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Organophosphate pollution, caused by excess organophosphate chemical compounds used as pesticides, poses health and environmental risks. These persistent and toxic chemicals can affect human health, biodiversity and the local economy. To address this issue, it is crucial to promote more sustainable practices and develop less harmful alternatives. Furthermore, in the agricultural sector, the indiscriminate use of pesticides represents an occupational risk, with variable adverse effects depending on the type of pesticide and the protection measures used. This study aims to carry out a bibliometric analysis on organophosphate contamination in water bodies in Colombia, evaluating its implications and effects, especially those related to fertilizers in agricultural soils., La contaminación por organofosfatos, causada por el exceso de compuestos químicos organofosforados utilizados como pesticidas, plantea riesgos para la salud y el medio ambiente. Estos químicos, persistentes y tóxicos, pueden afectar la salud humana, la biodiversidad y la economía local. Para abordar este problema, es crucial promover prácticas más sostenibles y desarrollar alternativas menos perjudiciales. Además, en el sector agrícola, el uso indiscriminado de plaguicidas representa un riesgo laboral, con efectos adversos variables según el tipo de plaguicida y las medidas de protección empleadas. Este estudio tiene como objetivo realizar un análisis bibliométrico sobre la contaminación por organofosfatos en cuerpos de agua en Colombia, evaluando sus implicaciones y efectos, especialmente aquellos relacionados con fertilizantes en suelos agrícolas.

Tannery industries are one of the most pollution-generating industries in the world. Tannery wastewater is usually characterized by high BOD, COD, TDS, and TSS and a high percentage of dissolved organic and inorganic matter. The central effluent treatment plant (CETP) of industry plays a vital role in sustainable industrial waste management and saves different lives from harmful effects. The study aimed to analyze various physicochemical parameters of the composite tannery influent and effluent as well as the removal efficiency of the CETP of the Savar Tannery Industrial Zone in Bangladesh. It was carried out at Savar Upazila, situated in the northwest part of Dhaka, Bangladesh. The samples were collected three times (pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon) in a year, from monsoon 2021 to pre-monsoon 2022. The major water quality parameters for the influents and effluents included pH, BOD, COD, TDS, TSS, NO3-, SO42-, HCO3-, PO43-, Cl-, Na, Ca, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Pb. Most of the parameters, especially BOD, COD, TDS, and TSS after treatment, exceeded the standard permissible limits of effluent discharge prescribed by the ISW-BDS-ECR (1997), DoE-BD, and NEQS (2000), and these values were two times higher than the permissible limit. The DO value was four times lower than the permissible limit, indicating heavily polluted water. The concentration of the cations in the tannery effluents was in the following order: Na>Ca>Cr>Fe>Cu>Zn>Pb. The analysis results illustrated that the overall removal efficiency of the CETP was about 47%. The study observed that the performance of the CETP was not satisfactory, and hence it needs further improvement in the treating capacity for sustainable industrial wastewater management.

Tannery industries are one of the most pollution-generating industries in the world. Tannery wastewater is usually characterized by high BOD, COD, TDS, and TSS and a high percentage of dissolved organic and inorganic matter. The central effluent treatment plant (CETP) of industry plays a vital role in sustainable industrial waste management and saves different lives from harmful effects. The study aimed to analyze various physicochemical parameters of the composite tannery influent and effluent as well as the removal efficiency of the CETP of the Savar Tannery Industrial Zone in Bangladesh. It was carried out at Savar Upazila, situated in the northwest part of Dhaka, Bangladesh. The samples were collected three times (pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon) in a year, from monsoon 2021 to pre-monsoon 2022. The major water quality parameters for the influents and effluents included pH, BOD, COD, TDS, TSS, NO3-, SO42-, HCO3-, PO43-, Cl-, Na, Ca, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Pb. Most of the parameters, especially BOD, COD, TDS, and TSS after treatment, exceeded the standard permissible limits of effluent discharge prescribed by the ISW-BDS-ECR (1997), DoE-BD, and NEQS (2000), and these values were two times higher than the permissible limit. The DO value was four times lower than the permissible limit, indicating heavily polluted water. The concentration of the cations in the tannery effluents was in the following order: Na>Ca>Cr>Fe>Cu>Zn>Pb. The analysis results illustrated that the overall removal efficiency of the CETP was about 47%. The study observed that the performance of the CETP was not satisfactory, and hence it needs further improvement in the treating capacity for sustainable industrial wastewater management.

A changing climate and often unregulated water extractions have exposed over 2 billion people to water stress worldwide. While water managers have explored a portfolio of options to reduce this stress, supply augmentation through reuse of treated municipal wastewater is becoming increasingly attractive. Wastewater treatment plants protect water quality and prevent sewage from contaminating waterways. Increasingly, this resource is utilized for numerous human (e.g., irrigation, drinking water, groundwater recharge) and conservation (e.g., stream and river recharge) needs in water stressed regions. To understand the role treated municipal wastewater plays in impacting conservation objectives we identified the intersection of wastewater treatment plant locations and occurrences of threatened and endangered (T&E) species in California and compared the permitted contribution of effluent to baseflow quantities of the receiving waterbody to assess the degree to which changes in effluent could affect instream waterbodies. We found a positive correlation between the presence of treatment plants and T&E species in California watersheds—a quarter of species have 100% of their range in watersheds with at least one treatment plant. This correlation is greatest for species associated with terraces and riparian habitat, followed by aquatic habitat and aquatic emergent vegetation. One‐third of watersheds in our analysis can receive most of their cumulative watershed baseflow from effluent and are characterized by dense urbanization or agriculture. Our analysis demonstrates that the fates of T&E species and effluent are interconnected in ways important for water policy, suggesting that species conservation goals should be considered when making decisions about effluent reuse.

Pesticides have been reported in treated wastewater effluent at concentrations that exceed aquatic toxicity thresholds, indicating that treatment may be insufficient to adequately address potential pesticide impacts on aquatic life. Gaining a better understanding of the relative contribution from specific use patterns, transport pathways, and flow characteristics is an essential first step to informing source control measures. The results of this study are the first of their kind, reporting pesticide concentrations at sub-sewershed sites within a single sewer catchment to provide information on the relative contribution from various urban sources. Seven monitoring events were collected from influent, effluent, and seven sub-sewershed sites to capture seasonal variability. In addition, samples were collected from sites with the potential for relatively large mass fluxes of pesticides (pet grooming operations, pest control operators, and laundromats). Fipronil and imidacloprid were detected in most samples (>70%). Pyrethroids were detected in >50% of all influent and lateral samples. There were significant removals of pyrethroids from the aqueous process stream within the facility to below reporting limits. Imidacloprid and fiproles were the only pesticides that were detected above reporting limits in effluent, highlighting the importance of source identification and control for the more hydrophilic compounds. Single source monitoring revealed large contributions of fipronil, imidacloprid, and permethrin originating from a pet groomer, with elevated levels of cypermethrin at a commercial laundry location. The results provide important information needed to prioritize future monitoring efforts, calibrate down-the-drain models, and identify potential mitigation strategies at the site of pesticide use to prevent introduction to sewersheds.

The textile industry is one of the leading causes of major environmental problems worldwide. The textile dye effluents hold diverse kinds of dyes along with other contaminants. Various environmental legislations have been formulated and obligate the textile industries to treat the effluents prior to discharge into water bodies. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of removing two dyes, Congo red and Methylene blue, present in raw textile effluent by employing the powdered leaves of the Burflower (Neolamarckia cadamba) tree as adsorbent. The experiment was performed in a laboratory scale. The surface characterization of the adsorbent was carried out using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis, CHN elemental analyzer, FTIR and SEM-EDX analyses. The effluent was characterised before and after the biosorption process to check the efficiency of the process on the various parameters of the effluent. The values of the examined parameters were found to be decreased after the adsorption process. The removal percentages of the two dyes (Congo red = 76.35% and Methylene blue = 85.8%) using the adsorbent were also estimated by batch experiment studies. The findings of this study infer that the adsorbent as mentioned above, can be used to treat dye effluents.

The study was carried out in the livestock production module of CEAJAL, in the pig gestation area (n=12), fresh solid excreta were collected manually with a shovel and wheelbarrow, the lagoon-type biodigester was fed every day with two load levelsorganic(CO), CO15% and CO5% in order todetermine the quality of the byproducts. The biogas and sludge were evaluated in 4 periods of 40 days each. The resulting data were analyzed using descriptive and differential statistics in the R program (4.3.1). The methane content in the biogas of CO15% and CO5% was 61.6% and 59.6%, respectively, (p<0.02). The sludge was subjected to a complementary drying treatment at environmentaltemperature, determining macro and micronutrients,ofCO15% and CO5%, where MO, 53.9% and 57.4%; CT, 31.3% and 33.0%; NT, 3.4% and 3.5%; PT, 4.0% and 3.9%, respectively. Highlighting the statistical difference of the CT variable, (p<0.04). Despite a lower amount of CO, methane production is in the normal range and the nutrients in the sludge can be taken as a reference for organic fertilization in agriculture. To implement this type of technology, complementary treatments must be considered for each of the byproducts, El estudio se llevó a caboen el módulode producciónpecuaria del CEAJAL, del área de gestación de cerdos(n=12), se recolectóla excreta sólidafresca manualmente conpala y carretilla, el biodigestor tipo laguna fue alimentó diariamentecon dos niveles de carga orgánica (CO), CO15% y CO5%con la finalidad de determinar la calidad de subproductos.El biogásy el lodo se evaluaron en 4periodos, de 40 días cadauno. Los datosresultantes se analizaron medianteestadística descriptiva y diferencial en el programa R(4.3.1).El metanocontenidoen el biogás, de CO15% y CO5%, fuede61.6% y 59.6%, respectivamente,(p<0.02). Los lodos, se sometieron a tratamiento complementario de desecado a temperatura ambiente, determinando macro y micronutrientes,de CO15% y CO5%,donde MO, 53.9%y57.41%; CT, 31.3%y 33.0%; NT, 3.4%y 3.5%; PT, 4.0%y 3.9%, respectivamente. Resaltando la diferencia estadística dela variable CT, (p<0.04). A pesar de una CO menor, la producción de metano está en el rango normal y los nutrientes de los lodos pueden ser tomados como referencia para fertilización orgánica en la agricultura. Para implementar este tipo de tecnología se debe considerar tratamientos complementarios para cada uno de los subproductos.

The study was carried out in the livestock production module of CEAJAL, in the pig gestation area (n=12), fresh solid excreta were collected manually with a shovel and wheelbarrow, the lagoon-type biodigester was fed every day with two load levelsorganic(CO), CO15% and CO5% in order todetermine the quality of the byproducts. The biogas and sludge were evaluated in 4 periods of 40 days each. The resulting data were analyzed using descriptive and differential statistics in the R program (4.3.1). The methane content in the biogas of CO15% and CO5% was 61.6% and 59.6%, respectively, (p<0.02). The sludge was subjected to a complementary drying treatment at environmentaltemperature, determining macro and micronutrients,ofCO15% and CO5%, where MO, 53.9% and 57.4%; CT, 31.3% and 33.0%; NT, 3.4% and 3.5%; PT, 4.0% and 3.9%, respectively. Highlighting the statistical difference of the CT variable, (p<0.04). Despite a lower amount of CO, methane production is in the normal range and the nutrients in the sludge can be taken as a reference for organic fertilization in agriculture. To implement this type of technology, complementary treatments must be considered for each of the byproducts, El estudio se llevó a caboen el módulode producciónpecuaria del CEAJAL, del área de gestación de cerdos(n=12), se recolectóla excreta sólidafresca manualmente conpala y carretilla, el biodigestor tipo laguna fue alimentó diariamentecon dos niveles de carga orgánica (CO), CO15% y CO5%con la finalidad de determinar la calidad de subproductos.El biogásy el lodo se evaluaron en 4periodos, de 40 días cadauno. Los datosresultantes se analizaron medianteestadística descriptiva y diferencial en el programa R(4.3.1).El metanocontenidoen el biogás, de CO15% y CO5%, fuede61.6% y 59.6%, respectivamente,(p<0.02). Los lodos, se sometieron a tratamiento complementario de desecado a temperatura ambiente, determinando macro y micronutrientes,de CO15% y CO5%,donde MO, 53.9%y57.41%; CT, 31.3%y 33.0%; NT, 3.4%y 3.5%; PT, 4.0%y 3.9%, respectivamente. Resaltando la diferencia estadística dela variable CT, (p<0.04). A pesar de una CO menor, la producción de metano está en el rango normal y los nutrientes de los lodos pueden ser tomados como referencia para fertilización orgánica en la agricultura. Para implementar este tipo de tecnología se debe considerar tratamientos complementarios para cada uno de los subproductos.

Riparian areas in the arid Southwest are important refuges for many taxa that rely onthem for foraging, breeding, as corridors, and as a source of water. These areas are also disappearing though, and urbanization plays a major part in the degradation of these areas. As cities grow, natural vegetation is replaced with impermeable surfaces, resources are depleted, and aquifers are often drawn to support city growth. However, urbanization also has the potential to restore riparian areas. In this study, we focused on the use of effluent (treated wastewater) to restore riparian areas along the Santa Cruz River in Tucson, Arizona and how flow restoration affected bird assemblages. We identified and counted birds weekly at nine plots in each of four study reaches from February to April 2022. We measured environmental characteristics at each plot, including average flow of surface water, density of shrubs, amount of canopy cover, and distance to the nearest road bridge. Using these data, we set out to answer the following question: how do changes in stream flow, vegetation structure, and proximity to bridges affect bird communities overall and the population densities of individual species in an urban riparian system? We found that flow had a positive relationship with bird species richness, but no other measured environmental factor had a strong relationship with richness. Bird communities within each reach generally were distinct from one another, and changes in assemblage composition were correlated with flow, the density of shrubs, and canopy cover. Densities of five focal bird species varied among plots. Densities of two species were positively associated with stream flow while density of a third species was negatively associated with flow. Densities of other species varied with shrub density and canopy cover. Our results showcase how restoration of riparian areas using effluent has the potential to support unique species and assemblages of birds, and that a mosaic of

The assessment of the environmental footprint of an organization or product is based on methods published by the European Union Joint Research Centre, which take 16 impact areas into account. Among the listed categories are human and freshwater ecosystem toxicities. Standard protocols utilize just chemical parameters as input data, hindering the determination of the full impact of complex mixes, such as pollutants released into the environment. Biological assays enable us to overcome this gap: in the present work, assays were employed to determine both baseline and specific toxicity to aquatic species (green algae, luminescent bacteria, and crustacean cladocera) as well as specific toxicity (mutagenicity and carcinogenicity). Ecological footprint was estimated with regard to the impact categories “freshwater toxicity” and “human cancer toxicity” following the standard methodology. In parallel, the impact on the above categories was estimated using the results of biological assays as input. Standard and bioassay-based results are not always congruent, and conventional methods generally underestimate the effects. Likewise, the choice of reference substance (metals or organics) influences the quantification of impact. Appropriate batteries of biological assays could therefore be utilized to complement LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) techniques in order to make them more sensitive when considering toxicity in mid-term impact categories.

Tannery industries are one of the most pollution-generating industries in the world. Tannery wastewater is usually characterized by high BOD, COD, TDS, and TSS and a high percentage of dissolved organic and inorganic matter. The central effluent treatment plant (CETP) of industry plays a vital role in sustainable industrial waste management and saves different lives from harmful effects. The study aimed to analyze various physicochemical parameters of the composite tannery influent and effluent as well as the removal efficiency of the CETP of the Savar Tannery Industrial Zone in Bangladesh. It was carried out at Savar Upazila, situated in the northwest part of Dhaka, Bangladesh. The samples were collected three times (pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon) in a year, from monsoon 2021 to pre-monsoon 2022. The major water quality parameters for the influents and effluents included pH, BOD, COD, TDS, TSS, NO3-, SO42-, HCO3-, PO43-, Cl-, Na, Ca, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Pb. Most of the parameters, especially BOD, COD, TDS, and TSS after treatment, exceeded the standard permissible limits of effluent discharge prescribed by the ISW-BDS-ECR (1997), DoE-BD, and NEQS (2000), and these values were two times higher than the permissible limit. The DO value was four times lower than the permissible limit, indicating heavily polluted water. The concentration of the cations in the tannery effluents was in the following order: Na>Ca>Cr>Fe>Cu>Zn>Pb. The analysis results illustrated that the overall removal efficiency of the CETP was about 47%. The study observed that the performance of the CETP was not satisfactory, and hence it needs further improvement in the treating capacity for sustainable industrial wastewater management.

Tannery industries are one of the most pollution-generating industries in the world. Tannery wastewater is usually characterized by high BOD, COD, TDS, and TSS and a high percentage of dissolved organic and inorganic matter. The central effluent treatment plant (CETP) of industry plays a vital role in sustainable industrial waste management and saves different lives from harmful effects. The study aimed to analyze various physicochemical parameters of the composite tannery influent and effluent as well as the removal efficiency of the CETP of the Savar Tannery Industrial Zone in Bangladesh. It was carried out at Savar Upazila, situated in the northwest part of Dhaka, Bangladesh. The samples were collected three times (pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon) in a year, from monsoon 2021 to pre-monsoon 2022. The major water quality parameters for the influents and effluents included pH, BOD, COD, TDS, TSS, NO3-, SO42-, HCO3-, PO43-, Cl-, Na, Ca, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Pb. Most of the parameters, especially BOD, COD, TDS, and TSS after treatment, exceeded the standard permissible limits of effluent discharge prescribed by the ISW-BDS-ECR (1997), DoE-BD, and NEQS (2000), and these values were two times higher than the permissible limit. The DO value was four times lower than the permissible limit, indicating heavily polluted water. The concentration of the cations in the tannery effluents was in the following order: Na>Ca>Cr>Fe>Cu>Zn>Pb. The analysis results illustrated that the overall removal efficiency of the CETP was about 47%. The study observed that the performance of the CETP was not satisfactory, and hence it needs further improvement in the treating capacity for sustainable industrial wastewater management.

The aquatic and soil ecosystems are, inevitably, the final sinks of almost all anthropogenic substances. Among these substances, the pharmaceutically active compounds stand for being regularly found in urban runoff, surface and drinking waters. These compounds and their metabolites continuously enter the aquatic environments largely through effluents from wastewater treatment plants and sewage plants due to incomplete elimination or sporadic direct discharge. PhACs are designed to treat/prevent diseases, but even at low concentrations, they could exert harmful effects on non-target organisms due to a direct individual activity or to a positive interaction activity. This chapter reviews the presence of PhACs in the environment, their potential for bioaccumulation, toxicity and the positive interaction effects.

Les perturbateurs endocriniens (PE) sont des substances qui peuvent altérer le fonctionnement normal du système endocrinien. Lorsque relâchés dans l’environnement via les eaux usées, ceux-ci peuvent engendrer différents effets chez les poissons comme la féminisation et autres désordres de la fonction de la reproduction. Cependant, les PE sont peu suivis dans l’eau (ex : eaux de surface, eaux usées) et encore moins réglementés. Ceci est en partie expliqué par la complexité du suivi des PE par des méthodes classiques tel que la chimie ciblée qui nécessiterait de tester pour différentes classes de produits chimiques (ex : médicaments, plastiques), et ce, à faibles doses (ng/L). Une approche de suivi qui pourrait pallier ces problèmes est l’utilisation d’outils bioanalytiques ou bioessais. Les bioessais permettent d’évaluer et dans certains cas de quantifier un effet biologique in vitro ou in vivo. Ce projet de doctorat vise à développer une approche par bioessais pour détecter les PE dans les eaux usées municipales et industrielles en partenariat avec le Ministère de l'Environnement, de la Lutte contre les Changements Climatiques, de la Faune et des Parcs (MELCCFP). Basée sur une revue de la littérature des bioessais existants, une approche en deux niveaux a été conçue. Le premier niveau est composé de deux bioessais de transactivation des récepteurs pour les estrogènes et les androgènes, et le deuxième d’une version abrégée (7 jours) du bioessai de reproduction de courte durée (FSTRA) chez le mené à grosse tête (Pimephales promelas). Pour valider son pouvoir de prédiction de la perturbation endocrinienne engendrée par des effluents, cette approche a été comparée à un FSTRA standard de 21 jours. Le premier niveau a détecté de l’activité estrogénique, androgénique et anti-androgénique qui a pu être associée à un arrêt de reproduction provoquer par un effluent municipal et un de l’industrie des pâtes et papiers. Le FSTRA de 7 jours du niveau 2 a permis d’atteindre les mê

Wetlands are used to treat anthropogenic effluents due to their capacity for intense biogeochemical processing of nutrients and other pollutants, yet their role in processing effluent dissolved organic matter (DOM) is unclear. Here, I quantified the cycling of DOM in Frank Lake, an economically-important wetland restored using multiple effluent sources. Optical analyses and microbial incubations showed DOM changed from protein-like and bioavailable at the effluent inflow site to more aromatic and less bioavailable at the outflow, due to the processing and replacement of effluent DOM with that from marsh plants and wetland soils. My mass balance showed Frank Lake was a net long-term source of DOM, but shifted from a source to sink among wet and drought periods that respectively shortened or lengthened the water residence and DOM processing times. Overall, Frank Lake appears to effectively process effluent DOM, despite being a longer-term source of DOM to downstream environments.

Wetlands are used to treat anthropogenic effluents due to their capacity for intense biogeochemical processing of nutrients and other pollutants, yet their role in processing effluent dissolved organic matter (DOM) is unclear. Here, I quantified the cycling of DOM in Frank Lake, an economically-important wetland restored using multiple effluent sources. Optical analyses and microbial incubations showed DOM changed from protein-like and bioavailable at the effluent inflow site to more aromatic and less bioavailable at the outflow, due to the processing and replacement of effluent DOM with that from marsh plants and wetland soils. My mass balance showed Frank Lake was a net long-term source of DOM, but shifted from a source to sink among wet and drought periods that respectively shortened or lengthened the water residence and DOM processing times. Overall, Frank Lake appears to effectively process effluent DOM, despite being a longer-term source of DOM to downstream environments.

Wetlands are used to treat anthropogenic effluents due to their capacity for intense biogeochemical processing of nutrients and other pollutants, yet their role in processing effluent dissolved organic matter (DOM) is unclear. Here, I quantified the cycling of DOM in Frank Lake, an economically-important wetland restored using multiple effluent sources. Optical analyses and microbial incubations showed DOM changed from protein-like and bioavailable at the effluent inflow site to more aromatic and less bioavailable at the outflow, due to the processing and replacement of effluent DOM with that from marsh plants and wetland soils. My mass balance showed Frank Lake was a net long-term source of DOM, but shifted from a source to sink among wet and drought periods that respectively shortened or lengthened the water residence and DOM processing times. Overall, Frank Lake appears to effectively process effluent DOM, despite being a longer-term source of DOM to downstream environments.

Wetlands are used to treat anthropogenic effluents due to their capacity for intense biogeochemical processing of nutrients and other pollutants, yet their role in processing effluent dissolved organic matter (DOM) is unclear. Here, I quantified the cycling of DOM in Frank Lake, an economically-important wetland restored using multiple effluent sources. Optical analyses and microbial incubations showed DOM changed from protein-like and bioavailable at the effluent inflow site to more aromatic and less bioavailable at the outflow, due to the processing and replacement of effluent DOM with that from marsh plants and wetland soils. My mass balance showed Frank Lake was a net long-term source of DOM, but shifted from a source to sink among wet and drought periods that respectively shortened or lengthened the water residence and DOM processing times. Overall, Frank Lake appears to effectively process effluent DOM, despite being a longer-term source of DOM to downstream environments.

Wetlands are used to treat anthropogenic effluents due to their capacity for intense biogeochemical processing of nutrients and other pollutants, yet their role in processing effluent dissolved organic matter (DOM) is unclear. Here, I quantified the cycling of DOM in Frank Lake, an economically-important wetland restored using multiple effluent sources. Optical analyses and microbial incubations showed DOM changed from protein-like and bioavailable at the effluent inflow site to more aromatic and less bioavailable at the outflow, due to the processing and replacement of effluent DOM with that from marsh plants and wetland soils. My mass balance showed Frank Lake was a net long-term source of DOM, but shifted from a source to sink among wet and drought periods that respectively shortened or lengthened the water residence and DOM processing times. Overall, Frank Lake appears to effectively process effluent DOM, despite being a longer-term source of DOM to downstream environments.

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) transmit many chemical contaminants to aquatic environments. Quantitative data on micropollutant emissions via WWTPs are needed for environmental risk assessments and evaluation of mitigation measures. This study compiled published data on substances analysed in effluents from WWTPs in the Baltic Sea region, assessed country related differences in the data sets and estimated micropollutant inputs to the Baltic Sea catchment. Concentration data were found for 1090 substances analysed at 650 WWTPs. Heterogeneity and low number of data points for most substances hindered adequate comparisons of country specific concentrations. Emission estimates were made for the 280 substances analysed in at least five WWTPs in years 2010 to 2019. For selected substances, mass loads were compared to previously published estimations. The study provides data useful for national and Baltic Sea-scale pressure analysis and risk assessments. However, it also highlights the need for broad scope monitoring of micropollutants in wastewater.

Objectives The resistome, virulome, mobilome and phylogenetic relationship of the Acinetobacter baumannii isolate FG121 depicting the multilocus sequence type (ST) 231 isolated from hospital effluent water in South Africa was determined using whole-genome sequence analysis. Method A. baumannii FG121 was isolated on Leed Acinetobacter Medium (LAM) agar and the bacterial isolate was identified using the VITEK®2 platform. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using Kirby–Bauer Disk diffusion method. A whole genome sequencing library was constructed from DNA extracted from the isolate using the Illumina Nextera XT library preparation kit and was sequenced using the Illumina NextSeq500 platform. Generated reads were de novo assembled using SpAdes v.3.9. The assembled contigs were annotated, and multilocus sequence type, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence genes were identified. Results The resistome was consistent with the resistance phenotype of the isolate with resistance determinants for beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, and tetracycline (blaADC-25, blaOXA-23, blaOXA-51, blaNDM-1, aph[3’]-VIa and tet[B]). Global phylogenomic analysis using BacWGSTdb revealed that the isolate belonged to the multilocus sequence type ST-231, similar to previously reported isolates from South Africa, the United States, and related to the invasive KR3831 isolate identified from Oman in 2012, suggesting the isolate might be imported from abroad. Virulome analysis predicted both virulence and biofilm-determinants of A. baumannii, which may help to establish infections in adverse conditions. Conclusion This is the first report on a carbapenemase-encoding A. baumannii ST-231 isolated from hospital effluent water. Our data will offer insight into the global phylogenetic, pathogenicity and distribution of A. baumannii in South Africa.

Objectives The resistome, virulome, mobilome and phylogenetic relationship of the Acinetobacter baumannii isolate FG121 depicting the multilocus sequence type (ST) 231 isolated from hospital effluent water in South Africa was determined using whole-genome sequence analysis. Method A. baumannii FG121 was isolated on Leed Acinetobacter Medium (LAM) agar and the bacterial isolate was identified using the VITEK®2 platform. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using Kirby–Bauer Disk diffusion method. A whole genome sequencing library was constructed from DNA extracted from the isolate using the Illumina Nextera XT library preparation kit and was sequenced using the Illumina NextSeq500 platform. Generated reads were de novo assembled using SpAdes v.3.9. The assembled contigs were annotated, and multilocus sequence type, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence genes were identified. Results The resistome was consistent with the resistance phenotype of the isolate with resistance determinants for beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, and tetracycline (blaADC-25, blaOXA-23, blaOXA-51, blaNDM-1, aph[3’]-VIa and tet[B]). Global phylogenomic analysis using BacWGSTdb revealed that the isolate belonged to the multilocus sequence type ST-231, similar to previously reported isolates from South Africa, the United States, and related to the invasive KR3831 isolate identified from Oman in 2012, suggesting the isolate might be imported from abroad. Virulome analysis predicted both virulence and biofilm-determinants of A. baumannii, which may help to establish infections in adverse conditions. Conclusion This is the first report on a carbapenemase-encoding A. baumannii ST-231 isolated from hospital effluent water. Our data will offer insight into the global phylogenetic, pathogenicity and distribution of A. baumannii in South Africa.

Objectives The resistome, virulome, mobilome and phylogenetic relationship of the Acinetobacter baumannii isolate FG121 depicting the multilocus sequence type (ST) 231 isolated from hospital effluent water in South Africa was determined using whole-genome sequence analysis. Method A. baumannii FG121 was isolated on Leed Acinetobacter Medium (LAM) agar and the bacterial isolate was identified using the VITEK®2 platform. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using Kirby–Bauer Disk diffusion method. A whole genome sequencing library was constructed from DNA extracted from the isolate using the Illumina Nextera XT library preparation kit and was sequenced using the Illumina NextSeq500 platform. Generated reads were de novo assembled using SpAdes v.3.9. The assembled contigs were annotated, and multilocus sequence type, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence genes were identified. Results The resistome was consistent with the resistance phenotype of the isolate with resistance determinants for beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, and tetracycline (blaADC-25, blaOXA-23, blaOXA-51, blaNDM-1, aph[3’]-VIa and tet[B]). Global phylogenomic analysis using BacWGSTdb revealed that the isolate belonged to the multilocus sequence type ST-231, similar to previously reported isolates from South Africa, the United States, and related to the invasive KR3831 isolate identified from Oman in 2012, suggesting the isolate might be imported from abroad. Virulome analysis predicted both virulence and biofilm-determinants of A. baumannii, which may help to establish infections in adverse conditions. Conclusion This is the first report on a carbapenemase-encoding A. baumannii ST-231 isolated from hospital effluent water. Our data will offer insight into the global phylogenetic, pathogenicity and distribution of A. baumannii in South Africa.

A physical-chemical characterization of effluents from industries in the education, metal-mechanic, dairy and confectionery sectors of the city of Manizales, Caldas; Later isolates were obtained, in differential media supplemented, from bacteria with potential for the production of biopolymers to which they were applied tests for morphological, biochemical and molecular characterization. The physical chemical parameters obtained from the industrial effluents show a difference between them, since each industry generates different waste contributing a certain contamination to the effluent, 73 isolates producing exopolysaccharides (EPS) and 101 producers of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) were obtained, with morphological characteristics and variable biochemistry. The study shows that industrial effluents are a great source of bacteria of interest for the production of various microbial polymers; mainly those that produce polymers like intracellular biopolyesters such as PHA, due to their physical-chemical and nutritional variability allowing the microorganisms to adapt to diverse environmental and compositional characteristics., Se realizó una caracterización físico-química de los efluentes procedentes de industrias del sector educación, metalmecánico, lácteos y confitería de la ciudad de Manizales, Caldas; posteriormente se obtuvieron aislamientos, en medios diferenciales suplementados, de bacterias con potencial para la producción de biopolímeros a los cuales se les aplicó pruebas para la caracterización morfológica, bioquímica y molecular. Los parámetros físico químicos obtenidos de los efluentes industriales demuestran diferencias entre ellos, ya que cada industria genera diferentes residuos aportando una determinada contaminación al efluente, se obtuvieron 73 aislamientos productores de exopolisacáridos (EPS) y 101 productores de polihidroxialcanoatos (PHA), con características morfológicas y bioquímicas variables. El estudio muestra que los efluentes industriales son una gran fuente de bacterias de interés para la producción de diversos polímeros microbianos; principalmente aquellos que producen polímeros tipo biopoliésteres intracelulares como PHA, debido a su variabilidad físico-química y nutricional permitiendo que los microorganismos se adapten a diversas características medioambientales y de composición.

Objectives The resistome, virulome, mobilome and phylogenetic relationship of the Acinetobacter baumannii isolate FG121 depicting the multilocus sequence type (ST) 231 isolated from hospital effluent water in South Africa was determined using whole-genome sequence analysis. Method A. baumannii FG121 was isolated on Leed Acinetobacter Medium (LAM) agar and the bacterial isolate was identified using the VITEK®2 platform. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using Kirby–Bauer Disk diffusion method. A whole genome sequencing library was constructed from DNA extracted from the isolate using the Illumina Nextera XT library preparation kit and was sequenced using the Illumina NextSeq500 platform. Generated reads were de novo assembled using SpAdes v.3.9. The assembled contigs were annotated, and multilocus sequence type, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence genes were identified. Results The resistome was consistent with the resistance phenotype of the isolate with resistance determinants for beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, and tetracycline (blaADC-25, blaOXA-23, blaOXA-51, blaNDM-1, aph[3’]-VIa and tet[B]). Global phylogenomic analysis using BacWGSTdb revealed that the isolate belonged to the multilocus sequence type ST-231, similar to previously reported isolates from South Africa, the United States, and related to the invasive KR3831 isolate identified from Oman in 2012, suggesting the isolate might be imported from abroad. Virulome analysis predicted both virulence and biofilm-determinants of A. baumannii, which may help to establish infections in adverse conditions. Conclusion This is the first report on a carbapenemase-encoding A. baumannii ST-231 isolated from hospital effluent water. Our data will offer insight into the global phylogenetic, pathogenicity and distribution of A. baumannii in South Africa.

The present investigation was developed with the objective of analyzing the degree of toxicity of the effluents discharged in the shrimp farms in Guayaquil, for which secondary data were obtained from the authorities in charge and truthful information from articles in the study area, in which applied the standard method, which is based on the determination of the concentration that kills 50% of the larvae of Artemia salina l. in 24 hours under the conditions described by this procedure. This concentration is known as the LC50. It is concluded that after carrying out the acute toxicity bioassay on Artemia salinas l. The information acquired from each of the bioassay dilutions was condensed, concluding that the analyzed effluent exposes the marine fauna and flora to a danger of death of the population, due to the lethality of this, which is discharged into the adjacent water bodies. the shrimp. Determining that the mean lethal dose for two time intervals, the first mean lethal dose when the effluent is discharged into a water body and the flora and fauna are exposed to it in a 24-hour interval is 94% lethality over the flora and fauna, that is, if the fauna is exposed to an average concentration of 0.5 of the effluent, it will cause the death of half the population in just 24 hours, the second average lethal dose for the 48-hour time interval when there is an average concentration of 0.5 is 90%, that is to say that as time progresses, the effluent is diluted in the water and causes a greater risk for the existing populations of flora and fauna., A presente investigação foi desenvolvida com o objetivo de analisar o grau de toxicidade dos efluentes lançados nas fazendas de camarão em Guayaquil, para os quais foram obtidos dados secundários das autoridades responsáveis e informações verídicas de artigos na área de estudo, nos quais foi aplicado o método padrão, que se baseia na determinação da concentração que mata 50% das larvas de Artemia salina l. em 24 horas nas condições descritas por este procedimento. Esta concentração é conhecida como LC50. Conclui-se que após a realização do bioensaio de toxicidade aguda em Artemia salinas l. As informações adquiridas de cada uma das diluições do bioensaio foram condensadas, concluindo que o efluente analisado expõe a fauna e flora marinha a um perigo de morte da população, devido à letalidade desta, que é despejada nos corpos d'água adjacentes. . Determinando que a dose letal média para dois intervalos de tempo, a primeira dose letal média quando o efluente é lançado em um corpo d'água e a flora e a fauna a ele são expostas em um intervalo de 24 horas é de 94% de letalidade sobre a flora e a fauna, ou seja, se a fauna for exposta a uma concentração média de 0,5 do efluente, causará a morte de metade da população em apenas 24 horas, a segunda dose letal média para o intervalo de 48 horas quando há concentração média de 0,5 é 90%, ou seja, com o passar do tempo, o efluente se dilui na água e causa um risco maior para as populações de flora e fauna existentes., La presente investigación fue desarrollada con el objetivo de analizar el grado de toxicidad de los efluentes vertidos en las camaroneras en Guayaquil, para lo cual se obtuvieron datos secundario provenientes de autoridades encargadas e información veraz de artículos de la zona de estudio, en los cuáles se aplicó el método estándar, que se basa en la determinación de la concentración que causa la muerte 50% de las larvas de Artemia salina l. en 24 horas bajo las condiciones descritas por este procedimiento. Esta concentración es conocida como LC50. Se concluye que después de realizar el bioensayo de toxicidad aguda sobre las Artemias salinas l. se condenso la información adquirida de cada una de las diluciones del bioensayo, concluyendo que el efluente analizado expone a la fauna y flora marina a un peligro de deceso de la población, debido a la letalidad de este que es vertido en los cuerpos hídricos adyacentes a las camaroneras. Determinando que la dosis letal media para dos intervalos de tiempo, la primera dosis letal media cuando el efluente es vertido a un cuerpo hídrico y la flora y fauna se encuentra expuesta a este en un intervalo de 24 horas es de 94% de letalidad sobre la flora y fauna es decir que si la fauna se encuentra expuesta a una concentración media de 0.5 del efluente, producirá el deceso de la mitad de la población en solo 24 horas, la segunda dosis letal media para el intervalo de tiempo de 48 horas cuando existe una concentración media de 0.5 es de 90% es decir que a medida que el tiempo avanza, el efluente se diluye en el agua y provoca un mayor riesgo para las poblaciones de flora y fauna existentes.

The present investigation was developed with the objective of analyzing the degree of toxicity of the effluents discharged in the shrimp farms in Guayaquil, for which secondary data were obtained from the authorities in charge and truthful information from articles in the study area, in which applied the standard method, which is based on the determination of the concentration that kills 50% of the larvae of Artemia salina l. in 24 hours under the conditions described by this procedure. This concentration is known as the LC50. It is concluded that after carrying out the acute toxicity bioassay on Artemia salinas l. The information acquired from each of the bioassay dilutions was condensed, concluding that the analyzed effluent exposes the marine fauna and flora to a danger of death of the population, due to the lethality of this, which is discharged into the adjacent water bodies. the shrimp. Determining that the mean lethal dose for two time intervals, the first mean lethal dose when the effluent is discharged into a water body and the flora and fauna are exposed to it in a 24-hour interval is 94% lethality over the flora and fauna, that is, if the fauna is exposed to an average concentration of 0.5 of the effluent, it will cause the death of half the population in just 24 hours, the second average lethal dose for the 48-hour time interval when there is an average concentration of 0.5 is 90%, that is to say that as time progresses, the effluent is diluted in the water and causes a greater risk for the existing populations of flora and fauna., A presente investigação foi desenvolvida com o objetivo de analisar o grau de toxicidade dos efluentes lançados nas fazendas de camarão em Guayaquil, para os quais foram obtidos dados secundários das autoridades responsáveis e informações verídicas de artigos na área de estudo, nos quais foi aplicado o método padrão, que se baseia na determinação da concentração que mata 50% das larvas de Artemia salina l. em 24 horas nas condições descritas por este procedimento. Esta concentração é conhecida como LC50. Conclui-se que após a realização do bioensaio de toxicidade aguda em Artemia salinas l. As informações adquiridas de cada uma das diluições do bioensaio foram condensadas, concluindo que o efluente analisado expõe a fauna e flora marinha a um perigo de morte da população, devido à letalidade desta, que é despejada nos corpos d'água adjacentes. . Determinando que a dose letal média para dois intervalos de tempo, a primeira dose letal média quando o efluente é lançado em um corpo d'água e a flora e a fauna a ele são expostas em um intervalo de 24 horas é de 94% de letalidade sobre a flora e a fauna, ou seja, se a fauna for exposta a uma concentração média de 0,5 do efluente, causará a morte de metade da população em apenas 24 horas, a segunda dose letal média para o intervalo de 48 horas quando há concentração média de 0,5 é 90%, ou seja, com o passar do tempo, o efluente se dilui na água e causa um risco maior para as populações de flora e fauna existentes., La presente investigación fue desarrollada con el objetivo de analizar el grado de toxicidad de los efluentes vertidos en las camaroneras en Guayaquil, para lo cual se obtuvieron datos secundario provenientes de autoridades encargadas e información veraz de artículos de la zona de estudio, en los cuáles se aplicó el método estándar, que se basa en la determinación de la concentración que causa la muerte 50% de las larvas de Artemia salina l. en 24 horas bajo las condiciones descritas por este procedimiento. Esta concentración es conocida como LC50. Se concluye que después de realizar el bioensayo de toxicidad aguda sobre las Artemias salinas l. se condenso la información adquirida de cada una de las diluciones del bioensayo, concluyendo que el efluente analizado expone a la fauna y flora marina a un peligro de deceso de la población, debido a la letalidad de este que es vertido en los cuerpos hídricos adyacentes a las camaroneras. Determinando que la dosis letal media para dos intervalos de tiempo, la primera dosis letal media cuando el efluente es vertido a un cuerpo hídrico y la flora y fauna se encuentra expuesta a este en un intervalo de 24 horas es de 94% de letalidad sobre la flora y fauna es decir que si la fauna se encuentra expuesta a una concentración media de 0.5 del efluente, producirá el deceso de la mitad de la población en solo 24 horas, la segunda dosis letal media para el intervalo de tiempo de 48 horas cuando existe una concentración media de 0.5 es de 90% es decir que a medida que el tiempo avanza, el efluente se diluye en el agua y provoca un mayor riesgo para las poblaciones de flora y fauna existentes.

Wetlands are used to treat anthropogenic effluents due to their capacity for intense biogeochemical processing of nutrients and other pollutants, yet their role in processing effluent dissolved organic matter (DOM) is unclear. Here, I quantified the cycling of DOM in Frank Lake, an economically-important wetland restored using multiple effluent sources. Optical analyses and microbial incubations showed DOM changed from protein-like and bioavailable at the effluent inflow site to more aromatic and less bioavailable at the outflow, due to the processing and replacement of effluent DOM with that from marsh plants and wetland soils. My mass balance showed Frank Lake was a net long-term source of DOM, but shifted from a source to sink among wet and drought periods that respectively shortened or lengthened the water residence and DOM processing times. Overall, Frank Lake appears to effectively process effluent DOM, despite being a longer-term source of DOM to downstream environments.

Palm oil production has increased significantly, specifically in Indonesia and Malaysia. However, this growth has raised environmental concerns due to the high discharge of empty fruit bunches, palm oil mill effluents, and other solid wastes. Therefore, this study aims to examine the treatment of palm oil waste by composting and systematically review insights into its application through a systematic literature review approach. Among the 1155 articles, a total of 135 were selected for a systematic review of palm oil waste management developments and their applications, while 14 were used for determining compost quality according to the criteria and requirements established in the systematic literature review. Moreover, using Egger's test, JAMOVI 1.6.23 software was used to analyze random effects models with 95% confidence intervals and publication bias. The results showed that palm oil waste was optimally treated by composting, which is considered as a sustainable technology for protecting the environment, human safety, and economic value. The in-vessel method with a controlled composting chamber is the best system with a minimum time of 14 days. However, it requires tight control and provides a final product with a high microbial colony form outdoors and indoors compared to the windrow system. This study is useful to see the bias of research results and helps to find new studies that need to be developed, especially in this case related to the management of palm oil waste into organic compost fertilizer and its application methods in the field. It is suggested that applying palm oil waste or compost is mainly performed by mulching. In contrast, new challenges for better processing to produce organic fertilizers and applicable technologies for sustainable waste management are recommended. The method must be affordable, efficient, and practical, combining compost quality with maximum nutrient recovery.

Wetlands are used to treat anthropogenic effluents due to their capacity for intense biogeochemical processing of nutrients and other pollutants, yet their role in processing effluent dissolved organic matter (DOM) is unclear. Here, I quantified the cycling of DOM in Frank Lake, an economically-important wetland restored using multiple effluent sources. Optical analyses and microbial incubations showed DOM changed from protein-like and bioavailable at the effluent inflow site to more aromatic and less bioavailable at the outflow, due to the processing and replacement of effluent DOM with that from marsh plants and wetland soils. My mass balance showed Frank Lake was a net long-term source of DOM, but shifted from a source to sink among wet and drought periods that respectively shortened or lengthened the water residence and DOM processing times. Overall, Frank Lake appears to effectively process effluent DOM, despite being a longer-term source of DOM to downstream environments.

Wetlands are used to treat anthropogenic effluents due to their capacity for intense biogeochemical processing of nutrients and other pollutants, yet their role in processing effluent dissolved organic matter (DOM) is unclear. Here, I quantified the cycling of DOM in Frank Lake, an economically-important wetland restored using multiple effluent sources. Optical analyses and microbial incubations showed DOM changed from protein-like and bioavailable at the effluent inflow site to more aromatic and less bioavailable at the outflow, due to the processing and replacement of effluent DOM with that from marsh plants and wetland soils. My mass balance showed Frank Lake was a net long-term source of DOM, but shifted from a source to sink among wet and drought periods that respectively shortened or lengthened the water residence and DOM processing times. Overall, Frank Lake appears to effectively process effluent DOM, despite being a longer-term source of DOM to downstream environments.

Wetlands are used to treat anthropogenic effluents due to their capacity for intense biogeochemical processing of nutrients and other pollutants, yet their role in processing effluent dissolved organic matter (DOM) is unclear. Here, I quantified the cycling of DOM in Frank Lake, an economically-important wetland restored using multiple effluent sources. Optical analyses and microbial incubations showed DOM changed from protein-like and bioavailable at the effluent inflow site to more aromatic and less bioavailable at the outflow, due to the processing and replacement of effluent DOM with that from marsh plants and wetland soils. My mass balance showed Frank Lake was a net long-term source of DOM, but shifted from a source to sink among wet and drought periods that respectively shortened or lengthened the water residence and DOM processing times. Overall, Frank Lake appears to effectively process effluent DOM, despite being a longer-term source of DOM to downstream environments.

Wetlands are used to treat anthropogenic effluents due to their capacity for intense biogeochemical processing of nutrients and other pollutants, yet their role in processing effluent dissolved organic matter (DOM) is unclear. Here, I quantified the cycling of DOM in Frank Lake, an economically-important wetland restored using multiple effluent sources. Optical analyses and microbial incubations showed DOM changed from protein-like and bioavailable at the effluent inflow site to more aromatic and less bioavailable at the outflow, due to the processing and replacement of effluent DOM with that from marsh plants and wetland soils. My mass balance showed Frank Lake was a net long-term source of DOM, but shifted from a source to sink among wet and drought periods that respectively shortened or lengthened the water residence and DOM processing times. Overall, Frank Lake appears to effectively process effluent DOM, despite being a longer-term source of DOM to downstream environments.

A physical-chemical characterization of effluents from industries in the education, metal-mechanic, dairy and confectionery sectors of the city of Manizales, Caldas; Later isolates were obtained, in differential media supplemented, from bacteria with potential for the production of biopolymers to which they were applied tests for morphological, biochemical and molecular characterization. The physical chemical parameters obtained from the industrial effluents show a difference between them, since each industry generates different waste contributing a certain contamination to the effluent, 73 isolates producing exopolysaccharides (EPS) and 101 producers of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) were obtained, with morphological characteristics and variable biochemistry. The study shows that industrial effluents are a great source of bacteria of interest for the production of various microbial polymers; mainly those that produce polymers like intracellular biopolyesters such as PHA, due to their physical-chemical and nutritional variability allowing the microorganisms to adapt to diverse environmental and compositional characteristics., Se realizó una caracterización físico-química de los efluentes procedentes de industrias del sector educación, metalmecánico, lácteos y confitería de la ciudad de Manizales, Caldas; posteriormente se obtuvieron aislamientos, en medios diferenciales suplementados, de bacterias con potencial para la producción de biopolímeros a los cuales se les aplicó pruebas para la caracterización morfológica, bioquímica y molecular. Los parámetros físico químicos obtenidos de los efluentes industriales demuestran diferencias entre ellos, ya que cada industria genera diferentes residuos aportando una determinada contaminación al efluente, se obtuvieron 73 aislamientos productores de exopolisacáridos (EPS) y 101 productores de polihidroxialcanoatos (PHA), con características morfológicas y bioquímicas variables. El estudio muestra que los efluentes industriales son una gran fuente de bacterias de interés para la producción de diversos polímeros microbianos; principalmente aquellos que producen polímeros tipo biopoliésteres intracelulares como PHA, debido a su variabilidad físico-química y nutricional permitiendo que los microorganismos se adapten a diversas características medioambientales y de composición.

Objectives The resistome, virulome, mobilome and phylogenetic relationship of the Acinetobacter baumannii isolate FG121 depicting the multilocus sequence type (ST) 231 isolated from hospital effluent water in South Africa was determined using whole-genome sequence analysis. Method A. baumannii FG121 was isolated on Leed Acinetobacter Medium (LAM) agar and the bacterial isolate was identified using the VITEK®2 platform. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using Kirby–Bauer Disk diffusion method. A whole genome sequencing library was constructed from DNA extracted from the isolate using the Illumina Nextera XT library preparation kit and was sequenced using the Illumina NextSeq500 platform. Generated reads were de novo assembled using SpAdes v.3.9. The assembled contigs were annotated, and multilocus sequence type, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence genes were identified. Results The resistome was consistent with the resistance phenotype of the isolate with resistance determinants for beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, and tetracycline (blaADC-25, blaOXA-23, blaOXA-51, blaNDM-1, aph[3’]-VIa and tet[B]). Global phylogenomic analysis using BacWGSTdb revealed that the isolate belonged to the multilocus sequence type ST-231, similar to previously reported isolates from South Africa, the United States, and related to the invasive KR3831 isolate identified from Oman in 2012, suggesting the isolate might be imported from abroad. Virulome analysis predicted both virulence and biofilm-determinants of A. baumannii, which may help to establish infections in adverse conditions. Conclusion This is the first report on a carbapenemase-encoding A. baumannii ST-231 isolated from hospital effluent water. Our data will offer insight into the global phylogenetic, pathogenicity and distribution of A. baumannii in South Africa.

Heavy metals are ubiquitous contaminants that have accompanied man since the earliest ancient times, and unlike other environmental pollutants, they are chemical elements that man does not create or destroy. In the present study, the aim was to determine the biosorption potential of heavy metal-tolerant fungi that were isolated from compost soil samples contaminated by industrial effluents. The isolation was performed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) media supplemented with heavy metals. Chromium-Cr(VI) and nickel-Ni. The most dominant fungal species were found to be Penicillium spp. This fungus was screened for its ability to tolerate heavy metals by the plate diffusion and broth method and was highly tolerant to fungal species. The fungi were assessed for their ability to remove heavy metals from the culture media, and the culture conditions for the fungus were experimentally optimized. The isolated Penicillium species was found to show maximum growth at 35°C with media pH 6 for an incubation period of 168 hours. The isolate was able to tolerate 60-70 ppm concentrations of heavy metals under normal conditions. The ability of the isolate to take up metal was very effective, as after 96 hrs of incubation, it was capable of removing approximately 93.8% of Cr(VI) and 95.6% of Ni from the culture media, and complete uptake was observed after a 144 hr incubation period. The molecular characterization revealed the only isolate to be Penicillium rubens (Accession no. LC536286). The morphological characteristics of this fungus make it capable of biosorption of heavy metals, imparting its bioremediation potential and economic importance.

Recent publications have highlighted the ubiquitous presence of unidentified organofluorine compounds, whose environmental occurrence is poorly understood. In this study, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent and sludge samples from seven countries were analyzed for extractable organofluorine (EOF) and target PFAS, to evaluate which compounds are released back into the environment. Fluorine mass balance analysis of effluent samples (n = 14) revealed that on average 90% of the EOF could not be explained by the 73 PFAS monitored in this investigation. The levels of EOF in effluent (324–1460 ng of F/L) and sludge (39–210 ng of F/g of dry weight) indicate that a substantial amount of organofluorine compounds is released back into nature. A commonly overlooked PFAS class, ultra-short-chain PFCAs, accounted for 4% of EOF on average, while the remaining 71 compounds explained only a further 6% of EOF on average. The highest number of PFAS was detected in the effluent dissolved phase (37), compared to 29 and 23 PFAS in sludge and effluent particulate phase, respectively. The increased concentrations of EOF in both WWTP effluent and sludge are of concern, as the chemical species contained therein remain largely unknown, and thus, their potential health and environmental risks cannot be assessed., Funding agencies:Nordic Chemical GroupEnforce Research Profile, Sweden 20160019

Recent publications have highlighted the ubiquitous presence of unidentified organofluorine compounds, whose environmental occurrence is poorly understood. In this study, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent and sludge samples from seven countries were analyzed for extractable organofluorine (EOF) and target PFAS, to evaluate which compounds are released back into the environment. Fluorine mass balance analysis of effluent samples (n = 14) revealed that on average 90% of the EOF could not be explained by the 73 PFAS monitored in this investigation. The levels of EOF in effluent (324–1460 ng of F/L) and sludge (39–210 ng of F/g of dry weight) indicate that a substantial amount of organofluorine compounds is released back into nature. A commonly overlooked PFAS class, ultra-short-chain PFCAs, accounted for 4% of EOF on average, while the remaining 71 compounds explained only a further 6% of EOF on average. The highest number of PFAS was detected in the effluent dissolved phase (37), compared to 29 and 23 PFAS in sludge and effluent particulate phase, respectively. The increased concentrations of EOF in both WWTP effluent and sludge are of concern, as the chemical species contained therein remain largely unknown, and thus, their potential health and environmental risks cannot be assessed., Funding agencies:Nordic Chemical GroupEnforce Research Profile, Sweden 20160019

Worldwide, agricultural irrigation currently accounts for 69% of freshwater withdrawal. Countries with a temperate climate, such as the Netherlands, experience periodic freshwater shortages in agriculture. The pressure on available freshwater will increase due to climate change and a growing demand for freshwater by e.g. industrial activities. Possible alternative water resources are considered in order to meet the current and future water demand. In this study we explore where, and how much, sewage treatment plant (STP) effluent can directly be reused in agricultural sub-surface irrigation (SSI) during an average and a dry season scenario, for all active (335) Dutch STPs. SSI systems may have a higher water demand as part of the STP effluent is transported with groundwater flow, although aboveground irrigation has a loss of water due to interception. Furthermore, such aboveground irrigation systems provide direct contact of crops with irrigation water. SSI systems provide a soil barrier which may function as a filter and buffer zone. In the Dutch situation, direct intentional reuse of STP effluent can fulfill up to 25% of croplands SSI water demand present within a five-kilometer transport buffer from the STPs during an average season and 17% during a dry season. Hereto, respectively, 78% and 84% of the total available Dutch STP effluent would be used. Thus, the intentional direct STP effluent reuse in agricultural SSI has the potential to satisfy a significant amount of the agricultural water demand at a national scale, presuming responsible reuse: safe applications for humans and environment and no limiting effects on water availability for other actors.

For the first time, we present, i) an account of decay in the genetic material loading of SARS-CoV-2 during Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) treatment of wastewater, and ii) comparative evaluation of polyethylene glycol (PEG), and ultrafiltration as virus concentration methods from wastewater for the quantification of SARS-CoV-2 genes. The objectives were achieved through tracking of SARS-CoV-2 genetic loadings i.e. ORF1ab, N and S protein genes on 8th and 27th May 2020 along the wastewater treatment plant (106000 m3 million liters per day) equipped with UASB system in Ahmedabad, India. PEG method performed better in removing materials inhibiting RT-qPCR for SARS-CoV-2 gene detection from the samples, as evident from constant and lower CT values of control (MS2). Using the PEG method, we found a reduction >1.3 log10 reduction in SARS-CoV-2 RNA abundance during UASB treatment, and the RNA was not detected at all in the final effluent. The study implies that i) conventional wastewater treatment systems is effective in SARS-CoV-2 RNA removal, and ii) UASB system significantly reduces SARS-CoV-2 genetic loadings. Finally, PEG method is recommended for better sensitivity and inhibition removal during SARS-CoV-2 RNA quantification in wastewater., QC 20201203

The spread of human settlement has imperiled fresh waterbodies; however, it has also led to the generation of novel water conservation strategies, including the reuse of treated wastewater, or effluent. Effluent reuse is an increasingly common aspect of watershed management, and thus far, research has been concentrated on its effects to water quality and efforts to describe effects to wildlife species have been relatively piecemealed. In this study, we evaluate the overlap between wastewater treatment plants and federal and state-listed endangered and threatened wildlife species in order to present a holistic view of the intersection of effluent and species management and the potential need for effluent considerations in species conservation. We show that there is substantial overlap between the presence of species and the presence of treatment plants in California watersheds, and with this overlap, a large potential for unintended consequences. As such, species conservation goals should be considered when making decisions related to effluent reuse.

Exergy is the maximum useful work that can be obtained from a system in a specific state and environment. Exergy research has focused on energy fuels, although wastewater systems have not been studied in depth. This review explores the study and exergy use for wastewater systems in Latin America over the last 20 years. Chronological production, authors, citations, geographic origin, topic and purpose of publishing were examined through a documentary and bibliometric analysis. Exergy has started its development in Latin America, and it is led by a single school, there is evidence of a single author with 30% of citations and 25% of publications. Brazil, Colombia and Mexico produced 81% of publications, their main purpose is evaluating processes and by-products. The review concluded an incipient exergy development in wastewater systems in the region and exposed the need to stimulate research as a strategy to achieve the SDGs., La exergía es el trabajo útil máximo que se puede obtener de un sistema en un estado y un ambiente específico. La investigación en exergía se ha centrado en los combustibles energéticos y ha sido poco estudiada en los sistemas de aguas residuales. Esta revisión explora el estudio y uso de la exergía en sistemas de aguas residuales para América Latina en los últimos 20 años. La producción cronológica, los autores, las citas, el origen geográfico, el tema y el propósito de la publicación se examinaron mediante un análisis documental y bibliométrico. La exergía ha iniciado su desarrollo en América Latina y está liderado por una única escuela, puesto que se evidencio un único autor con el 30% de las citaciones y el 25% de las publicaciones. Brasil, Colombia y México produjeron el 81% de las publicaciones, con el propósito principal de evaluar procesos y subproductos. La revisión concluyó un incipiente desarrollo de la exergía en los sistemas de aguas residuales de la región y expuso la necesidad de estimular la investigación como estrategia para lograr de los ODS.

Exergy is the maximum useful work that can be obtained from a system in a specific state and environment. Exergy research has focused on energy fuels, although wastewater systems have not been studied in depth. This review explores the study and exergy use for wastewater systems in Latin America over the last 20 years. Chronological production, authors, citations, geographic origin, topic and purpose of publishing were examined through a documentary and bibliometric analysis. Exergy has started its development in Latin America, and it is led by a single school, there is evidence of a single author with 30% of citations and 25% of publications. Brazil, Colombia and Mexico produced 81% of publications, their main purpose is evaluating processes and by-products. The review concluded an incipient exergy development in wastewater systems in the region and exposed the need to stimulate research as a strategy to achieve the SDGs, La exergía es el trabajo útil máximo que se puede obtener de un sistema en un estado y un ambiente específico. La investigación en exergía se ha centrado en los combustibles energéticos y ha sido poco estudiada en los sistemas de aguas residuales. Esta revisión explora el estudio y uso de la exergía en sistemas de aguas residuales para América Latina en los últimos 20 años. La producción cronológica, los autores, las citas, el origen geográfico, el tema y el propósito de la publicación se examinaron mediante un análisis documental y bibliométrico. La exergía ha iniciado su desarrollo en América Latina y está liderado por una única escuela, puesto que se evidencio un único autor con el 30% de las citaciones y el 25% de las publicaciones. Brasil, Colombia y México produjeron el 81% de las publicaciones, con el propósito principal de evaluar procesos y subproductos. La revisión concluyó un incipiente desarrollo de la exergía en los sistemas de aguas residualesde la región y expuso la necesidad de estimular la investigación como estrategia para lograr de los ODS

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been linked to a range of negative health and environmental effects. Regulations limiting and/or banning the use of some of the legacy compounds have been introduced. Consequently, the production and use of PFAS has diversified. The risks posed by these newly introduced PFAS to both the environment and humans may be underestimated if they are not evaluated in current monitoring programs. Organofluorine mass balance analysis has been used in previous studies to estimate the overall exposure to PFAS since naturally occurring organofluorine compounds are rare in nature. In this thesis, the organofluorine mass balance analysis was performed on a variety of samples, from surface water to sewage and human blood. The results indicated the ubiquitous presence of unidentified organofluorines in all environmental compartments and human samples, for example, more than 50 % of extractable organofluorine (EOF) in human samples could not be accounted for by an extended list of target analytes. Until these compounds are identified, it is not possible to assess the risks they pose and it could lead to misguided policy decisions. To tackle the increasingly complex analytical picture and ensure more comprehensive screening, a workflow using EOF as an initial metric to identify pollution hot-spots was proposed. The wider adoption of organofluorine mass balance analysis would also require a better understanding of the analytical instrumentation used for this type of work. Experiments carried out here demonstrated the robustness of combustion ion chromatography in EOF analysis and highlighted areas in need of improvement. While organofluorine mass balance analysis has its drawbacks, the potential health and environmental risks posed by the unidentified organofluorine compounds cannot be underestimated.

The spread of human settlement has imperiled fresh waterbodies; however, it has also led to the generation of novel water conservation strategies, including the reuse of treated wastewater, or effluent. Effluent reuse is an increasingly common aspect of watershed management, and thus far, research has been concentrated on its effects to water quality and efforts to describe effects to wildlife species have been relatively piecemealed. In this study, we evaluate the overlap between wastewater treatment plants and federal and state-listed endangered and threatened wildlife species in order to present a holistic view of the intersection of effluent and species management and the potential need for effluent considerations in species conservation. We show that there is substantial overlap between the presence of species and the presence of treatment plants in California watersheds, and with this overlap, a large potential for unintended consequences. As such, species conservation goals should be considered when making decisions related to effluent reuse.

Exergy is the maximum useful work that can be obtained from a system in a specific state and environment. Exergy research has focused on energy fuels, although wastewater systems have not been studied in depth. This review explores the study and exergy use for wastewater systems in Latin America over the last 20 years. Chronological production, authors, citations, geographic origin, topic and purpose of publishing were examined through a documentary and bibliometric analysis. Exergy has started its development in Latin America, and it is led by a single school, there is evidence of a single author with 30% of citations and 25% of publications. Brazil, Colombia and Mexico produced 81% of publications, their main purpose is evaluating processes and by-products. The review concluded an incipient exergy development in wastewater systems in the region and exposed the need to stimulate research as a strategy to achieve the SDGs., La exergía es el trabajo útil máximo que se puede obtener de un sistema en un estado y un ambiente específico. La investigación en exergía se ha centrado en los combustibles energéticos y ha sido poco estudiada en los sistemas de aguas residuales. Esta revisión explora el estudio y uso de la exergía en sistemas de aguas residuales para América Latina en los últimos 20 años. La producción cronológica, los autores, las citas, el origen geográfico, el tema y el propósito de la publicación se examinaron mediante un análisis documental y bibliométrico. La exergía ha iniciado su desarrollo en América Latina y está liderado por una única escuela, puesto que se evidencio un único autor con el 30% de las citaciones y el 25% de las publicaciones. Brasil, Colombia y México produjeron el 81% de las publicaciones, con el propósito principal de evaluar procesos y subproductos. La revisión concluyó un incipiente desarrollo de la exergía en los sistemas de aguas residuales de la región y expuso la necesidad de estimular la investigación como estrategia para lograr de los ODS.

Exergy is the maximum useful work that can be obtained from a system in a specific state and environment. Exergy research has focused on energy fuels, although wastewater systems have not been studied in depth. This review explores the study and exergy use for wastewater systems in Latin America over the last 20 years. Chronological production, authors, citations, geographic origin, topic and purpose of publishing were examined through a documentary and bibliometric analysis. Exergy has started its development in Latin America, and it is led by a single school, there is evidence of a single author with 30% of citations and 25% of publications. Brazil, Colombia and Mexico produced 81% of publications, their main purpose is evaluating processes and by-products. The review concluded an incipient exergy development in wastewater systems in the region and exposed the need to stimulate research as a strategy to achieve the SDGs, La exergía es el trabajo útil máximo que se puede obtener de un sistema en un estado y un ambiente específico. La investigación en exergía se ha centrado en los combustibles energéticos y ha sido poco estudiada en los sistemas de aguas residuales. Esta revisión explora el estudio y uso de la exergía en sistemas de aguas residuales para América Latina en los últimos 20 años. La producción cronológica, los autores, las citas, el origen geográfico, el tema y el propósito de la publicación se examinaron mediante un análisis documental y bibliométrico. La exergía ha iniciado su desarrollo en América Latina y está liderado por una única escuela, puesto que se evidencio un único autor con el 30% de las citaciones y el 25% de las publicaciones. Brasil, Colombia y México produjeron el 81% de las publicaciones, con el propósito principal de evaluar procesos y subproductos. La revisión concluyó un incipiente desarrollo de la exergía en los sistemas de aguas residualesde la región y expuso la necesidad de estimular la investigación como estrategia para lograr de los ODS

In the last two decades, water use has increased at twice the rate of population growth. The freshwater resources are getting polluted by contaminants like heavy metals, pesticides, hydrocarbons, organic waste, pathogens, fertilizers, and emerging pollutants. Globally more than 80% of the wastewater is released into the environment without proper treatment. Rapid industrialization has a dramatic effect on developing countries leading to significant losses to economic and health well-being in terms of toxicological impacts on humans and the environment through air, water, and soil pollution. This article provides an overview of physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove wastewater contaminants. A physical and/or chemical technique alone appears ineffective for recovering useful resources from wastewater containing complex components. There is a requirement for more processes or processes combined with membrane and biological processes to enhance operational efficiency and quality. More processes or those that are combined with biological and membrane-based processes are required to enhance operational efficiencies and quality. This paper intends to provide an exhaustive review of electrochemical technologies including microbial electrochemical technologies. It provides comprehensive information for the recovery of metals, nutrients, sulfur, hydrogen, and heat from industrial effluents. This article aims to give detailed information into the advancements in electrochemical processes to energy use, improve restoration performance, and achieve commercialization. It also covers bottlenecks and perspectives of this research area.