A., Herskovitz L., Heuer C., Levin J., Robinson R., Wicklund B., Bentzel D., Cohen S., Costa C., Scranton R., Auwardt R., Boyer M., Cogdell P., Menahem S., Sheldrake J., Mount P., Fraenkel M., Bisscheroux P., Dempester J., Gleeson P., Harris G., Holmes C., Hyett K., Linton A., Miach P., Booth D., Druce L., Mantha M., Borg E., Green S., Killen J., Lynch Y., Colquhoun D., Herzig K., Row G., Addison J., Asa J., Beatson G., Calvird D., Edmunds J., Ferreira-Jardim A., Gwynne A., Mackay D., McLoughlin L., Wightwick C., Williams L., Ferrari P., Barry J., Hodson S., Zakrzewska W., Meagher E., Mulcahy M., Parnham A., Carney S., Garvey L., Gillies A., Hayes S., Mathew M., Fassett R., Anderson L., Clingeleffer C., Curnock A., Mayne L., Richardson D., Smith M., Smith S., Suranyi M., Howlin K., Chow J., Cleland B., Rayment G., Spicer T., Wong J., Wong M., Packham D., Alison C., Fraser I., Mitchell J., Nagle J., Brown F., Ellery C., Monkhouse J., Nandkumar J., Reith-Myers L., Gray N., Cocks C., Courtney M., Hollett P., Johnston C., Larsen H., Pollock A., Stewart S., Styles G., Wyndham R., Fanning M., Gibson W., Jackson S., Mannering M., Mercado E., Oliphant R., Sud K., Ubera N., Wood C., Karrasch J., Brinkley T., Estensen K., Moroney A., Sutton J., Warren R., Saltissi D., Jahke H., Roach H., Saltissi J., Wiederroth O'Brien M., Johnson D., Bali V., Evans M., Franzen K., Halbish S., Helyar J., Martin A., Mudge D., Sonnenburg K., Sudak J., Roger S., Almeida S., Andrews H., Bohringer L., Bouwhuis L., Brady L., Carpenter A., Warren S., Elias T., Bannister K., Chew G., Clarke J., Faull R., Hooper A., Jeffs L., Napier A., Peh C., Pirone K., Skilton F., Ranganathan D., Best J., Hart L., Healy H., Morgan C., Ratanjee S., Salisbury A., Jose M., Freeman J., Hamilton R., Kirkland G., Read G., Anderson H., Boekel K., Farrell M., Foreman A., Iliev K., Pedagogos E., Raspudic T., Pollock C., Cooper B., Kesselhut J., Macadam C., Pearse J., Rowland C., Tully H., Irish A., Dogra G., Coutts P., Hayes L., Khoo D., Nathoo B., Shakespeare K., Warger A., Gillin A., Burman J., George C., Sherwood S., Snelling P., Stevens C., Hutchison B., Luxton G., Devenny N., Herson H., Pellicano S., Kelly J., Coutelas J., Garlinge C., McClelland A., Pirabhahar S., Saleh H., Langham R., Englebright B., Giang M., Lanteri M., Mullins K., Turner C., Collett P., Stokoe S., Sutherland K., Talafua D., Talaulikar G., Clarkson A., Rees C., Carney G., Falk M., Gracey D., Jadeer A., Johnson P., Karpe K., Singer R., Walters G., McDonald S., Burgess J., Fischer K., Gentgall M., Hockley M., Veitch D., De Jersey P., Gillam A., Hartig V., Holland K., McArdle J., Washington W., Rangan G., Mikaheal M., Murie P., Perez N., Punnoose N., Smolonogov T., Taler N., Williams G., Wen C., Kohlhagen J., Wessels J., Johnson S., Reid A., Ryan J., Taprell D., Auinger M., Eigner M., Kodras K., Leithner C., Magpantay L., Marterer C., Prager R., Prinz C., Seiringer E., Kramar R., Mitter E., Stummvoll H., Dieplinger G., Wenzel R., Stolz G., Drose S., Edlinger E., Headlam-Leitner E., Miska H., Then M., Weninger S., Lhotta K., Neyer U., Dickie H., Smodek S., Sprenger-Mahr H., Rosenkranz A., Zitt E., Mayr B., Schinner A., Soltys G., Begin V., Brunet S., Cournoyer S., Gelinas M., Giroux C., Martineau J., Roy M., Savoie L., Agharazii M., Blouin J., Desmeules S., Langlois S., Samson F., Wong G., Constantini L., Jing J., Malko J., Rivers C., Rochester D., Skilling C., Wadgymar A., Wu G., Kates D., Husch J., Mantle M., Turri L., Barrett B., Curtis B., Greeley B., Hannaford M., Harnett J., Kelly M., Langille E., Morgan J., Murphy S., Karim M., Arbo T., Carpenito G., Chan V., DaRoza G., Friesen M., Kraus D., Lam S., Lange B., Minhas S., Starko R., Torng S., Vela K., Madore F., Roy P., Troyanov S., Bonnardeaux A., Lauzon L., Pichette V., Yeates K., Mahoney K., Myers C., Pilkey R., Moist L., Edgar M., House A., Kortas C., Mindorff S., Tam P., Chow S., Fung J., Nagai G., Ng P., Sikaneta T., Ting R., Forzley B., Clouatre Y., Cooper S., DaCosta H., Granger S., Valley S., Karunakaran S., Abdulhadi M., Altwasser C., Anderson S., Bergquist L., Wijeyesinghe C., Berst L., Horgan K., Coles K., Lotter T., Robson L., Barre P., Golden J., Golden M., Tanguay N., Rigatto C., Armstrong S., Fine A., Fontaine B., Friesen D., Henry S., Kraushar M., Reslerova M., Verrelli M., Rabbat C., Clase C., Suva G., Winegard N., Goldstein M., Curvelo S., Donnelly S., Huckle J., Marticorena R., Chan-Yan C., Chiu A., DeLuca L., Flamer D., Gill J., Jamal A., Jung B., Kiaii M., Landsberg D., Rozen N., Taylor P., Werb R., Pylypchuk G., Ahmed A., Barton J., Hundseth M., Kappel J., Keindel I., Klassen J., Pylypchuk S., Rindall M., Tobe S., Naimark D., Agelopoulos M., Chessman M., Hladunewich M., Perkins N., Sainsbury S., McCready W., Adams B., Tonelli M., Caldwell S., Kumar U., McMahon A., Nikitin S., Restall J., Treit S., Wysocki Y., Duncan J., Copland M., Jastrzebski J., Keown P., Kwan S., Rogers D., Shapiro J., Singh S., Sioson L., Yee K., Yeung C., Zacharias J., Bueti J., Dizon B., Lam H., Miller L., Ross M., Zarrillo M., Li Z., Wang C., Liu L., Hong M., Zheng H., Zuo W., Ge Z., Liu Q., Li Y., Sun K., Zhao R., Sun G., Wang F., Cui Z., Lou F., Du Y., Song L., Huang H., Song Z., Wang J., Zhou L., Wu R., Xiao R., Zhang Q., Duan N., Ju N., Wang A., Xu Z., Lu Z., Zhang Y., Zhao L., Zhang C., Mo Z., Xie Y., Xiong J., Chen J., Guo L., Zhao S., Peiskerova M., Jancova E., Kazderova M., Kobrova L., Gorun P., Kmentova T., Burgelova M., Lyerova L., Viklicky O., Berdych M., Nydlova Z., Jelinkova G., Moltas J., Pauzar T., Knetl P., Cahova J., Simkova J., Zakova M., Vankova S., Safarova R., Hruby M., Karlova R., Prikaska V., Sellenberg P., Vesela E., Malanova L., Vlasak J., Kaprova P., Novakova D., Kotherova K., Studenovska M., Christensen J., Solling J., Jepsen M., Kristensen V., Aerenlund H., Braemer-Jensen M., Kamper A., Raaschou S., Heaf J., Dreyer J., Freese P., Holm M., Munch M., Gade-Rasmussen E., Bredmose K., Daugaard H., Nielsen J., Friedberg M., Jensen D., Munk Plum M., Solling K., Dieperink H., Arp Nielsen L., Friborg E., Gloe-Jakobsen A., Thye Ronn P., Rasmussen K., Andersen C., Johansen A., Odum L., Ostergaard O., Pedersen L., Lykkegaard S., Aundal M., Faureholm Huess S., Danielsen H., Madsen J., Nyvang M., Ekstrand A., Boman H., Hartman J., Lipponen A., Lithovius R., Rauta V., Salmela A., Saloranta K., Forslund T., Koskiaho P., Jaaskelainen K., Kanninen M., Laine K., Asola M., Huhti J., Pentti M., Metsarinne K., Heiro M., Koivuviita N., Saarinen M., Tertti R., Choukroun G., Fournier A., Ducloux D., Marechal F., Simula Faivre D., Combe C., Douillet M., Lamblot T., Nardi H., Vendrely B., Bourbigot B., Ferlandin S., Zaoui P., Jouet C., Geffroy-Guiberteau S., Bugnazet L., Aldigier J., El Hamel-Belili C., Giraud S., Dussol B., Berland Y., Chollet M., Sichez H., Cristol J., Canaud B., Morena M., Rodriguez A., Kessler M., Mizejewski B., Risse B., Urena Torres P., Bou-Bekr M.A., Arezki C., Ras El Qdim P., Vela C., Borsato F., Talairach A., Normand M., Normand V., Rieu P., Gauthier B., Vigneron-Foy C., Wolak A., Menoyo V., Alos L., Caillette-Beaudoin A., Berger V., Al-Sarraf S., Konnerth I., Urban C., Weiner S., Boesken W., Jochum E., Kiefer C., Wagner A., Krumme B., Bohler J., Bonow B., Hohenstatt U., Mettang T., Rockel A., Langanke J., Lipponer H., Dunschen-Weimar G., Dunst R., Hubel E., Petrik R., Rengel R., Schmidgen M., Mayr H., Garschhammer C., Weirauch S., Anger H., Goock T., Mai A., Bast I., Suptitz C., Iwig B., Florschutz K., Hasselbacher R., Sauerbrey G., Delrieux S., Rau S., Poley M., Laux R., Schonfelder O., Kunowski G., Fuchs G., Hoffmann K., Schurger R., Brensing K., Guven Z., Immenkamp C., Kottmann C., Schmitt H., Schulz M., Arnold P., Knaup R., Schneider H., Siemsen H., Pyriki P., Korkemeyer F., Pyriki R., Siebrecht A., Schulz E., Krumwiede A., Kruse D., Lucke S., Keim H., Fink H., Fischer S., Klingbeil A., Kuhlmei K., Ortwein-Horn N., Merker L., Bayer B., Benamar K., Emmert S., Floten E., Holzheuer K., Lummer M., Ossendorf E., Scholz M., Oppitz M., Georgiew L., Tripps C., Wendehake M., Lange D., Pingel V., Brause M., Schanze W., Duygulu E., Dellanna F., Heinemann-Nieberding S., Sturmer C., Wieczorek K., Zarga O., Kullmer B., Kullmer S., Akin M., Gondolf M., Schutterle S., Walker G., Bertsch R., Seul M., Allendorff J., Siehler R., Stemmler S., Baldus M., Adler A., Harter S., Wurmell W., Moller M., Hame C., Muller M., Schreiber M., Schurfeld C., Millington-Herrmann M., Benschneider A., Gaffal J., Sprunken U., Bohling M., Wunderlich S., Schramm L., Kollenbrath C., Netzer K., Sieber T., Zimmermann J., Bellersen M., Uerkvitz M., David-Walek T., Hauschildt B., Leimenstoll G., Lonnemann G., Hilfenhaus M., Benedetto C., Stockmann S., Ichtiaris P., Jungmann A., Neumeier K., Stoof A., Bohmer K., Kirpal A., Knogl A., Flege F., Franke K., Groth P., Parensen E., Bockmann M., Przyklenk P., Piazolo L., Thinius-Jaudas L., Versen A., Hettich R., Arendt R., Geiger K., Hoppe H., Schwarting A., Beyer T., Faust J., Hazenbiller A., Tschirner S., Grupp C., Dorsch O., Eigner-Schmidtchen M., Michler K., Roth J., Schramm S., Waldmuller G., Riedl B., Vogele-Dirks H., Linz J., Biggar P., Hennemann H., Bauer G., Buchholz J., Fischer P., Bihlmaier W., Baumann A., Peichl B., Roser S., Ludewig S., Ricksgers M., Szendzielorz M., Baus A., Baust K., Schaller P., Schnellbacher G., Sorensen S., Buschges-Seraphin B., Hauenstein L., Hofmann B., Nikolay J., Merkel F., Nebel M., Petersen J., Schweb S., Zeissler H., Baumhackel K., Krauss A., Schafer R., Pastor A., Zielinski B., Strauss H., Theis H., Burkhardt K., Heckel M., Hussendorfer K., Bahner U., Brandl M., Hammerl-Kraus B., Herrmann D., Kramer H., Baudenbacher H., Blaser C., Buschmann G., Eckert G., Ehrich H., Hofmann K., Huller U., Geiger H., Becker B., Hoischen S., Bartel C., Hennig J., Obermuller N., Schulte C., Fischereder M., Burchardi F., Rupprecht H., Weidner S., Anders H., Andriaccio L., Lederer S., Ricken G., Strasser C., Lammert A., Schmitt W., Van Der Woude F., Langhauser B., Markau S., Osten B., Thiemicke D., Dorligschaw O., Weickert M., Breunig F., Denninger G., Osiek S., Rebstock W., Schulz P., Swoboda F., De Cicco D., Harlos J., Lebert A., Riegel M., Schmiedeke T., Hoffmann U., Nolle M., Jankrift P., Pfleiderer H., Witta J., Wittler B., Luth J., Dumann H., Habel U., Torp A., Sehland D., Tiess M., Etzold C., Friederiszik A., Morgenroth A., Dybala A., Suffel A., Leimbach T., Kron J., Sauer S., Meyer T., Meyer M., Lammers U., Bekman J., Holtz S., Kausler-Book B., Stobbe S., Hohage H., Heck M., Schulte F., Welling U., Zeh M., Seyfried J., De Heij T., Menzinger A., Weinreich T., Hopf M., Groll J., Kammholz K., Peters K., Schwietzer G., Kreft B., Weibchen U., Vosskuhler A., Hollenbeck M., Klaue K., Rzepucha E., Sperling K., Seeger W., Weyer J., Heine C., Kirste P., Zemann B., Alscher D., Rumpf D., Wullen B., Bengel A., Friedrich B., Kirschner T., Knodler U., Machleidt C., Niederstrasser K., Noack E., Wilhelm J., Heuer H., Dulea J., Piolot R., Rudke M., Treinen G., Elberg B., Hanke J., Nitschke T., Rosendahl C., Schmitz A., Schrader J., Kulschewski A., Lubcke C., Hammersen F., Luders S., Venneklaas U., Muhlfeld A., Arabi Al-Khanne F., Ketteler M., Politt D., Schuster C., Eitner F., Goretz U., Heidenreich S., Janssen U., Kranz A., Moormann E., Schneider B., Weber W., Frei U., Jovanovic T., Asmus H., Canaan-Kuhl S., Pannier L., Petersen S., Pluer M., Schaeffner E., Schafer C., Warncke S., Schmieder R., Donhauser C., Schulze B., Koziolek M., Bechtel W., Kurz B., Strutz F., Bramlage C., Dreyer S., Mommeyer E., Niemann J., Scheel A., Troche-Polzien I., Weber F., Heine G., Girndt M., Lizzi F., Rogacev K., Lindner T., Achenbach H., Peschel K., Beige J., Jentho S., Kreyssig C., Prill K., Renders L., Walcher J., Cerny S., Fulbier A., Kristen H., Nitschke M., Kramer J., Marek P., Meier M., Schlieter J., Heyne N., Bachmann F., Faber M., Klipp K., Kustner U., Risler T., Rath T., Ruf T., Budiman D., Seidel C., Weik S., Teo S.M., Lee L.Y., Azizah H., Faridunishah S.A., Foo S.M., Go K.W., Ghazali A., Koh K.H., Zaki M., Wong H.S., Bavanandan S., Boey L.M., Lily M., Wong S.L., Rosnawati Y., Zawawi N., Azimawati A., Hindun A., Hasnah J., Korina R., Yunaidah A., Noraidah P., Ong L.M., Noor Asma A., Liew Y.F., Rozina G., Cheong Y.H., Ang A.H., Dayang J., Lim L.S., Sukeri M., Ramli S., Zulkifli M., Wan Mahmood W.K., Goh B.L., Sarifah B., Bee B.C., Ramasamy C., Ruszarimah S., Liu W.J., Razali O., Haslinah S., Vaithilingam I., Jaaini A., Faridah L., Ng K.H., Krishnan P., Rosnah A.A., Nor Azizah A.S., Tam C.C., Tan S.H., Tan C.C., Shahnaz F.K., Wazir H., Munusamy P., Wan Shaariah M.Y., Chew T.F., Fuziah Z., Tan C.H.H., Maria L., Javelin P., Lim S.K., Nazatul S.B., Engkasan L.P., Tan S.Y., Wong M.G., Julita A.A., Ang B.B., Krishnan S., Seet W.W.T., Liew S.K., Keng T.C., Tobe T., Deelen M., Klaassen I., Grave W., Emmen M., Janssen W., Bossen W., Elzinga B., Van Der Velden A., Hemmelder M., Slagman M., Waanders F., Viergever P., Boerema I., Potter Van Loon B., Muthert B., Geers T., Schollaert N., Van Weverwijk I., Veen P., Woittiez A., Krikken J., Kwakernaak A., Visser F., Navis G., Hoekstra F., Hawkins S., McGregor D., Usher J., MacGinley R., Schollum J., Ellis G., Voss D., Rosman J., Upjohn M., Panlilio N., Madhan K., Naicker V., Anderson E., Bushell M., Lumb N., Pepperell B., Sizeland P., Hayett S., Sullivan N., Tuffery C., Macdonald A., Ostapowicz T., Wessel-Aas T., Wessel-Aas H., Bjorbaek E., Bjorbaek R., Simso I., Oien C., Bergrem H., Espedal S., Kronborg J., Solbakken K., Rocke J., Aakervik O., Haugen V., Eide T., Berglund J., Loland W., Schei T., Stromsaether C., Willadsen H., Lyngdal P., Vad A., Waldum B., Froslid G., Roaldsnes C., Rustad D., Soderblom P., Eriksen B., Hanssen E., Julsrud J., Mathisen U., Pedersen M., Rumsfeld M., Toft I., Berget K., Landsverk K., Tveiten G., Wamstad H., Klinger M., Krajewska M., Golebiowski T., Kusztal M., Spiechowicz-Zaton U., Rutkowski B., Renke M., Tylicki L., Czekalski S., Koziol L., Wanic-Kossowska M., Wasik-Olejnik A., Nowicki M., Dryja P., Kurnatowska I., Zawiasa A., Ciszek M., Gomolka M., Mysliwiec M., Brzosko S., Mazerska M., Hruby Z., Koscielniak K., Stanek-Piotrowska M., Mesjasz J., Rudka R., Baranski M., Jupowiecki J., Klein D., Switalski M., Kuriga M., Ostrowski M., Lidman A., Linde T., Waltersson K., Weiss L., Andersson G., Lindell C., Welander G., Jacobson S., Edensjo P., Wallin J., Linder M., Karsberg M., Hellgren K., Lonn I., Frisenette-Fich C., Johansson A., Lundstrom A., Mauritz N., Stahl-Nilsson A., Tobafard N., Hellberg O., Ejemar E., Von Schmalensee N., Gunne T., Eriksson A., Ostberg S., Svensson C., Mulec H., Jacobsson A., Karlsson M., Onnermalm L., Osagie S., Ekengren U., Larsson M., Lindberger K., Olofsson A., Samuelsson O., Beagan L., Dezfoolian H., Just M., Ortegren L., Saeed A., Strand U., Ramsauer B., Hultstrom D., Nordlinder K., Sundberg I., Oqvist B., Green C., Fernstrom A., Cassel A., Goransson I., Gylling M., Jorgensen A., Sterner G., Christensson A., Hjelmstedt P., Nystrom A., Sundin P., Samuelsson I., Tidman M., Johansson M., Lofgren Andersson M., Ohman M., Andersson P., Hallberg Karlsson A., Ringstad L., Chittinandana A., Chailimpamontree W., Gojaseni P., Singprasert R., Tungsanga K., Amphun W., Intim P., Kanjanabuch T., Poowarattanakul D., Treratha C., Wongvan P., Jittikanont S., Suriya T., Indrasthitya P., Sumethkul V., Ingsathit A., Jansomwong J., Lertchalorarn K., Phachiyanukul V., Phiromkit T., Saengsri S., Vareesangthip K., Chawanasuntorapoj R., Kiattisunthorn K., Larpkitkachorn R., Webster J., Henderson J., Jayne D., Hollis J., Townsend K., Harron C., Bleakley N., Hanley N., Morgan S., Brittney L., Brown H., Maxwell P., Murtagh H., Thomas M., Burke E., Carmody M., Cox G., Dasgin J., Ali G., Whitehouse L., Williams V., Brown E., Dlelana G., Esson A., Fagerbrink S., Marshall F., Mazibuko B., Nelson C., Russell E., Williams R., Altmann P., McNichols-Thomas C., Parsons K., MacGregor M., McGowan J., Mead P., Gilbanks K., Sanderson M., Fluck R., Chandler G., Hulme L., Smith J., Tse Y., West C., Taylor J., Breakspear S., Burgess B., Isles C., Bell J., Duignan J., Gorman J., Swainson C., Beveridge C., Cairns A., Miller D., Paterson F., Smith L., Kumwenda M., Glover R., Geddes C., Gemmell C., Grieve I., Matthews E., McLaren B., Meyer B., Spiers A., Banks R., Apperley P., Patterson T., Paynter H., Scoble J., Thom D., Watkins J., Kalra P., Gowland S., Haydock L., Smart I., Bhandari S., Gillett P., James K., Lewis R., Melville H., Tamimi A., Williams P., Heath T., Small S., Paterson A., Gibson N., Laven C., Wilson T., Cairns H., Casley-Ready K., Warwick G., Fentum B., James J., Kumar T., Marshall R., Ratcliffe F., Shenton A., Warwicker P., Bowser M., Mumford C., Mitra S., Woolfson R., Yang R., Williams A., Richards K., Turner A., Odum J., Rylance P., Smallwood A., Ward J., Henderson I., McMahon M., Ross C., Burrows M., Morais J., Rajan S., Tindall H., Barrett C., Kelly F., El-Nahas M., Bartholomew J., Edwards L., Okhuoya F., Bebb C., Cassidy M., Brand S., Quashie-Howard M., Taggart C., Capps N., Tonks L., Mason J., Powell S., Watkins L., Ball S., Dutton M., Fifer L., McGlynn F., Wood M., Jenkins D., Allan N., Fahal I., Elhag-Ali H., King J., Peel R., Potts L., Logie I., McGhie F., Naik R., Parry R., Andain K., Durkin S., D'Souza R., Harrison D., Cooke J., Kinyanjui R., Harper J., Algate K., McCarthy M., Van Eker D., Thuraisingham R., Chinodya M., Deelchand V., Garcia R., Ngango R., Rolfe C., Williams K., Solomon L., Heap T., MacDowall P., Saunderson Smith L., MacDiarmaid-Gordon A., Harman W., Smithson H., Robertson D., Gammon B., O'Grady D., Verow C., Rogerson M., Berry L., Gough C., Hayward E., Jones C., Payne T., Rowe L., Sibley C., Szymanski J., Almond M., Bourton L., Bromwich C., Dawson S., Mason S., Oliveira D., Ramkhelawon R., Tuazon J., Andrews P., Archer K., Moore A., Thomas G., Velazquez C., Mumtaz R., Roberts R., Farquhar F., Ott J., Fenwick S., Callaway A., Garrett P., Dees L., McDonagh U., Garner S., Zehnder D., Aldridge N., Dyer C., Gomez M., Hewins S., McCarthy K., Rush J., Spencer S., Harvey M., Mills H., Drew P., Henry M., Wilberforce S., Worth D., Adair Z., Hartley J., Jibani M., Jones D., Swan S., Shamp T., Alcorn H., Bookey J., Cannon C., Jarvis K., Muesing C., Murphy M., Muster H., Planting M., Strand C., Middleton J., Gitter K., Mace N., Schumm D., Pogue V., Alimohammadi B., Arora P., Herbert L., Cheng J., Dowie D., Mohan S., Peters G., Tuttle K., Albritton S., Benedetti R., Joshi S., Lund B., Shuler L., Trevino M., Mai K., Osborn T., Parekh R., Eustace J., Novak G., Patterson S., Lindsey C., Hill T., Liston M., Wiegmann T., Nagaria A., Hurd C., Hurst A., Omoscharka E., Parks S., and Price V.

Abstract

Background: Lowering low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol with statin therapy has been shown to reduce the incidence of atherosclerotic events in many types of patient, but it remains uncertain whether it is of net benefit among people with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Method(s): Patients with advanced CKD (blood creatinine >=1.7 mg/dL [>= 150 mumol/L] in men or >=1.5 mg/dL [ >= 130 mumol/L] in women) with no known history of myocardial infarction or coronary revascularization were randomized in a ratio of 4:4:1 to ezetimibe 10 mg plus simvastatin 20 mg daily versus matching placebo versus simvastatin 20 mg daily (with the latter arm rerandomized at 1 year to ezetimibe 10 mg plus simvastatin 20 mg daily vs placebo). The key outcome will be major atherosclerotic events, defined as the combination of myocardial infarction, coronary death, ischemic stroke, or any revascularization procedure. Results A total of 9,438 CKD patients were randomized, of whom 3,056 were on dialysis. Mean age was 61 years, two thirds were male, one fifth had diabetes mellitus, and one sixth had vascular disease. Compared with either placebo or simvastatin alone, allocation to ezetimibe plus simvastatin was not associated with any excess of myopathy, hepatic toxicity, or biliary complications during the first year of follow-up. Compared with placebo, allocation to ezetimibe 10 mg plus simvastatin 20 mg daily yielded average LDL cholesterol differences of 43 mg/dL (1.10 mmol/L) at 1 year and 33 mg/dL (0.85 mmol/L) at 2.5 years. Follow-up is scheduled to continue until August 2010, when all patients will have been followed for at least 4 years. Conclusions SHARP should provide evidence about the efficacy and safety of lowering LDL cholesterol with the combination of ezetimibe and simvastatin among a wide range of patients with CKD.Copyright © 2010, Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published
2010

30. Bone mineral density and fractures in older men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma

Author

Dam, T.-T., Dam, T.-T., Harrison, S., Fink, H. A., Ramsdell, J., Barrett-Connor, E., Dam, T.-T., Dam, T.-T., Harrison, S., Fink, H. A., Ramsdell, J., and Barrett-Connor, E.

Abstract

In 5,541 community dwelling men, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or asthma was associated with lower bone mineral density (BMD) at the spine and total hip and an increased risk of vertebral and nonvertebral fractures independent of age, body mass index, and smoking. Men prescribed with corticosteroids had the lowest BMD. It is unclear whether chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is independently associated with BMD and fractures. In 5,541 men from the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study, history of COPD or asthma, current treatment with corticosteroids, BMD, bone loss after 4.5 years and fractures were ascertained. Seven hundred fourteen (13%) men reported COPD or asthma, of which 103 were prescribed an oral steroid and 177 an inhaled steroid. Independent of confounders, men prescribed corticosteroids for COPD or asthma had the lowest BMD and a 2-fold increased risk of vertebral osteoporosis compared to men with no history of COPD or asthma (OR 2.13, 95% CI (confidence interval) 1.15–3.93 oral steroids; OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.27–3.31 inhaled steroids). During follow-up, BMD increased at the spine, but there was no difference in bone loss at the hip. However, men with COPD or asthma had a 2.6- and 1.4-fold increased risk of vertebral and nonvertebral fractures, respectively. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma was associated with lower BMD at the spine and hip and increased risk of vertebral and nonvertebral fractures independent of age, clinic site, BMI, and smoking. A history of COPD or asthma may be a useful clinical risk factor to identify patients with osteoporosis.

Published
2010

31. Depth-resolved holographic reconstructions by three-dimensional deconvolution

Author

Latychevskaia, T, Gehri, F, Fink, H W, Latychevskaia, T, Gehri, F, and Fink, H W

Abstract

Methods of three-dimensional deconvolution with a point-spread function as frequently employed in optical microscopy to reconstruct true three-dimensional distribution of objects are extended to holographic reconstructions. Two such schemes have been developed and are discussed: an instant deconvolution using the Wiener filter as well as an iterative deconvolution routine. The instant 3d-deconvolution can be applied to restore the positions of volume-spread objects such as small particles. The iterative deconvolution can be applied to restore the distribution of complex and extended objects. Simulated and experimental examples are presented and demonstrate artifact and noise free three-dimensional reconstructions from a single two-dimensional holographic record.

Published
2010

32. Field-emission characteristics of molded molybdenum nanotip arrays with stacked collimation gate electrodes

Author

Tsujino, S, Helfenstein, P, Kirk, E, Vogel, T, Escher, C, Fink, H-W, Tsujino, S, Helfenstein, P, Kirk, E, Vogel, T, Escher, C, and Fink, H-W

Abstract

Double-gate field-emission characteristics of metallic field-emitter-array (FEA) cathodes fabricated by molding with stacked collimation gate electrodes with planar end plane are reported. The collimation of field-emission electron beam with minimal reduction of emission current is demonstrated when a negative bias is applied to the collimation gate, whereas when the two electrodes are at the same potential, the emission characteristic of the double-gate device is the same as that of the single-gate device that shows an emission current of ~1 mA from 40 × 40 tip arrays. Results indicate that the device structure of the fabricated double-gate FEAs is promising for high-brilliance cathode applications

Published
2010

33. Fabrication and characterization of low aberration micrometer-sized electron lenses

Author

Steinwand, E, Longchamp, J N, Fink, H W, Steinwand, E, Longchamp, J N, and Fink, H W

Abstract

Intrinsic spherical aberrations of electron lenses have been the major resolution limiting factor in electron microscopes for several decades. While effective correctors have recently been implemented, an alternative to correct these aberrations is to circumvent them by scaling down lens dimensions by several orders of magnitude. We have fabricated electrostatic lenses exhibiting one micrometer diameter apertures and evaluated their beam forming properties against predictions from numerical ray tracing simulations. It turns out that it is routinely possible to shape a paraxial low-energy electron beam by such micron-sized lenses. Beam profiles have been measured both at a distant detector as well as in a plane close to the lens. It is shown that the lens can form a parallel beam extending no more than 800 nm from the optical axes at a distance of 200 microm beyond the lens exit. We believe that these findings constitute a prerequisite to derive novel tools for high resolution microscopy using low-energy electrons.

Published
2010

36. Scleractinian cold-water corals in the Gulf of Cádiz-First clues about their spatial and temporal distribution

Author

Wienberg, C, Hebbeln, D, Fink, H, Mienis, F, Dorschel, B, Vertino, A, López Correa, M, Freiwald, A, Freiwald, A., VERTINO, AGOSTINA VALERIA, Wienberg, C, Hebbeln, D, Fink, H, Mienis, F, Dorschel, B, Vertino, A, López Correa, M, Freiwald, A, Freiwald, A., and VERTINO, AGOSTINA VALERIA

Abstract

This paper presents the first compilation of information on the spatial distribution of scleractinian cold-water corals in the Gulf of Cádiz based on literature research and own observations (video footage, sediment samples). Scleractinian cold-water corals are widely distributed along the Spanish and Moroccan margins in the Gulf of Cádiz, where they are mainly associated with mud volcanoes, diapiric ridges, steep fault escarpments, and coral mounds. Dendrophyllia cornigera, Dendrophyllia alternata, Eguchipsammia cornucopia, Madrepora oculata and Lophelia pertusa are the most abundant reef-forming species. Today, they are almost solely present as isolated patches of fossil coral and coral rubble. The absence of living scleractinian corals is likely related to a reduced food supply caused by low productivity and diminished tidal effects. In contrast, during the past 48 kyr scleractinian corals were abundant in the Gulf of Cádiz, although their occurrence demonstrates no relationship with main climatic or oceanographic changes. Nevertheless, there exists a conspicuous relationship when the main species are considered separately. Dendrophylliids are associated with periods of relatively stable and warm conditions. The occurrence of L. pertusa mainly clusters within the last glacial when bottom current strength in the Gulf of Cádiz was enhanced and long-term stable conditions existed in terms of temperature. Madrepora oculata shows a higher tolerance to abrupt environmental changes. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Published
2009

38. Enhanced endothelial cell attachment on RGD-modified bacterial cellulose

Author

Fink, H., Bodin, A., Ahrenstedt, Lage, Brumer, Harry, Risberg, B., Fink, H., Bodin, A., Ahrenstedt, Lage, Brumer, Harry, and Risberg, B.

Abstract

Studies show so far that BC is a promising material for use in the cardiovascular research area. The possibility to easy modify the surface of the BC makes it a good candidate for pre-seeding in vitro with or recruiting of endothelial cell in vivo., QC 20141016

Published
2008

39. Report and preliminary results of RV Pelagia Cruise 64PE284. Cold-water corals in the Gulf of Cadiz and on Coral Patch Seamount (NE Atlantic)

Author

Universität Bremen, Hebbeln, Dierk, Wienberg, Claudia, Beuck, L., Boom, L., Cunha, M., Dimmler, W., Eisele, M., El-Frihmat, Y., Fink, H., Groenewegen, R., Löffler, S.B., López-González, Nieves, Lutz, M., Meyer-Schack, B., Nowald, N., Universität Bremen, Hebbeln, Dierk, Wienberg, Claudia, Beuck, L., Boom, L., Cunha, M., Dimmler, W., Eisele, M., El-Frihmat, Y., Fink, H., Groenewegen, R., Löffler, S.B., López-González, Nieves, Lutz, M., Meyer-Schack, B., and Nowald, N.

Published
2008

40. NetPhyD - warum brauchen wir ein Netzwerk zur Phytodiversität Deutschlands?

Author

Poschlod, P., Ahlmer, W., Dürhammer, O., Jackel, A.-K., Reisch, C., Römermann, C., Scheuerer, M., Tackenberg, O., Bergmeier, E., Bettinger, A., Borgmann, P., Ewald, J., Fink, H., Haeupler, H., Kleyer, M., Klotz, Stefan, Kühn, Ingolf, May, R., Schönfelder, P., Poschlod, P., Ahlmer, W., Dürhammer, O., Jackel, A.-K., Reisch, C., Römermann, C., Scheuerer, M., Tackenberg, O., Bergmeier, E., Bettinger, A., Borgmann, P., Ewald, J., Fink, H., Haeupler, H., Kleyer, M., Klotz, Stefan, Kühn, Ingolf, May, R., and Schönfelder, P.

Abstract

Seit der Etablierung der Zentralstelle für die floristische Kartierung der Gefäßpflanzen haben sich zahlreiche weitere Initiativen in Deutschland etabliert, die zum einen zu einem tieferen Verständnis der Fragen wie z. B. "Warum kommt eine Pflanzensippe wo vor?", "Warum ist eine Art häufig, eine andere Art selten?", "Warum ist eine Art gefährdet. während sich eine andere Art ausbreitet?", zum anderen auch zur Erfüllung der Verpflichtungen im Rahmen internationaler Abkommen zu einem nachhaltigen Schutz unserer Flora und deren Lebensräume beitragen können. Diese Initiativen umfassen die Etablierung von vegetationskundlichen und biologisch-ökologischen Flora-Datenbanken, aber auch von Genbanken und Erhaltungskulturen. Die Initiativen und die daraus resultierende Notwendigkeit eines Netzwerks werden erläutert.

Published
2007

41. Charakterisierung des dopaminergen Systems bei transgenen Ratten mit einem Antisensekonstrukt gegen die m-RNA der Tryptophanhydroxylase

Author

Fink, H., Morgenstern, R., Oertel, W. H., Fischer, Tom, Fink, H., Morgenstern, R., Oertel, W. H., and Fischer, Tom

Abstract

Das dopaminerge und das serotonerge Transmissionssystem sind zwei wichtige Transmissionssysteme, die in eine Vielzahl von Krankheiten des ZNS involviert sind. Es ist gut bekannt, daß eine enge Interaktion zwischen beiden Systemen stattfindet. Krankheiten des ZNS, die sich auf umschriebene Veränderungen zurückführen lassen, haben durch die Interaktionen von Transmissionssystemem weitreichende Folgen auf verschiedene Bereiche des Gehirns. Neuere Therapien machen sich diese Interaktionen zunutze, um in das Krankheitsgeschehen einzugreifen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Reaktion des dopaminergen Systems auf eine genetische Veränderung im serotonergen System untersucht. Die untersuchten transgenen Tiere besaßen ein Gensequenz, die für eine Antisense-m-RNA gegen die m-RNA der TPH kodierte. Die TPH katalysiert den geschwindigkeitsbestimmenden Schritt der Serotoninbiosynthese. Zur Charakterisierung des dopaminergen Systems wurden die Freisetzung und die hochaffine Wiederaufnahme durch den DAT als Parameter ausgewählt. Die Freisetzung aus Synaptosomenpräparationen war bei den transgenen Tieren signifikant gegenüber den nicht-transgenen Tieren erniedrigt. Bei der hochaffinen Wiederaufnahme ließen sich keine Unterschiede zwischen transgenen und nicht-transgenen Tieren feststellen. Die beobachtete Erniedrigung der Freisetzung bestätigt die Erkenntnisse einer Vielzahl von Studien, die einen stimulatorischen Einfluss von Serotonin auf das dopaminerge System beschreiben., The dopaminergic and the serotonergic transmission systems are two important systems that are involved in a great number of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. It has long been known that a close interaction exists between them. Due to the interactions of transmission systems diseases of the CNS located on a identifiable spot have far-reaching consequences on other systems. Newer therapies take advantage of these interactions in order to interfere with the pathologic process. This study was performed to investigate how the dopaminergic system reacts to a alteration in the serotonergic system. The observed transgenic animals carried the gene for an antisense-construct against the m-RNA of tryptophahydroxylase (TPH). TPH catalyzes the rate limiting step in serotonin biosynthesis. In order to characterize the dopaminergic system 2 parameters were chosen: dopamine release and dopamine high affinity reuptake. The following results were obtained: Release of dopamine from synaptosomal preparations was decreased significantly in comparison to non-transgenic control animals. No difference concerning high affinity dopamine reuptake measured by continuous potential amperometry was noted. The findings concerning release of dopamine are in line with studies describing a facilitatory effect of serotonin on the dopaminergic system.

Published
2003

42. Charakterisierung des dopaminergen Systems bei transgenen Ratten mit einem Antisensekonstrukt gegen die m-RNA der Tryptophanhydroxylase

Author

Fink, H., Morgenstern, R., Oertel, W. H., Fischer, Tom, Fink, H., Morgenstern, R., Oertel, W. H., and Fischer, Tom

Abstract

Das dopaminerge und das serotonerge Transmissionssystem sind zwei wichtige Transmissionssysteme, die in eine Vielzahl von Krankheiten des ZNS involviert sind. Es ist gut bekannt, daß eine enge Interaktion zwischen beiden Systemen stattfindet. Krankheiten des ZNS, die sich auf umschriebene Veränderungen zurückführen lassen, haben durch die Interaktionen von Transmissionssystemem weitreichende Folgen auf verschiedene Bereiche des Gehirns. Neuere Therapien machen sich diese Interaktionen zunutze, um in das Krankheitsgeschehen einzugreifen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Reaktion des dopaminergen Systems auf eine genetische Veränderung im serotonergen System untersucht. Die untersuchten transgenen Tiere besaßen ein Gensequenz, die für eine Antisense-m-RNA gegen die m-RNA der TPH kodierte. Die TPH katalysiert den geschwindigkeitsbestimmenden Schritt der Serotoninbiosynthese. Zur Charakterisierung des dopaminergen Systems wurden die Freisetzung und die hochaffine Wiederaufnahme durch den DAT als Parameter ausgewählt. Die Freisetzung aus Synaptosomenpräparationen war bei den transgenen Tieren signifikant gegenüber den nicht-transgenen Tieren erniedrigt. Bei der hochaffinen Wiederaufnahme ließen sich keine Unterschiede zwischen transgenen und nicht-transgenen Tieren feststellen. Die beobachtete Erniedrigung der Freisetzung bestätigt die Erkenntnisse einer Vielzahl von Studien, die einen stimulatorischen Einfluss von Serotonin auf das dopaminerge System beschreiben., The dopaminergic and the serotonergic transmission systems are two important systems that are involved in a great number of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. It has long been known that a close interaction exists between them. Due to the interactions of transmission systems diseases of the CNS located on a identifiable spot have far-reaching consequences on other systems. Newer therapies take advantage of these interactions in order to interfere with the pathologic process. This study was performed to investigate how the dopaminergic system reacts to a alteration in the serotonergic system. The observed transgenic animals carried the gene for an antisense-construct against the m-RNA of tryptophahydroxylase (TPH). TPH catalyzes the rate limiting step in serotonin biosynthesis. In order to characterize the dopaminergic system 2 parameters were chosen: dopamine release and dopamine high affinity reuptake. The following results were obtained: Release of dopamine from synaptosomal preparations was decreased significantly in comparison to non-transgenic control animals. No difference concerning high affinity dopamine reuptake measured by continuous potential amperometry was noted. The findings concerning release of dopamine are in line with studies describing a facilitatory effect of serotonin on the dopaminergic system.

Published
2003

43. Eine elektrophysiologische Studie zum Einfluss von Serotonin, den 5-HT-Rezeptoragonisten 8-OH-DPAT und DOI sowie dem Neuropeptid CCK-8S auf die Entladungsrate neostriataler Neurone narkotisierter Ratten

Author

Davidowa, H., Fink, H., Misgeld, U., Wilms, Karina, Davidowa, H., Fink, H., Misgeld, U., and Wilms, Karina

Abstract

An mit Urethan narkotisierten männlichen "Wistar"-Ratten erfolgte die extrazelluläre Einzelableitung der Aktionspotenziale von insgesamt 159 striatalen Neuronen. Mit Hilfe einer Mehrkanalelektrode wurden in die Nähe der Zellen mikroiontophoretisch verschiedene Substanzen appliziert. Die separate Gabe von Serotonin (5-HT), dem 5-HT1A-Rezeptoragonisten 8-OH-DPAT und dem sulfatierten Oktapeptid Cholezystokinin (CCK-8S) führte überwiegend zur Erhöhung der neuronalen Entladungsraten (Wilcoxon-Test signifikant mit p < 0,05), wohingegen der 5-HT2A/2C-Rezeptoragonist DOI nur an wenigen Neuronen einen Effekt induzierte, der hauptsächlich aus einer Reduktion der Entladungsraten bestand. Nach Koapplikation von Serotonin und CCK-8S überwogen ebenfalls aktivierende Effekte (Wt p < 0,05), jedoch wurde die neuronale Responsivität im Vergleich zur Einzelapplikation der beiden Substanzen signifikant reduziert (Chi2 p< 0,01). Da die Serotonin- bzw. 8-OH-DPAT-induzierten Effekte durch die spezifischen 5-HT1A-Rezeptorantagonisten WAY 100635 und S-UH 301 geblockt wurden und eine positive Korrelation der Serotonin- bzw. 8-OH-DPAT-Effekte (p < 0,05) nachgewiesen werden konnte, kann, trotz der entgegengesetzten Ergebnisse früherer Studien, das Vorhandensein von 5-HT1A-Rezeptoren im Neostriatum angenommen werden. Die Grundaktivität der durch Serotonin aktivierten Population war signifikant geringer (p > 0,05) als die der durch Serotonin gehemmten Neurone. Trotzdem zeigte sich keine Abhängigkeit der Responsivität der hier betrachteten Populationen auf die applizierten Serotoninagonisten von der Höhe der neuronalen Ruheentladungsrate. Die meisten der Serotonin-, 8-OH-DPAT-, DOI- bzw. CCK-8S-responsiven Neurone verteilten sich diffus über das gesamte Neostriatum. Nur die durch Serotonin aktivierte Population zeigte eine Präferenz der ventromedialen Bereiche des Neostriatum. Zusammenfassend kann gesagt werden, dass aufgrund der Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Studie die Existenz von 5-HT1A-Rezeptor, In rats anaesthetized with urethane single unit activity of 159 neostriatal neurones was extracellularly recorded and several drugs were microiontophoretically ejected. Separate administration of serotonin (5-HT), 8-OH-DPAT (a 5-HT1A/7-receptor-agonist) and the sulfated octapeptide cholecystokinin (CCK-8S) predominantly induced increases in the neuronal discharge rates (Wilcoxon test significant with p < 0,05), whereas the 5-HT2A/2C-receptor agonist DOI affected only a few neurones and mainly reduced firing. After coadministration of CCK-8S and serotonin activating effects also predominated (Wt p < 0,05), but the neuronal responsiveness was significantly reduced (Chi2 p

Published
2002

44. Eine elektrophysiologische Studie zum Einfluss von Serotonin, den 5-HT-Rezeptoragonisten 8-OH-DPAT und DOI sowie dem Neuropeptid CCK-8S auf die Entladungsrate neostriataler Neurone narkotisierter Ratten

Author

Davidowa, H., Fink, H., Misgeld, U., Wilms, Karina, Davidowa, H., Fink, H., Misgeld, U., and Wilms, Karina

Abstract

An mit Urethan narkotisierten männlichen "Wistar"-Ratten erfolgte die extrazelluläre Einzelableitung der Aktionspotenziale von insgesamt 159 striatalen Neuronen. Mit Hilfe einer Mehrkanalelektrode wurden in die Nähe der Zellen mikroiontophoretisch verschiedene Substanzen appliziert. Die separate Gabe von Serotonin (5-HT), dem 5-HT1A-Rezeptoragonisten 8-OH-DPAT und dem sulfatierten Oktapeptid Cholezystokinin (CCK-8S) führte überwiegend zur Erhöhung der neuronalen Entladungsraten (Wilcoxon-Test signifikant mit p < 0,05), wohingegen der 5-HT2A/2C-Rezeptoragonist DOI nur an wenigen Neuronen einen Effekt induzierte, der hauptsächlich aus einer Reduktion der Entladungsraten bestand. Nach Koapplikation von Serotonin und CCK-8S überwogen ebenfalls aktivierende Effekte (Wt p < 0,05), jedoch wurde die neuronale Responsivität im Vergleich zur Einzelapplikation der beiden Substanzen signifikant reduziert (Chi2 p< 0,01). Da die Serotonin- bzw. 8-OH-DPAT-induzierten Effekte durch die spezifischen 5-HT1A-Rezeptorantagonisten WAY 100635 und S-UH 301 geblockt wurden und eine positive Korrelation der Serotonin- bzw. 8-OH-DPAT-Effekte (p < 0,05) nachgewiesen werden konnte, kann, trotz der entgegengesetzten Ergebnisse früherer Studien, das Vorhandensein von 5-HT1A-Rezeptoren im Neostriatum angenommen werden. Die Grundaktivität der durch Serotonin aktivierten Population war signifikant geringer (p > 0,05) als die der durch Serotonin gehemmten Neurone. Trotzdem zeigte sich keine Abhängigkeit der Responsivität der hier betrachteten Populationen auf die applizierten Serotoninagonisten von der Höhe der neuronalen Ruheentladungsrate. Die meisten der Serotonin-, 8-OH-DPAT-, DOI- bzw. CCK-8S-responsiven Neurone verteilten sich diffus über das gesamte Neostriatum. Nur die durch Serotonin aktivierte Population zeigte eine Präferenz der ventromedialen Bereiche des Neostriatum. Zusammenfassend kann gesagt werden, dass aufgrund der Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Studie die Existenz von 5-HT1A-Rezeptor, In rats anaesthetized with urethane single unit activity of 159 neostriatal neurones was extracellularly recorded and several drugs were microiontophoretically ejected. Separate administration of serotonin (5-HT), 8-OH-DPAT (a 5-HT1A/7-receptor-agonist) and the sulfated octapeptide cholecystokinin (CCK-8S) predominantly induced increases in the neuronal discharge rates (Wilcoxon test significant with p < 0,05), whereas the 5-HT2A/2C-receptor agonist DOI affected only a few neurones and mainly reduced firing. After coadministration of CCK-8S and serotonin activating effects also predominated (Wt p < 0,05), but the neuronal responsiveness was significantly reduced (Chi2 p

Published
2002

45. New bright soft X-ray selected ROSAT AGN: I. Infrared-to-X-ray spectral energy distributions

Author

Grupe, D., Beuermann, K., Thomas, H. -C., Mannheim, K., Fink, H. H., Grupe, D., Beuermann, K., Thomas, H. -C., Mannheim, K., and Fink, H. H.

Abstract

We present results of an infrared-to-X-ray study of 76 bright soft X-ray selected Seyfert galaxies discovered in the ROSAT All-Sky Survey. These objects are characterized by steep X-ray spectra in the 0.2-2.0 keV bandpass with power law energy spectral indices in the range of 1.3 to 8 and a lack of internal absorption by neutral hydrogen. Our sample selection based on hardness ratio yields a mean X-ray slope of alpha-X = 2.1, steeper than in any other known AGN population. At optical wavelengths, the soft AGN have significantly bluer spectra than a comparison sample of AGN with a canonical, harder X-ray spectrum, whereas the slope between 5500 Angstrom and 1 keV is the same. This is consistent with a more pronounced Big Blue Bump emission component in the soft X-ray selected AGN. The blueness of the optical spectra increases with the softness of the X-ray spectra and with the luminosity, saturating at an approximate F_nu proportional to nu^+0.3 spectrum. Such properties are expected if most of the Big Blue Bump emission originates in a (comptonized) accretion disk and accretion rate to mass ratio is higher than in AGN with a hard X-ray spectrum., Comment: 13 pages, including 7 fugures and 4 tables, to appear in A&A

Published
1997

46. ROSAT monitoring of persistent giant and rapid variability in the narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy IRAS 13224-3809

Author

Boller, Th., Brandt, W. N., Fabian, A. C., Fink, H. H., Boller, Th., Brandt, W. N., Fabian, A. C., and Fink, H. H.

Abstract

We report evidence for persistent giant and rapid X-ray variability in the radio-quiet, ultrasoft, strong Fe II, narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy IRAS 13224-3809. Within a 30 day ROSAT High Resolution Imager (HRI) monitoring observation at least five giant amplitude count rate variations are visible, with the maximum observed amplitude of variability being about a factor of 60. We detect a rise by a factor of about 57 in just two days. IRAS 13224-3809 appears to be the most X-ray variable Seyfert known, and its variability is probably nonlinear. We carefully check the identification of the highly variable X-ray source with the distant galaxy, and it appears to be secure. We examine possible explanations for the giant variability. Unusually strong relativistic effects and partial covering by occulting structures on an accretion disc can provide plausible explanations of the X-ray data, and we explore these two scenarios. Relativistic boosting effects may be relevant to understanding the strong X-ray variability of some steep spectrum Seyferts more generally., Comment: 14 pages, submitted to MNRAS

Published
1997
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47. New bright soft X-ray selected ROSAT AGN: I. Infrared-to-X-ray spectral energy distributions

Author

Grupe, D., Beuermann, K., Thomas, H. -C., Mannheim, K., Fink, H. H., Grupe, D., Beuermann, K., Thomas, H. -C., Mannheim, K., and Fink, H. H.

Abstract

We present results of an infrared-to-X-ray study of 76 bright soft X-ray selected Seyfert galaxies discovered in the ROSAT All-Sky Survey. These objects are characterized by steep X-ray spectra in the 0.2-2.0 keV bandpass with power law energy spectral indices in the range of 1.3 to 8 and a lack of internal absorption by neutral hydrogen. Our sample selection based on hardness ratio yields a mean X-ray slope of alpha-X = 2.1, steeper than in any other known AGN population. At optical wavelengths, the soft AGN have significantly bluer spectra than a comparison sample of AGN with a canonical, harder X-ray spectrum, whereas the slope between 5500 Angstrom and 1 keV is the same. This is consistent with a more pronounced Big Blue Bump emission component in the soft X-ray selected AGN. The blueness of the optical spectra increases with the softness of the X-ray spectra and with the luminosity, saturating at an approximate F_nu proportional to nu^+0.3 spectrum. Such properties are expected if most of the Big Blue Bump emission originates in a (comptonized) accretion disk and accretion rate to mass ratio is higher than in AGN with a hard X-ray spectrum., Comment: 13 pages, including 7 fugures and 4 tables, to appear in A&A

Published
1997

48. ROSAT monitoring of persistent giant and rapid variability in the narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy IRAS 13224-3809

Author

Boller, Th., Brandt, W. N., Fabian, A. C., Fink, H. H., Boller, Th., Brandt, W. N., Fabian, A. C., and Fink, H. H.

Abstract

We report evidence for persistent giant and rapid X-ray variability in the radio-quiet, ultrasoft, strong Fe II, narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy IRAS 13224-3809. Within a 30 day ROSAT High Resolution Imager (HRI) monitoring observation at least five giant amplitude count rate variations are visible, with the maximum observed amplitude of variability being about a factor of 60. We detect a rise by a factor of about 57 in just two days. IRAS 13224-3809 appears to be the most X-ray variable Seyfert known, and its variability is probably nonlinear. We carefully check the identification of the highly variable X-ray source with the distant galaxy, and it appears to be secure. We examine possible explanations for the giant variability. Unusually strong relativistic effects and partial covering by occulting structures on an accretion disc can provide plausible explanations of the X-ray data, and we explore these two scenarios. Relativistic boosting effects may be relevant to understanding the strong X-ray variability of some steep spectrum Seyferts more generally., Comment: 14 pages, submitted to MNRAS

Published
1997
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49. Beacons at the Gamma Ray Horizon

Author

Mannheim, K., Westerhoff, S., Meyer, H., Fink, H. -H., Mannheim, K., Westerhoff, S., Meyer, H., and Fink, H. -H.

Abstract

Blazars with redshifts z<0.1 are likely candidates for detection at energies in the range 300 GeV - 50 TeV with Cerenkov telescopes and scintillator arrays. We present gamma-ray flux predictions for a sample of 15 nearby flat-spectrum radio sources fitting the proton blazar model of Mannheim (1993a) to their observed broad-band spectral energy distributions. At high energies, we use fluxes or flux limits measured by ROSAT, CGRO and the Whipple Observatory to constrain their spectra. We take into account absorption of the gamma-rays by pair production with low energy photons of the diffuse infrared-to-optical photon background produced by galaxies (cosmic absorption) and with low energy synchrotron photons of the blazar radiation field (internal absorption). Typically, the theoretical spectra decrease much faster above TeV (photon index s~3) than between GeV and TeV (s~2) owing to internal absorption. The predicted fluxes are confronted with flux limits in the 20-50 TeV energy range obtained by the High Energy Gamma Ray Astronomy (HEGRA) experiment. Without cosmic absorption, the fluxes are about equal to the current sensitivity of HEGRA. Improved gamma/hadron separation techniques could render a detection by HEGRA possible, if cosmic absorption by the far-infrared background at wavelengths ~100 mu is not exceedingly strong., Comment: 9 pages latex, postscript figures included; A&A

Published
1996

50. Beacons at the Gamma Ray Horizon

Author

Mannheim, K., Westerhoff, S., Meyer, H., Fink, H. -H., Mannheim, K., Westerhoff, S., Meyer, H., and Fink, H. -H.

Abstract

Blazars with redshifts z<0.1 are likely candidates for detection at energies in the range 300 GeV - 50 TeV with Cerenkov telescopes and scintillator arrays. We present gamma-ray flux predictions for a sample of 15 nearby flat-spectrum radio sources fitting the proton blazar model of Mannheim (1993a) to their observed broad-band spectral energy distributions. At high energies, we use fluxes or flux limits measured by ROSAT, CGRO and the Whipple Observatory to constrain their spectra. We take into account absorption of the gamma-rays by pair production with low energy photons of the diffuse infrared-to-optical photon background produced by galaxies (cosmic absorption) and with low energy synchrotron photons of the blazar radiation field (internal absorption). Typically, the theoretical spectra decrease much faster above TeV (photon index s~3) than between GeV and TeV (s~2) owing to internal absorption. The predicted fluxes are confronted with flux limits in the 20-50 TeV energy range obtained by the High Energy Gamma Ray Astronomy (HEGRA) experiment. Without cosmic absorption, the fluxes are about equal to the current sensitivity of HEGRA. Improved gamma/hadron separation techniques could render a detection by HEGRA possible, if cosmic absorption by the far-infrared background at wavelengths ~100 mu is not exceedingly strong., Comment: 9 pages latex, postscript figures included; A&A

Published
1996

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