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This review paper synthesizes findings on the intersection of climate change, urban expansion, demographic transitions, and sustainable development. Using an interdisciplinary approach, this work examines case studies from diverse geographies to explore how rapid urbanization, environmental stress, and technological innovations impact global ecosystems. Our review covers climate-induced migration, land-use changes, groundwater depletion, and sustainable development practices, advocating for integrated policy solutions that align with ecological preservation and social resilience. The findings underscore the need for innovative urban planning, predictive modeling, and community-driven conservation to address complex global challenges.

The work of Manfred Max-Neef is plenty of references to philosophers such as Aristotle, Giordano Bruno, Schelling, among others, and philosophical approaches such as humanism, anarchism and Deep Ecology that contextualize his thinking and critical and heterodox attitude toward economics. Max-Neef went through the history of Western to better understand why we have reached the current socio-environmental crisis and, at the same time, dream of a future that has not yet been written. The philosophical foundations of this economists range from the ontological, epistemological, aesthetic and ethical planes. Yet, not as separated planes, but interrelated and interconnected., O trabalho do economista chileno Manfred Max-Neef contém múltiplas referências a filósofos como Aristóteles, Giordano Bruno, Schelling, entre outros, e correntes filosóficas como humanismo, anarquismo e ecologia profunda, que enquadram e contextualizam seu pensamento em uma atitude crítica e heterodoxa em relação à economia. Max-Neef passa pela história do pensamento ocidental para aprofundar e entender por que chegamos à atual situação de crise socioambiental e, por sua vez, sonhar com um futuro que ainda não está escrito. Os fundamentos filosóficos deste economista vão desde o plano ontológico, epistemológico, estético e ético. Não como aviões separados, mas interligados e interligados., La obra del economista chileno Manfred Max-Neef contiene múltiples referencias a filósofos como Aristóteles, Giordano Bruno, Schelling, entre otros, y corrientes filosóficas como el humanismo, el anarquismo y la Ecología Profunda, que encuadran y contextualizan su pensamiento en una actitud crítica y heterodoxa con respecto a la economía. Max-Neef recorre la historia del pensamiento occidental para profundizar y comprender por qué hemos llegado a la actual situación de crisis socioambiental y, a su vez, soñar por un futuro que aún no está escrito. Los fundamentos filosóficos de este economista abarcan desde el plano ontológico, el epistemológico, el estético y el ético. No como planos separados, sino interrelacionados e interconectados.

Current approaches and developments regarding the concept and policies of sustainability management have been based, to a large extent, on general principles and models derived from economic theory, rather than on the theoretical and conceptual frameworks of biology, ecology and evolutionary theory. To verify this situation and proposed trend, a review is made of the conceptions and contributions of current approaches regarding sustainability management in public policies and economic and business strategies, together with an approximation, through the application of a survey, to the discourses in related professionals and in the general population. As a contribution to the proposal of a model of greater scope and breadth in addressing the complexity and multidimensionality of sustainability, an approach is proposed with a greater integration of levels and frameworks of analysis and interpretation of human behavior in its relationship with the environment, based on the analytical and conceptual instruments of socioecology, environmental psychology, ecological economics, evolutionary ecology, systems ecology and the various approaches to human ecology, Los enfoques y desarrollos actuales en torno al concepto y en las políticas de gestión de la sostenibilidad se han sustentado, en su mayor medida, en principios generales y modelos derivados de la teoría económica, más que en los marcos teóricos y conceptuales de la biología, ecología y la teoría evolutiva. Para comprobar esta situación y tendencia propuesta, se realiza una revisión a las concepciones y contribuciones de los enfoques actuales en torno a la gestión de la sostenibilidad en las políticas públicas y de las estrategias económicas y empresariales, junto a una aproximación, mediante la aplicación de una encuesta, a los discursos en profesionales vinculados y en población general. Como aportación a la propuesta de un modelo de mayor alcance y amplitud en el abordaje de la complejidad y multidimensional de la sostenibilidad, se plantea un enfoque con una mayor integración de niveles y de marcos de análisis e interpretación del comportamiento humano en su relación con el medio ambiente, fundamentado sobre los instrumentos analíticos y conceptuales de la socioecología, la psicología ambiental, la economía ecológica, la ecología evolutiva, la ecología de sistemas y los diversos enfoques de la ecología humana., Les approches et développements actuels autour du concept et des politiques de gestion de la durabilité reposent, dans la plus grande mesure, sur des principes généraux et des modèles dérivés de la théorie économique, plutôt que sur les cadres théoriques et conceptuels de la biologie, de l’écologie et de la théorie de l’évolution. Pour vérifier cette situation et la tendance proposée, une revue des conceptions et des apports des approches actuelles de gestion de la durabilité dans les politiques publiques et les stratégies économiques et commerciales est réalisée, ainsi qu'une approche, à travers l'application d'une enquête, des discours chez les professionnels concernés et dans la population en général. Comme contribution à la proposition d'un modèle de plus grande portée et ampleur pour aborder la complexité et la multidimensionnalité de la durabilité, une approche est proposée avec une plus grande intégration des niveaux et des cadres d'analyse et d'interprétation du comportement humain dans sa relation avec l'environnement. , basé sur les instruments analytiques et conceptuels de la socioécologie, de la psychologie environnementale, de l'économie écologique, de l'écologie évolutive, de l'écologie des systèmes et des différentes approches de l'écologie humaine.

A frequent justification in the literature for using stated preference methods (SP) is that they are the only methods that can capture the so-called total economic value (TEV) of environmental changes to society. Based on follow-up interviews with SP survey respondents, this paper addresses the implications of that argument by shedding light on the construction of TEV, through respondents' perspective. It illuminates the deficiencies of willingness to pay (WTP) as a measure of value presented as three aggregated themes considering respondents' unintentionality, their retraction once they understood that their WTP could be decisive in cost-benefit analysis and the inherent incompleteness of WTP. We discuss why the TEV discourse persists, how it conceals rather than reveals broader notions of value and in what ways our results support the development of alternative approaches that truly endorse plurality in environmental valuation and decision-making., QC 20240513

A frequent justification in the literature for using stated preference methods (SP) is that they are the only methods that can capture the so-called total economic value (TEV) of environmental changes to society. Based on follow-up interviews with SP survey respondents, this paper addresses the implications of that argument by shedding light on the construction of TEV, through respondents' perspective. It illuminates the deficiencies of willingness to pay (WTP) as a measure of value presented as three aggregated themes considering respondents' unintentionality, their retraction once they understood that their WTP could be decisive in cost-benefit analysis and the inherent incompleteness of WTP. We discuss why the TEV discourse persists, how it conceals rather than reveals broader notions of value and in what ways our results support the development of alternative approaches that truly endorse plurality in environmental valuation and decision-making.

A frequent justification in the literature for using stated preference methods (SP) is that they are the only methods that can capture the so-called total economic value (TEV) of environmental changes to society. Based on follow-up interviews with SP survey respondents, this paper addresses the implications of that argument by shedding light on the construction of TEV, through respondents' perspective. It illuminates the deficiencies of willingness to pay (WTP) as a measure of value presented as three aggregated themes considering respondents' unintentionality, their retraction once they understood that their WTP could be decisive in cost-benefit analysis and the inherent incompleteness of WTP. We discuss why the TEV discourse persists, how it conceals rather than reveals broader notions of value and in what ways our results support the development of alternative approaches that truly endorse plurality in environmental valuation and decision-making.

A frequent justification in the literature for using stated preference methods (SP) is that they are the only methods that can capture the so-called total economic value (TEV) of environmental changes to society. Based on follow-up interviews with SP survey respondents, this paper addresses the implications of that argument by shedding light on the construction of TEV, through respondents' perspective. It illuminates the deficiencies of willingness to pay (WTP) as a measure of value presented as three aggregated themes considering respondents' unintentionality, their retraction once they understood that their WTP could be decisive in cost-benefit analysis and the inherent incompleteness of WTP. We discuss why the TEV discourse persists, how it conceals rather than reveals broader notions of value and in what ways our results support the development of alternative approaches that truly endorse plurality in environmental valuation and decision-making.

A frequent justification in the literature for using stated preference methods (SP) is that they are the only methods that can capture the so-called total economic value (TEV) of environmental changes to society. Based on follow-up interviews with SP survey respondents, this paper addresses the implications of that argument by shedding light on the construction of TEV, through respondents' perspective. It illuminates the deficiencies of willingness to pay (WTP) as a measure of value presented as three aggregated themes considering respondents' unintentionality, their retraction once they understood that their WTP could be decisive in cost-benefit analysis and the inherent incompleteness of WTP. We discuss why the TEV discourse persists, how it conceals rather than reveals broader notions of value and in what ways our results support the development of alternative approaches that truly endorse plurality in environmental valuation and decision-making.

A frequent justification in the literature for using stated preference methods (SP) is that they are the only methods that can capture the so-called total economic value (TEV) of environmental changes to society. Based on follow-up interviews with SP survey respondents, this paper addresses the implications of that argument by shedding light on the construction of TEV, through respondents' perspective. It illuminates the deficiencies of willingness to pay (WTP) as a measure of value presented as three aggregated themes considering respondents' unintentionality, their retraction once they understood that their WTP could be decisive in cost-benefit analysis and the inherent incompleteness of WTP. We discuss why the TEV discourse persists, how it conceals rather than reveals broader notions of value and in what ways our results support the development of alternative approaches that truly endorse plurality in environmental valuation and decision-making.

A frequent justification in the literature for using stated preference methods (SP) is that they are the only methods that can capture the so-called total economic value (TEV) of environmental changes to society. Based on follow-up interviews with SP survey respondents, this paper addresses the implications of that argument by shedding light on the construction of TEV, through respondents' perspective. It illuminates the deficiencies of willingness to pay (WTP) as a measure of value presented as three aggregated themes considering respondents' unintentionality, their retraction once they understood that their WTP could be decisive in cost-benefit analysis and the inherent incompleteness of WTP. We discuss why the TEV discourse persists, how it conceals rather than reveals broader notions of value and in what ways our results support the development of alternative approaches that truly endorse plurality in environmental valuation and decision-making.

The work of Manfred Max-Neef is plenty of references to philosophers such as Aristotle, Giordano Bruno, Schelling, among others, and philosophical approaches such as humanism, anarchism and Deep Ecology that contextualize his thinking and critical and heterodox attitude toward economics. Max-Neef went through the history of Western to better understand why we have reached the current socio-environmental crisis and, at the same time, dream of a future that has not yet been written. The philosophical foundations of this economists range from the ontological, epistemological, aesthetic and ethical planes. Yet, not as separated planes, but interrelated and interconnected., O trabalho do economista chileno Manfred Max-Neef contém múltiplas referências a filósofos como Aristóteles, Giordano Bruno, Schelling, entre outros, e correntes filosóficas como humanismo, anarquismo e ecologia profunda, que enquadram e contextualizam seu pensamento em uma atitude crítica e heterodoxa em relação à economia. Max-Neef passa pela história do pensamento ocidental para aprofundar e entender por que chegamos à atual situação de crise socioambiental e, por sua vez, sonhar com um futuro que ainda não está escrito. Os fundamentos filosóficos deste economista vão desde o plano ontológico, epistemológico, estético e ético. Não como aviões separados, mas interligados e interligados., La obra del economista chileno Manfred Max-Neef contiene múltiples referencias a filósofos como Aristóteles, Giordano Bruno, Schelling, entre otros, y corrientes filosóficas como el humanismo, el anarquismo y la Ecología Profunda, que encuadran y contextualizan su pensamiento en una actitud crítica y heterodoxa con respecto a la economía. Max-Neef recorre la historia del pensamiento occidental para profundizar y comprender por qué hemos llegado a la actual situación de crisis socioambiental y, a su vez, soñar por un futuro que aún no está escrito. Los fundamentos filosóficos de este economista abarcan desde el plano ontológico, el epistemológico, el estético y el ético. No como planos separados, sino interrelacionados e interconectados.

Kelp forests cover ~30% of the world’s coastline and are the largest biogenic marine habitat on earth. Across their distribution, kelp forests are essential for the healthy functioning of marine ecosystems and consequently underpin many of the benefits coastal societies receive from the ocean. Concurrently, rising sea temperatures, overgrazing by marine herbivores, sedimentation, and water pollution have caused kelp forests populations to decline in most regions across the world. Effectively managing the response to these declines will be pivotal to maintaining healthy marine ecosystems and ensuring the benefits they provide are equitably distributed to coastal societies. In Chapter 1, I review how the marine management paradigm has shifted from protection to restoration as well as the consequences of this shift. Chapter 2 introduces the field of kelp forest restoration and provides a quantitative and qualitative review of 300 years of kelp forest restoration, exploring the genesis of restoration efforts, the lessons we have learned about restoration, and how we can develop the field for the future. Chapter 3 is a direct answer to the question faced while completing Chapter 2. This chapter details the need for a standardized marine restoration reporting framework, the benefits that it would provide, the challenges presented by creating one, and the solutions to these problems. Similarly, Chapter 4 is a response to the gaps discovered in Chapter 2. Chapter 4 explores how we can use naturally occurring positive species interactions and synergies with human activities to not only increase the benefits from ecosystem restoration but increase the probability that restoration is successful. The decision to restore an ecosystem or not is informed by the values and priorities of the society living in or managing that ecosystem. Chapter 5 quantifies the fisheries production, nutrient cycling, and carbon sequestration potential of five key genera of globally distributed kelp

A frequent justification in the literature for using stated preference methods (SP) is that they are the only methods that can capture the so-called total economic value (TEV) of environmental changes to society. Based on follow-up interviews with SP survey respondents, this paper addresses the implications of that argument by shedding light on the construction of TEV, through respondents’ perspective. It illuminates the deficiencies of willingness to pay (WTP) as a measure of value, presented as three aggregated themes considering respondents’ unintentionality, their retraction once they understood that their WTP could be decisive in cost-benefit analysis and the inherent incompleteness of WTP. We discuss why the TEV discourse persists, how it conceals rather than reveals broader notions of value and in what ways our results support the development of alternative approaches that truly endorse plurality in environmental valuation and decision making., QC 20240115

This comprehensive Dictionary brings together an extensive range of definitive terms in ecological economics. Assembling contributions from distinguished scholars, it provides an intellectual map to this evolving subject ranging from the practical to the philosophical.

This comprehensive Dictionary brings together an extensive range of definitive terms in ecological economics. Assembling contributions from distinguished scholars, it provides an intellectual map to this evolving subject ranging from the practical to the philosophical.

The separation between society and nature is visibly reflected in the spatial expression of socio-environmental phenomena. Territories, in general, have been specializing their economic base, either because of planned strategies or due to dynamics that follow logics of use and appropriation of nature, generating socio-environmental inequalities. This exercise explores the spatial relationship between the prevalent conditions of multidimensional poverty, and land cover associated with conservation and agricultural production. This relationship seeks to express the differentiation between municipalities with better socioeconomic conditions and those that partially support their sustainability, as they provide ecosystem goods and services, taking the department of Antioquia as a case study. The relationship between socio-environmental variables is evaluated by means of spatial correlation analysis. The results indicate that it is possible to spatially differentiate the municipalities providing environmental services and those with the best average socioeconomic conditions, a difference that is maintained in the evaluated period (2005-2017). However, the resulting spatial correlation indexes (Moran Index) are closer to zero than to one, indicating randomness in their distribution. These indexes tend to move away from zero in the evaluated period, which could be interpreted as an accentuation of the spatial separation between the areas with less poverty and the more natural or more agrarian areas. In conclusion, we reflect on the need to implement measures to close gaps and promote equity and social and environmental justice., La separación entre sociedad y naturaleza tiene reflejos visibles en la expresión espacial de fenómenos socioambientales. Los territorios, en general, han venido especializando su base económica, ya sea producto de estrategias planeadas o por dinámicas que atienden a lógicas de uso y apropiación de la naturaleza, generando desigualdades socioambientales. Este ejercicio indaga por la relación espacial entre las condiciones prevalentes de pobreza multidimensional y las coberturas del suelo asociadas con la conservación y producción agraria. Dicha conexión busca expresar la diferenciación entre los municipios con mejores condiciones socioeconómicas y aquellos que soportan parcialmente su sostenibilidad, en tanto proveen de bienes y servicios ecosistémicos, tomando el departamento de Antioquia como caso de estudio. El vínculo entre las variables socioambientales se evalúa por medio de un análisis de correlación espacial. Los resultados indican que es posible distinguir espacialmente los municipios proveedores de servicios ambientales y aquellos con las mejores condiciones socioeconómicas promedio, diferencia que se mantiene en el período evaluado (2005-2017). Aunque los índices de correlación espacial resultantes (índice de Moran) son más cercanos a cero que a uno, señalando una aleatoriedad en su distribución, estos tienden a alejarse del cero en el período evaluado, lo que podría interpretarse como una acentuación de la separación espacial entre las áreas con menos pobreza y las áreas más naturales o más agrarias. A manera de conclusión, se reflexiona sobre la necesidad de implementar medidas que propendan por cerrar brechas, por promover la equidad y la justicia social y ambiental.

Número Monográfico: Nuevos Investigadores e Investigaciones en la Historia del Pensamiento Económico., Resulta evidente la incapacidad de la teoría económica dominante para dar respuesta a las necesidades humanas y para sostener la vida en su conjunto dentro de los límites biofísicos del planeta. La economía convencional, lejos de reflexionar sobre las diferentes dimensiones que conforman la sostenibilidad global, se basa en la obtención de beneficio y en el crecimiento económico centrando su análisis en la esfera monetizada. Por ello, es necesario ampliar nuestra mirada más allá de los mercados, abriendo nuevos caminos de reflexión y debate en torno a otras corrientes críticas económicas. En este artículo se propone entablar un diálogo entre la economía feminista y la economía ecológica, repensando los puntos de encuentro entre ambas perspectivas, para reflexionar entorno a una economía que tenga en cuenta el trabajo de las mujeres y la naturaleza., It turns out to be clear the incapability of the domineering economic theory to give answer to the human needs and to support the life in its set inside the biophysical limits of the planet. The conventional economy, far from reflecting about the different dimensions that shape the global sustainability, it is based on profits obtaining and on the economic growth centering its analysis on the monetized sphere. Therefore, extending our look beyond the markets is required, opening new ways of reflection and debate concerning other economic critical currents. In this article it is proposed to initiate a dialogue between feminist economy and ecological economy, reconsidering the meeting points between both perspectives, to reflect about an economy that takes into consideration the women work and the nature., Depto. de Economía Aplicada, Estructura e Historia, Fac. de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, TRUE, pub

This field seminar in international political economy covers major theoretical, empirical, and policy perspectives. The basic orientation is disciplinary and comparative (over time and across countries, regions, firms), spanning issues relevant to both industrial and developing states. Special attention is given to challenges and dilemmas shaped by the macro-level consequences of micro-level behavior, and by micro-level adjustments to macro-level influences.

The separation between society and nature is visibly reflected in the spatial expression of socio-environmental phenomena. Territories, in general, have been specializing their economic base, either because of planned strategies or due to dynamics that follow logics of use and appropriation of nature, generating socio-environmental inequalities. This exercise explores the spatial relationship between the prevalent conditions of multidimensional poverty, and land cover associated with conservation and agricultural production. This relationship seeks to express the differentiation between municipalities with better socioeconomic conditions and those that partially support their sustainability, as they provide ecosystem goods and services, taking the department of Antioquia as a case study. The relationship between socio-environmental variables is evaluated by means of spatial correlation analysis. The results indicate that it is possible to spatially differentiate the municipalities providing environmental services and those with the best average socioeconomic conditions, a difference that is maintained in the evaluated period (2005-2017). However, the resulting spatial correlation indexes (Moran Index) are closer to zero than to one, indicating randomness in their distribution. These indexes tend to move away from zero in the evaluated period, which could be interpreted as an accentuation of the spatial separation between the areas with less poverty and the more natural or more agrarian areas. In conclusion, we reflect on the need to implement measures to close gaps and promote equity and social and environmental justice., La separación entre sociedad y naturaleza tiene reflejos visibles en la expresión espacial de fenómenos socioambientales. Los territorios, en general, han venido especializando su base económica, ya sea producto de estrategias planeadas o por dinámicas que atienden a lógicas de uso y apropiación de la naturaleza, generando desigualdades socioambientales. Este ejercicio indaga por la relación espacial entre las condiciones prevalentes de pobreza multidimensional y las coberturas del suelo asociadas con la conservación y producción agraria. Dicha conexión busca expresar la diferenciación entre los municipios con mejores condiciones socioeconómicas y aquellos que soportan parcialmente su sostenibilidad, en tanto proveen de bienes y servicios ecosistémicos, tomando el departamento de Antioquia como caso de estudio. El vínculo entre las variables socioambientales se evalúa por medio de un análisis de correlación espacial. Los resultados indican que es posible distinguir espacialmente los municipios proveedores de servicios ambientales y aquellos con las mejores condiciones socioeconómicas promedio, diferencia que se mantiene en el período evaluado (2005-2017). Aunque los índices de correlación espacial resultantes (índice de Moran) son más cercanos a cero que a uno, señalando una aleatoriedad en su distribución, estos tienden a alejarse del cero en el período evaluado, lo que podría interpretarse como una acentuación de la separación espacial entre las áreas con menos pobreza y las áreas más naturales o más agrarias. A manera de conclusión, se reflexiona sobre la necesidad de implementar medidas que propendan por cerrar brechas, por promover la equidad y la justicia social y ambiental.

This field seminar in international political economy covers major theoretical, empirical, and policy perspectives. The basic orientation is disciplinary and comparative (over time and across countries, regions, firms), spanning issues relevant to both industrial and developing states. Special attention is given to challenges and dilemmas shaped by the macro-level consequences of micro-level behavior, and by micro-level adjustments to macro-level influences.

This field seminar in international political economy covers major theoretical, empirical, and policy perspectives. The basic orientation is disciplinary and comparative (over time and across countries, regions, firms), spanning issues relevant to both industrial and developing states. Special attention is given to challenges and dilemmas shaped by the macro-level consequences of micro-level behavior, and by micro-level adjustments to macro-level influences.

As Editor-in-Chief of this Journal it is a true pleasure to write a short introduction to the essay of Joan Martinez-Alier for many reasons. One is that Martinez-Alier is a ground-breaking scholar in Ecological Economics and Political Ecology. The second as he is a winner of one of the most prestigious international Prizes, that of the International Balzan Prize Foundation. The third because his essay confirms the growing attention of this Journal (EPOL) to the problems of sustainable and human development as I will explain in the paragraph (III) mentioning other previous essays of other economists.

It is of utmost importance for small and medium farmers to have comprehensive and contextualized elements of judgment for a correct decision in the establishment of avocado monoculture (Persea americana Mill. cv. Hass) in Colombia. The proliferation of waves of so-called promising crops in the last 30 years has resulted in a series of experiences, most of them inappropriate for those involved in agriculture at all levels. These productive experiences were undermined by uncertainty and were improvised responses to the boom in the international market, without any stable and lasting public policies. That period coincided with the economic liberalization that began in 1990. This article is concerned with presenting comprehensive criteria to contribute to the responsible decisions that farmers must make in the face of attempts to establish avocado (Persea americana Mill. cv. Hass) monoculture in their agro-productive dynamics., É de suma importância para os pequenos e médios agricultores na Colômbia ter elementos de julgamento abrangentes e contextualizados para uma decisão correta no estabelecimento da monocultura do abacate (Persea americana Mill. cv. Hass) na Colômbia. A proliferação de ondas das chamadas colheitas promissoras nos últimos 30 anos resultou em uma série de experiências, a maioria das quais foi inadequada para aqueles envolvidos na agricultura em todos os níveis. Estas experiências produtivas foram minadas pela incerteza e foram respostas improvisadas ao boom do mercado internacional, sem políticas públicas estáveis e duradouras. Esse período de tempo coincidiu com a liberalização econômica que começou em 1990. Este artigo se preocupa em apresentar critérios abrangentes para contribuir com as decisões responsáveis que os agricultores devem tomar diante das tentativas de estabelecer a monocultura do abacate (Persea americana Mill. cv. Hass) em sua dinâmica agroprodutiva., Detentar elementos de juicio integrales y situados en contexto para una acertada decisión en el establecimiento del monocultivo del aguacate (Persea americana Mill. cv. Hass) en Colombia resulta de suma importancia para el pequeño y mediano agricultor. La proliferación de oleadas de los llamados cultivos promisorios en los últimos 30 años ha signado un conjunto de experiencias, en su gran mayoría improcedentes para quienes se dedican a la agricultura en todos los niveles. Experiencias productivas minadas de incertidumbre que fueron respuestas improvisadas al boom del mercado internacional, ajenas a políticas públicas estables y duraderas. Aquel periodo de tiempo coincide con la apertura económica iniciada en 1990. Este artículo se ocupa de presentar criterios integrales para contribuir en las decisiones responsables que deben adoptar los agricultores frente a las tentativas de establecer el monocultivo del aguacate (Persea americana Mill. cv. Hass) en sus dinámicas agro-productivas.

The main objective of this article is to explore new paradigms of teacher training in the field of environmental education. That is why this qualitative study explores the literature on ecological economics and degrowth to identify the most important theoretical principles that can be integrated into environmental education practices. From a transdisciplinary approach, the study integrates a philosophical and epistemological dialogue between scientific knowledge and indigenous wisdom of the Ecuadorian peoples. Then, the results of introducing the ecological economics foundations in the Ecuadorian environmental education policies are described with the analysis of the TiNi program. Subsequently, the emergence of the regenerative economics in the literature is discussed. To conclude, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are questioned for their conventional economic vision, and regenerative cultures are proposed to promote world futures focused in human well-being and environmental justice.

The data is collected through lab-in-field experiments in Denmark, Spain, and Ghana. Participants were initially asked to perform a small effort task (i.e., correctly counting the number of 1’s and 0’s in a page) to earn money and then asked how much of their earnings they would be willing to donate for the conservation of the habitats of a migratory bird species. The bird, the Montagu’s Harrier, is an endangered bird species and migrates from Denmark to Spain to Ghana for wintering and back to Denmark for breeding. Donations were made to BirdLife International, an international non-governmental organization, whose mission it is to conserve birds and their habitats. A total of 720 individuals were invited to participate (i.e., 240 in each country) and 716 participants showed up (i.e., 237 in Denmark, 239 in Spain, and 240 in Ghana). At the end of the experiment, individual socio-demographic characteristics along with donation and environmental preferences were collected.

Rural poverty is perhaps the main cause of deforestation and vice versa. This two-way relationship appears to exist in a slightly greater form in rural communities worldwide. To analyse the same relationship empirically, a study was conducted in Malakand Division, of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The data was collected from one hundred and eighty respondents through a self-administered questionnaire. Data was analysed using a non-recursive two-stage linear regression model and descriptive statistics. The findings revealed a two-way relationship between poverty and deforestation in the area under study. It was established that rural communities have low-income levels and rely heavily on natural resources, particularly the forest sector, for their fundamental survival and subsistence needs. The survey also shows that environmental deterioration in the form of deforestation is severe in the Malakand Division and that the majority of people are unaware of the necessity of environmental conservation. It is recommended that the government through strict regulations and by taking practical steps towards poverty reduction, may stop deforestation in the area under study.

Forests are vital for life on Earth. However, they are increasingly threatened, mainly by economic growth. Valuation of forests is dominantly viewed through instrumental values, which is highly problematic as forests are not seen in their complexity. This thesis understanding is based on criticising paradigms of the dominant economic and political system by mainly focusing on economic growth and instrumental valuation. Therefore, this thesis explores German forest occupiers' valuation of forests by drawing on plural values of nature, namely intrinsic, instrumental, and relational values by interviewing ten forest occupiers in Germany. The thematical analysis demonstrates the forest occupiers´ plural valuation of forests, especially relational and intrinsic values. Furthermore, it shows how their participation in the forest occupation influenced their values and vice versa. Thirdly, it becomes evident how the forest occupation challenges the system's dominant paradigms, namely instrumental valuation and economic growth.

In the present research, a scripting cartographic technique for the environmental mapping of Ethiopia using climate and topographic datasets is developed. The strength of the Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) is employed for the effective visualisation of the seven maps using high-resolution data: GEBCO, TerraClimate, WorldClim, CRUTS 4.0 in 2018 by considering the solutions of map design. The role of topographic characteristics for climate variables (evapotranspiration, downward surface shortwave radiation, vapour pressure, vapour pressure deficit and climatic water deficit) is explained. Topographic variability of Ethiopia is illustrated for geographically dispersed and contrasting environmental setting in its various regions: Afar, Danakil Depression, Ethiopian Highlands, Great Rift Valley, lowlands and Ogaden Desert. The relationships between the environmental and topographic variables are investigated with aid of literature review and the outcomes are discussed. The maps are demonstrated graphically to highlight variables enabling to find correlations between the geographic phenomena, their distribution and intensity. The presented maps honor the environmental and topographic data sets within the resolution of the data. Integration of these results in the interpretation maps presented here brings new insights into both the variations of selected climate variables, and the topography of Ethiopia., SCOPUS: ar.j, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The study aims at utilizes the machine learning methods in cartography with a case study of climate and environmental mapping of Brazil. Rapid advances in machine learning applied to Earth observations have resulted in the application of scripting and programming languages for cartographic visualization and modelling. This research applies the Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) scripting toolset for advanced environmental mapping of Brazil. The data includes TerraClimate dataset of 2020. The GMT is an advanced cartographic tools that operates mapping from the console using scripts. Selected codes of the used scripts are presented in the research for technical explanation of the workflow. The results show correlation among the parameters and demonstrate climate and environmental trends notable for different biomes of Brazil: Amazônia, Caatinga, Cerrado, Pampa and Pantanal. The study presents 10 new maps made using GMT. Based on the obtained results, the increase of precipitation is notable in the Amazônia, along with the highest temperatures in the northern Brazil (Negro river basin) which corresponds to the increase in soil moisture and runoff. The evapotranspiration is higher in the southern regions than those in the north. On the contrast, the Caatinga region shows the minimal values of evapotranspiration, soil moisture and runoff. The main advantage of scripting cartography, demonstrated in this research, consists in automated data processing which pushes climate studies towards a data-driven research. Automated mapping technically facilitates the workflow due to the fast and smooth handling of various formats and types of data. The results contribute to the environmental analysis of climate in Brazil that has applications in agricultural and food studies and shows technical use of GMT., O estudo visa utilizar os métodos de machine learning em cartografia com um estudo de caso de mapeamento climático e ambiental do Brasil. Avanços rápidos no aprendizado de máquina aplicado às observações da Terra resultaram na aplicação de linguagens de script e programação para visualização e modelagem cartográfica. Esta pesquisa aplica o conjunto de ferramentas de script GMT para mapeamento ambiental avançado do Brasil. Os dados incluem o conjunto de dados TerraClimate de 2020. O GMT é uma ferramenta cartográfica avançada que opera o mapeamento a partir do console por meio de scripts. Trechos selecionados de códigos usados são apresentados na pesquisa para explicação técnica do fluxo de trabalho. Os resultados mostram correlação entre os parâmetros e demonstram tendências climáticas e ambientais notáveis para diferentes biomas do Brasil: Amazônia, Caatinga, Cerrado, Pampa e Pantanal. O estudo apresenta 10 novos mapas feitos em GMT. Com base nos resultados obtidos, o aumento da precipitação é notável na Amazônia, juntamente com as maiores temperaturas no norte do Brasil (bacia do rio Negro) que correspondem ao aumento da umidade do solo e do escoamento superficial. A evapotranspiração é geralmente maior nas regiões do sul do que nas do norte. Em contrapartida, a região da Caatinga apresenta os valores mínimos de evapotranspiração, umidade do solo e escoamento superficial. A principal vantagem da cartografia de scripts, demonstrada nesta pesquisa, consiste no processamento automatizado de dados que impulsiona os estudos ambientais a serem baseados em dados. O mapeamento automatizado facilita tecnicamente o fluxo de trabalho devido ao manuseio rápido e suave de vários formatos e tipos de dados. Os resultados contribuem para a análise ambiental do clima no Brasil que tem aplicações em estudos agrícolas e de alimentos e mostra o uso técnico de GMT., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The aim of the study was to propose a sustainability indicator for the environmental and ecological protection of aquatic systems. A random probabilistic sampling was carried out in the exposure area between the Espinar lagoon and the inner bay of Lake Titicaca, Puno, Perú, where various physical-chemical parameters (PFQ) were determined: dissolved oxygen, pH, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, Cu+, Zn+, Pb+, Fe+, Cd+, Al+, Cl-, NO3- and NO2-. Under experimental conditions (water dilution: 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 ml/1 L), the ecotoxicological effect was evaluated using the biomarker (Bm): reaction time and refuge capacity (TRCR) in Gambusia punctata (Poey, 1854). With the PFQ and the Bm, the sustainability indicator (ISPAEsa) was proposed, which considered five descriptors from a hermeneutic of environmental and ecological economics. For each descriptor, there were three weights (1.0, 0.75 and 0.50) according to the magnitude criteria: high, medium and low. ISPAEsa reported three intervals according to water quality: I) conserved environmental protection: (1.10-1.15; II) non-immediate environmental protection: 1.16-1.30; and III) immediate environmental protection: 1.31-1.50. 76.92% of the PFQ did not comply with the normative value. CRRT was less delayed in the more diluted treatment. The ISPAEsa was 1.4 where immediate environmental treatment is required. It is concluded that the sustainability indicator protects from the environmental and ecological aspects, since it is based on descriptors and biomarkers that allow the analysis of natural conditions., El objetivo del estudio fue proponer un indicador de sostenibilidad para la protección ambiental y ecológica de los sistemas acuáticos. Se realizó, un muestreo probabilístico aleatorio en la zona de exposición entre la laguna de Espinar y la bahía interior del Lago Titicaca, Puno, Perú, donde se determinó, diversos parámetros físico-químicos (PFQ): oxígeno disuelto, pH, sólidos totales disueltos, conductividad eléctrica, Cu+, Zn+, Pb+, Fe+, Cd+, Al+, Cl-, NO3- y NO2-. En condiciones experimentales (dilución del agua: 10, 20, 30, 40 y 50 ml/1L) se evaluó, el efecto ecotoxicológico mediante el biomarcador (Bm): tiempo de reacción y capacidad de refugio (TRCR) en la Gambusia punctata (Poey, 1854). Con los PFQ y el Bm se propuso, el indicador de sostenibilidad (ISPAEsa) el cual consideró, cinco descriptores desde una hermenéutica de la economía ambiental y ecológica. Para cada descriptor, hubo tres ponderaciones (1,0; 0,75 y 0,50) según los criterios de magnitud: alto, medio y bajo. El ISPAEsa refirió, tres intervalos según la calidad del agua: I) protección ambiental conservada: 1,10-1,15; II) protección ambiental no inmediata: 1.16-1.30; y III) protección ambiental inmediata: 1,31-1,50. El 76,92% de los PFQ, no cumplieron con el valor normativo. Fue menos demorado el TRCR en el tratamiento más diluido. El ISPAEsa fue 1,4 donde se requiere tratamiento ambiental inmediato. Se concluye, que el indicador de sostenibilidad protege desde lo ambiental y ecológico, pues se sustenta en descriptores y biomarcadores que permiten el análisis de las condiciones naturales.

In this work, it has been presented the first study until now about household metabolism in Spain at the regional level (with physical information at the basis), also covering environmental consequences. Our main research aim was to provide with a representative picture of changes, impacts and determinants that, through the physical flows (energy for residential purposes, energy for transport, and food), constitute most of resources use by the households. The theoretical approach adopted is based on Ecological Economics. Briefly, from this approach the Economy is a biosphere subsystem and, as a consequence, sustainability can be understood as its scale within it. To measure the scale of the economy, in this particular case the household as an economic unit, the household metabolism is used. Therefore, the accountancy of material and energy flows associated to households and the outputs (emissions, losses, wastes), either direct (from consumption) and indirect (from requirements used to the production of goods and services), or even the footprints (carbon and water). To this purpose, a consumption-based approach has been adopted, i.e., the responsibility for all requirements and impacts from the product consumed are attributable to the consumer. Households are conceived here as the main unit of consumption. Contrary to other works, in this study direct physical and socio-economic information data have been obtained from microdata available within the Spanish Household Budget Survey. These data have been treated and used together with life cycle analysis information, for the calculation of the indirect flows, losses and wastes coefficients, and footprint coefficients, for the calculation of the food intake impacts. All this work has been carried out by using the national and regional levels. After a comprehensive review of literature on household metabolism, the energetic level associated to household consumption has been analysed in detail. On one hand, the energy se, En este trabajo se presenta el primer estudio hasta la fecha sobre el metabolismo económico de los hogares en España a nivel regional (con información física de base), así como sus consecuencias en términos ambientales. El objetivo general es el de contribuir a proporcionar una imagen representativa de los cambios, impactos y determinantes que, a través de los flujos físicos (energía para usos residenciales, energía para el transporte privado y alimentación), constituyen el grueso de la utilización de recursos por parte del hogar. El enfoque teórico adoptado hunde sus raíces en la Economía Ecológica. De modo resumido, desde este enfoque se concibe la economía como un subsistema de la biosfera y, por tanto, la sostenibilidad se puede entender como un problema de escala de la misma dentro esta. Para medir la escala de la economía en la biosfera, en este caso la escala de la unidad económica hogar, se utiliza el metabolismo económico, es decir, la contabilidad de los flujos de materiales y energía que constituyen el consumo del hogar, así como las salidas del mismo (emisiones, pérdidas y residuos), tanto directas (derivadas del consumo) como indirectas (derivadas de los requerimientos necesarios para producir el bien o servicio consumido) y su huella (huellas de carbono e hídrica). Para este propósito, se ha adoptado una aproximación basada en la responsabilidad del consumidor, es decir, se atribuyen al consumidor final todos los requerimientos e impactos asociados al producto consumido. Por tanto, el hogar se concibe aquí como principal unidad económica dentro del consumo. A diferencia de otros trabajos, se han empleado como fuente de información física directa, así como de información socio-económica de los hogares, los microdatos de la Encuesta de Presupuestos Familiares, que se han tratado y cruzado con información de análisis del ciclo de vida, para el cálculo de los flujos indirectos, coeficientes de pérdida y desperdicio, así como coeficientes de huella, para lo, Escuela de Doctorado, Doctorado en Economía

[ES] El presente trabajo final de master consiste en el diseño e implementación de un proyecto de capacitación participativo en micro-emprendimiento social, con perspectiva ecológica, en la Universidad Católica Sedes Sapientae (UCSS), ubicada en la ciudad de Atalaya, dentro de la provincia del mismo nombre en la Amazonía Peruana (Perú). La particularidad de la filia en Atalaya de esta universidad, en la que el alumno desarrolló sus prácticas externas del máster que han dado lugar a este trabajo, es que imparte carreras con marcada orientación profesional (Administración, Contabilidad e Ingeniería agraria mención forestal, con una vocación fuerte de interculturalidad y sostenibilidad. Además de lo anterior, se cuenta con un Programa de Formación Magisterial Intercultural Bilingüe que tiene como objetivo la formación de los jóvenes pertenecientes a los diversos grupos étnicos de la Amazonía peruana, en su doble rol de docentes para las comunidades nativas y promotores de desarrollo de las mismas. En el trabajo se explicará cómo se desarrolló el proyecto de capacitación en micro-emprendimiento, dentro de un marco ideado para trabajar enfoques de producción sostenibles, basados en el crecimiento estacionario y atendiendo a una codependencia para el sostenimiento a largo plazo del sustento. Con esto se pretende no solo mejorar las técnicas productivas, sino también de la autoestima, la alimentación (seguridad alimentaria), el territorio (conservación del mismo), etc. Las actividades se agruparon en cuatro etapas, que fueron desarrolladas casi en su totalidad de manera secuencial, agrupadas en dos fases. El TFM no solo se ha desarrollado y finalizado en terreno, sino que requiere de la realización todavía de acciones por parte del alumno en España y del alumnado en Perú para la consecución de los objetivos definidos. El proceso seguido ha sido: Una primera fase con una etapa 0 y una etapa 1: Esta etapa se realizó evidenciando primeramente de manera participativa las contr, [EN] This master's thesis consists of the design and implementation of a participatory training project in social micro-entrepreneurship, with an ecological perspective, at the Universidad Católica Sedes Sapientae (UCSS), located in the city of Atalaya, within the province of the same name in the Peruvian Amazon (Peru). The particularity of the affiliate in Atalaya of this university, in which the student developed his external internships of the master's degree that have given rise to this work, is that he teaches careers with marked professional orientation (Administration, Accounting and Agricultural Engineering forestry), with a strong vocation of interculturality and sustainability.In addition to the above, there is a Bilingual Intercultural Teacher Training Program that aims to train young people belonging to the various ethnic groups of the Peruvian Amazon, in their double role as teachers for the native communities and promoters of their development. The work will explain how the training project in micro-entrepreneurship was developed, within a framework designed to work on sustainable production approaches, based on stationary growth and attending to a codependency for the long-term sustainability of livelihoods. This is intended not only to improve pray productive techniques, but also self-esteem, nutrition (food security), territory (conservation of it), etc. The activities were grouped into four stages, which were developed almost entirely in a sequential manner, grouped into two phases. The thesis has not only been developed and completed in the field, but it also required the performance of actions by the student in Spain and the student body in Peru to achieve the defined objectives. The process followed has been: 1) Phase I: Stage 0 and Stage 1: This stage was carried out showing first in a participatory way the contradictions between sustainable development and environmental economics, with the new ways of carrying out production processes based on

[ES] El presente trabajo final de master consiste en el diseño e implementación de un proyecto de capacitación participativo en micro-emprendimiento social, con perspectiva ecológica, en la Universidad Católica Sedes Sapientae (UCSS), ubicada en la ciudad de Atalaya, dentro de la provincia del mismo nombre en la Amazonía Peruana (Perú). La particularidad de la filia en Atalaya de esta universidad, en la que el alumno desarrolló sus prácticas externas del máster que han dado lugar a este trabajo, es que imparte carreras con marcada orientación profesional (Administración, Contabilidad e Ingeniería agraria mención forestal, con una vocación fuerte de interculturalidad y sostenibilidad. Además de lo anterior, se cuenta con un Programa de Formación Magisterial Intercultural Bilingüe que tiene como objetivo la formación de los jóvenes pertenecientes a los diversos grupos étnicos de la Amazonía peruana, en su doble rol de docentes para las comunidades nativas y promotores de desarrollo de las mismas. En el trabajo se explicará cómo se desarrolló el proyecto de capacitación en micro-emprendimiento, dentro de un marco ideado para trabajar enfoques de producción sostenibles, basados en el crecimiento estacionario y atendiendo a una codependencia para el sostenimiento a largo plazo del sustento. Con esto se pretende no solo mejorar las técnicas productivas, sino también de la autoestima, la alimentación (seguridad alimentaria), el territorio (conservación del mismo), etc. Las actividades se agruparon en cuatro etapas, que fueron desarrolladas casi en su totalidad de manera secuencial, agrupadas en dos fases. El TFM no solo se ha desarrollado y finalizado en terreno, sino que requiere de la realización todavía de acciones por parte del alumno en España y del alumnado en Perú para la consecución de los objetivos definidos. El proceso seguido ha sido: Una primera fase con una etapa 0 y una etapa 1: Esta etapa se realizó evidenciando primeramente de manera participativa las contr, [EN] This master's thesis consists of the design and implementation of a participatory training project in social micro-entrepreneurship, with an ecological perspective, at the Universidad Católica Sedes Sapientae (UCSS), located in the city of Atalaya, within the province of the same name in the Peruvian Amazon (Peru). The particularity of the affiliate in Atalaya of this university, in which the student developed his external internships of the master's degree that have given rise to this work, is that he teaches careers with marked professional orientation (Administration, Accounting and Agricultural Engineering forestry), with a strong vocation of interculturality and sustainability.In addition to the above, there is a Bilingual Intercultural Teacher Training Program that aims to train young people belonging to the various ethnic groups of the Peruvian Amazon, in their double role as teachers for the native communities and promoters of their development. The work will explain how the training project in micro-entrepreneurship was developed, within a framework designed to work on sustainable production approaches, based on stationary growth and attending to a codependency for the long-term sustainability of livelihoods. This is intended not only to improve pray productive techniques, but also self-esteem, nutrition (food security), territory (conservation of it), etc. The activities were grouped into four stages, which were developed almost entirely in a sequential manner, grouped into two phases. The thesis has not only been developed and completed in the field, but it also required the performance of actions by the student in Spain and the student body in Peru to achieve the defined objectives. The process followed has been: 1) Phase I: Stage 0 and Stage 1: This stage was carried out showing first in a participatory way the contradictions between sustainable development and environmental economics, with the new ways of carrying out production processes based on

[ES] El presente trabajo final de master consiste en el diseño e implementación de un proyecto de capacitación participativo en micro-emprendimiento social, con perspectiva ecológica, en la Universidad Católica Sedes Sapientae (UCSS), ubicada en la ciudad de Atalaya, dentro de la provincia del mismo nombre en la Amazonía Peruana (Perú). La particularidad de la filia en Atalaya de esta universidad, en la que el alumno desarrolló sus prácticas externas del máster que han dado lugar a este trabajo, es que imparte carreras con marcada orientación profesional (Administración, Contabilidad e Ingeniería agraria mención forestal, con una vocación fuerte de interculturalidad y sostenibilidad. Además de lo anterior, se cuenta con un Programa de Formación Magisterial Intercultural Bilingüe que tiene como objetivo la formación de los jóvenes pertenecientes a los diversos grupos étnicos de la Amazonía peruana, en su doble rol de docentes para las comunidades nativas y promotores de desarrollo de las mismas. En el trabajo se explicará cómo se desarrolló el proyecto de capacitación en micro-emprendimiento, dentro de un marco ideado para trabajar enfoques de producción sostenibles, basados en el crecimiento estacionario y atendiendo a una codependencia para el sostenimiento a largo plazo del sustento. Con esto se pretende no solo mejorar las técnicas productivas, sino también de la autoestima, la alimentación (seguridad alimentaria), el territorio (conservación del mismo), etc. Las actividades se agruparon en cuatro etapas, que fueron desarrolladas casi en su totalidad de manera secuencial, agrupadas en dos fases. El TFM no solo se ha desarrollado y finalizado en terreno, sino que requiere de la realización todavía de acciones por parte del alumno en España y del alumnado en Perú para la consecución de los objetivos definidos. El proceso seguido ha sido: Una primera fase con una etapa 0 y una etapa 1: Esta etapa se realizó evidenciando primeramente de manera participativa las contr, [EN] This master's thesis consists of the design and implementation of a participatory training project in social micro-entrepreneurship, with an ecological perspective, at the Universidad Católica Sedes Sapientae (UCSS), located in the city of Atalaya, within the province of the same name in the Peruvian Amazon (Peru). The particularity of the affiliate in Atalaya of this university, in which the student developed his external internships of the master's degree that have given rise to this work, is that he teaches careers with marked professional orientation (Administration, Accounting and Agricultural Engineering forestry), with a strong vocation of interculturality and sustainability.In addition to the above, there is a Bilingual Intercultural Teacher Training Program that aims to train young people belonging to the various ethnic groups of the Peruvian Amazon, in their double role as teachers for the native communities and promoters of their development. The work will explain how the training project in micro-entrepreneurship was developed, within a framework designed to work on sustainable production approaches, based on stationary growth and attending to a codependency for the long-term sustainability of livelihoods. This is intended not only to improve pray productive techniques, but also self-esteem, nutrition (food security), territory (conservation of it), etc. The activities were grouped into four stages, which were developed almost entirely in a sequential manner, grouped into two phases. The thesis has not only been developed and completed in the field, but it also required the performance of actions by the student in Spain and the student body in Peru to achieve the defined objectives. The process followed has been: 1) Phase I: Stage 0 and Stage 1: This stage was carried out showing first in a participatory way the contradictions between sustainable development and environmental economics, with the new ways of carrying out production processes based on

En Cuba, las poblaciones del sur de las provincias Artemisa y Mayabeque han sido afectadas por la indiscriminada tala de sus manglares durante años, lo que ha provocado la afectación de sus servicios ecosistémicos. La adaptación basada en el ecosistema (ABE) constituye un enfoque alternativo para aumentar la resiliencia de las comunidades vulnerables.El análisis de costo-beneficio es un método económico empleado para evaluar las opciones de inversión, donde se comparan directamente los costos y beneficios en términos monetarios. Esto muestra el impacto en valor de una manera que es fácil de entender por los tomadores de decisiones. En esta contribución se analizan los principales costos por: restauración, mantenimiento, activos fungibles, combustible, equipamiento y proyectos de conservación ejecutados, así como los beneficios obtenidos por estas acciones de ABEen el valor de los servicios ecosistémicosdelmanglar en estas localidades. De ellos se consideraron cinco servicios de provisión y seis de regulación y soporte. Se desarrollaron tres escenarios: un escenario base y dos modificados. La relación beneficio-costo varió de 6.81 a 14.91de acuerdo con elescenario reportado entre los tres escenarios realizados. Ello evidencia que por cada peso invertido se obtuvo un beneficio económico-ecológico superior a 6 pesos, demostrando así la rentabilidad integral de la aplicación del enfoque ABE en las zonas de trabajo., In Cuba, populations in the southern provinces of Artemisa and Mayabeque have been affected by the indiscriminate deforestation of their mangroves for years, which has affected their ecosystem services. Ecosystem-based adaptation (EBA) is an alternative approach to increasing the resilience of vulnerable communities. Cost-benefit analysis is an economic method used to evaluate investment options, where costs and benefits are directly compared in monetary terms. This shows the impact of the environmental management strategies applied in a way that is easy for decision makers to understand. This contribution analyzes the main costs for the restoration, maintenance, consumable assets, fuel, equipment and executed conservation projects, as well as the benefits obtained by these EBA actions in the value of the ecosystem services of the mangroves in these localities. Of these, the study includes five provision services and six regulation and support services. It also develops three scenarios: a base scenario for the areas intervened and two modified ones changing cost and area size assumptions. The benefit-cost ratio ranged from 6.81 to 15.25 according to the reported scenario of the three scenarios developed. This shows that each peso invested yielded an ecological economic benefit of more than 6 pesos, thus demonstrating the integral net benefits to the inhabitants of the region and the country of the application of the EBA approach in these study areas.

The goal of this paper is to study the impact in environmental terms of the financial valuation (1976-2001) and the post-convertibility (2002-2015) accumulation patterns, through the concept of ecological debt. The central hypothesis is that the necessity of foreign currency to pay the external indebtedness generated in the financial valuation pattern has a direct relationship with the ecological debt since the foreign currency is obtained from a reprimarized export structure, which implies, on the one hand, unequal trade in terms of low-paid energy and material flows to the rest of the world; and, on the other hand, a reduction in net biocapacity, that is, the loss of the capacity that our territory has to supply useful natural resources and absorb the waste generated by the economic process. Based on this, the current work describes the ecologically unequal exchange in Argentina, within the framework of a growing external indebtedness while it reflects the increasing process of ecological loss in Argentina through the use of biophysical and monetary indicators., Este trabalho propõe, através do conceito de dívida ecológica, estudar os impactos do padrão de acumulação por avaliação financeira (1976-2001) e pós-conversibilidade (2002-2015) em termos ambientais. A hipótese central é que a necessidade de a moeda estrangeira pagar o endividamento externo gerado no padrão de avaliação financeira tem uma relação direta com a dívida ecológica, uma vez que a moeda estrangeira é obtida de uma estrutura de exportação reprimida, o que implica, por um lado, comércio desigual em termos de energia mal paga e fluxos de materiais para o resto do mundo; e, por outro lado, uma redução na biocapacidade líquida, ou seja, a perda de capacidade que nosso território tem para suprir recursos naturais úteis e absorver os resíduos gerados pelo processo econômico. Com base nisso, o presente trabalho descreve essas situações de trocas ecologicamente desiguais na Argentina, no quadro de um crescente endividamento externo, e reflete o crescente processo de perda ecológica na Argentina por meio do uso de indicadores biofísicos e monetários., Este trabajo propone, a través del concepto de deuda ecológica, estudiar los impactos del patrón de acumulación por valorización financiera (1976-2001) y de la posconvertibilidad (2002-2015) en términos ambientales. La hipótesis central es que la necesidad de divisas para pagar el endeudamiento externo generado en el patrón de valorización financiera tiene una relación directa con la deuda ecológica, ya que dichas divisas se consiguen a partir de una estructura exportadora reprimarizada lo cual implica, por un lado, un comercio desigual en términos de flujos de materiales y energía escasamente remunerados hacia el resto del mundo; y, por otro lado, una reducción de biocapacidad neta, es decir, la pérdida de capacidad que tiene nuestro territorio de abastecer recursos naturales útiles y absorber los desechos generados por el proceso económico. En función de ello, el presente trabajo describe esas situaciones de intercambio ecológicamente desigual en Argentina, en el marco de un creciente endeudamiento externo, y refleja el creciente proceso de pérdida ecológica en la Argentina mediante el uso de indicadores biofísicos y monetarios.

This thesis is about whether it is a good idea to place monetary value on nature, to remedy the fact that we treat it as having no particular value to us humans, although it clearly has. The thesis is based on five research papers that can be said to position themselves on opposite sides in the debate on monetisation of nature. The first two papers consider the basis of neoclassical environmental economics and apply the value theory and valuation methods from normative neoclassical welfare theory, on which monetisation of nature is based. The other three papers examine, with increasing degrees of criticism, this theory of value and especially its central assumption that value can be derived from people’s choices, or “revealed preferences”. The thesis itself is a “reflective story” about the journey I made as I learned to think about and understand neoclassical environmental economics in new ways. I reflect upon my work from a philosophy of science perspective, consider how for-granted-taken ideas from neoclassical economics affect environmental economic analysis and its conclusions, and examine the subject of value and valuation from what has become my new theoretical standpoint, ecological economics. It concerns meta-theoretical questions about ontology, that is, ideas in a research discipline about how things really are (what is), and epistemology, ideas about how researchers can provide relevant knowledge about reality. Such ideas are often taken for granted in neoclassical economic analysis and how they affect the analysis and its conclusions is not seldom unreflective. In the thesis, I move from explaining why neoclassical environmental economists advocate monetisation and pricing of nature as important solutions to environmental problems, to exemplifying how this turned out in research projects intended to serve as decision support in practice, and then to exploring and clarifying an alternative theory of value and valuation from ecological economics based o, Den här avhandlingen handlar om huruvida det är en bra idé att sätta pengavärden på naturen. Att värdera naturen i pengar, “monetarisera” den, föreslås av ekonomisk forskning för att förändra det faktum att vi behandlar den som om den inte har något särskilt stort värde för oss människor, trots att den uppenbarligen har det. Avhandlingen utgår ifrån fem forskningsartiklar som kan sägas positionera sig på motsatta sidor i debatten om monetarisering av naturen. De två första artiklarna är författade med utgångspunkt i neoklassisk miljöekonomi och tillämpar den värdeteori och värderingsmetodik från normativ neoklassisk välfärdsteori som monetarisering av naturen bygger på. De tre sista artiklarna granskar med en stigande grad av kritik just denna värdeteori och särskilt idén att värde kan härledas från människors val och beteende, så kallade ”avslöjade preferenser”, som är ett centralt antagande bakom teorin. Avhandlingens kappa är skriven som en “reflexiv berättelse” om den resa det inneburit att kritiskt tänka på och förstå neoklassisk miljöekonomi på nya sätt i takt med att jag, avhandlingens författare, lärt mig reflektera över mitt arbete som forskare ur ett vetenskapsfilosofiskt perspektiv och med perspektiv på ämnet värde och värdering från det som blivit min nya teoretiska hemvist, ekologisk ekonomi. Den behandlar meta-teoretiska frågor kring ontologi, alltså uppfattningar i en vetenskaplig disciplin om hur saker och ting egentligen ligger till (hur det är), och epistemologi, idéer om hur forskare kan leverera relevant kunskap om verkligheten. Liksom inom många andra ämnen är sådana idéer oftast förgivettagna inom neoklassisk ekonomisk analys och hur de påverkar analysen och dess slutsatser verkar inte sällan oreflekterat. Undersökningen går från att förklara varför den neoklassiska miljöekonomin förespråkar monetarisering och prissättning av naturen som en viktig lösning på miljöproblem, via exempel från de första artiklarna på hur detta faller ut i praktike

The goal of this paper is to study the impact in environmental terms of the financial valuation (1976-2001) and the post-convertibility (2002-2015) accumulation patterns, through the concept of ecological debt. The central hypothesis is that the necessity of foreign currency to pay the external indebtedness generated in the financial valuation pattern has a direct relationship with the ecological debt since the foreign currency is obtained from a reprimarized export structure, which implies, on the one hand, unequal trade in terms of low-paid energy and material flows to the rest of the world; and, on the other hand, a reduction in net biocapacity, that is, the loss of the capacity that our territory has to supply useful natural resources and absorb the waste generated by the economic process. Based on this, the current work describes the ecologically unequal exchange in Argentina, within the framework of a growing external indebtedness while it reflects the increasing process of ecological loss in Argentina through the use of biophysical and monetary indicators., Este trabalho propõe, através do conceito de dívida ecológica, estudar os impactos do padrão de acumulação por avaliação financeira (1976-2001) e pós-conversibilidade (2002-2015) em termos ambientais. A hipótese central é que a necessidade de a moeda estrangeira pagar o endividamento externo gerado no padrão de avaliação financeira tem uma relação direta com a dívida ecológica, uma vez que a moeda estrangeira é obtida de uma estrutura de exportação reprimida, o que implica, por um lado, comércio desigual em termos de energia mal paga e fluxos de materiais para o resto do mundo; e, por outro lado, uma redução na biocapacidade líquida, ou seja, a perda de capacidade que nosso território tem para suprir recursos naturais úteis e absorver os resíduos gerados pelo processo econômico. Com base nisso, o presente trabalho descreve essas situações de trocas ecologicamente desiguais na Argentina, no quadro de um crescente endividamento externo, e reflete o crescente processo de perda ecológica na Argentina por meio do uso de indicadores biofísicos e monetários., Este trabajo propone, a través del concepto de deuda ecológica, estudiar los impactos del patrón de acumulación por valorización financiera (1976-2001) y de la posconvertibilidad (2002-2015) en términos ambientales. La hipótesis central es que la necesidad de divisas para pagar el endeudamiento externo generado en el patrón de valorización financiera tiene una relación directa con la deuda ecológica, ya que dichas divisas se consiguen a partir de una estructura exportadora reprimarizada lo cual implica, por un lado, un comercio desigual en términos de flujos de materiales y energía escasamente remunerados hacia el resto del mundo; y, por otro lado, una reducción de biocapacidad neta, es decir, la pérdida de capacidad que tiene nuestro territorio de abastecer recursos naturales útiles y absorber los desechos generados por el proceso económico. En función de ello, el presente trabajo describe esas situaciones de intercambio ecológicamente desigual en Argentina, en el marco de un creciente endeudamiento externo, y refleja el creciente proceso de pérdida ecológica en la Argentina mediante el uso de indicadores biofísicos y monetarios.

This thesis is about whether it is a good idea to place monetary value on nature, to remedy the fact that we treat it as having no particular value to us humans, although it clearly has. The thesis is based on five research papers that can be said to position themselves on opposite sides in the debate on monetisation of nature. The first two papers consider the basis of neoclassical environmental economics and apply the value theory and valuation methods from normative neoclassical welfare theory, on which monetisation of nature is based. The other three papers examine, with increasing degrees of criticism, this theory of value and especially its central assumption that value can be derived from people’s choices, or “revealed preferences”. The thesis itself is a “reflective story” about the journey I made as I learned to think about and understand neoclassical environmental economics in new ways. I reflect upon my work from a philosophy of science perspective, consider how for-granted-taken ideas from neoclassical economics affect environmental economic analysis and its conclusions, and examine the subject of value and valuation from what has become my new theoretical standpoint, ecological economics. It concerns meta-theoretical questions about ontology, that is, ideas in a research discipline about how things really are (what is), and epistemology, ideas about how researchers can provide relevant knowledge about reality. Such ideas are often taken for granted in neoclassical economic analysis and how they affect the analysis and its conclusions is not seldom unreflective. In the thesis, I move from explaining why neoclassical environmental economists advocate monetisation and pricing of nature as important solutions to environmental problems, to exemplifying how this turned out in research projects intended to serve as decision support in practice, and then to exploring and clarifying an alternative theory of value and valuation from ecological economics based o, Den här avhandlingen handlar om huruvida det är en bra idé att sätta pengavärden på naturen. Att värdera naturen i pengar, “monetarisera” den, föreslås av ekonomisk forskning för att förändra det faktum att vi behandlar den som om den inte har något särskilt stort värde för oss människor, trots att den uppenbarligen har det. Avhandlingen utgår ifrån fem forskningsartiklar som kan sägas positionera sig på motsatta sidor i debatten om monetarisering av naturen. De två första artiklarna är författade med utgångspunkt i neoklassisk miljöekonomi och tillämpar den värdeteori och värderingsmetodik från normativ neoklassisk välfärdsteori som monetarisering av naturen bygger på. De tre sista artiklarna granskar med en stigande grad av kritik just denna värdeteori och särskilt idén att värde kan härledas från människors val och beteende, så kallade ”avslöjade preferenser”, som är ett centralt antagande bakom teorin. Avhandlingens kappa är skriven som en “reflexiv berättelse” om den resa det inneburit att kritiskt tänka på och förstå neoklassisk miljöekonomi på nya sätt i takt med att jag, avhandlingens författare, lärt mig reflektera över mitt arbete som forskare ur ett vetenskapsfilosofiskt perspektiv och med perspektiv på ämnet värde och värdering från det som blivit min nya teoretiska hemvist, ekologisk ekonomi. Den behandlar meta-teoretiska frågor kring ontologi, alltså uppfattningar i en vetenskaplig disciplin om hur saker och ting egentligen ligger till (hur det är), och epistemologi, idéer om hur forskare kan leverera relevant kunskap om verkligheten. Liksom inom många andra ämnen är sådana idéer oftast förgivettagna inom neoklassisk ekonomisk analys och hur de påverkar analysen och dess slutsatser verkar inte sällan oreflekterat. Undersökningen går från att förklara varför den neoklassiska miljöekonomin förespråkar monetarisering och prissättning av naturen som en viktig lösning på miljöproblem, via exempel från de första artiklarna på hur detta faller ut i praktike

This thesis is about whether it is a good idea to place monetary value on nature, to remedy the fact that we treat it as having no particular value to us humans, although it clearly has. The thesis is based on five research papers that can be said to position themselves on opposite sides in the debate on monetisation of nature. The first two papers consider the basis of neoclassical environmental economics and apply the value theory and valuation methods from normative neoclassical welfare theory, on which monetisation of nature is based. The other three papers examine, with increasing degrees of criticism, this theory of value and especially its central assumption that value can be derived from people’s choices, or “revealed preferences”. The thesis itself is a “reflective story” about the journey I made as I learned to think about and understand neoclassical environmental economics in new ways. I reflect upon my work from a philosophy of science perspective, consider how for-granted-taken ideas from neoclassical economics affect environmental economic analysis and its conclusions, and examine the subject of value and valuation from what has become my new theoretical standpoint, ecological economics. It concerns meta-theoretical questions about ontology, that is, ideas in a research discipline about how things really are (what is), and epistemology, ideas about how researchers can provide relevant knowledge about reality. Such ideas are often taken for granted in neoclassical economic analysis and how they affect the analysis and its conclusions is not seldom unreflective. In the thesis, I move from explaining why neoclassical environmental economists advocate monetisation and pricing of nature as important solutions to environmental problems, to exemplifying how this turned out in research projects intended to serve as decision support in practice, and then to exploring and clarifying an alternative theory of value and valuation from ecological economics based o, Den här avhandlingen handlar om huruvida det är en bra idé att sätta pengavärden på naturen. Att värdera naturen i pengar, “monetarisera” den, föreslås av ekonomisk forskning för att förändra det faktum att vi behandlar den som om den inte har något särskilt stort värde för oss människor, trots att den uppenbarligen har det. Avhandlingen utgår ifrån fem forskningsartiklar som kan sägas positionera sig på motsatta sidor i debatten om monetarisering av naturen. De två första artiklarna är författade med utgångspunkt i neoklassisk miljöekonomi och tillämpar den värdeteori och värderingsmetodik från normativ neoklassisk välfärdsteori som monetarisering av naturen bygger på. De tre sista artiklarna granskar med en stigande grad av kritik just denna värdeteori och särskilt idén att värde kan härledas från människors val och beteende, så kallade ”avslöjade preferenser”, som är ett centralt antagande bakom teorin. Avhandlingens kappa är skriven som en “reflexiv berättelse” om den resa det inneburit att kritiskt tänka på och förstå neoklassisk miljöekonomi på nya sätt i takt med att jag, avhandlingens författare, lärt mig reflektera över mitt arbete som forskare ur ett vetenskapsfilosofiskt perspektiv och med perspektiv på ämnet värde och värdering från det som blivit min nya teoretiska hemvist, ekologisk ekonomi. Den behandlar meta-teoretiska frågor kring ontologi, alltså uppfattningar i en vetenskaplig disciplin om hur saker och ting egentligen ligger till (hur det är), och epistemologi, idéer om hur forskare kan leverera relevant kunskap om verkligheten. Liksom inom många andra ämnen är sådana idéer oftast förgivettagna inom neoklassisk ekonomisk analys och hur de påverkar analysen och dess slutsatser verkar inte sällan oreflekterat. Undersökningen går från att förklara varför den neoklassiska miljöekonomin förespråkar monetarisering och prissättning av naturen som en viktig lösning på miljöproblem, via exempel från de första artiklarna på hur detta faller ut i praktike

In this work, it has been presented the first study until now about household metabolism in Spain at the regional level (with physical information at the basis), also covering environmental consequences. Our main research aim was to provide with a representative picture of changes, impacts and determinants that, through the physical flows (energy for residential purposes, energy for transport, and food), constitute most of resources use by the households. The theoretical approach adopted is based on Ecological Economics. Briefly, from this approach the Economy is a biosphere subsystem and, as a consequence, sustainability can be understood as its scale within it. To measure the scale of the economy, in this particular case the household as an economic unit, the household metabolism is used. Therefore, the accountancy of material and energy flows associated to households and the outputs (emissions, losses, wastes), either direct (from consumption) and indirect (from requirements used to the production of goods and services), or even the footprints (carbon and water). To this purpose, a consumption-based approach has been adopted, i.e., the responsibility for all requirements and impacts from the product consumed are attributable to the consumer. Households are conceived here as the main unit of consumption. Contrary to other works, in this study direct physical and socio-economic information data have been obtained from microdata available within the Spanish Household Budget Survey. These data have been treated and used together with life cycle analysis information, for the calculation of the indirect flows, losses and wastes coefficients, and footprint coefficients, for the calculation of the food intake impacts. All this work has been carried out by using the national and regional levels. After a comprehensive review of literature on household metabolism, the energetic level associated to household consumption has been analysed in detail. On one hand, the energy se, En este trabajo se presenta el primer estudio hasta la fecha sobre el metabolismo económico de los hogares en España a nivel regional (con información física de base), así como sus consecuencias en términos ambientales. El objetivo general es el de contribuir a proporcionar una imagen representativa de los cambios, impactos y determinantes que, a través de los flujos físicos (energía para usos residenciales, energía para el transporte privado y alimentación), constituyen el grueso de la utilización de recursos por parte del hogar. El enfoque teórico adoptado hunde sus raíces en la Economía Ecológica. De modo resumido, desde este enfoque se concibe la economía como un subsistema de la biosfera y, por tanto, la sostenibilidad se puede entender como un problema de escala de la misma dentro esta. Para medir la escala de la economía en la biosfera, en este caso la escala de la unidad económica hogar, se utiliza el metabolismo económico, es decir, la contabilidad de los flujos de materiales y energía que constituyen el consumo del hogar, así como las salidas del mismo (emisiones, pérdidas y residuos), tanto directas (derivadas del consumo) como indirectas (derivadas de los requerimientos necesarios para producir el bien o servicio consumido) y su huella (huellas de carbono e hídrica). Para este propósito, se ha adoptado una aproximación basada en la responsabilidad del consumidor, es decir, se atribuyen al consumidor final todos los requerimientos e impactos asociados al producto consumido. Por tanto, el hogar se concibe aquí como principal unidad económica dentro del consumo. A diferencia de otros trabajos, se han empleado como fuente de información física directa, así como de información socio-económica de los hogares, los microdatos de la Encuesta de Presupuestos Familiares, que se han tratado y cruzado con información de análisis del ciclo de vida, para el cálculo de los flujos indirectos, coeficientes de pérdida y desperdicio, así como coeficientes de huella, para lo, Escuela de Doctorado, Doctorado en Economía

The epistemological delusion of post-truth began in the early 1970s, when Georgescu-Roegen and the Meadows report brought uncomfortable truths to the table about the limits of planetary goods and services, and the need for a radical turnaround of the foundations and economic practices, a “bioeconomic revolution”. This is stated in this article, which reviews the ecological drift since these warnings were ignored, five decades after the publication of The Law of Entropy and the Economic Process., El delirio epistemológico de la posverdad arranca a principios de los años setenta, cuando Georgescu-Roegen y el informe Meadows pusieron sobre la mesa verdades incómodas sobre los límites de los bienes y servicios planetarios, y la necesidad de un giro radical de las bases y las prácticas económicas, una “revolución bioeconómica”. Así lo afirma este artículo, que repasa la deriva ecológica desde que se ignoraron estos avisos, a cinco décadas de la publicación de La ley de la entropía y el proceso económico.

In this paper I use the work of Georgescu-Roegen to explain the revolutionary potential of ecological economics and elements of an emerging new economic paradigm, but also how this has been held back by conformity to, employment of and apologetics for mainstream economic thought. My contention is that ecological economics must break away from the mainstream to develop a so- cial-ecological theory. Just as Georgescu-Roegen’s paradigm shift was never paid any attention by his one time mainstream economic colleagues, so ecological economics is wasting its time trying to explain itself to orthodox economist, using their language and models. I specifically identify two problematic camps that contribute to this failure to break with scientifically fallacious mainstream models and practices., En este artículo utilizo la obra de Georgescu-Roegen para explicar el potencial revolucionario de la economía ecológica y los elementos de un nuevo paradigma económico emergente, pero también cómo éste se ha visto frenado por la conformidad, el empleo y la apología del pensamiento económico dominante. Mi argumento es que la economía ecológica debe romper con la corriente principal para desarrollar una teoría social-ecológica. Al igual que el cambio de paradigma de Georgescu-Roegen nunca recibió la atención de sus colegas de la corriente económica dominante, la economía ecológica está perdiendo el tiempo intentando explicarse a los economistas ortodoxos, utilizando su lenguaje y sus modelos. En concreto, identifico dos campos problemáticos que contribuyen a este fracaso en la ruptura con los modelos y prácticas científicamente falaces de la corriente principal.

This thesis is about whether it is a good idea to place monetary value on nature, to remedy the fact that we treat it as having no particular value to us humans, although it clearly has. The thesis is based on five research papers that can be said to position themselves on opposite sides in the debate on monetisation of nature. The first two papers consider the basis of neoclassical environmental economics and apply the value theory and valuation methods from normative neoclassical welfare theory, on which monetisation of nature is based. The other three papers examine, with increasing degrees of criticism, this theory of value and especially its central assumption that value can be derived from people’s choices, or “revealed preferences”. The thesis itself is a “reflective story” about the journey I made as I learned to think about and understand neoclassical environmental economics in new ways. I reflect upon my work from a philosophy of science perspective, consider how for-granted-taken ideas from neoclassical economics affect environmental economic analysis and its conclusions, and examine the subject of value and valuation from what has become my new theoretical standpoint, ecological economics. It concerns meta-theoretical questions about ontology, that is, ideas in a research discipline about how things really are (what is), and epistemology, ideas about how researchers can provide relevant knowledge about reality. Such ideas are often taken for granted in neoclassical economic analysis and how they affect the analysis and its conclusions is not seldom unreflective. In the thesis, I move from explaining why neoclassical environmental economists advocate monetisation and pricing of nature as important solutions to environmental problems, to exemplifying how this turned out in research projects intended to serve as decision support in practice, and then to exploring and clarifying an alternative theory of value and valuation from ecological economics based o, Den här avhandlingen handlar om huruvida det är en bra idé att sätta pengavärden på naturen. Att värdera naturen i pengar, “monetarisera” den, föreslås av ekonomisk forskning för att förändra det faktum att vi behandlar den som om den inte har något särskilt stort värde för oss människor, trots att den uppenbarligen har det. Avhandlingen utgår ifrån fem forskningsartiklar som kan sägas positionera sig på motsatta sidor i debatten om monetarisering av naturen. De två första artiklarna är författade med utgångspunkt i neoklassisk miljöekonomi och tillämpar den värdeteori och värderingsmetodik från normativ neoklassisk välfärdsteori som monetarisering av naturen bygger på. De tre sista artiklarna granskar med en stigande grad av kritik just denna värdeteori och särskilt idén att värde kan härledas från människors val och beteende, så kallade ”avslöjade preferenser”, som är ett centralt antagande bakom teorin. Avhandlingens kappa är skriven som en “reflexiv berättelse” om den resa det inneburit att kritiskt tänka på och förstå neoklassisk miljöekonomi på nya sätt i takt med att jag, avhandlingens författare, lärt mig reflektera över mitt arbete som forskare ur ett vetenskapsfilosofiskt perspektiv och med perspektiv på ämnet värde och värdering från det som blivit min nya teoretiska hemvist, ekologisk ekonomi. Den behandlar meta-teoretiska frågor kring ontologi, alltså uppfattningar i en vetenskaplig disciplin om hur saker och ting egentligen ligger till (hur det är), och epistemologi, idéer om hur forskare kan leverera relevant kunskap om verkligheten. Liksom inom många andra ämnen är sådana idéer oftast förgivettagna inom neoklassisk ekonomisk analys och hur de påverkar analysen och dess slutsatser verkar inte sällan oreflekterat. Undersökningen går från att förklara varför den neoklassiska miljöekonomin förespråkar monetarisering och prissättning av naturen som en viktig lösning på miljöproblem, via exempel från de första artiklarna på hur detta faller ut i praktike

Iako u literaturi postoje različite interpretacije i definicije održivog razvoja, ovde je sigurno reč o centralnom konceptu kako u domenu ekonomskog razvoja, tako i u sferi očuvanja životne sredine. Iako sveopšte prihvaćen, sprovođenje principa i ostvarivanje njegovih ciljeva nije se u praksi pokazalo nimalo jednostavnim. Jedan od krupnih razloga za to predstavlja neodređenost samog koncepta, odsustvo jasnog teorijskog i analitičkog okvira i konfuzija u vezi sa definisanjem adekvatnih, univerzalno prihvaćenih, indikatora. Drugi ozbiljan problem leži u suštinskom nerazumevanju odnosa prirodnih sisttema i ekonomskog (pod)sistema iz koga proizilazi oštar, i naizgled nepomirljivi, sukob održivog razvoja sa tradicionalno shvatanim ekonomskim rastom, kao i poteškoće njegove odgovarajuće ekonomske interpretacije., Although there are different interpretations and definitions of sustainable development in the literature, this is certainly a central concept both in the domain of economic development and in the field of environmental protection. Although generally accepted, the implementation of its principles and the achievement of its goals proved to be difficult in practice. One of the major reasons for this is the vagueness of the concept itself, the absence of a clear theoretical and analytical framework and confusion regarding the definition of adequate, universally accepted, indicators. Another serious problem lies in the essential misunderstanding of the relationship between natural systems and the economic (sub)system from which arises the sharp, and seemingly irreconcilable, conflict of sustainable development with traditionally understood economic growth, as well as the difficulties of its proper economic interpretation.

Present development is unsustainable in important respects for example in relation to some of the 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Climate change, biological diversity and pollution of soil and water are examples. Also the health of populations of human beings are threatened and affected. Can a strengthened democracy contribute to progress in relation to the SDGs? In the present chapter it is argued that issues of values, ethics and ideology, and even justice, need to be discussed more openly. One observation is that the conceptual framework and discipline of economics plays a crucial role in public dialogue about development issues and that there is a monopoly position for neoclassical theory with its specific ideological content in university departments of economics. A more pluralist eonomics, that is an economics compatible with democracy, where institutional eological economics is one among alternatives, would represent an important step forward in strengthening democracy and hopefully improvinng performance in relation to the 17 SDGs., Den aktuella handboken "Research Handbook on Democracy and Development" publiceras av Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, UK i mars 2021

The paper presents the application of ArcGIS for environmental modelling of the landscapes in northern Iceland (17.00°W-23.00°W, 64.30°N-67.00°N). The aim was to explore the vegetation distribution by NDVI and ISOCLUST classification of the land cover types. Data include the Landsat TM image. Freely available satellite remote sensing data from the Landsat mission have been processed by GIS to deliver information on land cover types from image classification and NDVI vegetation index. Landsat products provide geospatial data on regional scale with moderate temporal (weekly) and spatial (30-10 m) resolution, making them useful for environmental monitoring and landscape studies. The tools include the ArcGIS software used for raster processing. Data processing was performed in the three steps: 1) comparative analysis of the visualized sixteen band combinations to assess the distinguishability of vegetation and other land cover types in colour composites; 2) computed NDVI standardized vegetation index; 3) unsupervised classification of the Landsat TM by the ISOCLUST algorithm. Large glaciers Hofsjökull and Langjökull were detected on various colour composites, and the visibility of the water/land borders is assessed (Blöndulón lake), agricultural areas near the Varmahlíð, vegetated areas around the Akrahreppur municipality. Computing the NDVI and using ISOCLUST by ArcGIS software enabled to distinguish various land cover types and map landscapes in the study area. The computed NDVI shown the presence and condition of vegetation, that is, a relative biomass in the area of northern Iceland. The NDVI was used based on the contrast of the two channels from a multispectral Landsat TM raster data., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

This thesis is about whether it is a good idea to place monetary value on nature, to remedy the fact that we treat it as having no particular value to us humans, although it clearly has. The thesis is based on five research papers that can be said to position themselves on opposite sides in the debate on monetisation of nature. The first two papers consider the basis of neoclassical environmental economics and apply the value theory and valuation methods from normative neoclassical welfare theory, on which monetisation of nature is based. The other three papers examine, with increasing degrees of criticism, this theory of value and especially its central assumption that value can be derived from people’s choices, or “revealed preferences”. The thesis itself is a “reflective story” about the journey I made as I learned to think about and understand neoclassical environmental economics in new ways. I reflect upon my work from a philosophy of science perspective, consider how for-granted-taken ideas from neoclassical economics affect environmental economic analysis and its conclusions, and examine the subject of value and valuation from what has become my new theoretical standpoint, ecological economics. It concerns meta-theoretical questions about ontology, that is, ideas in a research discipline about how things really are (what is), and epistemology, ideas about how researchers can provide relevant knowledge about reality. Such ideas are often taken for granted in neoclassical economic analysis and how they affect the analysis and its conclusions is not seldom unreflective. In the thesis, I move from explaining why neoclassical environmental economists advocate monetisation and pricing of nature as important solutions to environmental problems, to exemplifying how this turned out in research projects intended to serve as decision support in practice, and then to exploring and clarifying an alternative theory of value and valuation from ecological economics based o, Den här avhandlingen handlar om huruvida det är en bra idé att sätta pengavärden på naturen. Att värdera naturen i pengar, “monetarisera” den, föreslås av ekonomisk forskning för att förändra det faktum att vi behandlar den som om den inte har något särskilt stort värde för oss människor, trots att den uppenbarligen har det. Avhandlingen utgår ifrån fem forskningsartiklar som kan sägas positionera sig på motsatta sidor i debatten om monetarisering av naturen. De två första artiklarna är författade med utgångspunkt i neoklassisk miljöekonomi och tillämpar den värdeteori och värderingsmetodik från normativ neoklassisk välfärdsteori som monetarisering av naturen bygger på. De tre sista artiklarna granskar med en stigande grad av kritik just denna värdeteori och särskilt idén att värde kan härledas från människors val och beteende, så kallade ”avslöjade preferenser”, som är ett centralt antagande bakom teorin. Avhandlingens kappa är skriven som en “reflexiv berättelse” om den resa det inneburit att kritiskt tänka på och förstå neoklassisk miljöekonomi på nya sätt i takt med att jag, avhandlingens författare, lärt mig reflektera över mitt arbete som forskare ur ett vetenskapsfilosofiskt perspektiv och med perspektiv på ämnet värde och värdering från det som blivit min nya teoretiska hemvist, ekologisk ekonomi. Den behandlar meta-teoretiska frågor kring ontologi, alltså uppfattningar i en vetenskaplig disciplin om hur saker och ting egentligen ligger till (hur det är), och epistemologi, idéer om hur forskare kan leverera relevant kunskap om verkligheten. Liksom inom många andra ämnen är sådana idéer oftast förgivettagna inom neoklassisk ekonomisk analys och hur de påverkar analysen och dess slutsatser verkar inte sällan oreflekterat. Undersökningen går från att förklara varför den neoklassiska miljöekonomin förespråkar monetarisering och prissättning av naturen som en viktig lösning på miljöproblem, via exempel från de första artiklarna på hur detta faller ut i praktike

This thesis is about whether it is a good idea to place monetary value on nature, to remedy the fact that we treat it as having no particular value to us humans, although it clearly has. The thesis is based on five research papers that can be said to position themselves on opposite sides in the debate on monetisation of nature. The first two papers consider the basis of neoclassical environmental economics and apply the value theory and valuation methods from normative neoclassical welfare theory, on which monetisation of nature is based. The other three papers examine, with increasing degrees of criticism, this theory of value and especially its central assumption that value can be derived from people’s choices, or “revealed preferences”. The thesis itself is a “reflective story” about the journey I made as I learned to think about and understand neoclassical environmental economics in new ways. I reflect upon my work from a philosophy of science perspective, consider how for-granted-taken ideas from neoclassical economics affect environmental economic analysis and its conclusions, and examine the subject of value and valuation from what has become my new theoretical standpoint, ecological economics. It concerns meta-theoretical questions about ontology, that is, ideas in a research discipline about how things really are (what is), and epistemology, ideas about how researchers can provide relevant knowledge about reality. Such ideas are often taken for granted in neoclassical economic analysis and how they affect the analysis and its conclusions is not seldom unreflective. In the thesis, I move from explaining why neoclassical environmental economists advocate monetisation and pricing of nature as important solutions to environmental problems, to exemplifying how this turned out in research projects intended to serve as decision support in practice, and then to exploring and clarifying an alternative theory of value and valuation from ecological economics based o, Den här avhandlingen handlar om huruvida det är en bra idé att sätta pengavärden på naturen. Att värdera naturen i pengar, “monetarisera” den, föreslås av ekonomisk forskning för att förändra det faktum att vi behandlar den som om den inte har något särskilt stort värde för oss människor, trots att den uppenbarligen har det. Avhandlingen utgår ifrån fem forskningsartiklar som kan sägas positionera sig på motsatta sidor i debatten om monetarisering av naturen. De två första artiklarna är författade med utgångspunkt i neoklassisk miljöekonomi och tillämpar den värdeteori och värderingsmetodik från normativ neoklassisk välfärdsteori som monetarisering av naturen bygger på. De tre sista artiklarna granskar med en stigande grad av kritik just denna värdeteori och särskilt idén att värde kan härledas från människors val och beteende, så kallade ”avslöjade preferenser”, som är ett centralt antagande bakom teorin. Avhandlingens kappa är skriven som en “reflexiv berättelse” om den resa det inneburit att kritiskt tänka på och förstå neoklassisk miljöekonomi på nya sätt i takt med att jag, avhandlingens författare, lärt mig reflektera över mitt arbete som forskare ur ett vetenskapsfilosofiskt perspektiv och med perspektiv på ämnet värde och värdering från det som blivit min nya teoretiska hemvist, ekologisk ekonomi. Den behandlar meta-teoretiska frågor kring ontologi, alltså uppfattningar i en vetenskaplig disciplin om hur saker och ting egentligen ligger till (hur det är), och epistemologi, idéer om hur forskare kan leverera relevant kunskap om verkligheten. Liksom inom många andra ämnen är sådana idéer oftast förgivettagna inom neoklassisk ekonomisk analys och hur de påverkar analysen och dess slutsatser verkar inte sällan oreflekterat. Undersökningen går från att förklara varför den neoklassiska miljöekonomin förespråkar monetarisering och prissättning av naturen som en viktig lösning på miljöproblem, via exempel från de första artiklarna på hur detta faller ut i praktike