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Public-private partnerships (P3) are outperforming other delivery methods in their ability to meet sustainability objectives. The main driver for decisions in any project has been seen as linked to a cost analysis. This research aims to determine why and how P3 projects are more likely to implement more effective sustainable decisions throughout a project's lifecycle. In this context, the decision-making is directed explicitly at the project team's reasoning for implementing sustainable practices beyond cost-effectiveness. The researcher generated questions to ask potential project teams to understand why and how P3 projects were better at implementing sustainable decisions. Sustainability was operationalized using Envision's framework. Interviews with project teams that utilized the P3 project delivery method and received the highest sustainability rating provided a first-hand account of the decision-making process. The interviews are analyzed utilizing framework analysis. The results will identify the motivations for implementing sustainability. The results suggest that the P3 contract structure is the most compelling reason these projects can implement sustainable decisions better than other project delivery methods. The written requirements from the contract documents or legislative requirements and the Contractor's desire to do a good job are other drivers for this increased sustainability.

The use of fixed Base and Mobile Stations offer a set of challenges dealing with the movement of a Mobile Station away from one Base Station toward a second Base Station. In this situation, the signal strength decreases as the distance of the mobile position increases (following an inverse-square law) from the first station; while an increase in signal strength is experienced as the distance decreases from the second one. Gradually the signal from the former is lost. This is a difficult problem in wireless technology, not only to picture but also to solve. This problem which is prominent in mobile and wireless applications is called ”Soft Handoff”, the solution of which applies the concept of ”make-before-break”, which postulates the smooth and gradual transition of signals from the previous Base Station to the next one without causing a sharp break or interruption of the signal. Such a hypothetically smooth and soft hand over signal mechanism is very difficult for students to understand especially those who have had little or no experience with telecommunication equipment, with the analysis of wireless circuits or with hands-on experience with the technology. This became evident when the topic was initially covered in a Telecommunications course at University of Namibia. It was within this context that the Educational Emulation of Soft Handoff Teaching Model (EESH-TM) was designed and developed to model the mechanism of Soft Handoff. The EESH-TM is comprised of: two Base Stations, two Cells, a Mobile Station, and two interacting signals. This teaching model clearly demonstrated, step-by-step, various scenarios with a mobile unit moving between two Base Stations clearly illustrating how Soft Handoff works. Hence, the utilization of this teaching tool presented inexperienced students with an opportunity to observe and understand how signal hand off works in a wireless network. The success of the model was demonstrated by higher examination scores and greater student

The use of fixed Base and Mobile Stations offer a set of challenges dealing with the movement of a Mobile Station away from one Base Station toward a second Base Station. In this situation, the signal strength decreases as the distance of the mobile position increases (following an inverse-square law) from the first station; while an increase in signal strength is experienced as the distance decreases from the second one. Gradually the signal from the former is lost. This is a difficult problem in wireless technology, not only to picture but also to solve. This problem which is prominent in mobile and wireless applications is called ”Soft Handoff”, the solution of which applies the concept of ”make-before-break”, which postulates the smooth and gradual transition of signals from the previous Base Station to the next one without causing a sharp break or interruption of the signal. Such a hypothetically smooth and soft hand over signal mechanism is very difficult for students to understand especially those who have had little or no experience with telecommunication equipment, with the analysis of wireless circuits or with hands-on experience with the technology. This became evident when the topic was initially covered in a Telecommunications course at University of Namibia. It was within this context that the Educational Emulation of Soft Handoff Teaching Model (EESH-TM) was designed and developed to model the mechanism of Soft Handoff. The EESH-TM is comprised of: two Base Stations, two Cells, a Mobile Station, and two interacting signals. This teaching model clearly demonstrated, step-by-step, various scenarios with a mobile unit moving between two Base Stations clearly illustrating how Soft Handoff works. Hence, the utilization of this teaching tool presented inexperienced students with an opportunity to observe and understand how signal hand off works in a wireless network. The success of the model was demonstrated by higher examination scores and greater student

The use of fixed Base and Mobile Stations offer a set of challenges dealing with the movement of a Mobile Station away from one Base Station toward a second Base Station. In this situation, the signal strength decreases as the distance of the mobile position increases (following an inverse-square law) from the first station; while an increase in signal strength is experienced as the distance decreases from the second one. Gradually the signal from the former is lost. This is a difficult problem in wireless technology, not only to picture but also to solve. This problem which is prominent in mobile and wireless applications is called ”Soft Handoff”, the solution of which applies the concept of ”make-before-break”, which postulates the smooth and gradual transition of signals from the previous Base Station to the next one without causing a sharp break or interruption of the signal. Such a hypothetically smooth and soft hand over signal mechanism is very difficult for students to understand especially those who have had little or no experience with telecommunication equipment, with the analysis of wireless circuits or with hands-on experience with the technology. This became evident when the topic was initially covered in a Telecommunications course at University of Namibia. It was within this context that the Educational Emulation of Soft Handoff Teaching Model (EESH-TM) was designed and developed to model the mechanism of Soft Handoff. The EESH-TM is comprised of: two Base Stations, two Cells, a Mobile Station, and two interacting signals. This teaching model clearly demonstrated, step-by-step, various scenarios with a mobile unit moving between two Base Stations clearly illustrating how Soft Handoff works. Hence, the utilization of this teaching tool presented inexperienced students with an opportunity to observe and understand how signal hand off works in a wireless network. The success of the model was demonstrated by higher examination scores and greater student

Einleitung: Die Partikeltherapie ist eine neue und hoch entwickelte Technik der Strahlentherapie bei Krebs. Strahlen geladener Teilchen, also Protonen und Ionen, werden verwendet, um Tumorzellen zu zerstören. Diese Ionenstrahlen deponieren ihre Energie primär am Ende ihres Weges im sogenannten Bragg-Peak. Dadurch gelingt es, eine hohe Koformalität zu erreichen und gesundes Gewebe sowie insbesondere strahlenempfindliche Organe optimal zu schonen. Um jedoch die Vorteile dieser Therapieform vollständig nutzen zu können, ist ein Verfahren erforderlich, welches den Ort der Dosisdeposition verifiziert. Hierfür wurde die Methode der Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie (PET) angewendet, die bei der Bestrahlung entstehende Sekundärteilchen detektiert und damit eine qualitative Bewertung der Dosisapplikation ermöglicht. An mehreren Zentren weltweit wird dieses Verfahren derzeit klinisch angewendet [1-3]. Eine andere, in der Entwicklung befindliche Möglichkeit ist die Einzelphotonentomographie (in-beam SPECT) [4-7], für welch neuartige Detektorkonfigurationen erforderlich sind. Materialien und Methoden: Um die Instrumente für die Qualitätssicherung in der Partikeltherapie zu verbessern, stellt die Europäische Kommission die Finanzierung für ein 4-Jahres-Projekt, ENVISION - European NoVel Imaging Systems for ION therapy (Grant Agreement Number 241 851), bereit. Das Ziel des Projektes ist die Entwicklung von (i) Echtzeit-Überwachung der Dosisapplikation; (ii) quantitativer Bildgebung und präziser Bestimmung der abgegebenen Dosis; (iii) schnellem Feedback für die optimale Planung der Behandlung; (iv) der Anwendung des Verfahren auf bewegte Zielvolumina; (v) Simulationsstudien. Das Projekt startete Februar 2010 und ist ein Zusammenschluss von 16 führenden europäischen Forschungszentren und Industriepartnern mit einem Budget von 6 Millionen Euro, die Koordination obliegt dem CERN. Ergebnisse: In Rahmen dieses Projektes wurden Simulationsstudien zur optimalen Auslegung eines für das Do

Einleitung: Die Partikeltherapie ist eine neue und hoch entwickelte Technik der Strahlentherapie bei Krebs. Strahlen geladener Teilchen, also Protonen und Ionen, werden verwendet, um Tumorzellen zu zerstören. Diese Ionenstrahlen deponieren ihre Energie primär am Ende ihres Weges im sogenannten Bragg-Peak. Dadurch gelingt es, eine hohe Koformalität zu erreichen und gesundes Gewebe sowie insbesondere strahlenempfindliche Organe optimal zu schonen. Um jedoch die Vorteile dieser Therapieform vollständig nutzen zu können, ist ein Verfahren erforderlich, welches den Ort der Dosisdeposition verifiziert. Hierfür wurde die Methode der Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie (PET) angewendet, die bei der Bestrahlung entstehende Sekundärteilchen detektiert und damit eine qualitative Bewertung der Dosisapplikation ermöglicht. An mehreren Zentren weltweit wird dieses Verfahren derzeit klinisch angewendet [1-3]. Eine andere, in der Entwicklung befindliche Möglichkeit ist die Einzelphotonentomographie (in-beam SPECT) [4-7], für welch neuartige Detektorkonfigurationen erforderlich sind. Materialien und Methoden: Um die Instrumente für die Qualitätssicherung in der Partikeltherapie zu verbessern, stellt die Europäische Kommission die Finanzierung für ein 4-Jahres-Projekt, ENVISION - European NoVel Imaging Systems for ION therapy (Grant Agreement Number 241 851), bereit. Das Ziel des Projektes ist die Entwicklung von (i) Echtzeit-Überwachung der Dosisapplikation; (ii) quantitativer Bildgebung und präziser Bestimmung der abgegebenen Dosis; (iii) schnellem Feedback für die optimale Planung der Behandlung; (iv) der Anwendung des Verfahren auf bewegte Zielvolumina; (v) Simulationsstudien. Das Projekt startete Februar 2010 und ist ein Zusammenschluss von 16 führenden europäischen Forschungszentren und Industriepartnern mit einem Budget von 6 Millionen Euro, die Koordination obliegt dem CERN. Ergebnisse: In Rahmen dieses Projektes wurden Simulationsstudien zur optimalen Auslegung eines für das Do

The use of fixed Base and Mobile Stations offer a set of challenges dealing with the movement of a Mobile Station away from one Base Station toward a second Base Station. In this situation, the signal strength decreases as the distance of the mobile position increases (following an inverse-square law) from the first station; while an increase in signal strength is experienced as the distance decreases from the second one. Gradually the signal from the former is lost. This is a difficult problem in wireless technology, not only to picture but also to solve. This problem which is prominent in mobile and wireless applications is called ”Soft Handoff”, the solution of which applies the concept of ”make-before-break”, which postulates the smooth and gradual transition of signals from the previous Base Station to the next one without causing a sharp break or interruption of the signal. Such a hypothetically smooth and soft hand over signal mechanism is very difficult for students to understand especially those who have had little or no experience with telecommunication equipment, with the analysis of wireless circuits or with hands-on experience with the technology. This became evident when the topic was initially covered in a Telecommunications course at University of Namibia. It was within this context that the Educational Emulation of Soft Handoff Teaching Model (EESH-TM) was designed and developed to model the mechanism of Soft Handoff. The EESH-TM is comprised of: two Base Stations, two Cells, a Mobile Station, and two interacting signals. This teaching model clearly demonstrated, step-by-step, various scenarios with a mobile unit moving between two Base Stations clearly illustrating how Soft Handoff works. Hence, the utilization of this teaching tool presented inexperienced students with an opportunity to observe and understand how signal hand off works in a wireless network. The success of the model was demonstrated by higher examination scores and greater student

The use of fixed Base and Mobile Stations offer a set of challenges dealing with the movement of a Mobile Station away from one Base Station toward a second Base Station. In this situation, the signal strength decreases as the distance of the mobile position increases (following an inverse-square law) from the first station; while an increase in signal strength is experienced as the distance decreases from the second one. Gradually the signal from the former is lost. This is a difficult problem in wireless technology, not only to picture but also to solve. This problem which is prominent in mobile and wireless applications is called ”Soft Handoff”, the solution of which applies the concept of ”make-before-break”, which postulates the smooth and gradual transition of signals from the previous Base Station to the next one without causing a sharp break or interruption of the signal. Such a hypothetically smooth and soft hand over signal mechanism is very difficult for students to understand especially those who have had little or no experience with telecommunication equipment, with the analysis of wireless circuits or with hands-on experience with the technology. This became evident when the topic was initially covered in a Telecommunications course at University of Namibia. It was within this context that the Educational Emulation of Soft Handoff Teaching Model (EESH-TM) was designed and developed to model the mechanism of Soft Handoff. The EESH-TM is comprised of: two Base Stations, two Cells, a Mobile Station, and two interacting signals. This teaching model clearly demonstrated, step-by-step, various scenarios with a mobile unit moving between two Base Stations clearly illustrating how Soft Handoff works. Hence, the utilization of this teaching tool presented inexperienced students with an opportunity to observe and understand how signal hand off works in a wireless network. The success of the model was demonstrated by higher examination scores and greater student

In producing a user interface design to visualize search results for a digital library called Envision [Nowell, France, Hix, Heath, & Fox, 1996] [Fox, Hix, Nowell, et al., 1993] [Nowell & Hix, 1993], we found that choosing graphical devices and document attributes to be encoded with each graphical device is a surprisingly difficult task. By graphical devices we mean those visual display elements (e.g., color, shape, size, position, etc.) used to convey encoded, semantic information. Research in the areas of psychophysics of visual search and identification tasks, graphical perception, and graphical language development provides scientific guidance for design and evaluation of graphical encodings which might otherwise be reduced to opinion and personal taste. However, literature offers inconclusive and often conflicting viewpoints, suggesting a need for further research. The goal of this research was to determine empirically the effectiveness of graphical devices for encoding nominal and quantitative information in complex visualization displays. Using the Envision Graphic View, we conducted a within-subjects empirical investigation of the effectiveness of three graphical devices - icon color, icon shape, and icon size - in communicating nominal (document type) and quantitative (document relevance) data. Our study provides empirical evidence regarding the relative effectiveness of icon color, shape, and size for conveying both nominal and quantitative data. While our studies consistently rank color as most effective, the rankings differ for shape and size. For nominal data, icon shape ranks ahead of icon size by all measures except time for task completion, which places shape behind size. For quantitative data, we found, by all measures, that encodings with icon shape are more effective than with icon size. We conclude that the nature of tasks performed and the relative importance of measures of effectiveness are more signif

In producing a user interface design to visualize search results for a digital library called Envision [Nowell, France, Hix, Heath, & Fox, 1996] [Fox, Hix, Nowell, et al., 1993] [Nowell & Hix, 1993], we found that choosing graphical devices and document attributes to be encoded with each graphical device is a surprisingly difficult task. By graphical devices we mean those visual display elements (e.g., color, shape, size, position, etc.) used to convey encoded, semantic information. Research in the areas of psychophysics of visual search and identification tasks, graphical perception, and graphical language development provides scientific guidance for design and evaluation of graphical encodings which might otherwise be reduced to opinion and personal taste. However, literature offers inconclusive and often conflicting viewpoints, suggesting a need for further research. The goal of this research was to determine empirically the effectiveness of graphical devices for encoding nominal and quantitative information in complex visualization displays. Using the Envision Graphic View, we conducted a within-subjects empirical investigation of the effectiveness of three graphical devices - icon color, icon shape, and icon size - in communicating nominal (document type) and quantitative (document relevance) data. Our study provides empirical evidence regarding the relative effectiveness of icon color, shape, and size for conveying both nominal and quantitative data. While our studies consistently rank color as most effective, the rankings differ for shape and size. For nominal data, icon shape ranks ahead of icon size by all measures except time for task completion, which places shape behind size. For quantitative data, we found, by all measures, that encodings with icon shape are more effective than with icon size. We conclude that the nature of tasks performed and the relative importance of measures of effectiveness are more signif