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1. Characterization of three plastic forms: Plasticoncrete, plastimetal and plastisessiles

Author

Ellrich, Julius A, Ehlers, Sonja M, Furukuma, Shunji, Pogoda, Bernadette, Koop, Jochen HE, Ellrich, Julius A, Ehlers, Sonja M, Furukuma, Shunji, Pogoda, Bernadette, and Koop, Jochen HE

Abstract

Plastic forms, including plastiglomerate, pyroplastic, plasticrusts, anthropoquinas, plastistone and plastitar, were recorded worldwide. These plastic forms derive from geochemical or geophysical interactions such as heat-induced plastic fusion with rock in campfires, incomplete plastic combustion, water motion-driven plastic abrasion in the rocky intertidal zone, plastic deposition in hardened sediments and plastic bonding with tar. Thereby, these interactions can profoundly influence the fate of plastics in the environment. This study characterized three novel plastic forms (plasticoncrete, plastimetal and plastisessiles) discovered on Helgoland island (North Sea). Plasticoncrete consisted of common polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) fibers hardened in concrete. Plastimetal included PE fibers rusted with metal. Plastisessiles consisted of PE fibers attached to benthic substrates by sessile invertebrates (oysters and polychaetes). Plasticoncrete and plastimetal are the first plastic forms composed of two man-made materials. Plastisessiles show that plastic forms not only result from human- or environment-mediated interactions but also from biological interactions between invertebrates and plastic. All plastic forms (bulk density ≥ 1.4 g/cm3) sunk during floating tests and hardly changed their positions during a 13-day field experiment and 153- to 306-day field monitorings, indicating their local formation, limited mobility and longevity. Still, experimentally detached plastic fibers floated, confirming that the formation of these plastic forms influences the fate of plastic fibers in the environment. Furthermore, the experiment showed that plasticoncrete got deposited in beach sand under wavy and windy conditions, indicating that coastal waves and onshore winds drive plasticoncrete deposition in coastal sediments. We also provide first records of plasticoncrete on Mallorca island (Mediterranean Sea) and plastimetal on Hikoshima island (Sea of Japan), respecti

Published
2023

2. Global diversity and antimicrobial resistance of typhoid fever pathogens:Insights from a meta-analysis of 13,000 Salmonella Typhi genomes

Author

Carey, Megan E, Dyson, Zoe A, Ingle, Danielle J, Amir, Afreenish, Aworh, Mabel K, Chattaway, Marie Anne, Chew, Ka Lip, Crump, John A, Feasey, Nicholas A, Howden, Benjamin P, Keddy, Karen H, Maes, Mailis, Parry, Christopher M, Van Puyvelde, Sandra, Webb, Hattie E, Afolayan, Ayorinde Oluwatobiloba, Alexander, Anna P, Anandan, Shalini, Andrews, Jason R, Ashton, Philip M, Basnyat, Buddha, Bavdekar, Ashish, Bogoch, Isaac I, Clemens, John D, da Silva, Kesia Esther, De, Anuradha, de Ligt, Joep, Diaz Guevara, Paula Lucia, Dolecek, Christiane, Dutta, Shanta, Ehlers, Marthie M, Francois Watkins, Louise, Garrett, Denise O, Godbole, Gauri, Gordon, Melita A, Greenhill, Andrew R, Griffin, Chelsey, Gupta, Madhu, Hendriksen, Rene S, Heyderman, Robert S, Hooda, Yogesh, Hormazabal, Juan Carlos, Ikhimiukor, Odion O, Iqbal, Junaid, Jacob, Jobin John, Jenkins, Claire, Jinka, Dasaratha Ramaiah, John, Jacob, Kang, Gagandeep, Kanteh, Abdoulie, Kapil, Arti, Karkey, Abhilasha, Kariuki, Samuel, Kingsley, Robert A, Koshy, Roshine Mary, Lauer, AC, Levine, Myron M, Lingegowda, Ravikumar Kadahalli, Luby, Stephen P, Mackenzie, Grant Austin, Mashe, Tapfumanei, Msefula, Chisomo, Mutreja, Ankur, Nagaraj, Geetha, Nagaraj, Savitha, Nair, Satheesh, Naseri, Take K, Nimarota-Brown, Susana, Njamkepo, Elisabeth, Okeke, Iruka N, Perumal, Sulochana Putli Bai, Pollard, Andrew J, Pragasam, Agila Kumari, Qadri, Firdausi, Qamar, Farah N, Rahman, Sadia Isfat Ara, Rambocus, Savitra Devi, Rasko, David A, Ray, Pallab, Robins-Browne, Roy, Rongsen-Chandola, Temsunaro, Rutanga, Jean Pierre, Saha, Samir K, Saha, Senjuti, Saigal, Karnika, Sajib, Mohammad Saiful Islam, Seidman, Jessica C, Shakya, Jivan, Shamanna, Varun, Shastri, Jayanthi, Shrestha, Rajeev, Sia, Sonia, Sikorski, Michael J, Singh, Ashita, Smith, Anthony M, Tagg, Kaitlin A, Tamrakar, Dipesh, Tanmoy, Arif Mohammed, Thomas, Maria, Thomas, Mathew S, Thomsen, Robert, Thomson, Nicholas R, Tupua, Siaosi, Vaidya, Krista, Valcanis, Mary, Veeraraghavan, Balaji, Weill, François-Xavier, Wright, Jackie, Dougan, Gordon, Argimón, Silvia, Keane, Jacqueline A, Aanensen, David M, Baker, Stephen, Holt, Kathryn E, Carey, Megan E, Dyson, Zoe A, Ingle, Danielle J, Amir, Afreenish, Aworh, Mabel K, Chattaway, Marie Anne, Chew, Ka Lip, Crump, John A, Feasey, Nicholas A, Howden, Benjamin P, Keddy, Karen H, Maes, Mailis, Parry, Christopher M, Van Puyvelde, Sandra, Webb, Hattie E, Afolayan, Ayorinde Oluwatobiloba, Alexander, Anna P, Anandan, Shalini, Andrews, Jason R, Ashton, Philip M, Basnyat, Buddha, Bavdekar, Ashish, Bogoch, Isaac I, Clemens, John D, da Silva, Kesia Esther, De, Anuradha, de Ligt, Joep, Diaz Guevara, Paula Lucia, Dolecek, Christiane, Dutta, Shanta, Ehlers, Marthie M, Francois Watkins, Louise, Garrett, Denise O, Godbole, Gauri, Gordon, Melita A, Greenhill, Andrew R, Griffin, Chelsey, Gupta, Madhu, Hendriksen, Rene S, Heyderman, Robert S, Hooda, Yogesh, Hormazabal, Juan Carlos, Ikhimiukor, Odion O, Iqbal, Junaid, Jacob, Jobin John, Jenkins, Claire, Jinka, Dasaratha Ramaiah, John, Jacob, Kang, Gagandeep, Kanteh, Abdoulie, Kapil, Arti, Karkey, Abhilasha, Kariuki, Samuel, Kingsley, Robert A, Koshy, Roshine Mary, Lauer, AC, Levine, Myron M, Lingegowda, Ravikumar Kadahalli, Luby, Stephen P, Mackenzie, Grant Austin, Mashe, Tapfumanei, Msefula, Chisomo, Mutreja, Ankur, Nagaraj, Geetha, Nagaraj, Savitha, Nair, Satheesh, Naseri, Take K, Nimarota-Brown, Susana, Njamkepo, Elisabeth, Okeke, Iruka N, Perumal, Sulochana Putli Bai, Pollard, Andrew J, Pragasam, Agila Kumari, Qadri, Firdausi, Qamar, Farah N, Rahman, Sadia Isfat Ara, Rambocus, Savitra Devi, Rasko, David A, Ray, Pallab, Robins-Browne, Roy, Rongsen-Chandola, Temsunaro, Rutanga, Jean Pierre, Saha, Samir K, Saha, Senjuti, Saigal, Karnika, Sajib, Mohammad Saiful Islam, Seidman, Jessica C, Shakya, Jivan, Shamanna, Varun, Shastri, Jayanthi, Shrestha, Rajeev, Sia, Sonia, Sikorski, Michael J, Singh, Ashita, Smith, Anthony M, Tagg, Kaitlin A, Tamrakar, Dipesh, Tanmoy, Arif Mohammed, Thomas, Maria, Thomas, Mathew S, Thomsen, Robert, Thomson, Nicholas R, Tupua, Siaosi, Vaidya, Krista, Valcanis, Mary, Veeraraghavan, Balaji, Weill, François-Xavier, Wright, Jackie, Dougan, Gordon, Argimón, Silvia, Keane, Jacqueline A, Aanensen, David M, Baker, Stephen, and Holt, Kathryn E

Abstract

Background: The Global Typhoid Genomics Consortium was established to bring together the typhoid research community to aggregate and analyse Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (Typhi) genomic data to inform public health action. This analysis, which marks 22 years since the publication of the first Typhi genome, represents the largest Typhi genome sequence collection to date (n=13,000). Methods: This is a meta-analysis of global genotype and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants extracted from previously sequenced genome data and analysed using consistent methods implemented in open analysis platforms GenoTyphi and Pathogenwatch. Results: Compared with previous global snapshots, the data highlight that genotype 4.3.1 (H58) has not spread beyond Asia and Eastern/Southern Africa; in other regions, distinct genotypes dominate and have independently evolved AMR. Data gaps remain in many parts of the world, and we show the potential of travel-associated sequences to provide informal 'sentinel' surveillance for such locations. The data indicate that ciprofloxacin non-susceptibility (>1 resistance determinant) is widespread across geographies and genotypes, with high-level ciprofloxacin resistance (≥3 determinants) reaching 20% prevalence in South Asia. Extensively drug-resistant (XDR) typhoid has become dominant in Pakistan (70% in 2020) but has not yet become established elsewhere. Ceftriaxone resistance has emerged in eight non-XDR genotypes, including a ciprofloxacin-resistant lineage (4.3.1.2.1) in India. Azithromycin resistance mutations were detected at low prevalence in South Asia, including in two common ciprofloxacin-resistant genotypes. Conclusions: The consortium's aim is to encourage continued data sharing and collaboration to monitor the emergence and global spread of AMR Typhi, and to inform decision-making around the introduction of typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs) and other prevention and control s

Published
2023

3. Component Ana o 3 versus extract for cashew nut allergy: A diagnostic test accuracy study in adults

Author

UMC Utrecht, MS Dermatologie/Allergologie, Infection & Immunity, CTI Research, MS Reumatologie/Immunologie/Infectie, Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells, JC onderzoeksprogramma Methodologie, Lab Reumatologie/Klinische Immunologie, Kallen, Emily J.J., Bollemeijer, Juliette F., Knulst, André C., Ehlers, Anna M., Welsing, Paco M.J., van Ree, Ronald, Le, Thuy My, UMC Utrecht, MS Dermatologie/Allergologie, Infection & Immunity, CTI Research, MS Reumatologie/Immunologie/Infectie, Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells, JC onderzoeksprogramma Methodologie, Lab Reumatologie/Klinische Immunologie, Kallen, Emily J.J., Bollemeijer, Juliette F., Knulst, André C., Ehlers, Anna M., Welsing, Paco M.J., van Ree, Ronald, and Le, Thuy My

Published
2023

4. Complement component C3 and C5b-9 deposition on hypoxia reperfused endothelial cells by non-HLA antibodies against RhoGDI2: A player involved in graft failure?

Author

CTI Otten, Unit Opleiding Aios, MS Nefrologie, Circulatory Health, Longziekten, Infection & Immunity, CDL Cluster Speciële Diagnostiek, Kardol-Hoefnagel, Tineke, Michielsen, Laura A, Ehlers, Anna M, van Zuilen, Arjan D, Luijk, Bart, Otten, Henny G, CTI Otten, Unit Opleiding Aios, MS Nefrologie, Circulatory Health, Longziekten, Infection & Immunity, CDL Cluster Speciële Diagnostiek, Kardol-Hoefnagel, Tineke, Michielsen, Laura A, Ehlers, Anna M, van Zuilen, Arjan D, Luijk, Bart, and Otten, Henny G

Published
2023

6. Multiclonal human origin and global expansion of an endemic bacterial pathogen of livestock

Author

Yebra, Gonzalo, Harling-Lee, Joshua D., Lycett, Samantha, Aarestrup, Frank M., Larsen, Gunhild, Cavaco, Lina M., Seo, Keun Seok, Abraham, Sam, Norris, Jacqueline M., Schmidt, Tracy, Ehlers, Marthie M., Sordelli, Daniel O., Buzzola, Fernanda R., Gebreyes, Wondwossen A., Gonçalves, Juliano L., dos Santos, Marcos V., Zakaria, Zunita, Rall, Vera L. M., Keane, Orla M., Niedziela, Dagmara A., Paterson, Gavin K., Holmes, Mark A., Freeman, Tom C., Fitzgerald, J. Ross, Yebra, Gonzalo, Harling-Lee, Joshua D., Lycett, Samantha, Aarestrup, Frank M., Larsen, Gunhild, Cavaco, Lina M., Seo, Keun Seok, Abraham, Sam, Norris, Jacqueline M., Schmidt, Tracy, Ehlers, Marthie M., Sordelli, Daniel O., Buzzola, Fernanda R., Gebreyes, Wondwossen A., Gonçalves, Juliano L., dos Santos, Marcos V., Zakaria, Zunita, Rall, Vera L. M., Keane, Orla M., Niedziela, Dagmara A., Paterson, Gavin K., Holmes, Mark A., Freeman, Tom C., and Fitzgerald, J. Ross

Abstract

Most new pathogens of humans and animals arise via switching events from distinct host species. However, our understanding of the evolutionary and ecological drivers of successful host adaptation, expansion, and dissemination are limited. Staphylococcus aureus is a major bacterial pathogen of humans and a leading cause of mastitis in dairy cows worldwide. Here we trace the evolutionary history of bovine S. aureus using a global dataset of 10,254 S. aureus genomes including 1,896 bovine isolates from 32 countries in 6 continents. We identified 7 major contemporary endemic clones of S. aureus causing bovine mastitis around the world and traced them back to 4 independent host-jump events from humans that occurred up to 2,500 y ago. Individual clones emerged and underwent clonal expansion from the mid-19th to late 20th century coinciding with the commercialization and industrialization of dairy farming, and older lineages have become globally distributed via established cattle trade links. Importantly, we identified lineage-dependent differences in the frequency of host transmission events between humans and cows in both directions revealing high risk clones threatening veterinary and human health. Finally, pangenome network analysis revealed that some bovine S. aureus lineages contained distinct sets of bovine-associated genes, consistent with multiple trajectories to host adaptation via gene acquisition. Taken together, we have dissected the evolutionary history of a major endemic pathogen of livestock providing a comprehensive temporal, geographic, and gene-level perspective of its remarkable success.

Published
2022

7. Accurate prediction of peanut allergy in one-third of adults using a validated Ara h 2 cutoff

Author

Longziekten onderzoek 1, Unit Opleiding Dermatologie, MS Dermatologie/Allergologie, Infection & Immunity, CTI Otten, CTI, CTI Research, Child Health, Longziekten patientenzorg, CDL Patiëntenzorg MI, Speerpunt Child Health, Kansen, Hannah M, van Erp, Francine C, Knulst, André C, Ehlers, Anna M, Lyons, Sarah A, Knol, Edward F, Meijer, Yolanda, Otten, Henny G, van der Ent, Cornelis K, Le, Thuy-My, Longziekten onderzoek 1, Unit Opleiding Dermatologie, MS Dermatologie/Allergologie, Infection & Immunity, CTI Otten, CTI, CTI Research, Child Health, Longziekten patientenzorg, CDL Patiëntenzorg MI, Speerpunt Child Health, Kansen, Hannah M, van Erp, Francine C, Knulst, André C, Ehlers, Anna M, Lyons, Sarah A, Knol, Edward F, Meijer, Yolanda, Otten, Henny G, van der Ent, Cornelis K, and Le, Thuy-My

Published
2021

8. High abundances of microplastic pollution in deep-sea sediments: evidence from Antarctica and the Southern Ocean

Author

Cunningham, Eoghan M., Ehlers, Sonja M., Dick, Jaimie T.A., Sigwart, Julia D., Linse, Katrin, Dick, Jon J., Kiriakoulakis, Konstadinos, Cunningham, Eoghan M., Ehlers, Sonja M., Dick, Jaimie T.A., Sigwart, Julia D., Linse, Katrin, Dick, Jon J., and Kiriakoulakis, Konstadinos

Abstract

Plastic pollution in Antarctica and the Southern Ocean has been recorded in scientific literature since the 1980s; however, the presence of microplastic particles (<5 mm) is less understood. Here, we aimed to determine whether microplastic accumulation would vary among Antarctic and Southern Ocean regions through studying 30 deep-sea sediment cores. Additionally, we aimed to highlight whether microplastic accumulation was related to sample depth or the sediment characteristics within each core. Sediment cores were digested and separated using a high-density sodium polytungstate solution (SPT) and microplastic particles were identified using micro-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (μFTIR). Microplastic pollution was found in 93% of the sediment cores (28/30). The mean (±SE) microplastics per gram of sediment was 1.30 ± 0.51, 1.09 ± 0.22, and 1.04 ± 0.39 MP/g, for the Antarctic Peninsula, South Sandwich Islands, and South Georgia, respectively. Microplastic fragment accumulation correlated significantly with the percentage of clay within cores, suggesting that microplastics have similar dispersion behavior to low density sediments. Although no difference in microplastic abundance was found among regions, the values were much higher in comparison to less remote ecosystems, suggesting that the Antarctic and Southern Ocean deep-sea accumulates higher numbers of microplastic pollution than previously expected.

Published
2020

9. IgE-binding to vicilin-like antimicrobial peptides is associated with systemic reactions to macadamia nut

Author

CTI Otten, Infection & Immunity, CDL Patiëntenzorg MI, MS Dermatologie/Allergologie, Ehlers, Anna M., Rohwer, Stefanie, Otten, Henny G., Brix, Bettina, Le, Thuy My, Suer, Waltraud, Knulst, André C., CTI Otten, Infection & Immunity, CDL Patiëntenzorg MI, MS Dermatologie/Allergologie, Ehlers, Anna M., Rohwer, Stefanie, Otten, Henny G., Brix, Bettina, Le, Thuy My, Suer, Waltraud, and Knulst, André C.

Published
2020

10. Detection of specific IgE against linear epitopes from Gal d 1 has additional value in diagnosing hen's egg allergy in adults

Author

CTI Otten, Infection & Immunity, CDL Patiëntenzorg MI, MS Dermatologie/Allergologie, Ehlers, Anna M, Otten, Henny G, Wierzba, Eva, Flügge, Ulrike, Le, Thuy-My, Knulst, André C, Suer, Waltraud, CTI Otten, Infection & Immunity, CDL Patiëntenzorg MI, MS Dermatologie/Allergologie, Ehlers, Anna M, Otten, Henny G, Wierzba, Eva, Flügge, Ulrike, Le, Thuy-My, Knulst, André C, and Suer, Waltraud

Published
2020

13. Sesame oleosins are minor allergens

Author

Ehlers, Anna M., Rossnagel, Madlen, Brix, Bettina, Blankestijn, Mark A., Le, Thuy My, Suer, Waltraud, Otten, Henny G., Knulst, André C., Ehlers, Anna M., Rossnagel, Madlen, Brix, Bettina, Blankestijn, Mark A., Le, Thuy My, Suer, Waltraud, Otten, Henny G., and Knulst, André C.

Published
2019

14. Sesame oleosins are minor allergens

Author

Ehlers, Anna M., Rossnagel, Madlen, Brix, Bettina, Blankestijn, Mark A., Le, Thuy My, Suer, Waltraud, Otten, Henny G., Knulst, André C., Ehlers, Anna M., Rossnagel, Madlen, Brix, Bettina, Blankestijn, Mark A., Le, Thuy My, Suer, Waltraud, Otten, Henny G., and Knulst, André C.

Published
2019

18. Sesame oleosins are minor allergens

Author

Ehlers, Anna M., Rossnagel, Madlen, Brix, Bettina, Blankestijn, Mark A., Le, Thuy My, Suer, Waltraud, Otten, Henny G., Knulst, André C., Ehlers, Anna M., Rossnagel, Madlen, Brix, Bettina, Blankestijn, Mark A., Le, Thuy My, Suer, Waltraud, Otten, Henny G., and Knulst, André C.

Published
2019

20. Ara h 7 isoforms share many linear epitopes: Are 3D epitopes crucial to elucidate divergent abilities?

Author

CTI Otten, MS Dermatologie/Allergologie, Infection & Immunity, CDL Patiëntenzorg MI, CDL Celdiagnostiek, Ehlers, Anna M., Klinge, Marco, Suer, Waltraud, Weimann, Yvonne, Knulst, André C., Besa, Frithjof, Le, Thuy My, Otten, Henny G., CTI Otten, MS Dermatologie/Allergologie, Infection & Immunity, CDL Patiëntenzorg MI, CDL Celdiagnostiek, Ehlers, Anna M., Klinge, Marco, Suer, Waltraud, Weimann, Yvonne, Knulst, André C., Besa, Frithjof, Le, Thuy My, and Otten, Henny G.

Published
2019

21. Sesame oleosins are minor allergens

Author

UMC Utrecht, CTI Otten, Unit Opleiding Dermatologie, Infection & Immunity, MS Dermatologie/Allergologie, CDL Patiëntenzorg MI, CDL Celdiagnostiek, Ehlers, Anna M., Rossnagel, Madlen, Brix, Bettina, Blankestijn, Mark A., Le, Thuy My, Suer, Waltraud, Otten, Henny G., Knulst, André C., UMC Utrecht, CTI Otten, Unit Opleiding Dermatologie, Infection & Immunity, MS Dermatologie/Allergologie, CDL Patiëntenzorg MI, CDL Celdiagnostiek, Ehlers, Anna M., Rossnagel, Madlen, Brix, Bettina, Blankestijn, Mark A., Le, Thuy My, Suer, Waltraud, Otten, Henny G., and Knulst, André C.

Published
2019

22. Can alternative epitope mapping approaches increase the impact of B-cell epitopes in food allergy diagnostics?

Author

CTI Otten, MS Dermatologie/Allergologie, Unit Opleiding Dermatologie, Infection & Immunity, CDL Patiëntenzorg MI, CDL Celdiagnostiek, Ehlers, A M, Blankestijn, M A, Knulst, A C, Klinge, M, Otten, H G, CTI Otten, MS Dermatologie/Allergologie, Unit Opleiding Dermatologie, Infection & Immunity, CDL Patiëntenzorg MI, CDL Celdiagnostiek, Ehlers, A M, Blankestijn, M A, Knulst, A C, Klinge, M, and Otten, H G

Published
2019

26. 2S protein Ara h 7.0201 has unique epitopes compared to other Ara h 7 isoforms and is comparable to 2S proteins Ara h 2 and 6 in basophil degranulation capacity

Author

Lab Dermatologie/Allergologie, Infection & Immunity, CTI Otten, MS Dermatologie/Allergologie, CTI, Global Health, JC onderzoeksprogramma Cardiovasculaire Epidemiologie, CDL Celdiagnostiek, Hayen, S. M., Ehlers, A. M., den Hartog Jager, C. F., Garssen, J., Knol, E. F., Knulst, A. C., Suer, W., Willemsen, L. E.M., Otten, H. G., Lab Dermatologie/Allergologie, Infection & Immunity, CTI Otten, MS Dermatologie/Allergologie, CTI, Global Health, JC onderzoeksprogramma Cardiovasculaire Epidemiologie, CDL Celdiagnostiek, Hayen, S. M., Ehlers, A. M., den Hartog Jager, C. F., Garssen, J., Knol, E. F., Knulst, A. C., Suer, W., Willemsen, L. E.M., and Otten, H. G.

Published
2018

28. Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococci at the Human– Animal Interface

Author

Schmidt, Tracy, Kock, Marleen M., Ehlers, Marthie M., Schmidt, Tracy, Kock, Marleen M., and Ehlers, Marthie M.

Abstract

The widespread and often indiscriminate use of antimicrobials in animals is considered an important driving force behind the emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. The emergence of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and the description of a novel methicillin-resistant gene, mecC, have renewed concerns regarding the role of animals as reservoirs and a source for the evolution of novel, virulent zoonotic pathogens. The transfer of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria residing in, or on, animals to close human contacts or the introduction of the bacteria into the food supply chain is a cause for concern. The purpose of this mini-review is to provide a background to the genus Staphylococcus and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance as well as a discussion on the most significant antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. The use of antimicrobials in animal husbandry is discussed and the interface between humans and different animal populations is closely examined. Finally, the need for antimicrobial monitoring programmes is discussed and is supplemented with information pertaining to antimicrobial susceptibility testing and molecular typing of staphylococcal isolates.

Published
2015
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