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The divergence in the reproductive strategy of Anthurium panduriforme and Anthurium caucanum was evaluated based on reproductive phenology, investment patterns in individual and population reproduction, and female reproductive success, along an elevation range between 2200 and 2900 m located in a tropical Andean forest of Antioquia, Colombia. Because both species belong to the same genus, with similar inflorescences in structure, it is possible that they present competition for pollinators. Also, a decrease in reproductive success is expected with an increase in elevation, due to the decrease of abundance of floral visiting insects with elevation. The reproductive individuals of both species were monitored at seven different elevations for one year. The two species studied showed contrasting reproductive strategies: flowering peaks at different times of the year and a greater number of inflorescences, infructescences, and reproductive success for A. caucanum compared to A. panduriforme. Inflorescence production and reproductive success for A. panduriforme did not vary significantly along elevation, whereas it decreased for A. caucanum. The floral visitor assemblages differed in composition between species and their abundance in A. panduriforme was significantly higher. The two species studied exhibit contrasting reproductive strategies, which could reduce competition for pollinators, promote seed production and reproductive isolation. This is essential for the maintenance of plant biodiversity while allowing them to coexist syntopically., Se evaluó la divergencia en la estrategia reproductiva de Anthurium panduriforme y Anthurium caucanum con base en la fenología reproductiva, los patrones de inversión en reproducción individual y poblacional y el éxito reproductivo femenino, a lo largo de un intervalo de elevación entre 2200 y 2900 m ubicado en un bosque Andino tropical de Antioquia, Colombia. Debido a que ambas especies pertenecen al mismo género, con inflorescencias semejantes en estructura, es posible que presenten competencia por polinizadores. Al mismo tiempo, se espera una disminución en el éxito reproductivo con un incremento de la elevación, debido a que la abundancia de insectos visitantes florales disminuye con la elevación. Los individuos reproductivos de ambas especies fueron monitoreados en siete elevaciones durante un año. Los resultados indican estrategias reproductivas contrastantes: picos de floración en diferentes momentos del año y un mayor número de inflorescencias, infrutescencias y éxito reproductivo en A. caucanum comparado con A. panduriforme La producción de inflorescencias y el éxito reproductivo en A. panduriforme no varió significativamente con la elevación, mientras que en A. caucanum disminuyó. Los ensamblajes de visitantes florales difirieron en composición entre especies y su abundancia fue significativamente mayor en A. panduriforme. Las estrategias reproductivas contrastantes, en estas especies que coexisten, podrían reducir la competencia por polinizadores, promover la producción de semillas y el aislamiento reproductivo. Esto es esencial para el mantenimiento de la biodiversidad de plantas al tiempo que les permite coexistir sintópicamente.

The divergence in the reproductive strategy of Anthurium panduriforme and Anthurium caucanum was evaluated based on reproductive phenology, investment patterns in individual and population reproduction, and female reproductive success, along an elevation range between 2200 and 2900 m located in a tropical Andean forest of Antioquia, Colombia. Because both species belong to the same genus, with similar inflorescences in structure, it is possible that they present competition for pollinators. Also, a decrease in reproductive success is expected with an increase in elevation, due to the decrease of abundance of floral visiting insects with elevation. The reproductive individuals of both species were monitored at seven different elevations for one year. The two species studied showed contrasting reproductive strategies: flowering peaks at different times of the year and a greater number of inflorescences, infructescences, and reproductive success for A. caucanum compared to A. panduriforme. Inflorescence production and reproductive success for A. panduriforme did not vary significantly along elevation, whereas it decreased for A. caucanum. The floral visitor assemblages differed in composition between species and their abundance in A. panduriforme was significantly higher. The two species studied exhibit contrasting reproductive strategies, which could reduce competition for pollinators, promote seed production and reproductive isolation. This is essential for the maintenance of plant biodiversity while allowing them to coexist syntopically., Se evaluó la divergencia en la estrategia reproductiva de Anthurium panduriforme y Anthurium caucanum con base en la fenología reproductiva, los patrones de inversión en reproducción individual y poblacional y el éxito reproductivo femenino, a lo largo de un intervalo de elevación entre 2200 y 2900 m ubicado en un bosque Andino tropical de Antioquia, Colombia. Debido a que ambas especies pertenecen al mismo género, con inflorescencias semejantes en estructura, es posible que presenten competencia por polinizadores. Al mismo tiempo, se espera una disminución en el éxito reproductivo con un incremento de la elevación, debido a que la abundancia de insectos visitantes florales disminuye con la elevación. Los individuos reproductivos de ambas especies fueron monitoreados en siete elevaciones durante un año. Los resultados indican estrategias reproductivas contrastantes: picos de floración en diferentes momentos del año y un mayor número de inflorescencias, infrutescencias y éxito reproductivo en A. caucanum comparado con A. panduriforme La producción de inflorescencias y el éxito reproductivo en A. panduriforme no varió significativamente con la elevación, mientras que en A. caucanum disminuyó. Los ensamblajes de visitantes florales difirieron en composición entre especies y su abundancia fue significativamente mayor en A. panduriforme. Las estrategias reproductivas contrastantes, en estas especies que coexisten, podrían reducir la competencia por polinizadores, promover la producción de semillas y el aislamiento reproductivo. Esto es esencial para el mantenimiento de la biodiversidad de plantas al tiempo que les permite coexistir sintópicamente.

The divergence in the reproductive strategy of Anthurium panduriforme and Anthurium caucanum was evaluated based on reproductive phenology, investment patterns in individual and population reproduction, and female reproductive success, along an elevation range between 2200 and 2900 m located in a tropical Andean forest of Antioquia, Colombia. Because both species belong to the same genus, with similar inflorescences in structure, it is possible that they present competition for pollinators. Also, a decrease in reproductive success is expected with an increase in elevation, due to the decrease of abundance of floral visiting insects with elevation. The reproductive individuals of both species were monitored at seven different elevations for one year. The two species studied showed contrasting reproductive strategies: flowering peaks at different times of the year and a greater number of inflorescences, infructescences, and reproductive success for A. caucanum compared to A. panduriforme. Inflorescence production and reproductive success for A. panduriforme did not vary significantly along elevation, whereas it decreased for A. caucanum. The floral visitor assemblages differed in composition between species and their abundance in A. panduriforme was significantly higher. The two species studied exhibit contrasting reproductive strategies, which could reduce competition for pollinators, promote seed production and reproductive isolation. This is essential for the maintenance of plant biodiversity while allowing them to coexist syntopically., Se evaluó la divergencia en la estrategia reproductiva de Anthurium panduriforme y Anthurium caucanum con base en la fenología reproductiva, los patrones de inversión en reproducción individual y poblacional y el éxito reproductivo femenino, a lo largo de un intervalo de elevación entre 2200 y 2900 m ubicado en un bosque Andino tropical de Antioquia, Colombia. Debido a que ambas especies pertenecen al mismo género, con inflorescencias semejantes en estructura, es posible que presenten competencia por polinizadores. Al mismo tiempo, se espera una disminución en el éxito reproductivo con un incremento de la elevación, debido a que la abundancia de insectos visitantes florales disminuye con la elevación. Los individuos reproductivos de ambas especies fueron monitoreados en siete elevaciones durante un año. Los resultados indican estrategias reproductivas contrastantes: picos de floración en diferentes momentos del año y un mayor número de inflorescencias, infrutescencias y éxito reproductivo en A. caucanum comparado con A. panduriforme La producción de inflorescencias y el éxito reproductivo en A. panduriforme no varió significativamente con la elevación, mientras que en A. caucanum disminuyó. Los ensamblajes de visitantes florales difirieron en composición entre especies y su abundancia fue significativamente mayor en A. panduriforme. Las estrategias reproductivas contrastantes, en estas especies que coexisten, podrían reducir la competencia por polinizadores, promover la producción de semillas y el aislamiento reproductivo. Esto es esencial para el mantenimiento de la biodiversidad de plantas al tiempo que les permite coexistir sintópicamente.

The divergence in the reproductive strategy of Anthurium panduriforme and Anthurium caucanum was evaluated based on reproductive phenology, investment patterns in individual and population reproduction, and female reproductive success, along an elevation range between 2200 and 2900 m located in a tropical Andean forest of Antioquia, Colombia. Because both species belong to the same genus, with similar inflorescences in structure, it is possible that they present competition for pollinators. Also, a decrease in reproductive success is expected with an increase in elevation, due to the decrease of abundance of floral visiting insects with elevation. The reproductive individuals of both species were monitored at seven different elevations for one year. The two species studied showed contrasting reproductive strategies: flowering peaks at different times of the year and a greater number of inflorescences, infructescences, and reproductive success for A. caucanum compared to A. panduriforme. Inflorescence production and reproductive success for A. panduriforme did not vary significantly along elevation, whereas it decreased for A. caucanum. The floral visitor assemblages differed in composition between species and their abundance in A. panduriforme was significantly higher. The two species studied exhibit contrasting reproductive strategies, which could reduce competition for pollinators, promote seed production and reproductive isolation. This is essential for the maintenance of plant biodiversity while allowing them to coexist syntopically., Se evaluó la divergencia en la estrategia reproductiva de Anthurium panduriforme y Anthurium caucanum con base en la fenología reproductiva, los patrones de inversión en reproducción individual y poblacional y el éxito reproductivo femenino, a lo largo de un intervalo de elevación entre 2200 y 2900 m ubicado en un bosque Andino tropical de Antioquia, Colombia. Debido a que ambas especies pertenecen al mismo género, con inflorescencias semejantes en estructura, es posible que presenten competencia por polinizadores. Al mismo tiempo, se espera una disminución en el éxito reproductivo con un incremento de la elevación, debido a que la abundancia de insectos visitantes florales disminuye con la elevación. Los individuos reproductivos de ambas especies fueron monitoreados en siete elevaciones durante un año. Los resultados indican estrategias reproductivas contrastantes: picos de floración en diferentes momentos del año y un mayor número de inflorescencias, infrutescencias y éxito reproductivo en A. caucanum comparado con A. panduriforme La producción de inflorescencias y el éxito reproductivo en A. panduriforme no varió significativamente con la elevación, mientras que en A. caucanum disminuyó. Los ensamblajes de visitantes florales difirieron en composición entre especies y su abundancia fue significativamente mayor en A. panduriforme. Las estrategias reproductivas contrastantes, en estas especies que coexisten, podrían reducir la competencia por polinizadores, promover la producción de semillas y el aislamiento reproductivo. Esto es esencial para el mantenimiento de la biodiversidad de plantas al tiempo que les permite coexistir sintópicamente.

Documenting the patterns of biological diversity on Earth has always been a central challenge in macroecology and biogeography. However, for the diverse group of freshwater plants, such research program is still in its infancy. Here, we examined global variation in taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic beta diversity patterns of lake macrophytes using regional data from six continents. A data set of ca. 480 lake macrophyte community observations, together with climatic, geographical and environmental variables, was compiled across 16 regions worldwide. We (a) built the very first phylogeny comprising most freshwater plant lineages; (b) exploited a wide array of functional traits that are important to macrophyte autoecology or that relate to lake ecosystem functioning; (c) assessed if different large-scale beta diversity patterns show a clear latitudinal gradient from the equator to the poles using null models; and (d) employed evolutionary and regression models to first identify the degree to which the studied functional traits show a phylogenetic signal, and then to estimate community-environment relationships at multiple spatial scales. Our results supported the notion that ecological niches evolved independently of phylogeny in macrophyte lineages worldwide. We also showed that taxonomic and phylogenetic beta diversity followed the typical global trend with higher diversity in the tropics. In addition, we were able to confirm that species, multi-trait and lineage compositions were first and foremost structured by climatic conditions at relatively broad spatial scales. Perhaps more importantly, we showed that large-scale processes along latitudinal and elevational gradients have left a strong footprint in the current diversity patterns and community-environment relationships in lake macrophytes. Overall, our results stress the need for an integrative approach to macroecology, biogeography and conservation biology, combining multiple diversity facets at d

Documenting the patterns of biological diversity on Earth has always been a central challenge in macroecology and biogeography. However, for the diverse group of freshwater plants, such research program is still in its infancy. Here, we examined global variation in taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic beta diversity patterns of lake macrophytes using regional data from six continents. A data set of ca. 480 lake macrophyte community observations, together with climatic, geographical and environmental variables, was compiled across 16 regions worldwide. We (a) built the very first phylogeny comprising most freshwater plant lineages; (b) exploited a wide array of functional traits that are important to macrophyte autoecology or that relate to lake ecosystem functioning; (c) assessed if different large-scale beta diversity patterns show a clear latitudinal gradient from the equator to the poles using null models; and (d) employed evolutionary and regression models to first identify the degree to which the studied functional traits show a phylogenetic signal, and then to estimate community-environment relationships at multiple spatial scales. Our results supported the notion that ecological niches evolved independently of phylogeny in macrophyte lineages worldwide. We also showed that taxonomic and phylogenetic beta diversity followed the typical global trend with higher diversity in the tropics. In addition, we were able to confirm that species, multi-trait and lineage compositions were first and foremost structured by climatic conditions at relatively broad spatial scales. Perhaps more importantly, we showed that large-scale processes along latitudinal and elevational gradients have left a strong footprint in the current diversity patterns and community-environment relationships in lake macrophytes. Overall, our results stress the need for an integrative approach to macroecology, biogeography and conservation biology, combining multiple diversity facets at differe

Documenting the patterns of biological diversity on Earth has always been a central challenge in macroecology and biogeography. However, for the diverse group of freshwater plants, such research program is still in its infancy. Here, we examined global variation in taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic beta diversity patterns of lake macrophytes using regional data from six continents. A data set of ca. 480 lake macrophyte community observations, together with climatic, geographical and environmental variables, was compiled across 16 regions worldwide. We (a) built the very first phylogeny comprising most freshwater plant lineages; (b) exploited a wide array of functional traits that are important to macrophyte autoecology or that relate to lake ecosystem functioning; (c) assessed if different large-scale beta diversity patterns show a clear latitudinal gradient from the equator to the poles using null models; and (d) employed evolutionary and regression models to first identify the degree to which the studied functional traits show a phylogenetic signal, and then to estimate community-environment relationships at multiple spatial scales. Our results supported the notion that ecological niches evolved independently of phylogeny in macrophyte lineages worldwide. We also showed that taxonomic and phylogenetic beta diversity followed the typical global trend with higher diversity in the tropics. In addition, we were able to confirm that species, multi-trait and lineage compositions were first and foremost structured by climatic conditions at relatively broad spatial scales. Perhaps more importantly, we showed that large-scale processes along latitudinal and elevational gradients have left a strong footprint in the current diversity patterns and community-environment relationships in lake macrophytes. Overall, our results stress the need for an integrative approach to macroecology, biogeography and conservation biology, combining multiple diversity facets at differe

We studied community–environment relationships of lake macrophytes at two metacommunity scales using data from 16 regions across the world. More specifically, we examined (a) whether the lake macrophyte communities respond similar to key local environmental factors, major climate variables and lake spatial locations in each of the regions (i.e., within-region approach) and (b) how well can explained variability in the community–environment relationships across multiple lake macrophyte metacommunities be accounted for by elevation range, spatial extent, latitude, longitude, and age of the oldest lake within each metacommunity (i.e., across-region approach). In the within-region approach, we employed partial redundancy analyses together with variation partitioning to investigate the relative importance of local variables, climate variables, and spatial location on lake macrophytes among the study regions. In the across-region approach, we used adjusted R2 values of the variation partitioning to model the community–environment relationships across multiple metacommunities using linear regression and commonality analysis. We found that niche filtering related to local lake-level environmental conditions was the dominant force structuring macrophytes within metacommunities. However, our results also revealed that elevation range associated with climate (increasing temperature amplitude affecting macrophytes) and spatial location (likely due to dispersal limitation) was important for macrophytes based on the findings of the across-metacommunities analysis. These findings suggest that different determinants influence macrophyte metacommunities within different regions, thus showing context dependency. Moreover, our study emphasized that the use of a single metacommunity scale gives incomplete information on the environmental features explaining variation in macrophyte communities.

We studied community–environment relationships of lake macrophytes at two metacommunity scales using data from 16 regions across the world. More specifically, we examined (a) whether the lake macrophyte communities respond similar to key local environmental factors, major climate variables and lake spatial locations in each of the regions (i.e., within-region approach) and (b) how well can explained variability in the community–environment relationships across multiple lake macrophyte metacommunities be accounted for by elevation range, spatial extent, latitude, longitude, and age of the oldest lake within each metacommunity (i.e., across-region approach). In the within-region approach, we employed partial redundancy analyses together with variation partitioning to investigate the relative importance of local variables, climate variables, and spatial location on lake macrophytes among the study regions. In the across-region approach, we used adjusted R2 values of the variation partitioning to model the community–environment relationships across multiple metacommunities using linear regression and commonality analysis. We found that niche filtering related to local lake-level environmental conditions was the dominant force structuring macrophytes within metacommunities. However, our results also revealed that elevation range associated with climate (increasing temperature amplitude affecting macrophytes) and spatial location (likely due to dispersal limitation) was important for macrophytes based on the findings of the across-metacommunities analysis. These findings suggest that different determinants influence macrophyte metacommunities within different regions, thus showing context dependency. Moreover, our study emphasized that the use of a single metacommunity scale gives incomplete information on the environmental features explaining variation in macrophyte communities.

Aim: We studied global variation in beta diversity patterns of lake macrophytes using regional data from across the world. Specifically, we examined (1) how beta diversity of aquatic macrophytes is partitioned between species turnover and nestedness within each study region, and (2) which environmental characteristics structure variation in these beta diversity components. Location: Global. Methods: We used presence–absence data for aquatic macrophytes from 21 regions distributed around the world. We calculated pairwise‐site and multiple‐site beta diversity among lakes within each region using Sørensen dissimilarity index and partitioned it into turnover and nestedness coefficients. Beta regression was used to correlate the diversity coefficients with regional environmental characteristics. Results: Aquatic macrophytes showed different levels of beta diversity within each of the 21 study regions, with species turnover typically accounting for the majority of beta diversity, especially in high‐diversity regions. However, nestedness contributed 30–50% of total variation in macrophyte beta diversity in low‐diversity regions. The most important environmental factor explaining the three beta diversity coefficients (total, species turnover and nestedness) was elevation range, followed by relative areal extent of freshwater, latitude and water alkalinity range. Main conclusions: Our findings show that global patterns in beta diversity of lake macrophytes are caused by species turnover rather than by nestedness. These patterns in beta diversity were driven by natural environmental heterogeneity, notably variability in elevation range (also related to temperature variation) among regions. In addition, a greater range in alkalinity within a region, likely amplified by human activities, was also correlated with increased macrophyte beta diversity. These findings suggest that efforts to conserve aquatic macrophyte diversity should primarily focus on regions with large

Aim: We studied global variation in beta diversity patterns of lake macrophytes using regional data from across the world. Specifically, we examined (1) how beta diversity of aquatic macrophytes is partitioned between species turnover and nestedness within each study region, and (2) which environmental characteristics structure variation in these beta diversity components. Location: Global. Methods: We used presence–absence data for aquatic macrophytes from 21 regions distributed around the world. We calculated pairwise-site and multiple-site beta diversity among lakes within each region using Sørensen dissimilarity index and partitioned it into turnover and nestedness coefficients. Beta regression was used to correlate the diversity coefficients with regional environmental characteristics. Results Aquatic macrophytes showed different levels of beta diversity within each of the 21 study regions, with species turnover typically accounting for the majority of beta diversity, especially in high-diversity regions. However, nestedness contributed 30–50% of total variation in macrophyte beta diversity in low-diversity regions. The most important environmental factor explaining the three beta diversity coefficients (total, species turnover and nestedness) was elevation range, followed by relative areal extent of freshwater, latitude and water alkalinity range. Main conclusions: Our findings show that global patterns in beta diversity of lake macrophytes are caused by species turnover rather than by nestedness. These patterns in beta diversity were driven by natural environmental heterogeneity, notably variability in elevation range (also related to temperature variation) among regions. In addition, a greater range in alkalinity within a region, likely amplified by human activities, was also correlated with increased macrophyte beta diversity. These findings suggest that efforts to conserve aquatic macrophyte diversity should primarily focus on regions with large numbers of