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Objective: Sample size calculations play a central role in risk-factor study design because sample size affects study interpretability, costs, hospital resources and staff time. We demonstrate the consequences of using misclassified control groups on the power of risk association tests, with the intent of showing that control groups with even small misclassification rates can reduce the power of association tests. So, sample size calculations that ignore misclassifications may underpower studies. Study Design: This was a simulation study using study designs from published orthopaedic risk-factor studies. The approach was to use their designs but simulate the data to include known proportions of misclassified affected subjects in the control group. The simulated data were used to calculate the power of a risk-association test. We calculated powers for several study designs and misclassification rates and compared them to a reference model. Results: Treating unlabelled data as disease-negative only always reduced statistical power compared with the reference power, and power loss increased with increasing misclassification rate. For this study, power could be improved back to 80% by increasing the sample size by a factor of 1.1 to 1.4. Conclusion: Researchers should use caution in calculating sample sizes for risk-factor studies and consider adjustments for estimated misclassification rates.

Context: The distribution of animals is influenced by a complex interplay of landscape, environmental, habitat, and anthropogenic factors. While the effects of each of these forces on fish assemblages have been studied in isolation, the implications of their combined influence within a seascape remain equivocal. Objectives: We assessed the importance of local habitat composition, seascape configuration, and environmental conditions for determining the abundance, diversity, and functional composition of fish assemblages across a tropical seascape. Methods: We quantified fish abundance in coral, macroalgal, mangrove, and sand habitats throughout the Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia. A full-subsets modelling approach was used that incorporated data from benthic habitat maps, a hydrodynamic model, in situ measures of habitat composition, and remotely sensed environmental data to evaluate the relative influence of biophysical drivers on fish assemblages. Results: Measures of habitat complexity were the strongest predictors of fish abundance, diversity, and assemblage composition in coral and macroalgal habitats, with seascape effects playing a secondary role for some functional groups. Proximity to potential nursery habitats appeared to have minimal influence on coral reef fish assemblages. Consequently, coral, macroalgal, and mangrove habitats contained distinct fish assemblages that contributed to the overall diversity of fish within the seascape. Conclusions: Our findings underscore the importance of structural complexity for supporting diverse and abundant fish populations and suggest that the value of structural connectivity between habitats depends on local environmental context. Our results support management approaches that prioritise the preservation of habitat complexity, and that incorporate the full range of habitats comprising tropical seascapes.

This study investigates how first-time mothers participate in online discussions in WeChat groups to support their adaptation to motherhood. Online ethnography and in-depth interviews are employed to examine the psychological and behavioural aspects of these first-time mothers within WeChat groups, as well as the group construction process. The study’s findings show that WeChat groups, formed around common identity, have integrated new media technology into the cultural practices of distinct social groups. Within these groups, first-time mothers establish unique information exchange networks with other first-time mothers, enabling the sharing of experiences, emotions, and resources, ultimately creating de facto identity communities. Moreover, WeChat groups serve as vital channels for acquiring and distributing social capital, expanding parenting resources and social networks. The study highlights the crucial role of WeChat groups in providing support to first-time mothers as they navigate motherhood while fostering a sense of camaraderie and belonging within this virtual community., Este estudio investiga cómo las madres primerizas participan en grupos de apoyo a través de WeChat para facilitar suadaptación a la maternidad. A partir de una etnografía digital y entrevistas en profundidad se analizan los aspectos psicológicos ycomportamentales de estas madres primerizas dentro de los grupos de WeChat, así como el proceso de formación y desarrollo deestos mismos grupos. El estudio plantea que los grupos de WeChat, que se forman en torno a una identidad compartida, han logradointegrar con éxito las nuevos medios sociales. En el caso de la madres primerizas se aprecia el establecimiento de redes con otrasmadres en la misma situación, lo que facilita el intercambio de experiencias, emociones y recursos, y, en última instancia, contribuyea la construcción de una identidad colectiva. Además, los grupos de WeChat permiten la adquisición y distribución de capital social através de los recursos disponibles para madres (y padres) en las redes sociales. Este estudio resalta la importancia de estos grupos paralas madres primerizas durante su transición a la maternidad al igual que la relevancia de las relaciones de solidaridad y el sentido depertenencia en estas comunidades virtuales.

Unlike the police in Northern Ireland, officers in mainland Britain are not routinely armed. But the greater weaponisation of the police in the UK is on the increase. As more officers are trained in – and are more comfortable in carrying – a weapon, the opposition to the routine arming of the police, at least from rank-and-file officers, weakens. Natural opposition to the idea of all UK officers being armed comes from rights groups, concerned about the right to life implications for victims: not only in the greater risk of arbitrary killing by the state, but also the impunity for offending officers. This reticence to the routine arming of the police reflects the classic liberal approach that citizens must be protected from the actions of the state, especially where fundamental human rights such as the right to life are threatened. But does this traditional approach unduly monopolise the human rights debate? Perhaps there is an argument to say that, rather than the right to life being in outright opposition to the routine arming of the police, it can in fact support it? In many human rights documents such as the Universal Declaration on Human Rights individuals have a right to life, liberty and security, as per Article 3. One inference to be drawn is that these three elements of Article 3 are mutually dependent and the preservation of life cannot be maintained without security. Thus, a routine arming of the police in the UK, in hastening security, should have the effect of providing greater protection for life rather than undermining it. The purpose of this piece is to explore conceptual arguments relating to the right to life to see if the traditional approach to the right, which has largely concentrated on the arbitrary killing of individuals, has unfairly dominated the rights discourse, ignoring an equally justifiable argument for the routine arming of the police in the UK.

This study investigates how first-time mothers participate in online discussions in WeChat groups to support their adaptation to motherhood. Online ethnography and in-depth interviews are employed to examine the psychological and behavioural aspects of these first-time mothers within WeChat groups, as well as the group construction process. The study’s findings show that WeChat groups, formed around common identity, have integrated new media technology into the cultural practices of distinct social groups. Within these groups, first-time mothers establish unique information exchange networks with other first-time mothers, enabling the sharing of experiences, emotions, and resources, ultimately creating de facto identity communities. Moreover, WeChat groups serve as vital channels for acquiring and distributing social capital, expanding parenting resources and social networks. The study highlights the crucial role of WeChat groups in providing support to first-time mothers as they navigate motherhood while fostering a sense of camaraderie and belonging within this virtual community., Este estudio investiga cómo las madres primerizas participan en grupos de apoyo a través de WeChat para facilitar suadaptación a la maternidad. A partir de una etnografía digital y entrevistas en profundidad se analizan los aspectos psicológicos ycomportamentales de estas madres primerizas dentro de los grupos de WeChat, así como el proceso de formación y desarrollo deestos mismos grupos. El estudio plantea que los grupos de WeChat, que se forman en torno a una identidad compartida, han logradointegrar con éxito las nuevos medios sociales. En el caso de la madres primerizas se aprecia el establecimiento de redes con otrasmadres en la misma situación, lo que facilita el intercambio de experiencias, emociones y recursos, y, en última instancia, contribuyea la construcción de una identidad colectiva. Además, los grupos de WeChat permiten la adquisición y distribución de capital social através de los recursos disponibles para madres (y padres) en las redes sociales. Este estudio resalta la importancia de estos grupos paralas madres primerizas durante su transición a la maternidad al igual que la relevancia de las relaciones de solidaridad y el sentido depertenencia en estas comunidades virtuales.

Modern I/O applications that run on HPC infrastructures are increasingly becoming read and metadata intensive. However, having multiple concurrent applications submitting large amounts of metadata operations can easily saturate the shared parallel file system's metadata resources, leading to overall performance degradation and I/O unfairness. We present PADLL, an application and file system agnostic storage middleware that enables QoS control of data and metadata workflows in HPC storage systems. It adopts ideas from Software-Defined Storage, building data plane stages that mediate and rate limit POSIX requests submitted to the shared file system, and a control plane that holistically coordinates how all I/O workflows are handled. We demonstrate its performance and feasibility under multiple QoS policies using synthetic benchmarks, real-world applications, and traces collected from a production file system. Results show that PADLL can enforce complex storage QoS policies over concurrent metadata-aggressive jobs, ensuring fairness and prioritization., Comment: To appear at 23rd IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Cluster, Cloud and Internet Computing (CCGrid'23)

This study investigates how first-time mothers participate in online discussions in WeChat groups to support their adaptation to motherhood. Online ethnography and in-depth interviews are employed to examine the psychological and behavioural aspects of these first-time mothers within WeChat groups, as well as the group construction process. The study’s findings show that WeChat groups, formed around common identity, have integrated new media technology into the cultural practices of distinct social groups. Within these groups, first-time mothers establish unique information exchange networks with other first-time mothers, enabling the sharing of experiences, emotions, and resources, ultimately creating de facto identity communities. Moreover, WeChat groups serve as vital channels for acquiring and distributing social capital, expanding parenting resources and social networks. The study highlights the crucial role of WeChat groups in providing support to first-time mothers as they navigate motherhood while fostering a sense of camaraderie and belonging within this virtual community., Este estudio investiga cómo las madres primerizas participan en grupos de apoyo a través de WeChat para facilitar suadaptación a la maternidad. A partir de una etnografía digital y entrevistas en profundidad se analizan los aspectos psicológicos ycomportamentales de estas madres primerizas dentro de los grupos de WeChat, así como el proceso de formación y desarrollo deestos mismos grupos. El estudio plantea que los grupos de WeChat, que se forman en torno a una identidad compartida, han logradointegrar con éxito las nuevos medios sociales. En el caso de la madres primerizas se aprecia el establecimiento de redes con otrasmadres en la misma situación, lo que facilita el intercambio de experiencias, emociones y recursos, y, en última instancia, contribuyea la construcción de una identidad colectiva. Además, los grupos de WeChat permiten la adquisición y distribución de capital social através de los recursos disponibles para madres (y padres) en las redes sociales. Este estudio resalta la importancia de estos grupos paralas madres primerizas durante su transición a la maternidad al igual que la relevancia de las relaciones de solidaridad y el sentido depertenencia en estas comunidades virtuales.

Background Statistical analysis plans (SAPs) outline the way data will be collected, preprocessed and analyzed, and should be developed during the design phase of the study. However, veterinary researchers often have limited access to biostatistical resources to develop statistical analysis plans. That access can be improved using natural language artificial intelligence chat services (chatbots), such as ChatGPT, which provide ways to access biostatistical expertise that can be understood by nonstatistician researchers. The aim of this study was to demonstrate a ChatGPT query protocol that produced a statistical analysis plan for randomized controlled trial comparing orthopedic surgical methods. Implementation Our overall approach was to interact with the chatbot ChapGPT as we would with a biostatistician planning a clinical trial’s data preprocessing and statistical analysis. Collaborations with biostatisticians are iterative, where the investigator initiates the statistical conversation with an overview of the project, and then the biostatistician and investigator go back and forth to refine the SAP with a series of more detailed questions and responses. Similarly, we iteratively queried ChatGPT after reviewing its responses. Results A good SAP was developed after four queries, which took 15 minutes. Researchers with less statistical experience may require more queries and time. ChatGPT produced an acceptable SAP that could be understood by nonstatistician researchers. Discussion ChatGPT 3.5 is free, fast, and interactive. Chatbot-generated SAPs might improve the reproducibility of veterinary research because they could be included as supplementary material. Additionally, SAPs are useful for responding to statistical reviewers because SAPs anticipate reviewer questions. Moreover, key analysis elements are often missing from study reports, and SAPs could serve as checklists to ensure that all statistical steps are performed. Finally, even when biostatistical suppor

Objectives: To investigate stifle kinematics and kinetics following TPLO and TPLO combined with an extra‐articular lateral augmentation (TPLO‐IB) during the tibial compression test (TCT) and the tibial pivot compression test (TPT), applied with an external (eTPT) and an internal moment (iTPT).Study designExperimental ex vivo study.Sample populationTen cadaveric hindlimbs of dogs weighing 23–40 kg. Methods: 3D‐kinematic and kinetic data were collected while performing TCT, eTPT, and iTPT and compared under the conditions (1) normal, (2) CCL deficient, (3) TPLO, and (4) TPLO‐IB. Two‐way repeated‐measures ANOVA was used to examine the effect of test and treatment on kinetic and kinematic data.ResultsMean ± SD preoperative TPA was 24.7° ± 1.7°, postoperative TPA was 5.9° ± 0.7°. During TCT, there was no difference in cranial tibial translation between the intact stifle and after TPLO (p = .17). In contrast, cranial tibial translation was six times larger in TPLO compared to intact when performing eTPT and iTPT (p < .001). Cranial tibial translation with TCT, eTPT and iTPT was not different between intact stifle and TPLO‐IB. Intraclass correlation coefficient for eTPT and iTPT after TPLO and TPLO‐IB was excellent being 0.93 (0.70–0.99) and 0.91 (0.73–0.99), respectively. Conclusion: Whereas TCT is negative after TPLO, instability persists when a rotational moment is combined using eTPT and iTPT. TPLO‐IB neutralizes craniocaudal and rotational instability when performing TCT, eTPT, and iTPT.

The objective of this analysis was to compare the length and number of active voice sentences in human orthopaedic articles to veterinary orthopaedic articles. The goal is to provide authors and reviewers with objective, evidence-based guidelines to critically evaluate those two aspects of style of veterinary manuscripts during the writing phase of research and the review process. We used word counts and the percent of active voice sentences of the introduction sections and discussion sections in 15 randomly chosen veterinary orthopaedic clinical trial articles and 15 randomly chosen human orthopaedic clinical trial articles. Veterinary introduction sections were on average 193 words longer than human introduction sections (p = 0.001). Veterinary discussion sections were on average 370 words longer than human discussion sections. Veterinary introduction sections had on average 14.4 percent fewer active voice sentences than human introduction sections (p = 0.003). Veterinary discussion sections had on average 8.3 percent fewer active voice sentences than human discussion sections. Our conclusion is that human articles are written in a different style from veterinary clinical trial articles, which could be written with fewer words and more active sentences.

Objectives: To investigate the accuracy and intra‐ and interobserver reliability of the cranial drawer test (CD), tibial compression test (TCT), and the new tibial pivot compression test (TPCT) in an experimental setting resembling acute cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR) and to elucidate the ability to subjectively estimate cranial tibial translation (CTT) during testing. Study design: Experimental ex vivo study.Sample populationTen cadaveric hindlimbs of large dogs. Methods: Kinetic and 3D‐kinematic data was collected while three observers performed the tests on each specimen with intact (INTACT) and transected cranial cruciate ligament (CCLD) and compared using three‐way repeated‐measures ANOVA. Subjectively estimated CTT (SCTT), obtained during a separate round of testing, was compared to kinematic data by Pearson correlation.ResultsCTT was significantly higher for CCLD than for INTACT for all tests, resulting in 100% sensitivity and specificity. TPCT induced the highest CTT and internal rotation. Intra‐ and interobserver agreement of translation was excellent. For rotation and kinetics, agreement was more variable. SCTT strongly correlated with the objectively measured values. Conclusion: The CD, TCT and the new TPCT were all accurate and reliable. The high translations and rotations during TPCT are promising, encouraging further development of this test. SCTT was reliable in our experimental setting.Clinical significanceVeterinary manual laxity tests are accurate and reliable in acute CCLR. The TPCT might have potential for the assessment of subtle and rotational canine stifle instabilities. The high reliability of SCTT implies that grading schemes for stifle laxity, similar to human medicine, could be developed.

Identifying words which may cause difficulty for a reader is an essential step in most lexical text simplification systems prior to lexical substitution and can also be used for assessing the readability of a text. This task is commonly referred to as complex word identification (CWI) and is often modelled as a supervised classification problem. For training such systems, annotated datasets in which words and sometimes multi-word expressions are labelled regarding complexity are required. In this paper we analyze previous work carried out in this task and investigate the properties of CWI datasets for English. We develop a protocol for the annotation of lexical complexity and use this to annotate a new dataset, CompLex 2.0. We present experiments using both new and old datasets to investigate the nature of lexical complexity. We found that a Likert-scale annotation protocol provides an objective setting that is superior for identifying the complexity of words compared to a binary annotation protocol. We release a new dataset using our new protocol to promote the task of Lexical Complexity Prediction.

Macroalgae-dominated reefs are a prominent habitat in tropical seascapes that support a diversity of fishes, including fishery target species. To what extent, then, do macroalgal habitats contribute to small-scale tropical reef fisheries? To address this question we: (1) Quantified the macroalgae-associated fish component in catches from 133 small-scale fisheries, (2) Compared life-history traits relevant to fishing (e.g. growth, longevity) in macroalgal and coral-associated fishes, (3) Examined how macroalgae-associated species can influence catch diversity, trophic level and vulnerability and (4) Explored how tropical fisheries change with the expansion of macroalgal habitats using a case study of fishery-independent data for Seychelles. Fish that utilised macroalgal habitats comprise 24% of the catch, but very few fished species relied entirely on macroalgal or coral habitats post-settlement. Macroalgal and coral-associated fishes had similar life-history traits, although vulnerability to fishing declined with increasing contribution of macroalgae association to the catch, whilst mean trophic level and diversity peaked when macroalgal-associated fish accounted for 20%–30% of catches. The Seychelles case study revealed similar total fish biomass on macroalgal and coral reefs, although the biomass of primary target species increased as macroalgae cover expanded. Our findings reinforce that multiple habitat types are needed to support tropical fishery stability and sustainability. Whilst coral habitats have been the focus of tropical fisheries management, we show the potential for macroalgae-associated fish to support catch size and diversity in ways that reduce vulnerability to overfishing. This is pertinent to seascapes where repeated disturbances are facilitating the replacement of coral reef with macroalgal habitats.

Macroalgae‐dominated reefs are a prominent habitat in tropical seascapes that support a diversity of fishes, including fishery target species. To what extent, then, do macroalgal habitats contribute to small‐scale tropical reef fisheries? To address this question we: (1) Quantified the macroalgae‐associated fish component in catches from 133 small‐scale fisheries, (2) Compared life‐history traits relevant to fishing (e.g. growth, longevity) in macroalgal and coral‐associated fishes, (3) Examined how macroalgae‐associated species can influence catch diversity, trophic level and vulnerability and (4) Explored how tropical fisheries change with the expansion of macroalgal habitats using a case study of fishery‐independent data for Seychelles. Fish that utilised macroalgal habitats comprise 24% of the catch, but very few fished species relied entirely on macroalgal or coral habitats post‐settlement. Macroalgal and coral‐associated fishes had similar life‐history traits, although vulnerability to fishing declined with increasing contribution of macroalgae association to the catch, whilst mean trophic level and diversity peaked when macroalgal‐associated fish accounted for 20%–30% of catches. The Seychelles case study revealed similar total fish biomass on macroalgal and coral reefs, although the biomass of primary target species increased as macroalgae cover expanded. Our findings reinforce that multiple habitat types are needed to support tropical fishery stability and sustainability. Whilst coral habitats have been the focus of tropical fisheries management, we show the potential for macroalgae‐associated fish to support catch size and diversity in ways that reduce vulnerability to overfishing. This is pertinent to seascapes where repeated disturbances are facilitating the replacement of coral reef with macroalgal habitats.

Magnetism in two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) materials has recently emerged as one of the most promising areas in condensed matter research, with many exciting emerging properties and significant potential for applications ranging from topological magnonics to low-power spintronics, quantum computing, and optical communications. In the brief time after their discovery, 2D magnets have blossomed into a rich area for investigation, where fundamental concepts in magnetism are challenged by the behavior of spins that can develop at the single layer limit. However, much effort is still needed in multiple fronts before 2D magnets can be routinely used for practical implementations. In this comprehensive review, prominent authors with expertise in complementary fields of 2D magnetism (i.e., synthesis, device engineering, magneto-optics, imaging, transport, mechanics, spin excitations, and theory and simulations) have joined together to provide a genome of current knowledge and a guideline for future developments in 2D magnetic materials research.

The skin is a complex organ that acts as a protective layer against the external environment. It protects the internal tissues from harmful agents, dehydration, ultraviolet radiation and physical injury as well as conferring thermoregulatory control, sensation, immunological surveillance and various biochemical functions. The diverse cell types that make up the skin include 1) keratinocytes, which form the bulk of the protective outer layer; 2) melanocytes, which protect the body from ultraviolet radiation by secreting the pigment melanin; and 3) cells that form the secretory appendages: eccrine and apocrine sweat glands, and the sebaceous gland. Emerging evidence suggests that store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), whereby depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores triggers Ca2+ influx across the plasma membrane, is central to the normal physiology of these cells and thus skin function. Numerous skin pathologies including dermatitis, anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, hyperhidrosis, hair loss and cancer are now linked to dysfunction in SOCE proteins. Principal amongst these are the stromal interaction molecules (STIMs) that sense Ca2+ depletion and Orai channels that mediate Ca2+ influx. In this review, the roles of STIM, Orai and other store-operated channels are discussed in the context of keratinocyte differentiation, melanogenesis, and eccrine sweat secretion. We explore not only STIM1-Orai1 as drivers of SOCE, but also independent actions of STIM, and emerging signal cascades stemming from their activities. Roles are discussed for the elusive transient receptor potential canonical channel (TRPC) complex in keratinocytes, Orai channels in Ca2+-cyclic AMP signal crosstalk in melanocytes, and Orai isoforms in eccrine sweat gland secretion.

Drawing on the central theme of open innovation and the inbound flow of knowledge for improving a firm’s innovation performance, this research investigates the application of external knowledge (i.e., competitor intelligence) in product innovation through the mediators of inter-functional coordination and open-mindedness. We examine the joint moderating effect of environmental uncertainty on results obtained from survey data involving 284 executives from Chinese IT SMEs. Our results reveal that competitor intelligence has a positive and direct effect on product innovation, and that relationships can be further strengthened by inter-functional coordination and open-mindedness. In testing their interaction with dynamic external environments, we found that the level of environmental uncertainty interacts positively with open-mindedness, but negatively with the effect of inter-functional coordination on product innovation. We conclude that by building openly-innovative and knowledge sharing culture, SME managers can improve their product innovation performance by obtaining and processing external knowledge relating to competitors. This study contributes to the open innovation literature, advancing understanding of the inflow of external knowledge for innovative output and, more importantly, sheds light on the research of open innovation practices in SMEs from emerging economies.

Macroalgae-dominated reefs are a prominent habitat in tropical seascapes that support a diversity of fishes, including fishery target species. To what extent, then, do macroalgal habitats contribute to small-scale tropical reef fisheries? To address this question we: (1) Quantified the macroalgae-associated fish component in catches from 133 small-scale fisheries, (2) Compared life-history traits relevant to fishing (e.g. growth, longevity) in macroalgal and coral-associated fishes, (3) Examined how macroalgae-associated species can influence catch diversity, trophic level and vulnerability and (4) Explored how tropical fisheries change with the expansion of macroalgal habitats using a case study of fishery-independent data for Seychelles. Fish that utilised macroalgal habitats comprise 24% of the catch, but very few fished species relied entirely on macroalgal or coral habitats post-settlement. Macroalgal and coral-associated fishes had similar life-history traits, although vulnerability to fishing declined with increasing contribution of macroalgae association to the catch, whilst mean trophic level and diversity peaked when macroalgal-associated fish accounted for 20%-30% of catches. The Seychelles case study revealed similar total fish biomass on macroalgal and coral reefs, although the biomass of primary target species increased as macroalgae cover expanded. Our findings reinforce that multiple habitat types are needed to support tropical fishery stability and sustainability. Whilst coral habitats have been the focus of tropical fisheries management, we show the potential for macroalgae-associated fish to support catch size and diversity in ways that reduce vulnerability to overfishing. This is pertinent to seascapes where repeated disturbances are facilitating the replacement of coral reef with macroalgal habitats.

UNLABELLED: This Delphi exercise aimed to gather consensus surrounding risk factors, diagnosis, and management of chyle leaks after esophagectomy and to develop recommendations for clinical practice.BACKGROUND: Chyle leaks following esophagectomy for malignancy are uncommon. Although they are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, diagnosis and management of these patients remain controversial and a challenge globally.METHODS: This was a modified Delphi exercise was delivered to clinicians across the oesophagogastric anastomosis collaborative. A 5-staged iterative process was used to gather consensus on clinical practice, including a scoping systematic review (stage 1), 2 rounds of anonymous electronic voting (stages 2 and 3), data-based analysis (stage 4), and guideline and consensus development (stage 5). Stratified analyses were performed by surgeon specialty and surgeon volume.RESULTS: In stage 1, the steering committee proposed areas of uncertainty across 5 domains: risk factors, intraoperative techniques, and postoperative management (ie, diagnosis, severity, and treatment). In stages 2 and 3, 275 and 250 respondents respectively participated in online voting. Consensus was achieved on intraoperative thoracic duct ligation, postoperative diagnosis by milky chest drain output and biochemical testing with triglycerides and chylomicrons, assessing severity with volume of chest drain over 24 hours and a step-up approach in the management of chyle leaks. Stratified analyses demonstrated consistent results. In stage 4, data from the Oesophagogastric Anastomosis Audit demonstrated that chyle leaks occurred in 5.4% (122/2247). Increasing chyle leak grades were associated with higher rates of pulmonary complications, return to theater, prolonged length of stay, and 90-day mortality. In stage 5, 41 surgeons developed a set of recommendations in the intraoperative techniques, diagnosis, and management of chyle leaks.CONCLUSIONS

Language models are increasingly attracting interest from writers. However, such models lack long-range semantic coherence, limiting their usefulness for longform creative writing. We address this limitation by applying language models hierarchically, in a system we call Dramatron. By building structural context via prompt chaining, Dramatron can generate coherent scripts and screenplays complete with title, characters, story beats, location descriptions, and dialogue. We illustrate Dramatron's usefulness as an interactive co-creative system with a user study of 15 theatre and film industry professionals. Participants co-wrote theatre scripts and screenplays with Dramatron and engaged in open-ended interviews. We report critical reflections both from our interviewees and from independent reviewers who watched stagings of the works to illustrate how both Dramatron and hierarchical text generation could be useful for human-machine co-creativity. Finally, we discuss the suitability of Dramatron for co-creativity, ethical considerations -- including plagiarism and bias -- and participatory models for the design and deployment of such tools., Comment: 102 pages, 7 figures

Medical researchers have solved the problem of estimating the sensitivity and specificity of binary medical diagnostic tests without gold standard tests for comparison. That problem is the same as estimating confusion matrices for classifiers on unlabeled data. This article describes how to modify the diagnostic test solutions to estimate confusion matrices and accuracy statistics for supervised or unsupervised binary classifiers on unlabeled data., Comment: 10 Pages Examples at github/revans011/classifier_accuracy

Unlike the police in Northern Ireland, officers in mainland Britain are not routinely armed. But the greater weaponisation of the police in the UK is on the increase. As more officers are trained in – and are more comfortable in carrying – a weapon, the opposition to the routine arming of the police, at least from rank-and-file officers, weakens. Natural opposition to the idea of all UK officers being armed comes from rights groups, concerned about the right to life implications for victims: not only in the greater risk of arbitrary killing by the state, but also the impunity for offending officers. This reticence to the routine arming of the police reflects the classic liberal approach that citizens must be protected from the actions of the state, especially where fundamental human rights such as the right to life are threatened. But does this traditional approach unduly monopolise the human rights debate? Perhaps there is an argument to say that, rather than the right to life being in outright opposition to the routine arming of the police, it can in fact support it? In many human rights documents such as the Universal Declaration on Human Rights individuals have a right to life, liberty and security, as per Article 3. One inference to be drawn is that these three elements of Article 3 are mutually dependent and the preservation of life cannot be maintained without security. Thus, a routine arming of the police in the UK, in hastening security, should have the effect of providing greater protection for life rather than undermining it. The purpose of this piece is to explore conceptual arguments relating to the right to life to see if the traditional approach to the right, which has largely concentrated on the arbitrary killing of individuals, has unfairly dominated the rights discourse, ignoring an equally justifiable argument for the routine arming of the police in the UK.

Identifying words which may cause difficulty for a reader is an essential step in most lexical text simplification systems prior to lexical substitution and can also be used for assessing the readability of a text. This task is commonly referred to as complex word identification (CWI) and is often modelled as a supervised classification problem. For training such systems, annotated datasets in which words and sometimes multi-word expressions are labelled regarding complexity are required. In this paper we analyze previous work carried out in this task and investigate the properties of CWI datasets for English. We develop a protocol for the annotation of lexical complexity and use this to annotate a new dataset, CompLex 2.0. We present experiments using both new and old datasets to investigate the nature of lexical complexity. We found that a Likert-scale annotation protocol provides an objective setting that is superior for identifying the complexity of words compared to a binary annotation protocol. We release a new dataset using our new protocol to promote the task of Lexical Complexity Prediction.

Drawing on the central themes of open innovation of the knowledge inflows and outflows for a firm’s innovative achievement, this research investigates the application of external knowledge (i.e. competitor intelligence) for product innovation. We posit that open-mindedness and inter-functional coordination mediate the relationship between competitor intelligence and product innovation. We further explore the joint moderating effect of the dynamic emerging market environment on the effects of open-mindedness and inter-functional coordination on product innovation. Survey data were collected from 284 executives from Chinese IT SMEs. Analysis methods of Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) are applied. Results showed that competitor intelligence has a positive and direct effect on product innovation, and their relationships can be further strengthened by the mediators—open-mindedness and inter-functional coordination. In testing the interaction with the dynamic emerging market, we found that the external environment interacts positively with open-mindedness, but negatively with inter-functional coordination on the effect on product innovation. This research enriches our understanding of external knowledge inflow for open innovation application. It contextualises the positive impact of being an open-minded and inter-functional coordinated on a firm’s product innovation. Managerial implications and future research avenues are discussed

Unlike the police in Northern Ireland, officers in mainland Britain are not routinely armed. But the greater weaponisation of the police in the UK is on the increase. As more officers are trained in – and are more comfortable in carrying – a weapon, the opposition to the routine arming of the police, at least from rank-and-file officers, weakens. Natural opposition to the idea of all UK officers being armed comes from rights groups, concerned about the right to life implications for victims: not only in the greater risk of arbitrary killing by the state, but also the impunity for offending officers. This reticence to the routine arming of the police reflects the classic liberal approach that citizens must be protected from the actions of the state, especially where fundamental human rights such as the right to life are threatened. But does this traditional approach unduly monopolise the human rights debate? Perhaps there is an argument to say that, rather than the right to life being in outright opposition to the routine arming of the police, it can in fact support it? In many human rights documents such as the Universal Declaration on Human Rights individuals have a right to life, liberty and security, as per Article 3. One inference to be drawn is that these three elements of Article 3 are mutually dependent and the preservation of life cannot be maintained without security. Thus, a routine arming of the police in the UK, in hastening security, should have the effect of providing greater protection for life rather than undermining it. The purpose of this piece is to explore conceptual arguments relating to the right to life to see if the traditional approach to the right, which has largely concentrated on the arbitrary killing of individuals, has unfairly dominated the rights discourse, ignoring an equally justifiable argument for the routine arming of the police in the UK.

Objectives: To describe a computed tomographic (CT) methodology for planning the correction of femoral and tibial torsion and report the clinical outcomes after femoral (FDO) and tibial (TDO) detorsional osteotomy in dogs affected by torsion malalignment and patellar luxation (PL). Study design: Multicenter retrospective study. Animals: Eighteen client-owned dogs. Methods: Dogs underwent CT to measure femoral (FTA) and tibial torsion angle (TTA). Abnormal femoral external torsion was defined when FTA <20°, abnormal femoral internal torsion if FTA >35°; abnormal tibial external torsion was defined when TTA < -10°, and abnormal tibial internal torsion when TTA >2°. The cortical arch length (CAL) was measured with CT and used intraoperatively to determine the magnitude of correction. The medical records and radiographs were reviewed and used to report clinical and radiographic outcomes. Radiographs were reviewed to evaluate postoperative limb alignment, patellar position, and bone healing. Results: Twenty-two detorsional osteotomies were performed. Mean preoperative FTA was 14° for medial-PL and 45.2° for lateral-PL. Mean preoperative TTA was 11° for medial-PL. Physiological patellar tracking was restored in 22/22 of cases. CAL measurement allowed for correction of abnormal torsion in 19/22 of cases. Seventeen out 18 dogs had full or acceptable functional outcome. The median radiographic follow-up was 3 months. Major complications occurred in 2/22 cases, which suffered an iatrogenic abnormal femoral internal torsion and a persistent hindlimb lameness. Conclusions: CAL can be measured with CT and used intraoperatively to guide the correction of abnormal torsion in dogs. Clinical relevance: Abnormal femoral and tibial torsion are predisposing factors for PL. A higher complication rate is expected when FDO and TDO are performed in the same hindlimb

Electronics are produced, consumed and disposed of through a highly complex, globalised value chain, creating numerous challenges in the governance of sustainable electronics. To understand how sustainability is governed throughout the electronics value chain, this paper uses current literature to analyse the structure (e.g. actors) and composition (e.g. policy instruments) within electronics governance. These articles are then used to derive explanatory factors for the level of governance effectiveness in terms of sustainability outcomes across the electronics lifecycle. Conclusions show that state and corporate forms of governance have the most impact on sustainability. However, interactive mechanisms for sustainability governance which incorporate governments, companies, and civil society organisations can build trust and cooperation between actors. Moreover, incorporating various actors in a complimentary manner can reinforce government and corporate approaches, as a result, interactive governance may yield long-term sustainability results in the electronics industry.

Tutorials focused on critique and reframing for data design – looking at designs and data, learning to read data and seeing data in new, creative ways, to create visual data-based designs. As experienced designers in online learning we necessarily engage critically and experiment with technology and media, yet this is not without its challenges and dangers – as A. M. Willis attests: what we design and put out into the world has the potential to design us back. This chapter describes our experiences, insights and reflections on this rapid adaptation of teaching during the global COVID-19 crisis, where each unit coordinator discusses their unique concerns and practical design solutions. Various visual design units share a traditional on-campus delivery format where theory, principles and case studies are delivered through in-person lectures, with follow-up tutorials allowing students to apply this learning in portfolio-based assessments.

This chapter aims to clarify the role of design academics in the contemporary university, based upon their domains of expertise and who they teach. It distinguishes between academics who have expertise in a design discipline and those who do not (non-designers), as well as noting that some academics have expertise in design cognition/science/method, which we refer to as ‘design process’, while others do not. The chapter is motivated by the widespread adoption of ‘design thinking’ in the contemporary university, which has led to situations where academics who are non-designers are teaching design methods to students who are also non-designers. It suggests that this further complicates the already tangled roles of design academics and proposes that these three constructs of design process, design practice and design thinking are useful for navigation within the profession. Personas and vignettes are used to provide illustrative examples of who and what design academics teach

The Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board required agricultural producers to document nitrogen (N) inputs and outputs to complete Irrigation and Nitrogen Management Plans (INMP) for estimation of potentially leachable N. A system nitrogen balance was developed to reduce uncertainty in output N from soilless substrate-based production systems. The majority of input N either remained in the growing substrate (57%) at end of production cycle or was taken up by the plant shoots (5%). Nitrous oxide-N lost from the growing substrate and the bed was 1.5% and 0.01% of input N, respectively. Runoff and soil infiltration N accounted for 6.5% and 2.4% of input N, respectively. Unaccounted N was 27.7% of input N and is attributed to complete denitrification. Environmentally harmful discharges were identified as aqueous N and nitrous oxide (N2O) lost from the substrate. Very little research has been conducted to understand N2O emissions from soilless substrates. A Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) bark-based substrate planted with Crepe Myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica ‘Whitt II’) had controlled release fertilizer incorporated with differing amounts of surface-applied fertilizer. Gas flux and pour-through extract samples were regularly collected. A regression model indicated that significant predictors of N2O flux were pour-through extract ammonium and nitrate concentration, volumetric water content, and substrate temperature. The total California-scaled fir bark-based substrate production system N2O-N emissions were greater than for soil-grown California horticultural crops. Nitrous oxide emissions from soilless substrates are believed to be from heterotrophic denitrification but soilless substrates have physical and chemical properties that could promote nitrification- and denitrification-derived N2O simultaneously. Fir bark, peat, and peat:fir bark substrates were fertilized with 15NH4NO3, NH415NO3, unenriched NH4NO3, or unfertilized to determine contribution of n

Unlike the police in Northern Ireland, officers in mainland Britain are not routinely armed. But the greater weaponisation of the police in the UK is on the increase. As more officers are trained in – and are more comfortable in carrying – a weapon, the opposition to the routine arming of the police, at least from rank-and-file officers, weakens. Natural opposition to the idea of all UK officers being armed comes from rights groups, concerned about the right to life implications for victims: not only in the greater risk of arbitrary killing by the state, but also the impunity for offending officers. This reticence to the routine arming of the police reflects the classic liberal approach that citizens must be protected from the actions of the state, especially where fundamental human rights such as the right to life are threatened. But does this traditional approach unduly monopolise the human rights debate? Perhaps there is an argument to say that, rather than the right to life being in outright opposition to the routine arming of the police, it can in fact support it? In many human rights documents such as the Universal Declaration on Human Rights individuals have a right to life, liberty and security, as per Article 3. One inference to be drawn is that these three elements of Article 3 are mutually dependent and the preservation of life cannot be maintained without security. Thus, a routine arming of the police in the UK, in hastening security, should have the effect of providing greater protection for life rather than undermining it. The purpose of this piece is to explore conceptual arguments relating to the right to life to see if the traditional approach to the right, which has largely concentrated on the arbitrary killing of individuals, has unfairly dominated the rights discourse, ignoring an equally justifiable argument for the routine arming of the police in the UK.

Unlike the police in Northern Ireland, officers in mainland Britain are not routinely armed. But the greater weaponisation of the police in the UK is on the increase. As more officers are trained in – and are more comfortable in carrying – a weapon, the opposition to the routine arming of the police, at least from rank-and-file officers, weakens. Natural opposition to the idea of all UK officers being armed comes from rights groups, concerned about the right to life implications for victims: not only in the greater risk of arbitrary killing by the state, but also the impunity for offending officers. This reticence to the routine arming of the police reflects the classic liberal approach that citizens must be protected from the actions of the state, especially where fundamental human rights such as the right to life are threatened. But does this traditional approach unduly monopolise the human rights debate? Perhaps there is an argument to say that, rather than the right to life being in outright opposition to the routine arming of the police, it can in fact support it? In many human rights documents such as the Universal Declaration on Human Rights individuals have a right to life, liberty and security, as per Article 3. One inference to be drawn is that these three elements of Article 3 are mutually dependent and the preservation of life cannot be maintained without security. Thus, a routine arming of the police in the UK, in hastening security, should have the effect of providing greater protection for life rather than undermining it. The purpose of this piece is to explore conceptual arguments relating to the right to life to see if the traditional approach to the right, which has largely concentrated on the arbitrary killing of individuals, has unfairly dominated the rights discourse, ignoring an equally justifiable argument for the routine arming of the police in the UK.

In this report the program and the outcomes of Dagstuhl Seminar 21192 "Approaches and Applications of Inductive Programming" is documented. The goal of inductive programming (IP) is to induce computer programs from data, typically input/output examples of a desired program. IP interests researchers from many areas of computer science, including machine learning, automated reasoning, program verification, and software engineering. Furthermore, IP contributes to research outside computer science, notably in cognitive science, where IP can help build models of human inductive learning and contribute methods for intelligent tutor systems. Building on the success of previous IP Dagstuhl seminars (13502, 15442, 17382, and 19202), the goal of this new edition of the seminar is to focus on IP methods which integrate learning and reasoning, scaling up IP methods to be applicable to more complex real world problems, and to further explore the potential of IP for explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), especially for interactive learning. The extended abstracts included in this report show recent advances in IP research. The included short report of the outcome of the discussion sessions additionally point out interesting interrelation between different aspects and possible new directions for IP.

The COVID-19 pandemic, a worldwide health and humanitarian crisis, has created unique challenges for citizens, governments, and organizations alike. Business leaders ask ‘what is the new normal, post-pandemic?’ while industries become more complex and uncertain. Premises sit empty, employees work remotely, and customers possess less disposable income. However bleak, opportunities do exist. Organizations will, however, need to transform. Technology will need to be used to respond to the pandemic, and organizations must re-structure to better function. This paper examines the role that digital technologies can play in responding to pandemics and outlines four classifications of digital technologies for pandemic response. An as-is/to-be pathway analysis is presented using case studies from Chinese enterprises to provide trajectory guidance for moving forward to the new normal. After analysis from an incorporated technology-centric and business model-based framework perspective, six fundamental enterprise strategies are presented that are derived from literature and empirical observations.

The Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board required agricultural producers to document nitrogen (N) inputs and outputs to complete Irrigation and Nitrogen Management Plans (INMP) for estimation of potentially leachable N. A system nitrogen balance was developed to reduce uncertainty in output N from soilless substrate-based production systems. The majority of input N either remained in the growing substrate (57%) at end of production cycle or was taken up by the plant shoots (5%). Nitrous oxide-N lost from the growing substrate and the bed was 1.5% and 0.01% of input N, respectively. Runoff and soil infiltration N accounted for 6.5% and 2.4% of input N, respectively. Unaccounted N was 27.7% of input N and is attributed to complete denitrification. Environmentally harmful discharges were identified as aqueous N and nitrous oxide (N2O) lost from the substrate. Very little research has been conducted to understand N2O emissions from soilless substrates. A Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) bark-based substrate planted with Crepe Myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica ‘Whitt II’) had controlled release fertilizer incorporated with differing amounts of surface-applied fertilizer. Gas flux and pour-through extract samples were regularly collected. A regression model indicated that significant predictors of N2O flux were pour-through extract ammonium and nitrate concentration, volumetric water content, and substrate temperature. The total California-scaled fir bark-based substrate production system N2O-N emissions were greater than for soil-grown California horticultural crops. Nitrous oxide emissions from soilless substrates are believed to be from heterotrophic denitrification but soilless substrates have physical and chemical properties that could promote nitrification- and denitrification-derived N2O simultaneously. Fir bark, peat, and peat:fir bark substrates were fertilized with 15NH4NO3, NH415NO3, unenriched NH4NO3, or unfertilized to determine contribution of n

The effect of limb remote ischaemic conditioning (RIC) on myocardial infarct (MI) size and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was investigated in a pre-planned cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) substudy of the CONDI-2/ERIC-PPCI trial. This single-blind multi-centre trial (7 sites in UK and Denmark) included 169 ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients who were already randomised to either control (n = 89) or limb RIC (n = 80) (4 × 5 min cycles of arm cuff inflations/deflations) prior to primary percutaneous coronary intervention. CMR was performed acutely and at 6 months. The primary endpoint was MI size on the 6 month CMR scan, expressed as median and interquartile range. In 110 patients with 6-month CMR data, limb RIC did not reduce MI size [RIC: 13.0 (5.1–17.1)% of LV mass; control: 11.1 (7.0–17.8)% of LV mass, P = 0.39], or LVEF, when compared to control. In 162 patients with acute CMR data, limb RIC had no effect on acute MI size, microvascular obstruction and LVEF when compared to control. In a subgroup of anterior STEMI patients, RIC was associated with lower incidence of microvascular obstruction and higher LVEF on the acute scan when compared with control, but this was not associated with an improvement in LVEF at 6 months. In summary, in this pre-planned CMR substudy of the CONDI-2/ERIC-PPCI trial, there was no evidence that limb RIC reduced MI size or improved LVEF at 6 months by CMR, findings which are consistent with the neutral effects of limb RIC on clinical outcomes reported in the main CONDI-2/ERIC-PPCI trial.

In this report the program and the outcomes of Dagstuhl Seminar 21192 "Approaches and Applications of Inductive Programming" is documented. The goal of inductive programming (IP) is to induce computer programs from data, typically input/output examples of a desired program. IP interests researchers from many areas of computer science, including machine learning, automated reasoning, program verification, and software engineering. Furthermore, IP contributes to research outside computer science, notably in cognitive science, where IP can help build models of human inductive learning and contribute methods for intelligent tutor systems. Building on the success of previous IP Dagstuhl seminars (13502, 15442, 17382, and 19202), the goal of this new edition of the seminar is to focus on IP methods which integrate learning and reasoning, scaling up IP methods to be applicable to more complex real world problems, and to further explore the potential of IP for explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), especially for interactive learning. The extended abstracts included in this report show recent advances in IP research. The included short report of the outcome of the discussion sessions additionally point out interesting interrelation between different aspects and possible new directions for IP.

The effect of limb remote ischaemic conditioning (RIC) on myocardial infarct (MI) size and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was investigated in a pre-planned cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) substudy of the CONDI-2/ERIC-PPCI trial. This single-blind multi-centre trial (7 sites in UK and Denmark) included 169 ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients who were already randomised to either control (n = 89) or limb RIC (n = 80) (4 × 5 min cycles of arm cuff inflations/deflations) prior to primary percutaneous coronary intervention. CMR was performed acutely and at 6 months. The primary endpoint was MI size on the 6 month CMR scan, expressed as median and interquartile range. In 110 patients with 6-month CMR data, limb RIC did not reduce MI size [RIC: 13.0 (5.1–17.1)% of LV mass; control: 11.1 (7.0–17.8)% of LV mass, P = 0.39], or LVEF, when compared to control. In 162 patients with acute CMR data, limb RIC had no effect on acute MI size, microvascular obstruction and LVEF when compared to control. In a subgroup of anterior STEMI patients, RIC was associated with lower incidence of microvascular obstruction and higher LVEF on the acute scan when compared with control, but this was not associated with an improvement in LVEF at 6 months. In summary, in this pre-planned CMR substudy of the CONDI-2/ERIC-PPCI trial, there was no evidence that limb RIC reduced MI size or improved LVEF at 6 months by CMR, findings which are consistent with the neutral effects of limb RIC on clinical outcomes reported in the main CONDI-2/ERIC-PPCI trial.

This paper presents the results and main findings of SemEval-2021 Task 1 - Lexical Complexity Prediction. We provided participants with an augmented version of the CompLex Corpus (Shardlow et al 2020). CompLex is an English multi-domain corpus in which words and multi-word expressions (MWEs) were annotated with respect to their complexity using a five point Likert scale. SemEval-2021 Task 1 featured two Sub-tasks: Sub-task 1 focused on single words and Sub-task 2 focused on MWEs. The competition attracted 198 teams in total, of which 54 teams submitted official runs on the test data to Sub-task 1 and 37 to Sub-task 2.

Inductive logic programming (ILP) is a form of logic-based machine learning. The goal is to induce a hypothesis (a logic program) that generalises given training examples. As ILP turns 30, we review the last decade of research. We focus on (i) new meta-level search methods, (ii) techniques for learning recursive programs, (iii) new approaches for predicate invention, and (iv) the use of different technologies. We conclude by discussing current limitations of ILP and directions for future research., Comment: Extension of IJCAI20 survey paper. Accepted for the MLJ. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2002.11002, arXiv:2008.07912

Identifying words which may cause difficulty for a reader is an essential step in most lexical text simplification systems prior to lexical substitution and can also be used for assessing the readability of a text. This task is commonly referred to as Complex Word Identification (CWI) and is often modelled as a supervised classification problem. For training such systems, annotated datasets in which words and sometimes multi-word expressions are labelled regarding complexity are required. In this paper we analyze previous work carried out in this task and investigate the properties of CWI datasets for English. We develop a protocol for the annotation of lexical complexity and use this to annotate a new dataset, CompLex 2.0. We present experiments using both new and old datasets to investigate the nature of lexical complexity. We found that a Likert-scale annotation protocol provides an objective setting that is superior for identifying the complexity of words compared to a binary annotation protocol. We release a new dataset using our new protocol to promote the task of Lexical Complexity Prediction.

Advances in artificial intelligence are driven by technologies inspired by the brain, but these technologies are orders of magnitude less powerful and energy efficient than biological systems. Inspired by the nonlinear dynamics of neural networks, new unconventional computing hardware has emerged with the potential to exploit natural phenomena and gain efficiency, in a similar manner to biological systems. Physical reservoir computing demonstrates this with a variety of unconventional systems, from optical-based to memristive systems. Reservoir computers provide a nonlinear projection of the task input into a high-dimensional feature space by exploiting the system's internal dynamics. A trained readout layer then combines features to perform tasks, such as pattern recognition and time-series analysis. Despite progress, achieving state-of-the-art performance without external signal processing to the reservoir remains challenging. Here we perform an initial exploration of three magnetic materials in thin-film geometries via microscale simulation. Our results reveal that basic spin properties of magnetic films generate the required nonlinear dynamics and memory to solve machine learning tasks (although there would be practical challenges in exploiting these particular materials in physical implementations). The method of exploration can be applied to other materials, so this work opens up the possibility of testing different materials, from relatively simple (alloys) to significantly complex (antiferromagnetic reservoirs)., Comment: 30 pages, 10 figures, updated and clarified

Canopy-forming macroalgae can construct extensive meadow habitats in tropical seascapes occupied by fishes that span a diversity of taxa, life-history stages and ecological roles. Our synthesis assessed whether these tropical macroalgal habitats have unique fish assemblages, provide fish nurseries and support local fisheries. We also applied a meta-analysis of independent surveys across 23 tropical reef locations in 11 countries to examine how macroalgal canopy condition is related to the abundance of macroalgal-associated fishes. Over 627 fish species were documented in tropical macroalgal meadows, with 218 of these taxa exhibiting higher local abundance within this habitat (cf. nearby coral reef) during at least one life-history stage. Major overlap (40%-43%) in local fish species richness among macroalgal and seagrass or coral reef habitats suggest macroalgal meadows may provide an important habitat refuge. Moreover, the prominence of juvenile fishes suggests macroalgal meadows facilitate the triphasic life cycle of many fishes occupying diverse tropical seascapes. Correlations between macroalgal canopy structure and juvenile abundance suggests macroalgal habitat condition can influence levels of replenishment in tropical fish populations, including the majority of macroalgal-associated fishes that are targeted by commercial, subsistence or recreational fisheries. While many macroalgal-associated fishery species are of minor commercial value, their local importance for food and livelihood security can be substantial (e.g. up to 60% of landings in Kenyan reef fisheries). Given that macroalgal canopy condition can vary substantially with sea temperature, there is a high likelihood that climate change will impact macroalgal-associated fish and fisheries.