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This work describes the design and implementation of an Internet of Things architecture that focuses on monitoring temperature and humidity. The system is based on the strategic selection of technologies, including Arduino, LoRa modules, DHT11 sensors, and ESP32 microcontrollers. Python Flask was used to develop a user interface for the web application, ensuring an easy and accessible user experience. Moreover, to enhance the scalability and security of the system, it is recommended to implement modular algorithms and authentication measures. The article concludes by emphasising the advantages and effectiveness of open source technology in data acquisition, processing, and monitoring across various application scenarios. Suggestions for future improvements are provided, with particular attention to expanding data visualisation and environmental monitoring. The limitations and advantages of the system are addressed, highlighting its potential application in remote or resource-limited areas. The results obtained in this work can be scaled to the different stages of a mining project in which environmental parameters must be monitored., Este trabajo detalla el diseño y la implementación de una arquitectura de Internet de las Cosas centrada en el monitoreo de temperatura y humedad. La selección estratégica de tecnologías, como Arduino, módulos LoRa, sensor DHT11 y el microcontrolador ESP32, constituye la base del sistema. Se destaca el empleo de Python Flask para desarrollar una interfaz de usuario en la aplicación web, asegurando así una experiencia de usuario fácil y accesible. Además, se enfatiza la implementación de algoritmos modulares y medidas de autenticación para mejorar la escalabilidad y seguridad del sistema. El artículo concluye resaltando los beneficios y la eficacia de la tecnología de código abierto en la adquisición, procesamiento y monitoreo de datos en diferentes escenarios de aplicación. Se proporcionan sugerencias para futuras mejoras, con especial atención a la expansión de la visualización de datos y la monitorización ambiental. Se abordan las limitaciones y ventajas del sistema, destacando su potencial aplicación en áreas remotas o con recursos limitados. Se espera que los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo puedan ser escalados a las diferentes etapas de un proyecto minero de pequeña y mediana escala en los que se requiere monitorear parámetros ambientales que oriente la toma de decisiones, como una metodología de trabajo que esté al alcance de pequeñas agremiaciones y explotación de recursos naturales de manera sostenible.

This work describes the design and implementation of an Internet of Things architecture that focuses on monitoring temperature and humidity. The system is based on the strategic selection of technologies, including Arduino, LoRa modules, DHT11 sensors, and ESP32 microcontrollers. Python Flask was used to develop a user interface for the web application, ensuring an easy and accessible user experience. Moreover, to enhance the scalability and security of the system, it is recommended to implement modular algorithms and authentication measures. The article concludes by emphasising the advantages and effectiveness of open source technology in data acquisition, processing, and monitoring across various application scenarios. Suggestions for future improvements are provided, with particular attention to expanding data visualisation and environmental monitoring. The limitations and advantages of the system are addressed, highlighting its potential application in remote or resource-limited areas. The results obtained in this work can be scaled to the different stages of a mining project in which environmental parameters must be monitored., Este trabajo detalla el diseño y la implementación de una arquitectura de Internet de las Cosas centrada en el monitoreo de temperatura y humedad. La selección estratégica de tecnologías, como Arduino, módulos LoRa, sensor DHT11 y el microcontrolador ESP32, constituye la base del sistema. Se destaca el empleo de Python Flask para desarrollar una interfaz de usuario en la aplicación web, asegurando así una experiencia de usuario fácil y accesible. Además, se enfatiza la implementación de algoritmos modulares y medidas de autenticación para mejorar la escalabilidad y seguridad del sistema. El artículo concluye resaltando los beneficios y la eficacia de la tecnología de código abierto en la adquisición, procesamiento y monitoreo de datos en diferentes escenarios de aplicación. Se proporcionan sugerencias para futuras mejoras, con especial atención a la expansión de la visualización de datos y la monitorización ambiental. Se abordan las limitaciones y ventajas del sistema, destacando su potencial aplicación en áreas remotas o con recursos limitados. Se espera que los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo puedan ser escalados a las diferentes etapas de un proyecto minero de pequeña y mediana escala en los que se requiere monitorear parámetros ambientales que oriente la toma de decisiones, como una metodología de trabajo que esté al alcance de pequeñas agremiaciones y explotación de recursos naturales de manera sostenible.

The dataset covers photos of the microcosms used to collect the seasonal data for Lemna sp. populations; the results of the pre-experiments to study the appropriate nutrient levels for the growth of Lemna sp.; the experimental datasets covering experimental data over 2 consecutive years including biotic (biomass and numbers of fronds) and abiotic data from the aquatic habitat of Lemna sp. in the temperate climate region and the statistical regression results; and finally the weather data. The dynamics of biomass and numbers of fronds of Lemna sp. were studied using 100 small microcosms. Each microcosm was 45 cm in internal diameter, with a surface area of 0.174 m2, a height of 67 cm, a water depth of 56.5 cm and a volume of 26.56 L. The microcosms were buried in the ground to reduce fluctuation of water temperatures, and to provide conditions comparable to a small (edge-of-field) pond or ditch. Parameters monitored included biomass (fresh and dry weight), seasonal growth rates, relevant environmental parameters and weather data. This dataset includes the 2-year experimental biotic (biomass and numbers of fronds) and environmental data (water quality data, weather data).

Beverages are an important part of the diet, but their environmental impact has been scarcely assessed. The aim of this study was to assess how changes in beverage consumption over a one-year period can impact the environmental sustainability of the diet. This is a one-year longitudinal study of 55-75-year-old participants with metabolic syndrome (n = 1122) within the frame of the PREDIMED-Plus study. Food and beverage intake were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire and a validated beverage-specific questionnaire. The Agribalyse (R) 3.0.1 database was used to calculate environmental impact parameters such as greenhouse gas emission, energy, water, and land use. A sustainability beverage score was created by considering the evaluated environmental markers. A higher beverage sustainability score was obtained when decreasing the consumption of bottled water, natural and packed fruit juice, milk, and drinkable dairy, soups and broths, sorbets and jellies, soft drinks, tea without sugar, beer (with and without alcohol), and wine, as well as when increasing the consumption of tap water and coffee with milk and without sugar. Beverage consumption should be considered when assessing the environmental impact of a diet. Trial registration: ISRCTN, ISRCTN89898870. Registered 5 September 2013.

Beverages are an important part of the diet, but their environmental impact has been scarcely assessed. The aim of this study was to assess how changes in beverage consumption over a one-year period can impact the environmental sustainability of the diet. This is a one-year longitudinal study of 55-75-year-old participants with metabolic syndrome (n = 1122) within the frame of the PREDIMED-Plus study. Food and beverage intake were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire and a validated beverage-specific questionnaire. The Agribalyse® 3.0.1 database was used to calculate environmental impact parameters such as greenhouse gas emission, energy, water, and land use. A sustainability beverage score was created by considering the evaluated environmental markers. A higher beverage sustainability score was obtained when decreasing the consumption of bottled water, natural and packed fruit juice, milk, and drinkable dairy, soups and broths, sorbets and jellies, soft drinks, tea without sugar, beer (with and without alcohol), and wine, as well as when increasing the consumption of tap water and coffee with milk and without sugar. Beverage consumption should be considered when assessing the environmental impact of a diet. Trial registration: ISRCTN, ISRCTN89898870. Registered 5 September 2013.

Ichthyoplankton represent the first life stages of fish. The study of ichthyoplankton is crucial to understanding marine ecosystems and plays an important role in the management and durability of fisheries resources. During March and October of 2019, two oceanographic ichthyoplankton surveys were conducted in the Mediterranean Sea of Morocco from Tanger to Saadia by studying the horizontal structure of the ichthyoplankton species assemblage and its relation to environmental parameters. The average surface water temperature was (15.8°C in spring and 16.4°C in autumn). The fish eggs and larvae were more abundant in March than in October (21268 eggs/10m² and 14084 larvae/10m² in spring and 10094 eggs/10m² and 13796 larvae/10m²). In both seasons, fish eggs from the families Sternoptychidae and Sparidae were dominant (10101 eggs/10m² and 7527 eggs/10m² in spring and 4422 eggs/10m² and 3928 eggs/10m² in fall, respectively). However, Myctophidae larvae were the most abundant in the study area, reaching 7601 larvae/10m² in spring and 11021 larvae/10m² in autumn. The environmental parameters: temperature, salinity and chlorophyll-a (surface) seem to directly influence the spatial distribution of ichtyoplancton. On the other hand, it seems that predation by jellyfish (Pelagia noctiluca)was a very important factor that added to the factors that influenced the distribution of the species of fish eggs and larvae. This work represents the first survey conducted in the southwestern Alboran Sea, which studies the horizontal structure of the ichthyoplankton species assemblage and its relation to environmental factors in the spring and autumn of 2019.

[ES] Con el objetivo de conocer los efectos de las claras en masas coetáneas de Pinus halepensis Mill. se ha evaluado la respuesta a un tratamiento realizado en 2015/16 en masas de mediana edad procedentes de repoblación en dos montes situados en el término municipal de Enguera (La Canal de Navarrés, Valencia) y en concreto en el “MUP V072, Los Altos” y “MUPV V075, Umbría La Plana” propiedad de su ayuntamiento. Para ello se han inventariado en el MUP V072 una parte de las parcelas medidas en 2011/12 tanto en rodales tratados como no tratados, representativas de las diferentes tipologías de estaciones existentes mientras que en el caso del “MUP V075, Umbría La Plana” al no disponer de inventario reciente se establecieron e inventariaron parcelas representativas de las diferentes estaciones existentes tratadas y no tratadas a la vez que se reconstruía el volumen extraído en 2015/2016 y el estado anterior de las parcelas. Mediante esta metodología se ha podido comparar la evolución entre las masas donde se han realizado tratamientos selvícolas y las masas donde no es el caso, y extraer conclusiones de cara a futuros tratamientos selvícolas de este tipo de masas forestales incluyendo las diferencias estacionales. Se observan diferencias pequeñas entre las zonas tratadas y las no tratadas a favor de las no tratadas en el Monte V072 mientras que en el Monte V075 es a la inversa lo que se explica por la mejor calidad de estación del segundo (orientación). Se interpreta que 5 años desde la actuación máxime cuando no se habían realizado anteriormente tratamientos a estas masas es un período insuficiente para extraer conclusiones definitivas siendo previsible que la respuesta sea más rápida en las mejores estaciones., [EN] Aiming a better understanding of the effects of the thinnings in mid age even aged stands masses of Pinus halepensis Mill. the response in two forests estates where extensive thinnings were applied in 2015/16 has been analyzed. The two forests are located in the municipality of Enguera (La Canal de Navarrés, València) and specifically in the “MUP V072, Los Altos” and “MUP V075, Umbría La Plana” owned by the town council. To this end, a part of the plots measured in 2011/12 have been measured again in MUP V072, both in treated and non treated stands analyzing the results in connection with different types of sites. In the case of “MUP V075, Umbría La Plana” and given that no recent inventory was available, representative plots of the different existing treated and untreated stations were established and inventoried, in order to rebuild the standing volume prior to the thinning as well as the extracted volume. Through this methodology, it was possible to compare the evolution between the stands where silvicultural treatments have been carried out and the stands where this is not the case, and draw conclusions for future silvicultural treatments of this type of forest stands, including site differences. Small differences have been observed between the treated and untreated stands in favor of the untreated ones in MUP V072, while in MUP V075 it is the opposite. This fact can be explained by the better station quality of the second (NW orientation). It is understood that 5 years after the thinning hasn’t been time enough for taking conclusive conclusion about the effects of a thinning, being though foreseeable that the response will be faster in the best stations.

[ES] Con el objetivo de conocer los efectos de las claras en masas coetáneas de Pinus halepensis Mill. se ha evaluado la respuesta a un tratamiento realizado en 2015/16 en masas de mediana edad procedentes de repoblación en dos montes situados en el término municipal de Enguera (La Canal de Navarrés, Valencia) y en concreto en el “MUP V072, Los Altos” y “MUPV V075, Umbría La Plana” propiedad de su ayuntamiento. Para ello se han inventariado en el MUP V072 una parte de las parcelas medidas en 2011/12 tanto en rodales tratados como no tratados, representativas de las diferentes tipologías de estaciones existentes mientras que en el caso del “MUP V075, Umbría La Plana” al no disponer de inventario reciente se establecieron e inventariaron parcelas representativas de las diferentes estaciones existentes tratadas y no tratadas a la vez que se reconstruía el volumen extraído en 2015/2016 y el estado anterior de las parcelas. Mediante esta metodología se ha podido comparar la evolución entre las masas donde se han realizado tratamientos selvícolas y las masas donde no es el caso, y extraer conclusiones de cara a futuros tratamientos selvícolas de este tipo de masas forestales incluyendo las diferencias estacionales. Se observan diferencias pequeñas entre las zonas tratadas y las no tratadas a favor de las no tratadas en el Monte V072 mientras que en el Monte V075 es a la inversa lo que se explica por la mejor calidad de estación del segundo (orientación). Se interpreta que 5 años desde la actuación máxime cuando no se habían realizado anteriormente tratamientos a estas masas es un período insuficiente para extraer conclusiones definitivas siendo previsible que la respuesta sea más rápida en las mejores estaciones., [EN] Aiming a better understanding of the effects of the thinnings in mid age even aged stands masses of Pinus halepensis Mill. the response in two forests estates where extensive thinnings were applied in 2015/16 has been analyzed. The two forests are located in the municipality of Enguera (La Canal de Navarrés, València) and specifically in the “MUP V072, Los Altos” and “MUP V075, Umbría La Plana” owned by the town council. To this end, a part of the plots measured in 2011/12 have been measured again in MUP V072, both in treated and non treated stands analyzing the results in connection with different types of sites. In the case of “MUP V075, Umbría La Plana” and given that no recent inventory was available, representative plots of the different existing treated and untreated stations were established and inventoried, in order to rebuild the standing volume prior to the thinning as well as the extracted volume. Through this methodology, it was possible to compare the evolution between the stands where silvicultural treatments have been carried out and the stands where this is not the case, and draw conclusions for future silvicultural treatments of this type of forest stands, including site differences. Small differences have been observed between the treated and untreated stands in favor of the untreated ones in MUP V072, while in MUP V075 it is the opposite. This fact can be explained by the better station quality of the second (NW orientation). It is understood that 5 years after the thinning hasn’t been time enough for taking conclusive conclusion about the effects of a thinning, being though foreseeable that the response will be faster in the best stations.

[ES] Con el objetivo de conocer los efectos de las claras en masas coetáneas de Pinus halepensis Mill. se ha evaluado la respuesta a un tratamiento realizado en 2015/16 en masas de mediana edad procedentes de repoblación en dos montes situados en el término municipal de Enguera (La Canal de Navarrés, Valencia) y en concreto en el “MUP V072, Los Altos” y “MUPV V075, Umbría La Plana” propiedad de su ayuntamiento. Para ello se han inventariado en el MUP V072 una parte de las parcelas medidas en 2011/12 tanto en rodales tratados como no tratados, representativas de las diferentes tipologías de estaciones existentes mientras que en el caso del “MUP V075, Umbría La Plana” al no disponer de inventario reciente se establecieron e inventariaron parcelas representativas de las diferentes estaciones existentes tratadas y no tratadas a la vez que se reconstruía el volumen extraído en 2015/2016 y el estado anterior de las parcelas. Mediante esta metodología se ha podido comparar la evolución entre las masas donde se han realizado tratamientos selvícolas y las masas donde no es el caso, y extraer conclusiones de cara a futuros tratamientos selvícolas de este tipo de masas forestales incluyendo las diferencias estacionales. Se observan diferencias pequeñas entre las zonas tratadas y las no tratadas a favor de las no tratadas en el Monte V072 mientras que en el Monte V075 es a la inversa lo que se explica por la mejor calidad de estación del segundo (orientación). Se interpreta que 5 años desde la actuación máxime cuando no se habían realizado anteriormente tratamientos a estas masas es un período insuficiente para extraer conclusiones definitivas siendo previsible que la respuesta sea más rápida en las mejores estaciones., [EN] Aiming a better understanding of the effects of the thinnings in mid age even aged stands masses of Pinus halepensis Mill. the response in two forests estates where extensive thinnings were applied in 2015/16 has been analyzed. The two forests are located in the municipality of Enguera (La Canal de Navarrés, València) and specifically in the “MUP V072, Los Altos” and “MUP V075, Umbría La Plana” owned by the town council. To this end, a part of the plots measured in 2011/12 have been measured again in MUP V072, both in treated and non treated stands analyzing the results in connection with different types of sites. In the case of “MUP V075, Umbría La Plana” and given that no recent inventory was available, representative plots of the different existing treated and untreated stations were established and inventoried, in order to rebuild the standing volume prior to the thinning as well as the extracted volume. Through this methodology, it was possible to compare the evolution between the stands where silvicultural treatments have been carried out and the stands where this is not the case, and draw conclusions for future silvicultural treatments of this type of forest stands, including site differences. Small differences have been observed between the treated and untreated stands in favor of the untreated ones in MUP V072, while in MUP V075 it is the opposite. This fact can be explained by the better station quality of the second (NW orientation). It is understood that 5 years after the thinning hasn’t been time enough for taking conclusive conclusion about the effects of a thinning, being though foreseeable that the response will be faster in the best stations.

[ES] Con el objetivo de conocer los efectos de las claras en masas coetáneas de Pinus halepensis Mill. se ha evaluado la respuesta a un tratamiento realizado en 2015/16 en masas de mediana edad procedentes de repoblación en dos montes situados en el término municipal de Enguera (La Canal de Navarrés, Valencia) y en concreto en el “MUP V072, Los Altos” y “MUPV V075, Umbría La Plana” propiedad de su ayuntamiento. Para ello se han inventariado en el MUP V072 una parte de las parcelas medidas en 2011/12 tanto en rodales tratados como no tratados, representativas de las diferentes tipologías de estaciones existentes mientras que en el caso del “MUP V075, Umbría La Plana” al no disponer de inventario reciente se establecieron e inventariaron parcelas representativas de las diferentes estaciones existentes tratadas y no tratadas a la vez que se reconstruía el volumen extraído en 2015/2016 y el estado anterior de las parcelas. Mediante esta metodología se ha podido comparar la evolución entre las masas donde se han realizado tratamientos selvícolas y las masas donde no es el caso, y extraer conclusiones de cara a futuros tratamientos selvícolas de este tipo de masas forestales incluyendo las diferencias estacionales. Se observan diferencias pequeñas entre las zonas tratadas y las no tratadas a favor de las no tratadas en el Monte V072 mientras que en el Monte V075 es a la inversa lo que se explica por la mejor calidad de estación del segundo (orientación). Se interpreta que 5 años desde la actuación máxime cuando no se habían realizado anteriormente tratamientos a estas masas es un período insuficiente para extraer conclusiones definitivas siendo previsible que la respuesta sea más rápida en las mejores estaciones., [EN] Aiming a better understanding of the effects of the thinnings in mid age even aged stands masses of Pinus halepensis Mill. the response in two forests estates where extensive thinnings were applied in 2015/16 has been analyzed. The two forests are located in the municipality of Enguera (La Canal de Navarrés, València) and specifically in the “MUP V072, Los Altos” and “MUP V075, Umbría La Plana” owned by the town council. To this end, a part of the plots measured in 2011/12 have been measured again in MUP V072, both in treated and non treated stands analyzing the results in connection with different types of sites. In the case of “MUP V075, Umbría La Plana” and given that no recent inventory was available, representative plots of the different existing treated and untreated stations were established and inventoried, in order to rebuild the standing volume prior to the thinning as well as the extracted volume. Through this methodology, it was possible to compare the evolution between the stands where silvicultural treatments have been carried out and the stands where this is not the case, and draw conclusions for future silvicultural treatments of this type of forest stands, including site differences. Small differences have been observed between the treated and untreated stands in favor of the untreated ones in MUP V072, while in MUP V075 it is the opposite. This fact can be explained by the better station quality of the second (NW orientation). It is understood that 5 years after the thinning hasn’t been time enough for taking conclusive conclusion about the effects of a thinning, being though foreseeable that the response will be faster in the best stations.

Agricultural production is greatly influenced by environmental parameters such as temperature, rainfall, humidity, and wind speed. The accurate information about environmental parameters plays a vital and useful role when making policies for the agriculture sector as well as for other sectors. Pakistan meteorological department observed these environmental parameters at more than 90 stations. The allocation of these monitoring stations is not made systematically correct. This leads to inaccurate predictions for unobserved locations. The study aims to propose a monitoring network by which these prediction errors of the environmental parameters can be minimized. The well-known prediction techniques named, model-based ordinary kriging and model-based universal kriging (UK) with the known Matheron variogram model are used for prediction purposes. We investigate the monitoring network of Pakistan for rainfall and focus on both the optimal deletion/addition of monitoring stations from/to this network. The two stochastic search algorithms, spatial simulated annealing, and genetic algorithm are used for optimization purposes. Furthermore, the minimization of the Average Kriging Variance (AKV) is taken as the interpolation accuracy measure. The spatial simulated annealing exhibits a lower AKV as compared to the Genetic algorithm when adding/removing the optimal/redundant locations from the monitoring network.

There is a need to implement efficient strategies to mitigate the challenges of climate change and income inequalities in developing countries. Several studies have been conducted to address the relationship among different econometric and environmental indicators of renewable energy (RE) but overlooked the relationship between RE and income inequalities. This study investigates the influence of the distribution of income on the RE in Brazil, Russia, China, and South Africa (BRICS) between 1988 and 2017. The econometric (economic growth and trade), environmental, and institutional parameters are also integrated into the model. The outcomes reveal that reduced inequality in income distribution increases the consumption of RE. In contrast, CO2 emissions have a positive correlation with RE. The governments should implement environmentally friendly policies and increase the consumption of renewable energy in the future with regards to reducing environmental pollution. Furthermore, findings from the study indicate a positive effect on the reduction of corruption in renewable energy. This shows that institutional quality can affect the uptake of renewable energy. The study further identified that growth in a country’s economy decreases RE consumption, suggesting that these countries prefer fossil fuels to gain economic growth. The Granger causality results show that a bidirectional causality exists between income inequality and RE consumption. Bidirectional causality is observed between income distribution and CO2 emissions. The results from this study are important for policymakers to achieve sustainable development because fair income distribution and environmental quality are considered as two key factors for sustainable development. Strong institutions and control on corruption can bring sound social and economic gains. Therefore, fair distribution of income and strong institutional policies can increase RE consumption to achieve a clean environment. © 2022 by the aut

As the world is moving towards a more digital world with the majority of people having tablets, smartphones and smart objects, solving real-world computational problems with handheld devices seems more common. Detection or tracking of objects using a camera is starting to be used in all kinds of fields, from self-driving cars, sorting items to x-rays, referenced in Introduction. Object detection is very calculation heavy which is why a good computer is necessary for it to work relatively fast. Object detection using lightweight models is not as accurate as a heavyweight model because the model trades accuracy for inference to work relatively fast on such devices. As handheld devices get more powerful and people have better access to object detection models that can work on limited-computing devices, the ability to build their own small object detection machines at home or at work increases substantially. Knowing what kind of factors that have a big impact on object detection can help the user to design or choose the correct model. This study aims to explore what kind of impact distance, angle and light have on Inceptionv2 SSD, MobileNetv3 Large SSD and MobileNetv3 Small SSD on the COCO dataset. The results indicate that distance is the most dominant factor on the Inceptionv2 SSD model using the COCO dataset. The data for the MobileNetv3 SSD models indicate that the angle might have the biggest impact on these models but the data is too inconclusive to say that with certainty. With the knowledge of knowing what kind of factors that affect a certain model’s performance the most, the user can make a more informed choice to their field of use.

Proper meshing is critical for accurate computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. In the three stages of CFD simulation, pre-processing accounts for about 40–60% of the total time. In this study, the performance of the grid for a large number of numerical simulations was analyzed, and base mesh sizes were recommended for different indoor geometric models. The simulation results for temperature, velocity, mesh resolution and computation time were compared, and mesh types were recommended for different models. Considering factors such as wall function, wall y+, face quality of the mesh, grid volume change rate and prism layer setting, a semi-empirical mesh strategy was presented. This strategy was verified in three cases with different geometric complexity. The verification results showed that the mesh strategy can yield reasonable simulation results. The root-mean-square error of the velocity simulation results of the optimized grid can be reduced by nearly 20%. This strategy can save nearly 50% of the mesh adjustment time. Through analysis and fitting of the grid results, the evaluation criteria for this mesh strategy were obtained. The criteria can be used to evaluate the cases using this mesh strategy., QC 20230227

Agricultural production is greatly influenced by environmental parameters such as temperature, rainfall, humidity, and wind speed. The accurate information about environmental parameters plays a vital and useful role when making policies for the agriculture sector as well as for other sectors. Pakistan meteorological department observed these environmental parameters at more than 90 stations. The allocation of these monitoring stations is not made systematically correct. This leads to inaccurate predictions for unobserved locations. The study aims to propose a monitoring network by which these prediction errors of the environmental parameters can be minimized. The well-known prediction techniques named, model-based ordinary kriging and model-based universal kriging (UK) with the known Matheron variogram model are used for prediction purposes. We investigate the monitoring network of Pakistan for rainfall and focus on both the optimal deletion/addition of monitoring stations from/to this network. The two stochastic search algorithms, spatial simulated annealing, and genetic algorithm are used for optimization purposes. Furthermore, the minimization of the Average Kriging Variance (AKV) is taken as the interpolation accuracy measure. The spatial simulated annealing exhibits a lower AKV as compared to the Genetic algorithm when adding/removing the optimal/redundant locations from the monitoring network.

For emerging countries, mining has been a vital factor in employment, economic development, infrastructure, and supply of essential raw materials for Nation’s Gross domestic product (GDP) growth. The Limestone mine industry is serving as a viable route for economic transformation in India. Limestone exploration causes major damage to the environment at Yerraguntla industrial zone, YSR Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh, India. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the environmental Pollution parameter that causes Air, Water, Noise, and Soil pollution in and around limestone quarries started in the early 1984. The present study estimated Air Quality Index (AQI) as 76 based on the air quality sub-index approach using four pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx) for a period of 24 hrs by taking one sample per hour during the post monsoon. Water Quality Index (WQI) obtained as 303.91 from fourteen physicochemical parameters (pH, EC, fluoride, Total alkalinity etc.) measured from water samples. Soil quality was determined using four physicochemical parameters (pH, EC, WHC, Calcium and Magnesium) from the soil samples collected from ten sampling stations. The obtained pH range was (7.6 to 9.4), EC of the soil was determined as 4,140 µs/cm, the water retention capacity of the soil, ranges from (17.68 to 97.68) %, and the Calcium (Ca2+) and Magnesium (Mg2+) ranged from 74.5 to 272.75 mEq/L. Noise levels were determined as 76.64 dB in the mine’s, 58.16 dB in the cement industry, and 52.285 dB in the mine surrounding villages. This study can help mining sector management’s in developing a sustainable Environmental Management frame work to meet the world sustainable development goals (SDGs).

As the world is moving towards a more digital world with the majority of people having tablets, smartphones and smart objects, solving real-world computational problems with handheld devices seems more common. Detection or tracking of objects using a camera is starting to be used in all kinds of fields, from self-driving cars, sorting items to x-rays, referenced in Introduction. Object detection is very calculation heavy which is why a good computer is necessary for it to work relatively fast. Object detection using lightweight models is not as accurate as a heavyweight model because the model trades accuracy for inference to work relatively fast on such devices. As handheld devices get more powerful and people have better access to object detection models that can work on limited-computing devices, the ability to build their own small object detection machines at home or at work increases substantially. Knowing what kind of factors that have a big impact on object detection can help the user to design or choose the correct model. This study aims to explore what kind of impact distance, angle and light have on Inceptionv2 SSD, MobileNetv3 Large SSD and MobileNetv3 Small SSD on the COCO dataset. The results indicate that distance is the most dominant factor on the Inceptionv2 SSD model using the COCO dataset. The data for the MobileNetv3 SSD models indicate that the angle might have the biggest impact on these models but the data is too inconclusive to say that with certainty. With the knowledge of knowing what kind of factors that affect a certain model’s performance the most, the user can make a more informed choice to their field of use.

[Abstract] The species composition of cyanobacteria assemblages was studied in six thermo-mineral springs of spas in Atlantic environments of Galicia (NW Spain). Two are considered hot (Ta ≥ 40 °C), two intermediate (Ta 20–40 °C) and two cold (Ta ≤ 20 °C), and four contain hydrogen sulphide. A total of 21 taxa (14 genera) have been recorded. Two diversity indices, Shannon index and Evenness were determined. The Shannon–Wiener index ranged between 0.31 and 0.73 and the Evenness index between 0.44 and 0.88. nMDS ordination showed that cyanobacteria assemblage composition was influenced mostly by temperature. Of the species identified, the most diverse genus is Leptolyngbya with four species, followed by Chroococcus with three species and Aphanocapsa, Phormidium and Lyngbya with two species. The most abundant species was Jaaginema angustissimum, followed by Leptolyngbya laminosa and Symploca thermalis. In the two cold springs, seven different species were found, and only Aphanocapsa conferta was common to both springs. Cyanobacterial species were more numerous in the four hot springs, with 15 different species and only Calothrix thermalis common to these hot springs. It is difficult to establish characteristic cyanobacterial flora for the thermo-mineral waters of the Galician springs since there are significant differences in the communities from the six sites studied.

Anthropic activities have progressively left their mark in the environment where man benefits from the ecosystem goods and services, which has transcended socio-environmental conflicts throughout history. Proof of this is the drastic changes suffered by the Bogotá River due to the uncontrolled discharges from the continuous growth of populations and activities surrounding the body of water. In the present study, the variability of the environmental parameters in the upper basin of the Bogotá River between the years 2007 to 2019 is exposed after the issuance of the Agreement 43 of 2006 of the CAR, for which a multi-temporal analysis was carried out and statistical data. The results show that throughout the twelve (12) years of monitoring there is no contamination due to nitrates, nitrites, or sulfates in the upper basin of the Bogotá River, similarly, the monitored pH remained within the objectives of quality except for 3 years in which the maximum value allowed in the upper part of the basin was exceeded. However, the increasing deterioration of the water quality in the Bogotá River is mainly attributed to the total suspended solids that shows a permanent non-compliance in the upper and lower upper basin, added to the non-compliance in the lower upper basin according to the quality objectives for the dissolved oxygen, BOD and COD parameters. Consequently, the results show the scarce impact derived from the actions developed by the local and environmental authorities to ensure the quality objectives in the upper basin of the Bogotá River, and the effect of weak water governance in the basin., Las actividades antrópicas han dejado su huella de manera progresiva en el entorno del cual el hombre obtiene provecho de los bienes y servicios ecosistémicos, lo que ha trascendido a conflictos socioambientales a lo largo de la historia. Prueba de ello son los cambios drásticos sufridos por el río Bogotá a causa de los vertimientos sin control, provenientes del continuo crecimiento de las poblaciones y actividades aledañas al cuerpo de agua. En el presente estudio se expone la variabilidad de los parámetros ambientales en la cuenca alta del río Bogotá entre los años 2007 al 2019 luego de la expedición del Acuerdo 43 del 2006 de la CAR; se llevó a cabo un análisis multitemporal y estadístico de los datos. Los resultados evidencian que a lo largo de los doce años de monitoreo no se presenta contaminación a causa de nitratos, nitritos ni sulfatos en la cuenca alta del río Bogotá; de manera similar, el pH monitoreado se mantuvo dentro de los objetivos de calidad, a excepción de 3 años en los que se superó el valor máximo permitido en la parte superior de la cuenca. No obstante, el deterioro creciente de la calidad del agua en el río Bogotá se atribuye principalmente a los sólidos suspendidos totales que muestran un incumplimiento permanente en la cuenca alta superior e inferior, sumado a los incumplimientos en la cuenca alta inferior de los objetivos de calidad para los parámetros oxígeno disuelto, DBO y DQO. En consecuencia, los resultados evidencian el escaso impacto derivado de las acciones desarrolladas por parte de las autoridades locales y ambientales para asegurar los objetivos de calidad en la cuenca alta del río Bogotá, efecto de una débil gobernanza del agua en la cuenca.

The nocturnal exodus of Cuban bat species is closely related to environmental parameters and evolutionary behaviors. E. glaucinus, one of the largest insectivorous bats in Cuba, has adopted urban environments as a new ecological niche. The objective of this research is to analyze the environmental factors that affect the nocturnal exodus of E. glaucinus, by monitoring a colony resident in Consolación del Sur, Pinar del Río. The results showed that the nocturnal exodus of this species decreases considerably with the decrease in temperature, as well as an increase in wind speed and humidity. Specific ecological behavior patterns were recorded, related to the departure time from the refuge and the selection of the flight direction of specimens within the population. The period of activity of the species varies between specimens, and it can cover the entire night., El éxodo nocturno las especies de murciélagos cubanos está estrechamente relacionado con parámetros ambientales y conductas evolutivas. E. glaucinus, uno de los murciélagos insectívoros de mayor tamaño en Cuba ha adoptado los ambientes urbanos como nuevo nicho ecológico. El objetivo de la presente investigación es analizar los factores ambientales que afectan el éxodo nocturno de E. glaucinus, mediante el monitoreo de una colonia residente en Consolación del Sur, Pinar del Río. Los resultados mostraron que el éxodo nocturno de esta especie, en la población analizada, disminuye considerablemente con la disminución de la temperatura, así como un aumento de la velocidad del viento y la humedad relativa. Se registraron patrones de una conducta ecológica específica, relacionada con el horario de salida del refugio y la selección de la dirección de vuelo de ejemplares dentro de la población. El periodo de actividad de la especie varía entre ejemplares, pudiendo abarcar toda la noche.

The environment has a significant impact on the corrosion of steel. Corrosion is unavoidable; however, the rate of corrosion can be minimized by painting and galvanizing. The rate of corrosion depends on the coating and the environmental condition. The purpose of this research is to study and evaluate different types of structural steel coated with different materials in the East of Thailand. The atmospheric corrosion test is conducted for two types of steel, SS400 and SM490 with six different coating systems which are bare steel, hot-dip galvanized steel, hot-dip galvanized with painting (duplex system), common base practice paint steel, well base practice paint steel, and the premium base paint steel and the location of atmosphere corrosion test is conducted in three test site which is at Chachoengsao, Chonburi, and Rayong. Following the ASTM G50 standard, specimens are exposed to the real environment for three months, six months, and one year at the desired location. Weathering station at the test site collects and monitors environmental data such as temperature, rainfall, and relative humidity on a daily basis but the SO2 pollution, and airborne chlorides on a monthly basis. The weathering stations are present only at Station 13 Chachoengsao and Station 14, Chonburi. The sulfur dioxide was collected through a lead dioxide cylinder and the chloride was collected through the dry gauze method. The exposed steel specimen for bare steel and Hot dip galvanized are cleaned and the corrosion products are removed. After analyzing the thickness loss data of the specimens, we are able to predict the thickness loss of the specimens for bare steel and hot-dip galvanized steel and using the environmental parameters and the thickness loss data of one year we are able to predict first-year corrosion based on environmental parameters. The painted specimens are analyzed, and we can evaluate and compare different types of paint-coated specimens using the data. The results would in

The environment has a significant impact on the corrosion of steel. Corrosion is unavoidable; however, the rate of corrosion can be minimized by painting and galvanizing. The rate of corrosion depends on the coating and the environmental condition. The purpose of this research is to study and evaluate different types of structural steel coated with different materials in the East of Thailand. The atmospheric corrosion test is conducted for two types of steel, SS400 and SM490 with six different coating systems which are bare steel, hot-dip galvanized steel, hot-dip galvanized with painting (duplex system), common base practice paint steel, well base practice paint steel, and the premium base paint steel and the location of atmosphere corrosion test is conducted in three test site which is at Chachoengsao, Chonburi, and Rayong. Following the ASTM G50 standard, specimens are exposed to the real environment for three months, six months, and one year at the desired location. Weathering station at the test site collects and monitors environmental data such as temperature, rainfall, and relative humidity on a daily basis but the SO2 pollution, and airborne chlorides on a monthly basis. The weathering stations are present only at Station 13 Chachoengsao and Station 14, Chonburi. The sulfur dioxide was collected through a lead dioxide cylinder and the chloride was collected through the dry gauze method. The exposed steel specimen for bare steel and Hot dip galvanized are cleaned and the corrosion products are removed. After analyzing the thickness loss data of the specimens, we are able to predict the thickness loss of the specimens for bare steel and hot-dip galvanized steel and using the environmental parameters and the thickness loss data of one year we are able to predict first-year corrosion based on environmental parameters. The painted specimens are analyzed, and we can evaluate and compare different types of paint-coated specimens using the data. The results would in

The environment has a significant impact on the corrosion of steel. Corrosion is unavoidable; however, the rate of corrosion can be minimized by painting and galvanizing. The rate of corrosion depends on the coating and the environmental condition. The purpose of this research is to study and evaluate different types of structural steel coated with different materials in the East of Thailand. The atmospheric corrosion test is conducted for two types of steel, SS400 and SM490 with six different coating systems which are bare steel, hot-dip galvanized steel, hot-dip galvanized with painting (duplex system), common base practice paint steel, well base practice paint steel, and the premium base paint steel and the location of atmosphere corrosion test is conducted in three test site which is at Chachoengsao, Chonburi, and Rayong. Following the ASTM G50 standard, specimens are exposed to the real environment for three months, six months, and one year at the desired location. Weathering station at the test site collects and monitors environmental data such as temperature, rainfall, and relative humidity on a daily basis but the SO2 pollution, and airborne chlorides on a monthly basis. The weathering stations are present only at Station 13 Chachoengsao and Station 14, Chonburi. The sulfur dioxide was collected through a lead dioxide cylinder and the chloride was collected through the dry gauze method. The exposed steel specimen for bare steel and Hot dip galvanized are cleaned and the corrosion products are removed. After analyzing the thickness loss data of the specimens, we are able to predict the thickness loss of the specimens for bare steel and hot-dip galvanized steel and using the environmental parameters and the thickness loss data of one year we are able to predict first-year corrosion based on environmental parameters. The painted specimens are analyzed, and we can evaluate and compare different types of paint-coated specimens using the data. The results would in

The environment has a significant impact on the corrosion of steel. Corrosion is unavoidable; however, the rate of corrosion can be minimized by painting and galvanizing. The rate of corrosion depends on the coating and the environmental condition. The purpose of this research is to study and evaluate different types of structural steel coated with different materials in the East of Thailand. The atmospheric corrosion test is conducted for two types of steel, SS400 and SM490 with six different coating systems which are bare steel, hot-dip galvanized steel, hot-dip galvanized with painting (duplex system), common base practice paint steel, well base practice paint steel, and the premium base paint steel and the location of atmosphere corrosion test is conducted in three test site which is at Chachoengsao, Chonburi, and Rayong. Following the ASTM G50 standard, specimens are exposed to the real environment for three months, six months, and one year at the desired location. Weathering station at the test site collects and monitors environmental data such as temperature, rainfall, and relative humidity on a daily basis but the SO2 pollution, and airborne chlorides on a monthly basis. The weathering stations are present only at Station 13 Chachoengsao and Station 14, Chonburi. The sulfur dioxide was collected through a lead dioxide cylinder and the chloride was collected through the dry gauze method. The exposed steel specimen for bare steel and Hot dip galvanized are cleaned and the corrosion products are removed. After analyzing the thickness loss data of the specimens, we are able to predict the thickness loss of the specimens for bare steel and hot-dip galvanized steel and using the environmental parameters and the thickness loss data of one year we are able to predict first-year corrosion based on environmental parameters. The painted specimens are analyzed, and we can evaluate and compare different types of paint-coated specimens using the data. The results would in

Seasonal changes in condition index and the biochemical components (proteins, lipids and glycogen) of the gonad/digestive gland, foot, labial palp, mantle, gills and adductor muscles of Donax trunculus Linnaeus, 1758 from the Gulf of Tunis were monitored seasonally, from November 2006 to October 2007, in relation to environmental conditions and reproductive events. The condition index increased during late gametogenesis and the ripe stage, coinciding with enrichment of the water by phytoplankton, and decreased during late summer and autumn (i.e. the spawning and rest periods). Glycogen increased during early gametogenesis and peaked during winter, pointing to its mobilisation in the formation of active ripe gametes. The foot, gonad/digestive gland, and adductor muscle were the three major glycogen-reserve tissues. Protein content was high during the end of summer in the whole individual and during autumn in the gonad/digestive gland. Lipid content started to increase as gametogenesis began, reached its peak at gonad ripeness and during the early spawning stage (summer) and sharply declined due to the shedding of gametes (autumn). A transformation of glycogen for de novo synthesis of lipids, in the gonad/ digestive gland, was suggested during the later stages of the gonadic cycle, in support of gametogenesis. Temporal fluctuations in environmental factors, particularly temperature and food supply, drive the cycle of storage and utilisation of metabolic energy reserves which in turn govern gametogenesis in Donax trunculus.

The monthly variations in metal concentration of Cadmium (Cd), Zinc (Zn) and Chromium (Cr) were determined in tissues of Mytilus galloprovincialis and seawater obtained from the mussel farm installed along the Al Hoceima coasts, during the sampling period of 2018. The heavy metals encountered in the bivalves were higher than those observed in their environment with a decreasing order of Zn > Cr > Cd. The results also showed a decreasing trend for the metals studied during the summer sampling campaign. The maximum values were obtained during the wet periods. The monthly variations in trace metals observed in the mussel tissues were due to environmental parameters and the physiological state of the bivalves. Our results revealed that the average concentrations of pollutants found in M. galloprovincialis were below the limits allowed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) which are 2.0, 1000 and 1.0 mg/kg, for Cd, Zn and Cr, respectively in molluscan shellfish for human consumption. Therefore, the trace elements present in the tissues of Al Hoceima shore mussels do not represent a risk to human health associated with their consumption, even during the period of their maximum bioaccumulation. Our work highlights the potential use of Mytilus galloprovincialis in the Biomonitoring of metallic pollutants in this region of the northern Moroccan coasts.

The dataset covers biotic and abiotic data from the aquatic habitat of a population of the sediment-rooted macrophyte Myriophyllum spicatum in the temperate climate region (The Netherlands). The growth of M. spicatum was monitored in 0.2025 m2 plant baskets installed in an experimental ditch. Parameters monitored included biomass (fresh and dry weight), shoot length, seasonal short-term growth rates of shoots, relevant environmental parameters and weather data. This dataset includes the 2-year experimental biotic (macrophyte biomass and growth data) and environmental data (water quality data, sediment data). A second file includes the statistical data. A third file includes the weather data.

The environment has a significant impact on the corrosion of steel. Corrosion is unavoidable; however, the rate of corrosion can be minimized by painting and galvanizing. The rate of corrosion depends on the coating and the environmental condition. The purpose of this research is to study and evaluate different types of structural steel coated with different materials in the East of Thailand. The atmospheric corrosion test is conducted for two types of steel, SS400 and SM490 with six different coating systems which are bare steel, hot-dip galvanized steel, hot-dip galvanized with painting (duplex system), common base practice paint steel, well base practice paint steel, and the premium base paint steel and the location of atmosphere corrosion test is conducted in three test site which is at Chachoengsao, Chonburi, and Rayong. Following the ASTM G50 standard, specimens are exposed to the real environment for three months, six months, and one year at the desired location. Weathering station at the test site collects and monitors environmental data such as temperature, rainfall, and relative humidity on a daily basis but the SO2 pollution, and airborne chlorides on a monthly basis. The weathering stations are present only at Station 13 Chachoengsao and Station 14, Chonburi. The sulfur dioxide was collected through a lead dioxide cylinder and the chloride was collected through the dry gauze method. The exposed steel specimen for bare steel and Hot dip galvanized are cleaned and the corrosion products are removed. After analyzing the thickness loss data of the specimens, we are able to predict the thickness loss of the specimens for bare steel and hot-dip galvanized steel and using the environmental parameters and the thickness loss data of one year we are able to predict first-year corrosion based on environmental parameters. The painted specimens are analyzed, and we can evaluate and compare different types of paint-coated specimens using the data. The results would in

An aeromicological study of fungal spores in the air, its seasonal dynamics and the analysis of the incidence of environmental factors on the risk of biodeterioration were carried out in the Egyptian room of the Museum of La Plata. Eighteen types of fungal propagules were detected. The annual average of UFC/m3 air for the 3 sites of the room showed 31158.90 elements, compared to 28046 in the external site. Aspergillus niger, Beauveria, Fusarium oxysporum and Penicillium were the most abundant types. The analysis of the daily variation of temperature and humidity inside the room indicated that the out of range variable was relative humidity. The combined strategies of aerobiological monitoring provide new tools for the evaluation and prediction of the life time of the different materials., Se realizó un estudio aerobiológico de esporas fúngicas en el aire, su dinámica estacional y el análisis de la incidencia de los factores ambientales en el riesgo de biodeterioro en la sala Egipcia del Museo de La Plata. Se detectaron 18 tipos de unidades fúngicas de dispersión (esporas y otros elementos vegetativos) en la carga microrobiana. El promedio anual de UFC/m3 aire para los 3 sitios de la sala mostró 31158,90 elementos, comparado con 28046 en el sitio exterior. Aspergillus niger, Beauveria, Fusarium oxysporum y Penicillium fueron los tipos más abundantes. El análisis de la variación diaria de temperatura y humedad en el interior de la Sala, indicó que la variable fuera de rango fue la humedad relativa. Las estrategias combinadas de monitoreo aerobiológico proporcionan nuevas herramientas para la evaluación y predicción del tiempo de vida de los diferentes materiales, Se realizó un estudio aerobiológico de esporas fúngicas en el aire, su dinámica estacional y el análisis de la incidencia de los factores ambientales en el riesgo de biodeterioro en la sala Egipcia del Museo de La Plata. Se detectaron 18 tipos de unidades fúngicas de dispersión (esporas y otros elementos vegetativos) en la carga microrobiana. El promedio anual de UFC/m3 aire para los 3 sitios de la sala mostró 31158,90 elementos, comparado con 28046 en el sitio exterior. Aspergillus niger, Beauveria, Fusarium oxysporum y Penicillium fueron los tipos más abundantes. El análisis de la variación diaria de temperatura y humedad en el interior de la Sala, indicó que la variable fuera de rango fue la humedad relativa. Las estrategias combinadas de monitoreo aerobiológico proporcionan nuevas herramientas para la evaluación y predicción del tiempo de vida de los diferentes materiales.

An aeromicological study of fungal spores in the air, its seasonal dynamics and the analysis of the incidence of environmental factors on the risk of biodeterioration were carried out in the Egyptian room of the Museum of La Plata. Eighteen types of fungal propagules were detected. The annual average of UFC/m3 air for the 3 sites of the room showed 31158.90 elements, compared to 28046 in the external site. Aspergillus niger, Beauveria, Fusarium oxysporum and Penicillium were the most abundant types. The analysis of the daily variation of temperature and humidity inside the room indicated that the out of range variable was relative humidity. The combined strategies of aerobiological monitoring provide new tools for the evaluation and prediction of the life time of the different materials., Se realizó un estudio aerobiológico de esporas fúngicas en el aire, su dinámica estacional y el análisis de la incidencia de los factores ambientales en el riesgo de biodeterioro en la sala Egipcia del Museo de La Plata. Se detectaron 18 tipos de unidades fúngicas de dispersión (esporas y otros elementos vegetativos) en la carga microrobiana. El promedio anual de UFC/m3 aire para los 3 sitios de la sala mostró 31158,90 elementos, comparado con 28046 en el sitio exterior. Aspergillus niger, Beauveria, Fusarium oxysporum y Penicillium fueron los tipos más abundantes. El análisis de la variación diaria de temperatura y humedad en el interior de la Sala, indicó que la variable fuera de rango fue la humedad relativa. Las estrategias combinadas de monitoreo aerobiológico proporcionan nuevas herramientas para la evaluación y predicción del tiempo de vida de los diferentes materiales, Se realizó un estudio aerobiológico de esporas fúngicas en el aire, su dinámica estacional y el análisis de la incidencia de los factores ambientales en el riesgo de biodeterioro en la sala Egipcia del Museo de La Plata. Se detectaron 18 tipos de unidades fúngicas de dispersión (esporas y otros elementos vegetativos) en la carga microrobiana. El promedio anual de UFC/m3 aire para los 3 sitios de la sala mostró 31158,90 elementos, comparado con 28046 en el sitio exterior. Aspergillus niger, Beauveria, Fusarium oxysporum y Penicillium fueron los tipos más abundantes. El análisis de la variación diaria de temperatura y humedad en el interior de la Sala, indicó que la variable fuera de rango fue la humedad relativa. Las estrategias combinadas de monitoreo aerobiológico proporcionan nuevas herramientas para la evaluación y predicción del tiempo de vida de los diferentes materiales.

Continuous measurements of soil CO2 flux are useful for understanding degassing processes and for monitoring volcanic activities. Recent studies at many volcanoes have revealed that soil CO2 flux variations are significantly influenced by environmental parameters as well as volcanic processes. In this study, we conducted continuous monitoring of soil CO2 flux in the flank of Nakadake cone, Aso volcano, Japan, from January 2016 to November 2017. The results of our observations during an active period before and after a large phreatomagmatic eruption on 8 October 2016 and during a calm period from 2017 showed variations in soil CO2 flux due to oscillations in environmental parameters. Excluding these variations from the raw time series by multivariate linear regression analysis, the time series of soil CO2 flux presented some anomalous peaks in both the active and calm periods. Careful comparison of the anomalous peaks with the environmental parameters revealed that most of the anomalous peaks were likely due to an increase in wind speed and/or a decrease in barometric pressure. However, the anomaly after the 8 October 2016 eruption was not completely explicable by the variations in the environmental parameters and coincided with increases in seismic amplitude and plume SO2 flux. This anomaly was possibly attributed to an increase in magmatic CO2 flux. These findings emphasized the importance of careful statistical treatment of the soil CO2 flux data after excluding the influences of the environmental parameters at each measurement site. These statistical treatments will contribute to a better understanding of the degassing processes and monitoring of volcanic activities, including phreatic or phreatomagmatic eruptions.

Systematic reproduction and distribution, duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modifications of the content of this paper are prohibited., [EN] Monitoring an aquatic environment in aquaculture is usually carried out by controlling its physicochemical and biological parameters. The global state of the process is evaluated though the individual conditions shown in each parameter. However, the correlation structure in the data, caused by interdependence between these parameters, provides relevant information which must be controlled. Thus, the complex structure of the data requires a multivariate control method to explore both the individual and interactive effects of the environmental parameters. To achieve this goal, this paper presents a statistical method based on a Multivariate Exponentially Moving Average (MEWMA) chart to monitor the multivariate structure of an aquatic environment in aquaculture, especially in a crop of tilapia in Mozambique. The results show that the adjusted MEWMA chart is more consistent when controlling the conformity and stability of environmental parameters. Therefore, it can be considered an efficient statistical method to monitor an aquatic environment in aquaculture.

Due to life in extreme environments, cyanobacteria and algae from cave biofilms that form at the entrances or deep inside the cave around artificial lights are of increasing interest to many scientists. It is well-known that many phototrophic microorganisms are first to colonize exposed substrata and produce the organic matter on which other biofilm constituents relly. Many studies dealing with phototrophic microorganisms from biofilms focus on the diversity and community composition of cyanobacteria and algae, while quantitative assessments are rarely implemented. Biofilm sampling was conducted in Degurić and Vernjikica Cave located in Western and Eastern Serbia, respectively. Ecological parameters (temperature, relative humidity, light intensity) and distance from the entrance were measured. Additionally, chlorophyll content, as well as biofilm parameters (water content, organic and inorganic matter) were determined. The abundance of phototrophic microorganisms was assessed on microscope slides which contained 1 mg of biofilm that was dehydrated for a short period of time and homogenized prior to slide preparation, and then rehydratated. The biomass of recorded cyanobacterial and algal taxa was calculated by applying geometric approximations and standard mathematical formulas. In Degurić Cave, at the sampling site where the highest biomass was documented, the higher diversity, water content and chlorophyll values were also recorded, while in Vernjikica Cave a high content of organic matter was documented. According to the multivariate analyses performed, the biomass of simple trichal Cyanobacteria, Bacillariophyta, and Xanthophyta was positively correlated with the content of organic matter in biofilm and light intensity, while coccoid and heterocytous Cyanobacteria and Chlorophyta showed a positive correlation with water content in the biofilm, relative humidity and distance from the entrance. The total biomass was positively correlated with the chlorophyll conte

This paper deals with spatio-temporal distribution of macrobenthos and their relationship with physico-chemical environment and sediment properties in estuarine mangrove ecosystem of Chorao, Goa. The complex mangrove habitats provide nutrient and play vital role in the establishment of healthy mangrove fauna. The mangrove of Chorao is inhabited by 14 species of mangrove and associated flora in different substrata. The macrofaunal density in the four study stations varied significantly. Total numerical count was 7960 at C1, 3300 at C2, 6705 at C3 and 7075 at C4. The wet weight biomass was 27.18 at C1, 17. 62 at C2, 15.85 at C3 and 24.30 at C4. There was strong seasonality in the occurrence of fauna in the study area. The average macrofaunaltaxa was dominated by polychaeta (55%), crustacea (26%) and mollusca (14%). The other groups like nematode, echiurida and nemertenea was insignificant. The epibenthic feeding forms of polychaetes and scavengers/browsers of crustacean were more common in the sandy substratum, while deposit feeders were common in muddy substratum at Chorao mangrove. The result of the present study suggests that mangrove ecosystem with different substrata and physico-chemical parameters supports varied fauna and had different effect on the benthic community.

La siguiente monografía de grado presenta el diseño conceptual de un vehículo aéreo no tripulado, que tiene como fin por una parte alertar a diferentes actores sobre las necesidades de las personas en los espacios urbanos, tales como advertir baches, obstáculos en las vías o problemas de movilidad a través del procesamiento de imágenes, y por otro lado generar posibilidades de acción frente a las ciudades en materia de parámetros ambientales a través de sensores de dióxido de carbono. Con la implementación de este vehículo aéreo no tripulado se pretende brindar una solución viable en temas como movilidad y necesidades de espacios urbanos, el cambio climático, la contaminación urbana, el desarrollo sostenible y el mejoramiento de la calidad de vida en los centros urbanos. Para su desarrollo se analizó las necesidades de Bogotá Colombia y de la Habana Cuba en general., This degree monograph presents the conceptual design of an unmanned aerial vehicle, which is intended on the one hand to alert different actors to the needs of people in urban spaces, such as warning potholes, road obstacles, or problems of mobility, and on the other hand, generate possibilities of action against cities in terms of environmental parameters through carbon dioxide sensors. With the implementation of this unmanned aerial vehicle, it is intended to provide a viable solution in issues such as mobility and needs of urban spaces, climate change, urban pollution, sustainable development and improvement of the quality of life in urban centers. For its development, the needs of Bogotá – Colombia and Habana - Cuba in general were analyzed.

Due to life in extreme environments, cyanobacteria and algae from cave biofilms that form at the entrances or deep inside the cave around artificial lights are of increasing interest to many scientists. It is well-known that many phototrophic microorganisms are first to colonize exposed substrata and produce the organic matter on which other biofilm constituents relly. Many studies dealing with phototrophic microorganisms from biofilms focus on the diversity and community composition of cyanobacteria and algae, while quantitative assessments are rarely implemented. Biofilm sampling was conducted in Degurić and Vernjikica Cave located in Western and Eastern Serbia, respectively. Ecological parameters (temperature, relative humidity, light intensity) and distance from the entrance were measured. Additionally, chlorophyll content, as well as biofilm parameters (water content, organic and inorganic matter) were determined. The abundance of phototrophic microorganisms was assessed on microscope slides which contained 1 mg of biofilm that was dehydrated for a short period of time and homogenized prior to slide preparation, and then rehydratated. The biomass of recorded cyanobacterial and algal taxa was calculated by applying geometric approximations and standard mathematical formulas. In Degurić Cave, at the sampling site where the highest biomass was documented, the higher diversity, water content and chlorophyll values were also recorded, while in Vernjikica Cave a high content of organic matter was documented. According to the multivariate analyses performed, the biomass of simple trichal Cyanobacteria, Bacillariophyta, and Xanthophyta was positively correlated with the content of organic matter in biofilm and light intensity, while coccoid and heterocytous Cyanobacteria and Chlorophyta showed a positive correlation with water content in the biofilm, relative humidity and distance from the entrance. The total biomass was positively correlated with the chlorophyll conte

Intertidal fish are adapted to live in a fluctuating environment and are considered suitable bioindicators of environmental change. Understanding the relationship between fish species distribution and environmental variables is fundamental for comparative analysis among geographical locations and identification of long-term trends predicted by global warming. Here we analysed a combination of the main micro- and macroscale factors that affect the distribution and abundance of rocky intertidal fish communities. Monthly sampling of fish assemblages at 3 sites in the rocky intertidal zone of the Gulf of Cadiz was conducted from 2008 to 2014. Fish assemblage descriptions were based on relative abundance, biomass, diversity and evenness. A canonical correspondence analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between pool characteristics (substratum type, depth and surface area) and the abundance of fish assemblages in tidepools. The results showed differences between protected and unprotected sites, which may indicate that human pressure induces changes at all assemblage levels. At all sites, the lowest abundance was observed in the year with the greatest wave energy. The diversity at the 3 sites showed interannual variation correlated with pool complexity, wave energy and air temperature. These findings increase our understanding of the mechanisms that regulate the distribution of fish assemblages in shallow coastal waters and provide a useful baseline for future management and conservation of these areas.

It is likely that harmful algal blooms have increased in frequency, intensity, and geographic distribution in the last decades in response to anthropogenic activities. The Galápagos Islands are renowned for their exceptional biological diversity; however, marine dinoflagellate communities have not been represented in biodiversity assessments. Therefore, this study aims to provide key information about dinoflagellate diversity and abundances, with special attention to harmful species, during a weak La Niña event in the Galápagos Marine Reserve (GMR). The study was performed during March–April 2017 and four transects were conducted at four Islands (Santa Cruz, Santa Fé, Seymour, and Pinzón) representing the southern region of the GMR. Water net samples were collected at 2, 5, and 10 nautical miles (nm) from the coast, at a total of 48 sampling sites. The presence of toxic species, and their cell abundance was estimated in seven transects at 0, 15, and 30 m of depth. A total of 152 taxa belonging to 7 orders, 22 families, and 38 genera were registered. The number of taxa found is almost three times higher than the maximum observed in previous studies. Dinoflagellate species richness among stations ranged between 53 and 23 taxa and was higher in northern sites. From the applied cluster analysis, five dinoflagellate assemblages were identified as a discrete community structure, one was found only in Santa Fé Island, which is probably related to the presence of the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC). Regarding cell abundance estimations, low abundances were registered throughout the sampling sites and no blooms were detected. Higher abundances were registered in the northern transects coinciding with one of the most productive areas of the archipelago, situated north of Santa Cruz. Among the identified taxa, 19 of them were potentially toxic, including epiphytic species, allowing the possibility of blooms in benthic areas. This study presents the first record of several dinofl

Dysregulation of neuronal intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis can play a crucial role in many neurotoxic effects, including impaired brain development and behavioral dysfunctions. This study examined 40 suspected neurotoxicants from different chemical classes for their capacity to alter Ca2+ release and uptake from rat cortical microsomes. First, ten suspected neurotoxicants have been tested using a well-established cuvette-based Ca2+ flux assay. Five out of ten compounds (TOCP, endosulfan, PCB-95, chlorpyrifos and BDE-49) showed a significant, concentration-dependent alteration of Ca2+ release and uptake in adult rat cortical microsomes. The original cuvette assay was downscaled and customized to a fast, higher throughput microplate method and the 40 suspected neurotoxicants were screened for their effects on intracellular Ca2+homeostasis. In decreasing order of potency, the 15 test compounds that showed the strongest alteration of Ca2+ levels in adult rat microsomes were TOCP, endosulfan, BDE-49, 6-OH-BDE-47, PCB-95, permethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, bioallethrin, cypermethrin, RDP, DEHP, DBP, BDE-47, and PFOS. Results from co-exposure experiments with selective inhibitors suggested that for some compounds Ca2+ releasing effects could be attributed to RyR activation (PFOS, DBP, and DEHP) or to SERCA inhibition (a potential novel mechanism of action for all four tested pyrethroid insecticides). The effects of the two most potent compounds, endosulfan and TOCP, were not blocked by any of the inhibitors tested, indicating other possible mechanism of action. For all other potent test compounds, a combined effect on RyR, IP3R, and/or SERCA has been observed. PFOS and 6-OH-BDE-47 caused increased Ca2+ release from adult but not from neonatal rat brain microsomes, indicating age-dependent difference in susceptibility to these test compounds. The current study suggests that the neurotoxic potential of compounds belonging to different chemical classes could partly b

Nanoparticles serve various industrial and domestic purposes which is reflected in their steadily increasing production volume. This economic success comes along with their presence in the environment and the risk of potentially adverse effects in natural systems. Over the last decade, substantial progress regarding the understanding of sources, fate, and effects of nanoparticles has been made. Predictions of environmental concentrations based on modelling approaches could recently be confirmed by measured concentrations in the field. Nonetheless, analytical techniques are, as covered elsewhere, still under development to more efficiently and reliably characterize and quantify nanoparticles, as well as to detect them in complex environmental matrixes. Simultaneously, the effects of nanoparticles on aquatic and terrestrial systems have received increasing attention. While the debate on the relevance of nanoparticle-released metal ions for their toxicity is still ongoing, it is a re-occurring phenomenon that inert nanoparticles are able to interact with biota through physical pathways such as biological surface coating. This among others interferes with the growth and behaviour of exposed organisms. Moreover, co-occurring contaminants interact with nanoparticles. There is multiple evidence suggesting nanoparticles as a sink for organic and inorganic co-contaminants. On the other hand, in the presence of nanoparticles, repeatedly an elevated effect on the test species induced by the co-contaminants has been reported. In this paper, we highlight recent achievements in the field of nano-ecotoxicology in both aquatic and terrestrial systems but also refer to substantial gaps that require further attention in the future.

© The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Royal Society Open Science 3 (2016): 160616, doi:10.1098/rsos.160616., Assessing the movement patterns and key habitat features of breeding humpback whales is a prerequisite for the conservation management of this philopatric species. To investigate the interactions between humpback whale movements and environmental conditions off Madagascar, we deployed 25 satellite tags in the northeast and southwest coast of Madagascar. For each recorded position, we collated estimates of environmental variables and computed two behavioural metrics: behavioural state of ‘transiting’ (consistent/directional) versus ‘localized’ (variable/non-directional), and active swimming speed (i.e. speed relative to the current). On coastal habitats (i.e. bathymetry < 200 m and in adjacent areas), females showed localized behaviour in deep waters (191 ± 20 m) and at large distances (14 ± 0.6 km) from shore, suggesting that their breeding habitat extends beyond the shallowest waters available close to the coastline. Males' active swimming speed decreased in shallow waters, but environmental parameters did not influence their likelihood to exhibit localized movements, which was probably dominated by social factors instead. In oceanic habitats, both males and females showed localized behaviours in shallow waters and favoured high chlorophyll-a concentrations. Active swimming speed accounts for a large proportion of observed movement speed; however, breeding humpback whales probably exploit prevailing ocean currents to maximize displacement. This study provides evidence that coastal areas, generally subject to strong human pressure, remain the core habitat of humpback whales off Madagascar. Our results expand the knowledge of humpback whale habitat use in oceanic habitat and response to variability of environmental factors such as oceanic current and chlorophyll level., Funding was provided by Total Foundation to NeuroPSI, and by individuals and foundations to the WCS Ocean Giants Program.

For the continuation of life, people created various equipment and goods. To create mutual benefits, they’ve exchanged the overpruduced items with different products. This has begun the shopping act. By the increased amount of transactions, a need of defined area for shopping have arisen. For a temporary time, trading areas have been developed at different locations at a certain period. In the course of time, beside trading, these areas served as socio-cultural spaces where the human relations were established. Moreover, demand of being able to immediately access to needed goods have emerged. This situation made having a permanent trading area essential. Therefore, enclosed and permanent trade areas from bazaar, inn, bedesten, arasta to shopping malls have emerged. Next to all these trading areas, traditional bazaar areas keep being established.Nowadays, there is a need of providing some determined comfort conditions to the users for these street alley bazaars. Decreasing the effect of unfavorable weather conditions and providing supportive certain services and units (like WCs, security, cleanliness, etc.) are some of them. As a fundamental solution, without disengaging the user relations with the outside, shade structures are generally provided. Shade structures can support cleaning and similar jobs by gathering and using rainwater besides its purpose of protecting the user from bad weather conditions. Application examples of these systems are gradually increasing. However, it is necessary to develop new approaches, in order to stop these proposed shade structures, become prototypes and to adapt the proposal to its environment and to increase diversity.In this study, a convenient shade structure and its alternatives, which are adapted to environmental conditions, were designed to create a sample model for other bazaar areas. In models, basically, folding design approaches were pursued. For production of these shade structure models, parametric modelling technics (G

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 12 combinations of salinity and temperature on larval growth of Litopenaeus vannamei, starting in nauplius V (NV) and ending at postlarva (PL1), a process which lasted seven days. The results show that the larvae have greater length and weight at temperatures of 30 to 35°C in combination with salinities between 25 and 35. In conclusion, salinity and temperature are important factors to consider for the production of larvae of L. vannamei.

[Abstract] The species composition of diatom assemblages was studied in five unpolluted thermo-mineral springs in Galicia (NW Spain). Three are considered hot and two cold, and some contain hydrogen sulphide. A total of 68 taxa (24 genera) have been recorded. The Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H′) ranged between 0.63 and 2.01. The nMDS ordination showed that diatom assemblage composition was influenced mostly by conductivity, temperature and hydrogen sulphide concentration. Diatom assemblages found in the Galician springs differed from those in springs of other geographical locations with similar physical and chemical characteristics. The most species-rich genera were Nitzschia and Achnanthidium with 10 and 8 species, respectively. Achnanthidium exiguum and Achnanthidium saprophilum had the widest distribution. Denticula thermalis and Achnanthidium caledonicum were found in environments with relatively low mineralization and low temperature, whereas Rhopalodia gibberula, Rhopalodia operculata and Fragilaria crotonensis were found in mineral-rich springs with high temperatures. Achnanthidium exiguum, A. saprophilum, Achnanthes coarctata, Achnanthes exigua var. elliptica, Mayamaea atomus, Eunotia implicata, Gomphonema minusculum, Gomphonema minutum and Cosmioneis pusilla were present in the spring with high H2S content.

Human exposure to methylmercury (MeHg) through diets (e.g., fish and rice) is a global health concern. Although MeHg exposure through fish consumption has long been considered the major route of mercury health risks, studies concerning the long-term changes in MeHg exposure from fish remain lacking. In sharply contrast to the fish MeHg issue, the presence of MeHg in rice has only been reported recently and its implications on MeHg exposure, albeit probably important, are still in infancy. Focusing on the discrepancies in the studies of MeHg exposure through fish and rice consumption, this study was aimed to assess the MeHg exposure of human infants through consumption of rice cereals and to evaluate the long-term changes in fish MeHg. The presence of MeHg in rice prompted the studies on MeHg concentrations and bioaccessibility in rice cereals and potential infant dietary exposure to MeHg through cereal consumption, which is believed to be the first of its kind. The analysis of a variety of infant cereals sampled from the common markets in the United States and China showed that the concentrations of MeHg in the cereals ranged from 0.07 to 13.9 µg/kg with a mean of 1.61 µg/kg. On the basis of these MeHg concentrations, the daily intake of MeHg through rice cereal consumption for infants was estimated to be 4-122% of the reference dose (RfD). The MeHg bioaccessibility in the cereals, determined using an in vitro digestion method, ranged from 25 to 74% with a mean of 48±16%. A further examination on these results, however, revealed the occurrence of MeHg re-adsorption during extraction steps, which leads to the underestimation of MeHg bioaccessibility and warrants cautions to be exercised when using these procedures to evaluate bioaccessibility in general. The long-term changes in fish MeHg were investigated through conducting a comprehensive data analysis on datasets for the Everglades, a well-studied aquatic ecosystem for Hg contamination. The results showed a clear

Пошук раціональних схем керування мікрокліматом має великий науковий і практичний інтерес, що полягає у створенні оптимальних параметрів мікроклімату спрямованих на підвищення якості рослин, які вирощуються в умовах захищеного ґрунту. В даний час основними культурами промислового виробництва квітів на гідропонних стелажах є орхідея, тюльпан, петунія, бегонія та інші. Кожна з цих культур вимагає певних параметрів навколишнього середовища. Культури можна об'єднати в групи за вимогами до температурного і вологісного режимів, до тривалості та інтенсивності освітлення. З урахуванням цих вимог необхідно проектувати об'єкти з технологічним оснащенням високої надійності., Search rational climate control schemes has great scientific and practical interest, which is to create optimal microclimate parameters aimed at improving the quality of plants grown under conditions of protected ground., Поиск рациональных схем управления микроклиматом имеет большой научный и практический интерес, заключающийся в создании оптимальных параметров микроклимата направленных на повышение качества растений, которые выращиваются в условиях защищенного грунта.

Пошук раціональних схем керування мікрокліматом має великий науковий і практичний інтерес, що полягає у створенні оптимальних параметрів мікроклімату спрямованих на підвищення якості рослин, які вирощуються в умовах захищеного ґрунту. В даний час основними культурами промислового виробництва квітів на гідропонних стелажах є орхідея, тюльпан, петунія, бегонія та інші. Кожна з цих культур вимагає певних параметрів навколишнього середовища. Культури можна об'єднати в групи за вимогами до температурного і вологісного режимів, до тривалості та інтенсивності освітлення. З урахуванням цих вимог необхідно проектувати об'єкти з технологічним оснащенням високої надійності., Search rational climate control schemes has great scientific and practical interest, which is to create optimal microclimate parameters aimed at improving the quality of plants grown under conditions of protected ground., Поиск рациональных схем управления микроклиматом имеет большой научный и практический интерес, заключающийся в создании оптимальных параметров микроклимата направленных на повышение качества растений, которые выращиваются в условиях защищенного грунта.

The aim of this study was to analyze planktonic protistan assemblages under different environmental pressures at 2 adjacent coastal stations (inshore and offshore; similar to 6.4 km apart) in the eastern English Channel (EEC). Samples were collected between March 2012 and June 2013, and analyzed using bioinformatic analysis and tag pyrosequencing of the V2-V3 hypervariable region of the 18S rRNA gene. In addition to the taxonomic composition of the protistan communities, the detected operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were sorted into 6 major functional groups based on their trophic roles in marine systems. Comparisons of 13 environmental factors, including physical and chemical variables, indicated significant differences between the 2 stations. However, the only significant relationship between environmental pressures and protistan community structure was detected when the trophic role of the OTUs was considered at the inshore station. In order to interpret differences in community structure, the effect of biotic inter actions was investigated through the examination of the co-occurrence networks of the protistan communities at both stations. In terms of the number of edges and connectivity of nodes, the analysis showed that the inshore station had more complex associations between OTUs than the offshore station. This strongly suggests that due to the higher and more variable environmental pressures the inshore station comparatively receives, its protistan community has developed a greater complexity of biotic connections. This in turn reflects the rapid responses of trophic interactions within the entire microbial community.