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Energy electrification is part of the European strategy for the decarbonization of the building sector and energy transition in cities. The present paper compares the heating costs of covering the heating demand by different systems: (i) domestic gas boiler and an air-to-air heat-pump, (ii) without and (iii) with local PV backup; in order to analyze the effects of the electric price volatility along with the weather condition dependency of the renewable systems. The study presents a heat pump model and a PV generation model to estimate the hourly performance of both systems. These models are then applied in an average dwelling in Bilbao, Spain, in November 2020, and November 2021. Results show that in November 2020 the combined use of a heat pump with PV generation to cover the heat demand was 66% cheaper than covering the same demand with a natural gas boiler. By contrast, the combined use of the PV and heat pump resulted in a 15% higher energy bill compared to the natural gas in 2021 due to the increase of the electricity prices (3 times higher), the lower temperatures (25%) and less solar radiation (70%).

The proliferation of urban sensing, IoT, and big data in cities provides unprecedented opportunities for a deeper understanding of occupant behaviour and energy usage patterns at the urban scale. This enables data-driven building and energy models to capture the urban dynamics, specifically the intrinsic occupant and energy use behavioural profiles that are not usually considered in traditional models. Although there are related reviews, none investigated urban data for use in modelling occupant behaviour and energy use at multiple scales, from buildings to neighbourhood to city. This survey paper aims to fill this gap by providing a critical summary and analysis of the works reported in the literature. We present the different sources of occupant-centric urban data that are useful for data-driven modelling and categorise the range of applications and recent data-driven modelling techniques for urban behaviour and energy modelling, along with the traditional stochastic and simulation-based approaches. Finally, we present a set of recommendations for future directions in data-driven modelling of occupant behaviour and energy in buildings at the urban scale.

The proliferation of urban sensing, IoT, and big data in cities provides unprecedented opportunities for a deeper understanding of occupant behaviour and energy usage patterns at the urban scale. This enables data-driven building and energy models to capture the urban dynamics, specifically the intrinsic occupant and energy use behavioural profiles that are not usually considered in traditional models. Although there are related reviews, none investigated urban data for use in modelling occupant behaviour and energy use at multiple scales, from buildings to neighbourhood to city. This survey paper aims to fill this gap by providing a critical summary and analysis of the works reported in the literature. We present the different sources of occupant-centric urban data that are useful for data-driven modelling and categorise the range of applications and recent data-driven modelling techniques for urban behaviour and energy modelling, along with the traditional stochastic and simulation-based approaches. Finally, we present a set of recommendations for future directions in data-driven modelling of occupant behaviour and energy in buildings at the urban scale.

It is well known that the use of photovoltaic (PV) systems helps to preserve the environment, produce lower levels of greenhouse gases (GHGs), and reduce global warming, however, whether it is economically profitable for customers or not is highly debatable. This paper aims to address this issue. To be comprehensive, three different types of buildings are considered as case studies. Then, these three buildings are modeled in EnergyPlus to determine the rate of energy consumption. Afterward, comparisons of various solar system sizes based on economic parameters such as the internal rate of return, the net present value, payback period and profitability indexing for various-sized PV systems are carried out. The results show that by the demand charge tariffs, using PV systems has no economic justification. It has been shown that even with neglecting further costs of the PV system like maintenance, by demand charge tariffs, it is not economically beneficial for customers to use the PV systems. Profitability index of all three buildings with various PV power systems is between 0.2 to 0.8, which are by no means is desirable. Moreover, it was found that bigger solar systems are less cost-effective in the presence of demand charges., QC 20190201

Human behavior on games has been widely analyzed from the psychological and ethnological fields, for its sociocultural implications. Today, immersed in the society of knowledge and digital culture, we are always connected, so that access to social networks, mobile apps, videos, and examples of gamification is so utterly familiar that sometimes we are not aware of it. The application of this term is being carried out for some decades to develop and elaborate marketing strategies, decision-making, even in areas such as health, promoting healthier behaviors into habits. Gamification consists of applying elements and techniques of game-design in contexts that are not really games. Why apply it in building environmental management? There is a clear problem when implementing strategies of energy savings and efficiency, derived from two distinct issues: users do not know the power of action they have on building environmental management when living / working; and since they ignore it, they are not involved, or not enough. Environmental management in a building often depends on a shortlist of people who are often reduced to Management and Maintenance teams. But, What about users? Can they find comfort in buildings of a certain size? Do they know how to help save energy or use it more efficiently than turning off lights and electronic devices once finished the daily task? The potential of users as actors and part of the whole social team, their empowerment once are aware of that, and beyond, quantifying their action and getting feedback to see how well they are doing, is proposed by gamification methodology. This methodology requires a prior analysis of the user type, objective, implementing game elements (mechanical, dynamic and play components), scope, and uncertainties. After initial training on the operation of the building environmental management, users are involved as co-managers, through some media support that reflects their daily activities and their inclusion in t, El comportamiento humano frente al juego ha sido ampliamente analizado desde los ámbitos psicológico y etnológico, así como su implicación sociocultural. Hoy en día, inmersos en la sociedad del conocimiento y la cultura digital, estamos permanentemente conectados, por lo que acceder a redes sociales, aplicaciones móviles, videos, y ejemplos de gamificación nos es tan absolutamente familiar que a veces no somos conscientes de ello. La aplicación de este término se está llevando a cabo desde hace ya unas décadas para desarrollar elaboradas estrategias de marketing, toma de decisiones, incluso en ámbitos como la salud, propiciando comportamientos hacia hábitos más saludables. La gamificación consiste en aplicar elementos y técnicas de diseño de juegos en contextos que no son propiamente juegos. ¿Porqué aplicarlo en la gestión ambiental de un edificio? Existe un problema claro a la hora de aplicar estrategias de ahorro y eficiencia energéticas, derivadas de dos cuestiones bien diferenciadas: el usuario no conoce el poder de acción que tiene, si es que sabe que lo tiene, sobre la gestión ambiental del edificio en el que vive/trabaja; y al desconocerlo, no se implica, o al menos no lo suficiente. La gestión ambiental de un edificio a menudo depende de una serie restringida de personas, que suelen reducirse al equipo de Dirección, y de Mantenimiento. Pero, ¿y el usuario? ¿puede encontrarse en confort en edificios de ciertas dimensiones? ¿sabe cómo puede contribuir a ahorrar energía o usarla más eficientemente más allá de apagar las luces y los dispositivos electrónicos una vez acabada la tarea diaria?. El potencial del usuario como actor y parte del todo social, así como su empoderamiento una vez es conocedor de aquél, y más allá, el poder cuantificar su acción y poder retroalimentarse para saber cuán bien lo está haciendo, es lo que se plantea a través de la metodología de la gamificación. Esta metodología requiere de un análisis previo del tipo de usuario, objetivo, elem

Human behavior on games has been widely analyzed from the psychological and ethnological fields, for its sociocultural implications. Today, immersed in the society of knowledge and digital culture, we are always connected, so that access to social networks, mobile apps, videos, and examples of gamification is so utterly familiar that sometimes we are not aware of it. The application of this term is being carried out for some decades to develop and elaborate marketing strategies, decision-making, even in areas such as health, promoting healthier behaviors into habits. Gamification consists of applying elements and techniques of game-design in contexts that are not really games. Why apply it in building environmental management? There is a clear problem when implementing strategies of energy savings and efficiency, derived from two distinct issues: users do not know the power of action they have on building environmental management when living / working; and since they ignore it, they are not involved, or not enough. Environmental management in a building often depends on a shortlist of people who are often reduced to Management and Maintenance teams. But, What about users? Can they find comfort in buildings of a certain size? Do they know how to help save energy or use it more efficiently than turning off lights and electronic devices once finished the daily task? The potential of users as actors and part of the whole social team, their empowerment once are aware of that, and beyond, quantifying their action and getting feedback to see how well they are doing, is proposed by gamification methodology. This methodology requires a prior analysis of the user type, objective, implementing game elements (mechanical, dynamic and play components), scope, and uncertainties. After initial training on the operation of the building environmental management, users are involved as co-managers, through some media support that reflects their daily activities and their inclusion in t, El comportamiento humano frente al juego ha sido ampliamente analizado desde los ámbitos psicológico y etnológico, así como su implicación sociocultural. Hoy en día, inmersos en la sociedad del conocimiento y la cultura digital, estamos permanentemente conectados, por lo que acceder a redes sociales, aplicaciones móviles, videos, y ejemplos de gamificación nos es tan absolutamente familiar que a veces no somos conscientes de ello. La aplicación de este término se está llevando a cabo desde hace ya unas décadas para desarrollar elaboradas estrategias de marketing, toma de decisiones, incluso en ámbitos como la salud, propiciando comportamientos hacia hábitos más saludables. La gamificación consiste en aplicar elementos y técnicas de diseño de juegos en contextos que no son propiamente juegos. ¿Porqué aplicarlo en la gestión ambiental de un edificio? Existe un problema claro a la hora de aplicar estrategias de ahorro y eficiencia energéticas, derivadas de dos cuestiones bien diferenciadas: el usuario no conoce el poder de acción que tiene, si es que sabe que lo tiene, sobre la gestión ambiental del edificio en el que vive/trabaja; y al desconocerlo, no se implica, o al menos no lo suficiente. La gestión ambiental de un edificio a menudo depende de una serie restringida de personas, que suelen reducirse al equipo de Dirección, y de Mantenimiento. Pero, ¿y el usuario? ¿puede encontrarse en confort en edificios de ciertas dimensiones? ¿sabe cómo puede contribuir a ahorrar energía o usarla más eficientemente más allá de apagar las luces y los dispositivos electrónicos una vez acabada la tarea diaria?. El potencial del usuario como actor y parte del todo social, así como su empoderamiento una vez es conocedor de aquél, y más allá, el poder cuantificar su acción y poder retroalimentarse para saber cuán bien lo está haciendo, es lo que se plantea a través de la metodología de la gamificación. Esta metodología requiere de un análisis previo del tipo de usuario, objetivo, elem

Human behavior on games has been widely analyzed from the psychological and ethnological fields, for its sociocultural implications. Today, immersed in the society of knowledge and digital culture, we are always connected, so that access to social networks, mobile apps, videos, and examples of gamification is so utterly familiar that sometimes we are not aware of it. The application of this term is being carried out for some decades to develop and elaborate marketing strategies, decision-making, even in areas such as health, promoting healthier behaviors into habits. Gamification consists of applying elements and techniques of game-design in contexts that are not really games. Why apply it in building environmental management? There is a clear problem when implementing strategies of energy savings and efficiency, derived from two distinct issues: users do not know the power of action they have on building environmental management when living / working; and since they ignore it, they are not involved, or not enough. Environmental management in a building often depends on a shortlist of people who are often reduced to Management and Maintenance teams. But, What about users? Can they find comfort in buildings of a certain size? Do they know how to help save energy or use it more efficiently than turning off lights and electronic devices once finished the daily task? The potential of users as actors and part of the whole social team, their empowerment once are aware of that, and beyond, quantifying their action and getting feedback to see how well they are doing, is proposed by gamification methodology. This methodology requires a prior analysis of the user type, objective, implementing game elements (mechanical, dynamic and play components), scope, and uncertainties. After initial training on the operation of the building environmental management, users are involved as co-managers, through some media support that reflects their daily activities and their inclusion in t, El comportamiento humano frente al juego ha sido ampliamente analizado desde los ámbitos psicológico y etnológico, así como su implicación sociocultural. Hoy en día, inmersos en la sociedad del conocimiento y la cultura digital, estamos permanentemente conectados, por lo que acceder a redes sociales, aplicaciones móviles, videos, y ejemplos de gamificación nos es tan absolutamente familiar que a veces no somos conscientes de ello. La aplicación de este término se está llevando a cabo desde hace ya unas décadas para desarrollar elaboradas estrategias de marketing, toma de decisiones, incluso en ámbitos como la salud, propiciando comportamientos hacia hábitos más saludables. La gamificación consiste en aplicar elementos y técnicas de diseño de juegos en contextos que no son propiamente juegos. ¿Porqué aplicarlo en la gestión ambiental de un edificio? Existe un problema claro a la hora de aplicar estrategias de ahorro y eficiencia energéticas, derivadas de dos cuestiones bien diferenciadas: el usuario no conoce el poder de acción que tiene, si es que sabe que lo tiene, sobre la gestión ambiental del edificio en el que vive/trabaja; y al desconocerlo, no se implica, o al menos no lo suficiente. La gestión ambiental de un edificio a menudo depende de una serie restringida de personas, que suelen reducirse al equipo de Dirección, y de Mantenimiento. Pero, ¿y el usuario? ¿puede encontrarse en confort en edificios de ciertas dimensiones? ¿sabe cómo puede contribuir a ahorrar energía o usarla más eficientemente más allá de apagar las luces y los dispositivos electrónicos una vez acabada la tarea diaria?. El potencial del usuario como actor y parte del todo social, así como su empoderamiento una vez es conocedor de aquél, y más allá, el poder cuantificar su acción y poder retroalimentarse para saber cuán bien lo está haciendo, es lo que se plantea a través de la metodología de la gamificación. Esta metodología requiere de un análisis previo del tipo de usuario, objetivo, elem

Human behavior on games has been widely analyzed from the psychological and ethnological fields, for its sociocultural implications. Today, immersed in the society of knowledge and digital culture, we are always connected, so that access to social networks, mobile apps, videos, and examples of gamification is so utterly familiar that sometimes we are not aware of it. The application of this term is being carried out for some decades to develop and elaborate marketing strategies, decision-making, even in areas such as health, promoting healthier behaviors into habits. Gamification consists of applying elements and techniques of game-design in contexts that are not really games. Why apply it in building environmental management? There is a clear problem when implementing strategies of energy savings and efficiency, derived from two distinct issues: users do not know the power of action they have on building environmental management when living / working; and since they ignore it, they are not involved, or not enough. Environmental management in a building often depends on a shortlist of people who are often reduced to Management and Maintenance teams. But, What about users? Can they find comfort in buildings of a certain size? Do they know how to help save energy or use it more efficiently than turning off lights and electronic devices once finished the daily task? The potential of users as actors and part of the whole social team, their empowerment once are aware of that, and beyond, quantifying their action and getting feedback to see how well they are doing, is proposed by gamification methodology. This methodology requires a prior analysis of the user type, objective, implementing game elements (mechanical, dynamic and play components), scope, and uncertainties. After initial training on the operation of the building environmental management, users are involved as co-managers, through some media support that reflects their daily activities and their inclusion in t, El comportamiento humano frente al juego ha sido ampliamente analizado desde los ámbitos psicológico y etnológico, así como su implicación sociocultural. Hoy en día, inmersos en la sociedad del conocimiento y la cultura digital, estamos permanentemente conectados, por lo que acceder a redes sociales, aplicaciones móviles, videos, y ejemplos de gamificación nos es tan absolutamente familiar que a veces no somos conscientes de ello. La aplicación de este término se está llevando a cabo desde hace ya unas décadas para desarrollar elaboradas estrategias de marketing, toma de decisiones, incluso en ámbitos como la salud, propiciando comportamientos hacia hábitos más saludables. La gamificación consiste en aplicar elementos y técnicas de diseño de juegos en contextos que no son propiamente juegos. ¿Porqué aplicarlo en la gestión ambiental de un edificio? Existe un problema claro a la hora de aplicar estrategias de ahorro y eficiencia energéticas, derivadas de dos cuestiones bien diferenciadas: el usuario no conoce el poder de acción que tiene, si es que sabe que lo tiene, sobre la gestión ambiental del edificio en el que vive/trabaja; y al desconocerlo, no se implica, o al menos no lo suficiente. La gestión ambiental de un edificio a menudo depende de una serie restringida de personas, que suelen reducirse al equipo de Dirección, y de Mantenimiento. Pero, ¿y el usuario? ¿puede encontrarse en confort en edificios de ciertas dimensiones? ¿sabe cómo puede contribuir a ahorrar energía o usarla más eficientemente más allá de apagar las luces y los dispositivos electrónicos una vez acabada la tarea diaria?. El potencial del usuario como actor y parte del todo social, así como su empoderamiento una vez es conocedor de aquél, y más allá, el poder cuantificar su acción y poder retroalimentarse para saber cuán bien lo está haciendo, es lo que se plantea a través de la metodología de la gamificación. Esta metodología requiere de un análisis previo del tipo de usuario, objetivo, elem

To meet the goals of the directive 2010/31/EU on the energy performance of buildings, the building sector in Europe now faces a transition towards more energy efficient buildings. Research and development of new energy solutions and technology will be necessary for the transition and the importance of measuring and evaluating building energy performance increases. This paper attempts to review and evaluate different methods that are commonly used to analyze energy performance in residential buildings in Nordic countries, primarily in Sweden, Norway and Finland. A short international review of regulations is also included. Some advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed, as well as commonly used methods in the three countries. Although the three Nordic countries have similar climate conditions and building traditions, the study shows that there exist relatively large variations in defining parameters related to energy performance in residential buildings, such as energy use, heated area, and climate zones. The outcome of the regulations could be investigated by adapting the codes on a selected set of buildings. Common analyzing methods, or parts of methods, are found to be used in several countries. These aspects may be considered in further work to develop more accurate and easily comparable methods to evaluate energy performance for residential buildings in cold climate., YES

This subject provides a first course in thermo-sciences for students primarily interested in architecture and building technology. It introduces the fundamentals important to energy, ventilation, air conditioning and comfort in buildings. It includes a detailed treatment of different forms of energy, energy conservation, properties of gases and liquids, air-water vapor mixtures and performance limits for air conditioning and power producing systems. Heat transfer principles are introduced with applications to energy losses from a building envelope. The subject is a prerequisite for more advanced thermo-science subjects in Architecture and Mechanical Engineering.

This subject provides a first course in thermo-sciences for students primarily interested in architecture and building technology. It introduces the fundamentals important to energy, ventilation, air conditioning and comfort in buildings. It includes a detailed treatment of different forms of energy, energy conservation, properties of gases and liquids, air-water vapor mixtures and performance limits for air conditioning and power producing systems. Heat transfer principles are introduced with applications to energy losses from a building envelope. The subject is a prerequisite for more advanced thermo-science subjects in Architecture and Mechanical Engineering.

This subject provides a first course in thermo-sciences for students primarily interested in architecture and building technology. It introduces the fundamentals important to energy, ventilation, air conditioning and comfort in buildings. It includes a detailed treatment of different forms of energy, energy conservation, properties of gases and liquids, air-water vapor mixtures and performance limits for air conditioning and power producing systems. Heat transfer principles are introduced with applications to energy losses from a building envelope. The subject is a prerequisite for more advanced thermo-science subjects in Architecture and Mechanical Engineering.

This subject provides a first course in thermo-sciences for students primarily interested in architecture and building technology. It introduces the fundamentals important to energy, ventilation, air conditioning and comfort in buildings. It includes a detailed treatment of different forms of energy, energy conservation, properties of gases and liquids, air-water vapor mixtures and performance limits for air conditioning and power producing systems. Heat transfer principles are introduced with applications to energy losses from a building envelope. The subject is a prerequisite for more advanced thermo-science subjects in Architecture and Mechanical Engineering.

This subject provides a first course in thermo-sciences for students primarily interested in architecture and building technology. It introduces the fundamentals important to energy, ventilation, air conditioning and comfort in buildings. It includes a detailed treatment of different forms of energy, energy conservation, properties of gases and liquids, air-water vapor mixtures and performance limits for air conditioning and power producing systems. Heat transfer principles are introduced with applications to energy losses from a building envelope. The subject is a prerequisite for more advanced thermo-science subjects in Architecture and Mechanical Engineering.

4.42J (or 2.66J or 1.044J), Fundamentals of Energy in Buildings, is an undergraduate class offered in the Department of Architecture, and jointly in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the Department of Mechanical Engineering. It provides a first course in thermo-sciences for students primarily interested in architecture and building technology. Throughout the course, the fundamentals important to energy, ventilation, air conditioning and comfort in buildings are introduced. Two design projects play a major part in this class. They will require creative use of the principles and information given in the course to solve a particular problem, relating to energy consumption in buildings. The students will be asked to propose and assess innovative building designs, technologies and operating schemes that will yield an outstanding sustainable building.

4.42J (or 2.66J or 1.044J), Fundamentals of Energy in Buildings, is an undergraduate class offered in the Department of Architecture, and jointly in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the Department of Mechanical Engineering. It provides a first course in thermo-sciences for students primarily interested in architecture and building technology. Throughout the course, the fundamentals important to energy, ventilation, air conditioning and comfort in buildings are introduced. Two design projects play a major part in this class. They will require creative use of the principles and information given in the course to solve a particular problem, relating to energy consumption in buildings. The students will be asked to propose and assess innovative building designs, technologies and operating schemes that will yield an outstanding sustainable building.

4.42J (or 2.66J or 1.044J), Fundamentals of Energy in Buildings, is an undergraduate class offered in the Department of Architecture, and jointly in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the Department of Mechanical Engineering. It provides a first course in thermo-sciences for students primarily interested in architecture and building technology. Throughout the course, the fundamentals important to energy, ventilation, air conditioning and comfort in buildings are introduced. Two design projects play a major part in this class. They will require creative use of the principles and information given in the course to solve a particular problem, relating to energy consumption in buildings. The students will be asked to propose and assess innovative building designs, technologies and operating schemes that will yield an outstanding sustainable building.