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Increasing fire severity and warmer, drier postfire conditions are making forests in the western United States (West) vulnerable to ecological transformation. Yet, the relative importance of and interactions between these drivers of forest change remain unresolved, particularly over upcoming decades. Here, we assess how the interactive impacts of changing climate and wildfire activity influenced conifer regeneration after 334 wildfires, using a dataset of postfire conifer regeneration from 10,230 field plots. Our findings highlight declining regeneration capacity across the West over the past four decades for the eight dominant conifer species studied. Postfire regeneration is sensitive to high-severity fire, which limits seed availability, and postfire climate, which influences seedling establishment. In the near-term, projected differences in recruitment probability between low- and high-severity fire scenarios were larger than projected climate change impacts for most species, suggesting that reductions in fire severity, and resultant impacts on seed availability, could partially offset expected climate-driven declines in postfire regeneration. Across 40 to 42% of the study area, we project postfire conifer regeneration to be likely following low-severity but not high-severity fire under future climate scenarios (2031 to 2050). However, increasingly warm, dry climate conditions are projected to eventually outweigh the influence of fire severity and seed availability. The percent of the study area considered unlikely to experience conifer regeneration, regardless of fire severity, increased from 5% in 1981 to 2000 to 26 to 31% by mid-century, highlighting a limited time window over which management actions that reduce fire severity may effectively support postfire conifer regeneration.

This book explores how the State can play a role as an enabler of citizens-led social innovations, to accelerate the shift to sustainable and socially just lifestyles. To meet the twin challenges of environmental degradation and the rise of inequalities, societal transformation is urgent. Most theories of social change focus either on the role of the State, on the magic of the market, or on the power of technological innovation. This book explores instead how local communities, given the freedom to experiment, can design solutions that can have a transformative impact. Change cannot rely only on central ordering by government, nor on corporations suddenly acting as responsible citizens. Societal transformation, at the speed and scope required, also should be based on the reconstitution of social capital, and on new forms of democracy emerging from collective action at the local level. The State matters of course, for the provision of both public services and of social protection, and to discipline the market, but it should also act as an enabler of citizen-led experimentation, and it should set up an institutional apparatus to ensure that collective learning spreads across jurisdictions. Corporations themselves can ensure that society taps the full potential of citizens-led social innovations: they can put their know-how, their access to finance, and their control of logistical chains in the service of such innovations, rather than focusing on shaping consumers’ tastes or even adapting to consumers’ shifting expectations. With this aim in mind, this book provides empirical evidence of how social innovations, typically developed within "niches", initially at a relatively small scale, can have society-wide impacts. It also examines the nature of the activism deployed by social innovators, and the emergence of a "do-it-yourself" form of democracy. This book will appeal to all those interested in driving societal change and social innovation to ensure a sustainable and

The article considers the climate policy of the Baltic region countries. The reasons and factors for reducing CO2 emissions in the period 1990-2018 are analyzed, the relationship between the processes of decarbonization and the ecological transformation of farms are demonstrated. The EU influence on the climate policy of individual countries is studied. The features of evolution and the modern structure of the RES sector are explored. The assessment of measures to improve energy efficiency of national economies is given. According to the degree of climate policy efforts and the depth of the ecological transformation of national economies, a ranking scheme for the region countries is proposed. © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2020.

Based on modern ethnographic information, this article describes the Mesoamerican maize production system based on the rainy season and moist earth which, together with the system based on irrigation and moist earth, was the most important economical base of the Municipality of San Mateo Atenco, State of Mexico until 1970. In that year, industrial development soared in the area of shoe manufacturing; an event which had numerous socio-cultural consequences, as well as the permanent displacement of maize cultivation to a secondary level., A partir de información etnográfica, se hace una descripción sucinta de la forma mesoamericana de producción maicera, correspondiente a los sistemas de humedad y temporal y de humedad y riego, en San Mateo Atenco, hasta 1970 en que ocurre un importante despliegue industrial en la zona y el cultivo del maíz se ve desplazado.

Based on modern ethnographic information, this article describes the Mesoamerican maize production system based on the rainy season and moist earth which, together with the system based on irrigation and moist earth, was the most important economical base of the Municipality of San Mateo Atenco, State of Mexico until 1970. In that year, industrial development soared in the area of shoe manufacturing; an event which had numerous socio-cultural consequences, as well as the permanent displacement of maize cultivation to a secondary level., A partir de información etnográfica, se hace una descripción sucinta de la forma mesoamericana de producción maicera, correspondiente a los sistemas de humedad y temporal y de humedad y riego, en San Mateo Atenco, hasta 1970 en que ocurre un importante despliegue industrial en la zona y el cultivo del maíz se ve desplazado.

Based on modern ethnographic information, this article describes the Mesoamerican maize production system based on the rainy season and moist earth which, together with the system based on irrigation and moist earth, was the most important economical base of the Municipality of San Mateo Atenco, State of Mexico until 1970. In that year, industrial development soared in the area of shoe manufacturing; an event which had numerous socio-cultural consequences, as well as the permanent displacement of maize cultivation to a secondary level., A partir de información etnográfica, se hace una descripción sucinta de la forma mesoamericana de producción maicera, correspondiente a los sistemas de humedad y temporal y de humedad y riego, en San Mateo Atenco, hasta 1970 en que ocurre un importante despliegue industrial en la zona y el cultivo del maíz se ve desplazado.

Based on modern ethnographic information, this article describes the Mesoamerican maize production system based on the rainy season and moist earth which, together with the system based on irrigation and moist earth, was the most important economical base of the Municipality of San Mateo Atenco, State of Mexico until 1970. In that year, industrial development soared in the area of shoe manufacturing; an event which had numerous socio-cultural consequences, as well as the permanent displacement of maize cultivation to a secondary level., A partir de información etnográfica, se hace una descripción sucinta de la forma mesoamericana de producción maicera, correspondiente a los sistemas de humedad y temporal y de humedad y riego, en San Mateo Atenco, hasta 1970 en que ocurre un importante despliegue industrial en la zona y el cultivo del maíz se ve desplazado.

At udskyde investeringerne mod global opvarmning fører ifølge Stern 2006 til meget højere omkostninger i fremtiden. Historisk har Verden allerede oplevet en sådan udskydelse og dennes omkostninger. Efter Berlinmurens fald ville mindre end 2% af det globale BNP over to årtier, svarende til en halvering af militærudgifterne, have været tistrækkeligt til at sikre Verden mod den globale opvarmning. Energiforsyningen, kemiindustrien, trnaportsektoren, landbruget og andre energianvendelsessystemer kunne være blevet rekonstrueret økologisk og u-landenes gæld afskaffet (Commoner 1990). Boomerangs af den internationale gældskrise som redningsaktionerne for USAs banker, afskovning, tab af arbejdspladser, migrationer, konflikter og krig kunne være blevet undgået (Susan George 1992). Den herskende magtblok forsvarede imidlertid hellere sin geopolitiske position og udelukkede enhver fredsdividende (Fortune 1990). Under kritiske bifurkationer bliver miljømæssigt progressive alternativer nemt forkastet. Selvom teknologisk avancerede scenarier for lav-energi veje operationaliserer konceptet bæredygtig udvikling (Czeskleba-Dupont 2003), gør man som om det var irrelevant at de falsificerer prognoser der taler om en evigt stigende efterspørgsel (WCED 1987, kap.7). I et anarkisk verdenssystems raison d'état virker det mere 'sikkert' at ekspropriere andre med vold af deres naturressourcer., According to Stern 2006, postponing investments against global warming leads to much higher costs in the future. Historically, the world already experienced such a time-delay and its costs. After the fall of the Berlin Wall, less than 2% of global GDP in two decades, available from halving military expenditure, would have been sufficient to make the world safe against global warming. The energy procurement, chemicals and transport sectors, agriculture and other energy application systems could have been reconstructed ecologically and the debt burden of developing countries removed (Commoner 1990). Boomerangs of the international debt crisis including bail-out of U.S. banks, loss of jobs, deforestation, migration, conflict and war could have been avoided (Susan George 1992). Defending its geopolitical position, the dominant block at power excluded, however, any peace dividend (Fortune 1990). In crucial bifurcations, environmentally progressive alternatives are easily dismissed. Although technologically advanced scenarios for low energy paths make the very concept of sustainable development operational (Czeskleba-Dupont 2003), it is made irrelevant that they falsify prognoses of ever rising demand (WCED 1987, chapter 7). In the raison d' état of an anarchic world-system, it seems more 'secure' by violence to expropriate others of their natural resources.